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→ The boss said that I needn’t/ didn’t have to come in the next day.. The day before yesterday → two days before/ earlier 1.6.[r]
(1)INDIRECT SPEECH I DIRECT SPEECH:
1 Statement: ( Câu thông báo, gồm câu khẳng định câu phủ định) a Affirmative: Jason said, " Tom has worked here since last year."
b. Negative : I don't like that house", she said 2.Questions:
a Yes- No question: Are you tired?", Tom asked me./ Do you work here?", Tom asked b. Wh/ How- questions: " When did you go to bed last night?", the policeman asked him
" How long have you been there?", Jason asked
3 Command and request: Go away!", she told us — " Open the door, please", she requested 4 Exclamation: How intelligent he is!", she said — " What a lovely garden!" II.INDIRECT SPEECH:
1.1 Indirect speech thường dùng để kể lại, thuật lại lời nói ng ười khác 1.2 Reporting verbs:
E.g a. " Where did you go last night?", Mary asked John Mary asked John where he had gone the night before
( Khi reporting verb(s) present / future thay đổi liên quan đến người; reporting verb(s) khứ, phải thay đổi tenses, persons, adverbs động từ)
b - I shall come back to this restaurant ", he said
E.g He has said that he will come back to that restaurant He said that he would come back to that restaurant 1.3 Changing persons:
I → he/ she; me/you → him/her; my → his/ her We → they ; us → them; our → their
Mine → his/hers ; our → theirs ; myself → himself/herself 1.4 Changing tenses:
* General rule : “ We have to go one tense back if reporting verb is at a past tense”. Present → Past ; Past → Past perfect ; Future → Future in the Past * Present perfect → Past perfect * Future perfect → Modal perfect (would have V3/Ved) * can → could/ may → might / have to, has to → had to/
* must → had to or must ( deduction or possibility):
→ He said that George must be a fool to behave like that * mustn’t (prohibition) → mustn’t / couldn’t :
→ The guard said we mustn’t / couldn’t cross the border * needn’t → didn’t have to, needn’t
→ The boss said that I needn’t/ didn’t have to come in the next day * shall (future) → would : “ I shalltell him exactly what I think,” she said → She said she would tell him exactly what she thought
* shall ( offers, suggestions, requests for advice) → should:
- “ Shall I speak to him in person?”, she asked.→ She asked whether she should speak to him in person Unchanging: would rather/ had better/ should/ ought to/ used to/ had + V3/ conditionals 2,3/past
subjunctive… 1.5 Changing time:
(2)Here → there ; this place → that place 1.7 Changing verbs: come/ bring → go/ take
* Jason said to me,” I’ll go to your birthday party.” Jason said that he would come to my birthday party III HOW TO CHANGE :
1 Statement: said (to O)
S + told (O) THAT S + V (changed) + ( O/ C/ A) reported …
1 “ I like your dress.”, she said to me → She tells me that she likes my dress 2.“ I like your dress.”, she said to me → She told me that she liked my dress “ You haven’t learnt well recently.”, they said to Jason
→ They said to/ told Jason that he hadn’t learnt well recently 2 QUESTIONS:
2.1 Yes- No question:
asked O
S + wondered IF/WHETHER S +V (ch) + ( O/C/A) wanted to know
IF/ WHETHER: (liệu có hay khơng.)
He asked me," Do you like these trousers?" - He asked me if I liked those trousers "Will you go to school next Sunday, Jack?" asked Mary
- Mary asked Jack whether he would go to school the next Sunday Notes:
a Yes and no are expressed in indirect speech by: subject + appropriate auxiliary verb: - He said, 'Can you swim?' and I said 'No'
→ He asked (me) if I could swim and I said I couldn't. -He said, 'Will you have time to it?' and I said 'Yes'
→ He asked if I would have time to it and I said that I would. b whether can emphasize that a choice has to be made:
- 'Do you want to go by air or sear the travel agent asked
→ The travel agent asked whether I wanted to go by air or by sea * Note whether or not:
'Do you want to insure your luggage or not?”, he asked
→ He asked whether or not I wanted to insure my luggage or → He asked if I wanted to insure my luggage or not.
c whether + infinitive is possible after wonder, want to know: 'Shall/Should I wait for them or go on?”, he wondered
→ He wondered whether to wait for them or go on or → He wondered whether he should wait for them or go on.
d. whether is neater if the question contains a conditional clause as otherwise there would be two ifs.: 'If you get the job will you move to York?' Bill asked
→ Bill asked whether, if I got the job, I'd move to York 2.2 Wh- questions:
asked O
S + wondered wh- / how- S +V (ch) + ( O/C/A) wanted to know
* Wh-: Who/ whom/ whose/ what/ which/ when/ where/ why * How-: How long/ how far/ how often/ how old
"Where did you go yesterday?" → I asked her where she had gone the day before
2 They asked ," How can you repair this machine, John?"
(3)3."Why did the dog bark violently last night, Daisy?", asked Tom
→ Tom asked Daisy why the dog had barked violently the night 3 COMMAND & REQUEST:
asked/ told….
S + ordered… + O + ( not) to infinitive… requested/ advised
* Don’t → Not to infinitive The teacher told students," Open your books now."
→ The teacher told students to open their books then/ immediately
2." Don't enter this area.", said the guard to the boys
→ The guard ordered the boys not to enter that area
4 EXCLAMATION: 4.1
S + exclaimed / said / told (O) that + S + V (ch.) + (O/C/A) He said, “ What a dreadful idea!” or “ How dreadful!”
→ He exclaimed/ said that it was a dreadful idea/ was dreadful 4.2
S + exclaimed/ said / told (O) + what (a/an) adj N (s) + S + V(ch.) + how adj/ adv + S + V (ch.)
He said, “ What a dreadful idea!” or “ How dreadful!”
→ He said that what a dreadful idea it was/ how dreadful it was 4.3
S + gave an exclamation of delight/ disgust/ horror/ relief/ surprise… “ Good.”, he exclaimed → He gave an exclamation of pleasure/ satisfaction 4.4
With an exclamation of delight/ disgust/ horror…, S + V + ( O/ C/ A) “ Ugh!”, she exclaimed and turned the programme off
With an exclamation of disgust, she turned the programme off NOTES:
a Other types of exclamation, such as Good!/ Marvellous! (Tuyệt!)/ Splendid!(Hết sẩy!) Heavens! ( Trời ơi!)/ Oh!(O!)/ Uah!(ghê quá!) etc can be reported as, in (b) or (c) above:
b Note also:
He said, 'Thank you!' = He thanked me
He said, 'Curse this fog!' = He cursed the fog.( nguyền rủa, chửi rủa) He said, 'Good luck!' = He wished me luck
He said, 'Happy Christmas!' = He wished me a happy Christmas He said, 'Congratulations!' = He congratulated me
He said, 'Liar!' = He called me a liar. He said, 'Damn!'etc = He swore.
The notice said: WELCOME TO WALES' =The notice welcomed visitors to Wales. NOTES:
1 Had better : She said to Jason,” You’d better arrive on time,” → She said that Jason had better arrive on time
→ She advised Jason to arrive on time
2 “ If I were you…” : “ If I were you, I should get another lawyer.”, she said → She said that if she were me, she would get another lawyer (LM, p.291) → She advised me to get another lawyer
→ She told me that I should get another lawyer 3. “ What about…?” → suggest :
(4)4 “ Why don’t you…?” → suggest / advise : She asked, “ Why don’t you visit Jane?” → She suggested that I (should) visit Jane
→ She suggested my visiting Jane → She advised me to visit Jane
5 “ Will…you?”/ Would…you?” / “ Could… you?” → “ say that…be + to inf.”/ “ suggest that….(should) V…” / “ order that…” / “ order SO to do sth”…
“ Will you stop talking?”, said the teacher
→ The teacher ordered(told) them to stop talking → The teacher said that they were to stop talking
→ The teacher suggested that they (should) stop talking
6. “ Would you mind + Ving…?” → ask … to inf / ask if….would mind + V-ing “ Would you mind opening the window?”, said Jason to the boy
→ Jason asked the boy to open the window
→ Jason asked the boy if he would mind opening the window “ Let’s….” → suggest + V-ing / suggest that….shoul + V … Marie said to her friends, “ Let’s wait here.”
→ Marie suggested their waiting there
→ Marie suggested that they should wait there 8.“ Let + O + V …” → ask….to let…
“ Let me go”, said Jason to his principal teacher → Jason asked his principal teacher to let him go
Reporting command and request depends on situation, speaker’s position, which helps to choose the accurate reporting verb.
Some famous verbs that are used to report command& request advise SO (not) to sth: (khuyen nen lam/ khong nen lam viec gi) * The doctor advised the patient to take those pills
* Teacher usually advises his/her students not to smoke
apologize (to SO) for doing/ having done sth: ( xin loi da lam gi) * She apologized (to her boss) for being late yesterday
3 ask/ tell sO (not) to sth: ( yeu cau, sai, bao lam/ khong lam gi) * My parents asked me to study hard
* Jason told us (not) to shut the door
command/ order sO to sth: ( lenh cho phai lam gi) * The officer commanded/ ordered his men to fire
5 object to (doing) sth: ( phan doi (lam) viec gi)
* I strongly objected to being charged a fee for using my credit card Object + that : I objected that he was too young for the job
request sO to sth: (yeu cau lam gì) – be requested to sth : (duoc yeu cau lam gi) * The police requested drivers to take care on the icy road
( Drivers were requested to take care on the icy road.) suggest : goi y/ de nghi
Suggest + V-ing: - He suggested taking the children to the zoo Suggest + that : - I suggested that we (should) break for lunch now Suggest (to SO) that: - I suggested to the others that they could join us remind sO to sth: ( nhac laøm gi)
* Please remind me to buy a loaf of bread
deny doing sth/ deny that : phu nhan, khong thua nhan (da lamgi) * She denied knowing anything about it
* He denied that he had been involved
10 accuse sO of (doing) sth: ( len an da lam gi)
* The policeman accused the boy of stealing the bicycle * Jason accused his neighbor of thief
(5)- regret + V-ing : - I regretted (his) ever raising the matter - regret + that : - I regret that I cannot help
- regret + to inf : We regret to inform you that your applications have been unsuccessful 12 allow/ permit sO to sth: cho phep lam gi
13 beg(ged) sO to sth: cau xin lam gi 14 urge sO to sth: thuc giuc lam gi ……
EXERCISES:
I. He said, 'Get out of my way.' 'Climb in through the window,' he ordered
'Please pay at the desk,' said the assistant 'Open your bag, please,' said the store detective
'Don't worry about anything, Mrs Pitt,' said her solicitor 'Leave it all to me.'
'Don't use bent coins in a slot machine,' I warned him 'Follow that car,' the detective said to the taxi-driver
'Wash it in lukewarm water,' recommended the assistant 'Have confidence in me,' urged the doctor
10 'Take me up to the 33rd floor,' he said to the liftman
II 'What happened to Mr Budd?' said one of the men 'Which of his sons inherited his estate?' asked another 'Who is going to live in the big house?' enquired a third 'What will happen to his racehorses?' asked someone else 'Which team has won?' asked Ann 'Which team won the previous match?' said Bill 'Who is playing next week?' he asked 'Who will be umpiring that match?' asked Tom 'Who wants a lift home?' said Ann 10 'Who has just dropped a $10 note?' I asked III
1 'What country you come from?' said Bill 'How long have you been here?' said Ann
3 'Are you working as well as studying?' asked Peter 'Have you got a work permit?' Bill wanted to know
5 'What are you going to study?' asked Ann 'Have you enrolled for more than one class?' said Peter
7 'Do you want to buy any second-hand books?' said Bill 'Have you seen the library?' asked Ann
9 'Do you play rugby?' said Peter 10 'Will you have time to play regularly?' he went on
IV
Tom invited Ann to come for a drive the following day
Ann accepted with pleasure and asked where he was thinking of going He said he'd leave it to her
She suggested Stratford
adding that she hadn't been there for ages
Tom agreed and said that they might go on the river if it was a fine day Ann wondered what was on at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre
Tom said they'd find out when they got there
adding that it was usually possible to get seats on the day of the play 10 He asked Ann if she could be ready by ten
V
1 My friend said, "Are you going to leave tomorrow?" 2."Have you done your homework?", said my mother I asked Bill, "What time did you go to bed last night?" Paul said "I must go home now."
5."There's been an accident and the road is blocked", said the policeman "We are waiting for the school bus", said the children
7 Mary said, "My father died a year ago" 8."Must you go now?", said Mr Brown
9."Whose bicycle did you borrow yesterday?", his mother asked him 10."It isn't so foggy today as it was yesterday", said the teacher 11."Be modest if you are a good pupil", said my father
12."Shut the door but don't lock it" she said to us 13 Tom said, "New York is bigger than London"
EXERCISE 5: Turn these sentences into reported speech: “You took the money”, he said.(accuse)
(6)4 He said, “I’m sorry I’m late” (apologize)
5 “I’ll drive you to the airport I insist.”, John said to Linda.(insist)
6 “I’m happy to hear that you have passed the final exam Congratulations!”, Jim said to me (congratulate) “It was nice of you to invite me to dinner Thank you.”, Miss White said to George (thank)
8 Don’t play with the matches.”, I said to Jack (warn… against)
9 “I’m sorry I didn’t phone you earlier.”, Margaret said to him.(apologize) 10 “I’ve always wanted to be a pilot.”, Paul said to his friends.(dream) 11 “You didn’t what I said.”, the mother said to her son (accuse) 12 The police said to the thief, “You broke the traffic rules.” (blame) 13 The student said , “I didn’t cheat in the exam.” (deny)
14 Tom said to Kate, “I would drive you to the station.” (insist)
15 Ba said to his father, “I broke the window glass this morning.” (admit) 16 “We should go for a picnic on Sunday.”, said Linda (suggest)
17 “I always want to be a rich man.”, said David (dream )
18 The manager told the visitors, “Don’t stay at the hotel near the airport.” (warn…… against / warn …to-inf) 19 “Let’s eat out tonight.’, said Tom (suggest)
20 “It’s too expensive to have dinner at a restaurant.”, Tom objected (object) 21 “I must have made a mistake in the calculations.”, said Mr Forest.(admit) 22 “I’ll pay for the meal.”, Sarah insisted (insist)
23 Neil told us, “Perhaps we can go to Paris for the weekend.” (suggest)
24 “I’m sorry I couldn’t come to visit you last summer.”, Kate said to her parents (apologize) 25 “I hear you won the championship Congratulations!”, Said Dane (congratulate)
26 “I wish I’d asked for his name and address.”, said Tom (regret) 27 James said to Daisy, “You are selfish.” (accuse)
28 “You mustn’t drink too much caffeine.”, Marta said to Martin (warn…… against / warn …to-inf))
29 “We should take the jumper back to the shop.”, Jack said to us.(recommend + O + to-inf / recommend + gerund) 30 “It’s not true! I have never been arrested by the police.”, Larry said (deny)
EXERCISE 6: Complete the following sentences without changing their meanings:
1 The doctor said to me, “You should lose weight.” The doctor advised me Mary said, “Let’s go to a movie.” Mary suggested
3 “I didn’t break the windows”, Bill said. Bill denied “You told a lie, Tom”, she said. She accused Tom
5 “I can’t go to your birthday party next Saturday evening, Jack”, said Mary. Mary apologized for “I won’t help you with your homework Never ! ” Jane said to me. Jane refused Joe said, “Please come to my party.” Joe invited
8 Mr Gray said, “Don’t play in the street.” Mr Gray warned the children not “Would you like to come on a picnic with us? They invited
10 “Please don’t tell anybody what happened.” He asked 11 “If you don’t give me a pay rise I’ll resign.” She threatened 12 “I’ll finish the work by the end of this week.” John promised 13 “You ought to take a break, Andrew.” She advised
14 “Don’t forget to go to the supermarket after work.” They reminded 15 “Stay away from me.” Tom warned
16 “Why don’t we sing a few songs?” He suggested
17 “You can’t run out of the garden,” Ms Kelly said to the children. Ms Kelly prevented the children 18 “Are you the new manager, Daisy? Congratulations!” said Bill. Bill congratulated 19 “Please give me some more money, Mum,” Daisy said. Daisy insisted her mother 20 “You can stay in my house when I am on holiday.”
Jim told us 21 “I’ve been spending a lot more time with my children.”
He said 22 “John left here an hour ago.” She told me 23 “Oh, I’m too hot.” He said 24 “Are you enjoying yourself?” He wanted to know 25 “What’s the weather like?” She asked me 26 “Will Ted and Alice be at the party?” She asked us
27 “Does Ann always go to church on Sundays?” He wondered
28 “How can I solve the problem?” I wanted to know 29 “Did you study hard for the exam?” She asked