MẪU TRÍCH YẾU LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ

Mẫu TRÍCH YẾU LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ Tên tác giả: NGUYỄN ĐÔNG PHƯƠNG TIÊN Tên luận án: Prototypes of basic colours in English and Vietnamese from a cognitive linguistics perspective (Tính điển dạng màu tiếng Anh tiếng Việt góc độ ngơn ngữ học tri nhận) Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 9220201 Tên đơn vị đào tạo Sau đại học: Trường Đại học Mở Hà Nội Mục đích đối tượng nghiên cứu luận án Mục đích phân biệt điển dạng phạm trù thuật ngữ màu từ liệu tiếng Anh tiếng Việt dựa theo quan điểm tri nhận văn hóa mục đích cụ thể sau: - Xác nhận điển dạng thuật ngữ màu từ liệu tiếng Anh tiếng Việt dựa vào lý thuyết Điển dạng - Phân loại phạm trù đối tượng so sánh chuẩn thuật ngữ màu từ liệu tiếng Anh tiếng Việt dựa vào phân loại phạm trù nhóm đối tượng so sánh chuẩn - Xác định điểm tương đồng khác biệt điển dạng phạm trù thuật ngữ màu từ liệu tiếng Anh tiếng Việt từ quan điểm tri nhận văn hóa Các phương pháp nghiên cứu sử dụng Phương pháp định lượng định tính tương quan hỗ trợ hai chiều phân tích điển dạng: (i) Phương pháp định lượng, dựa vào cơng cụ SPSS (áp dụng cho phân tích số liệu liên quan đến liệu số lần xuất đối tượng ), cung cấp kết thống kê đáng tin cậy xác thật; (ii) Phương pháp định tính miêu tả đối tượng liên quan giải thích giá trị tri nhận gắn liền tạo nên khác biệt điển dạng thuật ngữ màu tiếng Anh tiếng Việt Ngoài ra, phương pháp so sánh-đối chiếu, phương pháp đáng tin cậy giúp tìm kiếm đặc trưng ngôn ngữ với ngôn ngữ khác, ứng dụng nhằm khám phá tương đồng khác biệt liên quan đến điển dạng phạm trù thuật ngữ màu tiếng Anh tiếng Việt Các kết kết luận 3.1 Các kết Kết liên quan điển dạng thuật ngữ màu sau: Đối với liệu tiếng Anh: night điển dạng từ màu black, winter điển dạng từ màu white, sky điển dạng từ màu blue, chocolate điển dạng từ màu brown, rose điển dạng từ màu red, ash điển dạng từ màu grey, gold điển dạng từ màu yellow, flamingo điển dạng từ màu pink, tomato điển dạng từ màu purple Đối với liệu tiếng Việt, hoa sở điển dạng từ màu trắng, than điển dạng từ màu đen, Quan Công điển dạng từ màu đỏ, công viên điển dạng từ màu xanh, nghệ điển dạng từ màu vàng, da Hoàng Thùy/ H’nen Niê điển dạng từ màu nâu, mơ điển dạng từ màu hồng, gio điển dạng từ màu xám, tận điển dạng từ màu tím Kết liên quan 06 phạm trù đối tượng đại diện thuật ngữ màu liệu tiếng Anh tiếng Việt sau: (i) Phạm trù thực vật: đối tượng lily từ màu white so với đối tượng hoa sở từ màu trắng; đối tượng sloe từ màu black so với đối tượng mun từ màu đen; đối tượng rose từ màu red so với đối tượng vông từ màu đỏ; đối tượng flower từ màu blue so với đối tượng từ màu xanh; đối tượng saffron từ màu yellow so với đối tượng nghệ từ màu vàng; đối tượng tomato từ màu purple so với đối tượng pansee từ màu tím; đối tượng rose từ màu pink so với đối tượng mơ từ màu hồng (ii) Phạm trù động vật: đối tượng insect từ màu black so với đối tượng cổ trâu từ màu đen; đối tượng lobster từ màu red so với đối tượng san hô từ màu đỏ (iii) Phạm trù vô tri vô giác: đối tượng winter từ màu white so với đối tượng ngọc từ màu trắng; đối tượng night từ màu black so với đối tượng than từ màu đen; đối tượng sun từ red so với đối tượng mặt trời từ màu đỏ; đối tượng sky từ màu blue so với đối tượng công viên từ màu xanh; đối tượng gold từ màu yellow so với đối tượng đất sét từ màu vàng; đối tượng typhoon từ màu purple so với đối tượng tận từ màu tím; đối tượng the day she was born từ màu pink so với đối tượng than tàn từ màu hồng; đối tượng sea từ màu grey so với đối tượng tuyết từ màu xám (iv) Phạm trù thực phẩm: đối tượng milk từ màu white so với đối tượng sữa từ màu trắng; đối tượng wine từ màu red so với đối tượng vang từ màu đỏ (v) Phạm trù sản phẩm nhân tạo: đối tượng sheet từ màu white so với đối tượng khăn tang từ màu trắng; đối tượng ink từ màu black so với đối tượng cửa đề lao từ màu đen; đối tượng cross of St George từ màu red so với đối tượng son từ màu đỏ; đối tượng flame từ màu yellow so với đối tượng tranh vẽ từ màu vàng; đối tượng ash từ màu grey so với đối tượng gio từ màu xám (vi) Phạm trù người thuộc người: đối tượng Jesus từ màu white so với đối tượng công tử từ màu trắng; đối tượng an African từ màu black so với đối tượng quỷ từ màu đen; đối tượng blood từ màu red so với đối tượng Quan Công từ màu đỏ; đối tượng Ancient Mariner từ màu brown so với đối tượng da Hoàng Thùy, H’nen Niê từ màu nâu; đối tượng moustache từ màu grey so với đối tượng chàm từ màu xám 3.2 Kết luận Về mặt lý thuyết, kết từ nghiên cứu tạo tảng cho nghiên cứu khác liên quan thuật ngữ màu nói chung điển dạng nói riêng từ liệu tiếng Anh tiếng Việt bên cạnh nghiên cứu khác liên quan đến đặc điểm tri nhận văn hóa hệ thống ngơn ngữ Anh – Việt Điều giúp hình thành quan điểm khác liên quan điển dạng từ thuật ngữ màu từ liệu tiếng Anh tiếng Việt nhằm cung cấp dẫn chứng hỗ trợ nghiên cứu khác chuyên ngành ngôn ngữ học tri nhận nói chung phản ánh đặc tính tri nhận văn hóa nói riêng Ngồi ra, nghiên cứu lý giải rõ ràng điểm tương đồng khác biệt liên quan đặc điểm tri nhận văn hóa cộng đồng Anh Việt Về mặt thực tế, kết nghiên cứu giúp giáo viên người học hiểu rõ điển dạng thuật ngữ màu tiếng Anh tiếng Việt cung cấp ngữ liệu dạy học hiệu Từ tảng này, người dân địa hai dân tộc nâng cao nhận thức liên quan tương đồng khác biệt ngơn ngữ đối tượng Nói cách khác, kiến thức đặc điểm tri nhận văn hóa độc đáo giới thiệu thông qua điển dạng phạm trù đối tượng so sánh chuẩn giúp độc giả hiểu tương đồng khác biệt để nắm bắt ý nghĩa ẩn sâu tác phẩm văn học hay tục ngữ từ kho tàng văn học nước, giúp tránh cú sốc văn hóa tiếp cận ngơn ngữ đối tượng T/M TẬP THỂ HƯỚNG DẪN NGHIÊN SINH PGS TS HỒNG TUYẾT MINH NG ĐƠNG PHƯƠNG TIÊN CỨU SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS Author’s name: NGUYỄN ĐÔNG PHƯƠNG TIÊN Thesis title: Prototypes of basic colours in English and Vietnamese from a cognitive linguistics perspective (Tính điển dạng màu tiếng Anh tiếng Việt góc độ ngơn ngữ học tri nhận) Major: English Linguistics Code: 9.22.02.01 The name of postgraduate training institution: Hà Nội Open University Thesis purpose and objectives The ultimate purpose of this dissertation is to distinguish the prototypes and the categories of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data from the cognitive and cultural perspectives The following objectives are put forward for the detailed insight: - Identifying the prototypes of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data based on prototype theory - Classifying the categories of object referents in basic color terms as well as the class of the categories of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data based on categories and classes of object referents functioning as color-term referents - Pointing out the similarities and the differences of the prototypes and the categories of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data from cognitive and cultural perspectives Research methods This thesis is designed as a contrastive study using the mixed method comprising both quantitative method and qualitative method: Qualitative method and quantitative method, with bilateral relationships, are inter-twined in analyzing prototypes of basic color terms Mixed research method is applied in the following means: identification of approximate percentage of object referents is based on quantitative method whereas further explanations for the distinctive features between English and Vietnamese languages depend on qualitative method as well as the similarities and the differences among these prototypes of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese count on contrastive method The comparison of the prototypes of basic color terms in these two languages help gain more fine-grained insights the similarities and differences associated with basic color terms in two cultures Major results and conclusions 3.1 Major results The results regarding the prototypes of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data are presented as below: In English data, night as prototype of black color term, winter as prototype of white color term, sky as prototype of blue color term, chocolate as prototype of brown color term, rose as prototype of red color term, ash as prototype of grey color term, gold as prototype of yellow color term, flamingo as prototype of pink color term, tomato as prototype of purple color term whereas, in Vietnamese data, công viên as prototype of xanh color term, nghệ as prototype of vàng color term, hoa sở as prototype of trắng color term, than as prototype of đen color term, Quan Công as prototype of đỏ color term, da Hoàng Thùy/ H’nen Niê as prototype of nâu color term, mơ as prototype of hồng color term, gio as prototype of xám color term, tận as prototype of tím color term In terms of the most representative object referent (or representative) in categories of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data, the outcomes are presented as follows: lily representative of white color term compared to hoa sở representative of trắng color term; sloe representative of black color term compared to mun representative of đen color term; rose representative of red color term compared to vông representative of đỏ color term; flower representative of blue color term compared to representative of xanh color term; saffron representative of yellow color term compared to nghệ representative of vàng color term; tomato representative of purple color term compared to pansee representative of tím color term; rose representative of pink color term compared to mơ representative of hồng color term, insect representative of black color term compared to cổ trâu representative of đen color term; lobster representative of red color term compared to san hô representative of đỏ color term, winter representative of white color term compared to ngọc representative of trắng color term; night representative of black color term compared to than representative of đen color term; sun representative of red color term compared to mặt trời representative of đỏ color term; sky representative of blue color term compared to công viên representative of xanh color term; gold representative of yellow color term compared to đất sét representative of vàng color term; typhoon representative of purple color term compared to tận representative of tím color term; the day she was born representative of pink color term compared to than tàn representative of hồng color term; sea representative of grey color term compared to tuyết representative of xám color term, milk representative of white color term compared to sữa representative of trắng color term; wine representative of red color term compared to vang representative of đỏ color term, sheet representative of white color term compared to khăn tang representative of trắng color term; ink representative of black color term compared to cửa đề lao representative of đen color term; cross of St George of red color term compared to son representative of đỏ color term; flame representative of yellow color term compared to tranh vẽ representative of vàng color term; ash representative of grey color term compared to gio representative of xám color term, Jesus representative of white color term compared to công tử representative of trắng color term; an African representative of black color term compared to quỷ representative of đen color term; blood representative of red color term compared to Quan Công representative of đỏ color term; Ancient Mariner representative of brown color term compared to da Hoàng Thùy, H’nen Niê representative of nâu color term; moustache representative of grey color term compared to chàm representative of xám color term 3.2 Conclusions This dissertation is directing towards surveying on the most salient representative feature object referents for the finalized prototypes of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese The findings of this dissertation set the foundation for further researches on basic color terms in general and on the prototypes of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese in particular besides further researches on cultural and cognitive characteristics of English and Vietnamese language systems Theoretically, the results of this study help provide the new insight concerning prototypes of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data for evidence provision and support towards researches in cognitive linguistics in general as well as reflection of distinctive cultural and cognitive feature reflection in particular Additionally, this research brings a clear explanation regarding the cultural characteristics and cognition processes of English and Vietnamese communities in order to illuminate the similarities and the differences between the two linguistic systems Practically, the results of this study help English and Vietnamese teachers and learners understand the prototypes of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese by providing useful material in the process of teaching and learning effectively From this, native speakers in both nations can raise their awareness related to the potential differences and similarities in the other language In other words, the knowledge of the enriching cultural and national distinctive features being presented through color prototypes helps readers understand the similarities and distinguish the differences so as to grasp the underlying massages conveyed when reading literature works or national idioms The potentially achieved results will facilitate speakers of one foreign language with deeper understanding the cognitive characteristics analyzed under the light of culture and thinking between the two communities, especially for the benefit of cultural shock avoidance On behalf of academic supervisors PhD Student Assoc PhD HỒNG TUYẾT MINH NG ĐƠNG PHƯƠNG TIÊN MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY - NGUYỄN ĐÔNG PHƯƠNG TIÊN PROTOTYPES OF BASIC COLORS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FROM A COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS PERSPECTIVE (TÍNH ĐIỂN DẠNG CỦA MÀU CƠ BẢN TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT DƯỚI GÓC ĐỘ NGÔN NGỮ HỌC TRI NHẬN) MAJOR: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS CODE: 9220201 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Linguistics Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr HOÀNG TUYẾT MINH Hanoi, 2020 PART INTRODUCTION 10 Table 4.12: Categories of grey color term in English and those of xám color term in Vietnamese In English data No Category In Vietnamese data CR CR TAP TAP Rep AP Rep AP 01 Flora 0 1.98 tràm 1.98 02 Fauna 0 2.09 gà cắt tiết 2.09 03 Inanimate nature 11.50 sea 7.00 15.29 tuyết 10.48 05 Man-made object 46.00 ash 44.00 79.43 gio 79.43 06 Body and bodily product 42.50 moustache 42.50 1.21 chàm 1.21 As seen in table 4.12, grey color term in English data is comprised of 03 categories (Inanimate nature, Man-made object, Body and bodily product) whereas xám color term in Vietnamese data consists of 05 categories (Flora, Fauna, Inanimate nature, Man-made object, Body and bodily product); in which, Manmade object category in English data and that in Vietnamese data both occupy the highest approximate percentage This demonstrates the dominance of object referents in Man-made object category towards grey/xám color terms in English and Vietnamese data Regarding the approximate percentage comparison among the categories of grey/xám color terms in English and Vietnamese data, Flora category and Fauna category only in English data are comprised of 1.98 and 2.09, respectively; Inanimate nature category in English data holds 11.50 whereas that of Vietnamese dat is 15.29; Man-made object category in English data occupies 46.00 whereas that 202 of Vietnamese data is 79.43; Body and bodily product category in English data has 42.50 whereas that of Vietnamese data is 1.21 In terms of the particular object referent occupying the highest approximate percentage in each category, the outcomes are as below: sea, ash, moustache object referents as the most typical object referent in Inanimate nature, Man-made object, Body and bodily product categories, respectively, whereas tràm, gà cắt tiết, tuyết, gio, chàm object referents as the most typical object referent in Inanimate nature, Man-made object, Body and bodily product categories, respectively In terms of the general picture regarding multi-aspect social life with explanations from cultural and cognitive perspective, more information clarifying the similarities and the differences between English and Vietnamese nations is presented as below: That both English and Vietnamese communities share the same connection between grey/xám color terms with ash/gio object referents means the universal thinking between the two nations In connection with English data, North Sea, Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean border England country so sea object referent definitely is the most popular object referent; ash object referent is close to Nomadic lifestyle with the habit of self-heating; moustache object referent as a masculinity and strength symbol towards males In connection with Vietnamese data, tràm object referent as one popular plant in Việt Nam with a lot of benefits, gà object referent is the most familiar object referent to any Vietnamese family; gio object referent is one special dialect spoken in the North of Việt Nam; chàm is Vietnamese translation of one disease symptom In short, all these object referents of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data reflect the coherent relationship between subjective reality and national thinking system in selecting the most appropriate object referents in implying one basic color term as well as demonstrate each national psychological viewpoint connected to particular national events in social life, cultural history and traditional customs In other words, more information related to English and 203 Vietnamese life features is revealed, particularly, Vietnamese culture is typical for water-rice plant cultivation as a tropical country through nghệ, hoa sở, mơ, than, gio prototypes whereas English culture is typical for nomadic lifestyle through night, winter, gold, ash, sky prototypes English and Vietnamese communities, based on these objects or features, identify one color in an intentional and subjective way towards colors’ new referent objects or events English and Vietnamese nations have added further objects associated based on particular thinking and color features Normally, those objects compared to a particular color carry the expressive, available and already-existing characters salient and typical for this color This explains why the existence of traditional and current object referents equivalent to one specific color term collected from English and Vietnamese idioms It should be concluded that Vietnamese and English peoples have their similar and different ways to perceive and cognize color terms in their distinctive ways; therefore, each national culture carries similar as well as distinctive features typical and salient for their own culture To be illustrated in a more detailed way, that English men choose familiar objects to their nomadic life (night, sky, tomato, flamingo, ash) as representatives connected to color terms as well as winter, rose, chocolate object referents represent the Western life features is explained as below: Nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes follow the animals they hunt, carrying tents with them A diversity of animals and plants have been domesticated in this habitant zone since the ancient time, particularly, objects typical for a nomadic life have been closely connected to English men’ life As a result, the names of these kinds have become a part of daily life in diverse expressions creating certain connections In short, basic color terms in English data are defined by describing the colors of objects or phenomenon in natural world as representatives by selecting those familiar in daily life within community for easier and more obvious perception and vision 204 On the other hand, the fact that Vietnamese culture has been constructed based on the South-East Asian cultural territory (Trần Ngọc Thêm, 1998: 66-68) clarifies the choices of natural agricultural produces like gio, than, nghệ, hoa sở object referents, in a tropical country, as various and closely connected objects to the simple Vietnamese daily culinary tradition towards basic color terms in Vietnamese data A diversity of animals and plants have been domesticated in this habitant zone since the ancient time, particularly, the main achievements of SouthEast Asian agriculture are rice plant cultivation and others besides other wild tamed animals for daily food and herbal treatment closely connected to life As a result, the names of these kinds have become a part of daily life in diverse expressions creating certain connections In short, basic color terms in Vietnamese are defined by describing the colors of objects or phenomenon in natural world as representatives by selecting those object referents familiar in daily life within community 4.3 Summary In terms of the most representative object referent (or representative) in categories of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data, the outcomes are presented as follows: In the case of Flora category: lily representative of white color term compared to hoa sở representative of trắng color term; sloe representative of black color term compared to mun representative of đen color term; rose representative of red color term compared to vông representative of đỏ color term; flower representative of blue color term compared to representative of xanh color term; saffron representative of yellow color term compared to nghệ representative of vàng color term; tomato representative of purple color term compared to pansee representative of tím color term; rose representative of pink color term compared to mơ representative of hồng color term It should be noted that no representative in Flora category of grey color term in English data and that of nâu color term in Vietnamese data is found although berry representative of brown color term in 205 English data and tràm representative of xám color term in Vietnamese data are identified in Flora category in English and Vietnamese data In the case of Fauna category: insect representative of black color term in English data compared to cổ trâu representative of đen color term in Vietnamese data; lobster representative of red color term in English data compared to san hô representative of đỏ color term in Vietnamese data It should be noted that there exists no representatives of white, blue, yellow, grey color term in English data as well as no representative of hồng color term in Vietnamese data although flamingo representative of pink color term in English, lợn cạo representative of trắng color term, mắt mèo representative of xanh color term, lợn nghệ representative of vàng color term, gà cắt tiết representative of xám color term in Vietnamese data are identified Last but not least, no representative in Fauna category of brown color term in English data compared to that of nâu color term in Vietnamese data, that of purple color term in English data compared to that of tím color term in Vietnamese data is identified in English and Vietnamese data In the case of Inanimate nature category: winter representative of white color term compared to ngọc representative of trắng color term; night representative of black color term compared to than representative of đen color term; sun representative of red color term compared to mặt trời representative of đỏ color term; sky representative of blue color term compared to công viên representative of xanh color term; gold representative of yellow color term compared to đất sét representative of vàng color term; typhoon representative of purple color term compared to tận representative of tím color term; the day she was born representative of pink color term compared to than tàn representative of hồng color term; sea representative of grey color term compared to tuyết representative of xám color term In the case of Food and beverage category: milk representative of white color term compared to sữa representative of trắng color term; wine representative of red color term compared to vang representative of đỏ color term 206 In terms of Man-made object category: sheet representative of white color term compared to khăn tang representative of trắng color term; ink representative of black color term compared to cửa đề lao representative of đen color term; cross of St George of red color term compared to son representative of đỏ color term; flame representative of yellow color term compared to tranh vẽ representative of vàng color term; ash representative of grey color term compared to gio representative of xám color term In terms of Body and bodily product category: Jesus representative of white color term compared to công tử representative of trắng color term; an African representative of black color term compared to quỷ representative of đen color term; blood representative of red color term compared to Quan Công representative of đỏ color term; Ancient Mariner representative of brown color term compared to da Hoàng Thùy, H’nen Niê representative of nâu color term; moustache representative of grey color term compared to chàm representative of xám color term From these above outcomes, further outcomes are withdrawn as follows: In terms of the repeated use of the same representatives between basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data: rose object referent is selected towards red and pink color terms in English data; chocolate object referent is taken as representative for black and brown color terms in English data; son object referent is chosen in connecting with đỏ and hồng color terms in Vietnamese data In terms of the use of the identical object referent in English and Vietnamese data: milk/sữa object referents in Food and beverage category of white color term in English and trắng color term in Vietnamese data; sun/mặt trời object referents in Inanimate nature category of red color term in English and đỏ color term in Vietnamese data; ash/gio object referents in Man-made object category of grey color term in English and xám color term in Vietnamese data 207 PART CONCLUSION 5.1 Recapitulation This dissertation theoretical framework has followed the currently popular research trend: Prototype theory playing the central mainline role together with category classification of the prototypes of basic color terms formatted as + basic color terms + object referent X structure in the scope of the study in English and Vietnamese data collected from literary works, idiom dictionaries and Internet websites strengthened by supporting cognitive-cultural featured explanations In terms of prototype identification of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data, the outcomes are presented as follows: night as prototype of black color term compared to than as prototype of đen color term; winter as prototype of white color term compared to hoa sở as prototype of trắng color term; rose as prototype of red color term compared to Quan Công as prototype of đỏ color term; sky as prototype of blue color term compared to công viên as prototype of xanh color term; gold as prototype of yellow color term compared to nghệ as prototype of vàng color term; chocolate as prototype of brown color term compared to da Hoàng Thùy, H’nen Niê as prototype of nâu color term; flamingo as prototype of pink color term compared to mơ as prototype of hồng color term; tomato as prototype of purple color term compared to tận as prototype of tím color term, ash as prototype of grey color term compared to gio as prototype of xám color term In terms of category comparison with representatives of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data, the outcomes are presented as follows: In Flora category: lily/hoa sở as representatives of white/trắng color terms; sloe/mun as representatives of black/đen color terms; rose/vông as representatives of red/đỏ color terms; flower/lá as representatives of blue/xanh color terms; saffron/nghệ as representatives of yellow/vàng color terms; tomato/pansee as representatives of purple/tím color terms; rose/mơ as representatives of pink/hồng color terms 208 In Fauna category: insect/cổ trâu as representatives of black/đen color terms; lobster/san hô as representatives of red/đỏ color terms In Inanimate nature category: winter/ngọc as representatives of white/trắng color terms; night/than as representatives of black/đen color terms; sun/mặt trời as representatives of red/đỏ color terms; sky/công viên as representatives of blue/xanh color terms; gold/đất sét as representatives of yellow/vàng color terms; typhoon/tận as representatives of purple/tím color terms; the day she was born/than tàn as representatives of pink/hồng color terms; sea/tuyết as representatives of grey/xám color terms In Food and beverage category: milk/sữa as representatives of white/trắng color terms; wine/vang as representatives of red/đỏ color terms In Man-made object category: sheet/khăn tang as representatives of white/trắng color terms; ink/cửa đề lao as representatives of black/đen color terms; cross of St George/son as representatives of red/đỏ color terms; flame/tranh vẽ as representatives of yellow/vàng color terms; ash/gio as representatives of grey/xám color terms In Body and bodily product category: Jesus/công tử as representatives of white/trắng color terms; an African/quỷ as representatives of black/đen color terms; blood/Quan Công as representatives of red/đỏ color terms; Ancient Mariner/ da Hoàng Thùy, H’nen Niê as representatives of brown/nâu color terms; moustache/chàm as representatives of grey/xám color terms In terms of identicalness among object referents and the most representative object referents, rose object referent of red/pink color terms and chocolate object referent of black/brown color terms; son object referent of đỏ/hồng color terms as well as milk/sữa representatives in Food and beverage category of white/trắng color terms; sun/mặt trời representatives in Inanimate nature category of red/đỏ color terms; ash/gio representatives in Man-made object category of grey/xám color terms are identified 209 5.2 Concluding remarks The most representative object referents associated with basic color terms in English and Vietnamese with the highest approximate percentage are concluded as the prototypes of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data These prototypes, as the deeply underlying potentials in lexical semantic strutures and expressed under the form of comparative idioms, have been constructed during thinking, cognitive procedure through time together with the development history of one certain community in terms of thinking and linguistic history that are brought to fruition in some certain contexts, especially comparative idioms These object referents (permanently, availably and readily carrying this specific color that are used to compare to one particular color term) forming the prototypes of basic color terms in one language reflect the coherent relationship between subjective reality and national cognition system as well as demonstrate each national psychological viewpoint connected to particular national events in social life, cultural history and traditional customs These prototypes, hard to be explained in terms of the original originating source, are unique and distinctive typical for national cognitive and cultural features It is surprising to recognize how English and Vietnamese peoples perceive, connect, name and select the closest, the most familiar, the most typical, the most salient object referent for each color term This overall picture comprising similarities and differences is the distinctiveness between different cognition systems representing different social-cultural nations Every community member within personal living community shares personal experiences on the subject of the selection of object referents associated with basic color terms and this knowledge, this habit has been spread from generations to generations in a particular living community in their daily habitual life Through historical development and changes in the new periods, more dimensions concerning this selection in terms of basic color terms have become more diverse and distinctive, even identical from one 210 community to another From this, more information in terms of living conditions, national thinking, life perspectives are revealed From the orientaton as one intangible activity to thinking activeness, a language is valued as one unique means to encode other various aspects colsely connected to culture element, in which the prototypes of basic color terms in one language express the most distinctive and individual national features Vietnamese and English peoples have their own similar and/or different ways to perceive and cognize colors; therefore, each national culture carries similar as well as distinctive features typical and salient for their own culture Further knowledge related to living environment, national characteristics, national thinking and social-cultiural features between English and Vietnamese nations is presented and explained in as deep details as possible From this background, world-view pictures expressed in prototypes and categories of basic color terms bring in the different outcomes in cognitive and cultural features between English and Vietnamese data The similarities among prototypes and categories of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data further demonstrate the common features shared between English and Vietnamese communities during the mutual stable and long-term business corporation, international communication and cultural exchange and interference process From the identicalness among the object referents as representatives in categories in English and Vietnamese data, this knowledge additionally verifies the similarity between English and Vietnamese nations towards basic color terms; in other words, universal thinking trend has been introduced and imported from English culture to Vietnamese culture and vice versa In other words, due to the social developing trend, the cultural exchange absolutely brings in new introduction, in terms of linguistic contact-transfer methods towards cognitive viewpoints of basic color terms Furthermore, the outstanding proportion in Flora category and Inanimate nature category carry differently distinctive characteristics due to the diversity in natural conditions, climates and geographies Therefore, every nation selects different symbolic objects as most typical representative object 211 referents forming the distinctive national-social figures On the other hand, the differences in the prototypes of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese comparative idioms originate from the difference in viewing the world due to the different national viewpoints This distinction or distinctiveness among the two nations results from the non-similarity in meaning quantity or abstractness and specificity or the distinctive symbolic guidance originated from the individually distinguished national features and values in historical, geographical, lifestyle, habits and rituals, customs, regional, religious, economic development and growth aspects The differences between English and Vietnamese data reflect the completely typical for English and Vietnamese thinkings towards the same physical subject nature world, originating from psychological features, local regulations among native speakers as well as the overwhelming dominance from natural contexts, social-cultural features in individual nation Through this study on prototypes and categories of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data, it can be concluded that the following elements (living conditions, national features, cultural-cognitive thinking) are deeply impacted, especially due to the language-cognition-culture relation Besides obvious differences between the two systems, some identical similarities, regarding special and unique connections between object referents and basic color terms, are typically distinctive for English and Vietnamese system that reflect the special vision towards the world in different ways In short, the knowledge from the prototypes of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data reflects human beings’ viewpoint, thinking and description towards this physical world through languages Therefore, thanks to languages, different ways describing this world can be introduced, resulting in a more lively and vivid linguistic meaning but also strengthening and re-structuring human beings’s thinking and awareness 5.3 Implications 212 The rich and diverse source of cultural-historical idioms in English and Vietnamese nations is expressed through the use of basic color terms, in which, the use of basic color terms in comparative idioms is not simply fixed word collocations; rather, new symbols, new meanings, new viewpoints have been attached through the use of various object referents classified in various categories, various classes associated to each basic color term in idioms The linguistic meaning of basic color terms, in addition to the general experience-historical element, is comprised of other elements typical for English and Vietnamese cultures As a result, basic color terms carry both connotative meaning and expressive meanings that have always been rich in cultural and national characteristics typical for English and Vietnamese nations; in which, expressive meanings are greatly affected from national features in geography, culture, religion, general worldview and personal outlooks on life and the physical world around The findings from this study further consolidate the fact that each prototype and 06category classification of one basic color term manifest one distinctive national cultural signal in reflecting a certain way of experiencing and constructing the world or a linguistic picture of the physical world The differences from cultures to cultures are affirmed to result in communication misunderstanding To communicate and to interpret from one language to another is not an easy task since this academic fluency requires, besides phonetic systemic production and facial and bodily language network, the certain understanding of the complicated culture-language-cognition relation Consequently, it is advised to acquire more cultural values of one linguistic community in order to master one foreign language From the background that linguistic use results in one certain cultural framework decides the way language learners arrange word order for a meaningful sentence as well as the way to think and to assess the objective physical world reality, teachers and learners of English and Vietnamese languages can understand the prototypes and categories of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese in particular and raise their awareness 213 related to the potential similarities and differences in the other language in general What is more, native and/or non-native speakers are facilitated with deeper knowledge of the cognitive and cultural characteristics between the two communities, especially for the benefit of cultural shock avoidance To be able to use a foreign language, the learner should be knowledgeable in history and culture of the target language Currently, the process of cultural exchange among nations is taking place strongly that can only take place when the speaker and the listener be equipped with history length and cultural features of the target community The knowledge of the enriching cultural and national distinctive features being presented through prototypes of basic color terms helps readers understand the similarities and distinguish the differences so as to grasp the underlying massages conveyed when reading literature works or national idioms Concerning the possibility of applying this research outcomes into the practical teaching and translation contexts, the condensed and synthesized knowledge on the subject of prototypes and category classification of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data can be used as beneficial teaching material with the hope of discovering more deeply the diverse semantic meaning and cognitive-cultural features as regards the prototypes and categories of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data and of transferring this to learners with limited awareness on this subject To some extent, foreign language teachers, with the fully equipped knowledge in terms of culture-cognitive explanations related to prototypes and categories of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data, are more confident in assisting learners during their acquisition of another foreign language, especially, towards the achievement of cognitive-cultural characteristics for a better undersanding of the similarities and the differences between the two linguistic systems Based on this foundation of the similarities and the differences between English and Vietnamese data in terms of basic color terms, teachers and learners are more able to individualize their personal methods in self-study and selfdiscovery of other prototypes of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data 214 from other data sources This practical application helps introduce cognitive linguistic knowledge into the renovation mission of language teaching methodology in general as well as on the prototypes and categories of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data in particular In terms of the possibility of applying dissertation outcomes into the practical English-Vietnamese and/or Vietnamese-English translation subject, the analysizeddescribed content and the finalized outcomes in this dissertation can be one reliable and beneficial reference source for the missons of designing teaching material and compiling English-Vietnamese and/or Vietnamese-English dictionaries or reference materials for advanced translation and interpretation courses From the research mission on prototypes and categories of basic color terms in English and Vietnamese data, this research orientation is expected to be expanded systemically in a more authentic and professional way at the broader data scope with the purpose of completing and supplementing teaching and reference materials for teaching and studying English and/or Vietnamese languages as well as in English-Vietnamese and/or Vietnamese-English translation practice in meeting the requirements of translation quality at the most optimal level 5.4 Limitations and suggestions for further study The ultimate theoretical framework of this thesis is to reveal the underlying gap from other researches in English and in Vietnamese on the subject of basic color terms Although some points have been figured out as the mainline theoretical framework; that is, not a single research on all basic color terms between English and Vietnamese linguistic systems has been performed based on Prototype theory foundation including color prototypes obtained from comparative idioms accompanied by cognitive-cultural explanations, the researcher should have been more attentive in discovering further gaps for a detailed and deep-rooted thesis development Were this dissertation performed in the extensive data colllection, especially in literary works (always as the long-term literary source accumulated from the general cultural community as well as expressing the private individual usage of 215 one memeber in this community) withdrawn from traditional folk works to modern literary works, there would be a more all-embracing and profound conclusion in terms of the cultural interference and interchange between one culture to another thorugh different historical developing stages besides the adjustment within English and Vietnamese thinking All of which results in the contribution one literary interdisciplinary research direction from linguistics under the new viewpoint This must be one hard but interesting mission due to the ensured potential practical outcomes in theoretical verification What is more, this research occupies no access to English and Vietnamese linguistic corpus as the largest, the most significant and accumulated structured collection of linguistic texts for a statistical analysis towards the occurrence evaluation on the prototypes of basic color terms It is hardly impossible to produce the most definitely and perfectly generalized finalized data from a limited primary source (from Internet and idiom dictionaries) This future thesis should have collected as many object referents from more resources (corpus, literary works) for more reliable and trustworthy prototype collections that are completely typical and representative for English and Vietnamese cognition systems In terms of the basic color term target, white, black, red, yellow, blue, brown, purple, pink, grey color terms in English data as well as trắng, đen, đỏ, vàng, xanh, tím, hồng, xám color terms in Vietnamese data are affirmed as the official research objects due to the overlapping in linguistic translation among blue/green/xanh color terms as well as no collected data on orange/cam color terms In terms of implications for further research avenues, there should be another research at a broader scale expanding to all basic colors in English and the equivalent Vietnamese colors This expanded-scaled thesis would absolutely provide the more general and overall world-view pictures between English and Vietnamese nations Furthermore, this dissertation concentrates on basic color terms formatted as single root words, not on derivational color terms or color term collocation There should be another dissertation at a broader scope concentrating on other formations of color terms with more various and diverse lexical formations (for example, derivational words) for a more general and all-embracing research scope 216 ... ‘one’ in Vietnamese language (một, mỗi, nhất, thứ nhất) and English language (one, once, only, a, an, the other, another, second to none, the first, first, each, alone, every), this article depicts... whereas bồ quân as the most noticeable object referent of hồng color term in Vietnamese (Trần Thị Lan, 2001) In terms of semantic explanations based on the positive and negative assumptions towards... outcomes are as follows: In Vietnamese data, vôi, object referents represent trắng color term; than, mực tàu object referents represent đen color term; son, máu object referents represent đỏ color