According to the author, the steel wires used to make barbed wire are specially processed to?. (A) protect them against rust (B) make them more flexible.[r]
(1)Passage
Stars may be spheres, but not every celestial object is spherical Objects in the universe show a variety of shapes: round planets (some with rings), tailed comets,
wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds, ringed nebulae, pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxies, Line and so on But none of the shapes on this list describes the largest single entities in the
(5) universe These are the double radio sources, galaxies with huge clouds of radio emission
that dwarf the visible galaxies, sometimes by a factor of a hundred or more Stretching over distances greater than a million light-years, these radio-emitting regions resemble twin turbulent gas clouds, typically forming dumbbell-like shapes with the visible galaxy (when it is visible) in the center
(10) These double radio sources present astronomers with a puzzle Their radio emission arises from the synchrotron process, in which electrons accelerated to nearly the speed of light move through magnetic fields However, in view of the rate at which the radio sources emit energy, they should disappear in a few million years as their electrons slow down and case producing radiation Somehow new electrons must be continually
(15) accelerated to nearly the speed of light: otherwise, by now almost none of the double radio sources would be observed
With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's, part of the answer became clear: the electrons are produced in jets that are shot out in opposite directions from the center of a galaxy Remarkably narrow and highly directional,
(20) the jets move outward at speeds close to the speed of light When the jets strike the highly rarefied gas that permeates intergalactic space, the fast-moving electrons lose their highly directional motion and form vast clouds of radio-emitting gas
Cosmic jets have ranked among the hottest topics of astronomical research in recent years as astronomers strive to understand where they come from Why should a galaxy (25) eject matter at such tremendous speeds in two narrow jets? And why are such jets not
seen in the Milky Way?
1 The word "celestial" in line could best be replaced by
(A) visible (B) astronomical (C) glowing (D) scientific
2 The word "entities" in line is closest in meaning to
(2)3 In the first paragraph, the author describes objects in the universe in terms of their (A) color (B) origin
(C) location (D) shape
4 Which of the following is the best
representation of the clouds of radio emission described in the first paragraph?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
5 According to the passage, scientists not fully understand why double radio sources (A) have not eventually disappeared (B) cannot be observed with a telescope (C) are beginning to slow down
(D) are not as big as some planets and stars The word "their" in line 22 refers to (A) speeds
(B) directions (C) electrons (D) clouds
7 According to the passage, what happens when electrons and gas collide in space?
(A) The gas becomes more condensed (B) The gas becomes less radiated (C) The electrons disperse
(D) The electrons become negatively charged The author suggests that astronomers consider the study of cosmic jets to be
(3)(C) an intriguing challenge (D) a subjective debate
9 In what lines does the passage compare the size of double radio sources with that of other galaxies?
(A) Lines 4-6 (B) Lines 12-14 (C) Lines 19-20 (D) Lines 23-24
10 Where in the passage does the author mention a technology that aided in the understanding of double radio sources?
(A) Lines (B) Line (C) Line 17 (D) Line 21
11 The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses
(A) specific double radio sources
(B) an explanation of the synchrotron process (C) possible reasons for the presence of cosmic jets
(D) the discovery of the first double radio sources
Passage
Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge
For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights It is impossible to know today just what our Stone
Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of preindustrial societies that
(5) still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient This is
logical Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even for other plants They
have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for
clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes Tribes
living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know (10) many properties of each To them botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even
(4)Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows Yet everyone comes
unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to (15) recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle
East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds
planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and
humans was taken Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture:
cultivated crops From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled
(20) production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties
that grew wild-and the accumulated knowledge of lens of thousands of years of experience
and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away
12 Which of the following assumptions about early humans is expressed in the passage?
(A) They probably had extensive knowledge of plants
(B) They divided knowledge into well-defined fields
(C) They did not enjoy the study of botany (D) They placed great importance on ownership of property
13 The word "peculiar" in line is closest in meaning to
(A) clear (B) large (C) unusual (D) important
14 What does the comment "This is logical" in lines 5-6 mean?
(5)(C) It is reasonable to assume that our ancestors behave very much like people in
preindustrial societies
(D) Human knowledge of plants is well organized and very detailed
15 The phrase "properties of each" in line 10 refers to each
(A) tribe (B) hundred (C) plant (D) purpose
16 According to the passage, why has general knowledge of botany declined?
(A) People no longer value plants as a useful resource
(B) Botany is not recognized as a special branch of science
(C) Research is unable to keep up with the increasing number of plants
(D) Direct contact with a variety, of plants has decreased
17 In line 15, what is the author's purpose in mentioning "a rose, an apple, or an orchid"? (A) To make the passage more poetic
(B) To cite examples of plants that are attractive (C) To give botanical examples that most readers will recognize
(D) To illustrate the diversity of botanical life 18 According to the passage, what was the first great step toward the practice of agriculture? (A) The invention of agricultural implements and machinery
(B) The development of a system of names for plants
(C) The discovery of grasses that could be harvested and replanted
(D) The changing diets of early humans
(6)(A) abundant (B) managed (C) required (D) advanced
20 The relationship between botany and agriculture is similar to the relationship between zoology (the study of animals )
(A) deer hunting (B) bird watching (C) sheep raising (D) horseback riding
21 Where in the passage does the author describe the benefits people derive from plants?
(A) Line (B) Lines 6-8 (C) Lines 10-11 (D) Lines 13-15 PASSAGE
If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship
22 Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?
(A) Resins (B) Tannins (C) Glycosides (D) Alkaloids PASSAGE
(7)fir had to be carried from logging areas in the mountain forests many kilometers away Then, to connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland, the
architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces In time, the roads reached out to more than 80 satellite villages within a 60-kilometer radius
23 The author mentions that Pueblo bonito had more than 800 rooms as an example of which of the following?
(A) How overcrowded the pueblos could be (B) How many ceremonial areas it contained (C) Hoe much sandstone was needed to build it (D) How big a pueblo could be
24 It can be inferred from the passage that building a pueblo probably (A) required many workers
(B) cost a lot of money
(C) involved the use of farm animals (D) relied on sophisticated technology
25.It can be inferred from the passage that in addition to pueblos the Anasazis were skilled at building which of the following?
(A) Roads (B) Barns (C) Monuments (D) Water systems
26 The pueblos are considered one of the Anasazis' supreme achievements for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they were
(A) very large (B) located in forests (C) built with simple tools
(D) connected in a systematic way Passage
(8)The food is digested in the large inner bodycavity When disturbed, a sea anemone retracts its tentacles and shortens its body so that itresembles a lump on a rock
Anemones may reproduce by forming eggs, dividing in half, ordeveloping buds that grow and break off as independent animals
27.Based on the information in the passage, all of the following statements about sea anemones are true EXCEPT that they _
(A) are usually tiny (B) have flexible bodies (C) are related to jellyfish (D) are usually brightly colored PASSAGE
In the past oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt farmers raised potatos-by transplanting them First, farmers selected the oyster bed, cleared the bottom of old shells and other debris, then scattered clean shells about Next, they "planted" fertilized oyster eggs, which within two or three weeks hatched into larvae The larvae drifted until they attached themselves to the clean shells on the bottom There they remained and in time grew into baby oysters called seed or spat The spat grew larger by drawing in seawater from which they derived microscopic particles of food Before long, farmers gathered the baby oysters, transplanted them in other waters to speed up their growth, then
transplanted them once more into another body of water to fatten them up
Until recently the supply of wild oysters and those crudely farmed were more than enoughto satisfy people's needs But today the delectable seafood is no longer available in abundance The problem has become so serious that some oyster beds have vanished entirely
Fortunately, as far back as the early 1900's marine biologists realized that if new
measures were not taken, oysters would become extinct or at best a luxury food So they set up well equipped hatcheries and went to work But they did not have the proper equipmentor and the skill to handle the eggs They did not know when, what, and how to feed the larvae And they knew little about the predators that attack and eat baby oysters by the millions
The marine biologists discovered that by raising the temperature of the water, they could induce oysters to spawn not only in the summer but also in the fall, winter, and spring Later they developed a technique for feeding the larvae and rearing them to spat Going still further, they succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases, grew faster and larger, and flourished in water of different salinities and temperatures In addition, the cultivated oysters tasted better!
28.Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? (A) Step by step description of the evolution of marine biology
(9)(C) Random presentation of facts about oysters
(D) Description of oyster production at different geographic locations
29.According to the passage, which of the following words best describes the efforts of the marine biologists working with oysters?
(A) Persistent (B) Intermittent (C) Traditional (D) Fruitless PASSAGE
Scattered through the seas of the world are billions of tons of small plants and animal scalled plankton Most of these plants and animals are too small for the human eye to see They drift about lazily with the currents, providing a basic food for many larger animals Plankton has been described as the equivalent of the grasses that grow on the dry land continents, and the comparison is an appropriate one In potential food value, however, plankton far outweighs that of the land grasses One scientist has estimated that while grasses of the world produce about 49 billion tons of valuable carbohydrates each year, the sea's plankton generates more than twice as much
Despite its enormous food potential, little effort was made until recently to farm plankton as we farm grasses on land Now, marine scientists have at last begun to study this possibility, especially as the sea's resources loom even more important as a means of feeding and expanding world population
No one yet has seriously suggested that "planktonburgers" may soon become popular around the world As a possible farmed supplementary food source, however, plankton is gaining considerable interest among marine scientists
One type of plankton that seems to have great harvest possibilities is a tiny shrimp-like creature called krill Growing to two or three inches long, krill provide the major food for the giant blue whale, the largest animal ever to inhabit the Earth Realizing that this whale may grow to 100 feet and weigh 150 tons at maturity, it is not surprising that each one devours more than one ton of krill daily
Krill swim about just below the surface in huge schools sometimes miles wide, mainly in the cold Antarctic Because of their pink color, they often appear as a solid reddish mass when viewed from a ship or from the air Krill are very high in food value
If the krill can feed such huge creatures as whales, many scientists reason, they must certainly be contenders as a new food source for humans
(10)PASSAGE
By long-standing convention, all meteorites are assigned to three broad divisions on the basis of two kinds of material that they contain: metallic nickel-iron (metal) and silicates, which are compounds of other chemical elements with silicon and oxygen As their name suggests, the iron meteorites consist almost entirely of metal At the opposite extreme, the stony meteorites consist chiefly of silicates and contain little or no metal A third
category, stony-irons, includes those meteorites that contain similar amounts of metal and silicates Since meteoritic metal weighs more than twice as much as the same volume of meteoritic silicates, these three kinds of meteorites can usually be distinguished by density, without more elaborate tests
The stony meteorites can also be subdivided into two categories by using nothing more complicated than a magnifying glass The great majority of such meteorites are
chondrites, which take their name from tiny, rounded objects-chondrules-that occur in most of them and are among their most puzzling features The rest of the stony meteorites lack chondritic texture and are therefore called achondrites Achondrites vary widely in texture, composition, and history
Irons, stony-irons, chondrites, and achondrites are by no means equally abundant among observed meteorites: chondrites are much more common than all other kinds of meteorite sput together The irons, which are usually prominent in museum displays, are really quite uncommon Curators like to highlight iron meteorites because many of them are large and their internal structure is spectacular in polished, etched slices A stony meteorite has a beauty of its own, but it only appears under the microscope: to the
unaided eye, stony meteorites appear to be indeed they are rather homely black or gray rocks
To go further with meteorite classification, it is necessary to be more specific about the minerals that make up a meteorite: which silicates are present, and what kind of metal? To answer these questions, one needs to see more detail than is visible to the unaided human eye
31 Which of the following diagrams most clearly shows the organization of the passage? Passage 133 Question
PASSAGE
There are two ways to create colors in a photograph One method, called additives, starts with three basic colors and adds them together to produce some other color The second method, called subtractive, starts with white light (a mixture of all colors in the spectrum) and, by taking away some or all other colors, leaves the one desired
(11)magenta; green and blue mix to produce cyan
In the subtractive process, colors are produced when dye (as in paint or color
photographic materials) absorbs some wavelengths and so passes on only part of the spectrum Thes ubtractive primaries are cyan (a bluish green), magenta (a purplish pink), and yellow; these are the pigments or dyes that absorb red, green, and blue wavelengths, respectively, thus subtracting them from white light, These dye colors are the
complementary colors to the three additive primaries of red, green, and blue Properly combined, the subtractive primaries can absorb all colors of light, producing black But, mixed in varying proportions, they too can produce any color in the spectrum
Whether a particular color is obtained by adding colored lights together or by subtracting some light from the total spectrum, the result looks the same to the eye The additive process was employed for early color photography But the subtractive method, while requiring complex chemical techniques, has turned out to be more practical and is the basis of all modern color films
32.How is the passage organized?
(A) The reasons for a choice are explained in depth
(B) A general statement is justified by a series of historical examples (C) Two basic causes are compared
(D) Related processes are described one after the other Passage 10
Stars may be spheres, but not every celestial object is spherical Objects in the universe show a variety of shapes: round planets (some with rings), tailed comets, wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds, ringed nebulae, pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxies, Line and so on But none of the shapes on this list describes the largest single entities in the
(5) universe These are the double radio sources, galaxies with huge clouds of radio emission
that dwarf the visible galaxies, sometimes by a factor of a hundred or more Stretching over distances greater than a million light-years, these radio-emitting regions resemble twin turbulent gas clouds, typically forming dumbbell-like shapes with the visible galaxy (when it is visible) in the center
(10) These double radio sources present astronomers with a puzzle Their radio emission arises from the synchrotron process, in which electrons accelerated to nearly the speed of light move through magnetic fields However, in view of the rate at which the radio sources emit energy, they should disappear in a few million years as their electrons slow down and case producing radiation Somehow new electrons must be continually
(15) accelerated to nearly the speed of light: otherwise, by now almost none of the double radio sources would be observed
(12)directional,
(20) the jets move outward at speeds close to the speed of light When the jets strike the highly rarefied gas that permeates intergalactic space, the fast-moving electrons lose their highly directional motion and form vast clouds of radio-emitting gas
Cosmic jets have ranked among the hottest topics of astronomical research in recent years as astronomers strive to understand where they come from Why should a galaxy (25) eject matter at such tremendous speeds in two narrow jets? And why are such jets not
seen in the Milky Way?
33 The word "celestial" in line could best be replaced by
(A) visible (B) astronomical (C) glowing (D) scientific
34 The word "entities" in line is closest in meaning to
(A) factors (B) processes (C) objects (D) puzzles
35 In the first paragraph, the author describes objects in the universe in terms of their
(A) color (B) origin (C) location (D) shape
36 Which of the following is the best
representation of the clouds of radio emission described in the first paragraph?
(A) 174 question 12
(B)
(C)
(D)
(13)(B) cannot be observed with a telescope (C) are beginning to slow down
(D) are not as big as some planets and stars 38 The word "their" in line 22 refers to (A) speeds
(B) directions (C) electrons (D) clouds
39 According to the passage, what happens when electrons and gas collide in space?
(A) The gas becomes more condensed (B) The gas becomes less radiated (C) The electrons disperse
(D) The electrons become negatively charged 40 The author suggests that astronomers consider the study of cosmic jets to be
(A) an obsolete scientific field (B) an unprofitable venture (C) an intriguing challenge (D) a subjective debate
41 In what lines does the passage compare the size of double radio sources with that of other galaxies?
(A) Lines 4-6 (B) Lines 12-14 (C) Lines 19-20 (D) Lines 23-24
42 Where in the passage does the author mention a technology that aided in the understanding of double radio sources?
(A) Lines (B) Line (C) Line 17 (D) Line 21
43 The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses
(A) specific double radio sources
(B) an explanation of the synchrotron process (C) possible reasons for the presence of cosmic jets
(14)Passage 11
Barbed wire, first patented in the United States in 1867, played an important part in the development of American farming, as it enabled the settlers to make effective fencing to enclose their land and keep cattle away from their crops This had a
Line considerable effect on cattle ranching, since the herds no longer had unrestricted use of
(5) the plains for grazing, and the fencing led to conflict between the farmers and the cattle
ranchers
Before barbed wire came into general use, fencing was often made from serrated wire, which was unsatisfactory because it broke easily when under strain, and could snap in cold weather due to contraction The first practical machine for producing (10) barbed wire was invented in 1874 by an Illinois farmer, and between then and the end
of the century about 400 types of barbed wire were devised, of which only about a dozen were ever put to practical use
Modern barbed wire is made from mild steel, high-tensile steel, or aluminum Mild steel and aluminum barbed wire have two strands twisted together to form a cable (15) which is stronger than single-strand wire and less affected by temperature changes Single-strand wire, round or oval, is made from high-tensile steel with the barbs
crimped or welded on The steel wires used are galvanized-coated with zinc to make them rustproof The two wires that make up the line wire or cable are fed separately into a machine at one end They leave it at the other end twisted together and barbed (20) The wire to make the barbs is fed into the machine from the sides and cut to length by
knives that cut diagonally through the wire to produce a sharp point This process continues automatically, and the finished barbed wire is wound onto reels, usually made of wire, in lengths of 400 meters or in weights of up to 50 kilograms
A variation of barbed wire is also used for military purposes It is formed into long (25) coils or entanglements called concertina wire
44 What is the main topic of the passage? (A) Cattle ranching in the United States (B) A type of fencing
(C) Industrial uses of wire (D) A controversy over land use
45 The word "unrestricted" in line is closest in meaning to
(15)46 The word "snap" in line could best be replaced by which of the following?
(A) freeze (B) click (C) loosen (D) break
47 What is the benefit of using two-stranded barbed wire?
(A) Improved rust-resistance (B) Increased strength
(C) More rapid attachment of barbs (D) Easier installation
48 According to the author, the steel wires used to make barbed wire are specially processed to
(A) protect them against rust (B) make them more flexible
(C) prevent contraction in cold weather (D) straighten them
49 The word "fed" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) put (B) eaten (C) bitten (D) nourished
50 The knives referred to in line 21 are used to (A) separate double-stranded wire
(B) prevent the reel from advancing too rapidly (C) twist the wire
(D) cut the wire that becomes barbs
51 What is the author's purpose in the third paragraph?
(A) To explain the importance of the wire (B) To outline the difficulty of making the wire (C) To describe how the wire is made
(D) To suggest several different uses of the wire 52 According to the passage, concertina wire is used for
(16)(B) international communications (C) prison enclosures
(D) military purposes
53 Which of the following most closely resembles the fencing described in the passage?
(A) 200 question 20
(B) (C)
(D)
Passage 12
Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War (1861-1865) a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern
Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be abandoned The driver returned the Line next spring to see what had become of his cargo Instead of the skeletons he had (5) expected to find, he saw his oxen, living, fat, and healthy How had they survived? The answer lay in a resource that unknowing Americans had trampled underfoot in their haste to cross the "Great American Desert" to reach lands that sometimes proved barren In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant It grew well with enough rain, then when cut and stored it would cure (10) and become nourishing hay for winter feed But in the dry grazing lands of the West, that familiar blue joint grass was often killed by drought To raise cattle out there
seemed risky or even hopeless
Who could imagine a fairy-tale grass that required no rain and somehow made it possible for cattle to feed themselves all winter? But the surprising western wild (15) grasses did just that They had wonderfully convenient features that made them superior to the cultivated eastern grasses Variously known as buffalo grass, grama grass, or mesquite grass, not only were they immune to drought; but they were actually preserved by the lack of summer and autumn rains They were not juicy like the
cultivated eastern grasses, but had short, hard stems And they did not need to be cured (20) in a barn, but dried right where they grew on the ground When they dried in this way,
(17)54 What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Western migration after the Civil War (B) The climate of the western United States (C) The raising of cattle
(D) A type of wild vegetation
55 What can be inferred by the phrase "Legend has it" in line 1?
(A) The story of the train may not be completely factual
(B) Most history books include the story of the train
(C) The driver of the train invented the story (D) The story of the train is similar to other ones from that time period
56 The word "they" in line refers to (A) plains
(B) skeletons (C) oxen (D) Americans
57 What can be inferred about the "Great American Desert" mentioned in line 7?
(A) It was not originally assumed to be a fertile area
(B) Many had settled there by the 1860's
(C) It was a popular place to raise cattle before the Civil War
(D) It was not discovered until the late 1800's
58 The word "barren" in line is closest in meaning to
(A) lonely (B) dangerous (C) uncomfortable (D) infertile
59 The word "preferred" in line is closest in meaning to
(18)60 Which of the following can be inferred about the cultivated grass mentioned in the second
paragraph?
(A) Cattle raised in the western United States refused to eat it
(B) It would probably not grow in the western United States
(C) It had to be imported into the United States (D) It was difficult for cattle to digest
61 Which of the following was NOT one of the names given to the Western grasses?
(A) Grama grass (B) Bluejoint grass (C) Buffalo grass (D) Mesquite grass
62 Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a characteristic of western grasses?
(A) They have tough stems
(B) They are not affected by dry weather (C) They can be grown indoors
(D) They contain little moisture
63 The word "hard" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) firm (B) severe (C) difficult (D) bitter
64 According to the passage, the cattle helped promote the growth of the wild grasses by (A) stepping on and pressing the seeds into the ground
(B) naturally fertilizing the soil
(C) continually moving from one grazing area to another
(D) eating only small quantities of grass Passage 13
(19)mark Most of this surging growth came from natural increase The depression of the (5) 1930's and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945 The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950's, producing a
population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956 This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled Undoubtedly, the good economic (10) conditions of the 1950's supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world
After the peak year of 1957, the birth rate in Canada began to decline It continued (15) falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years Partly this decline reflected
the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families (20) It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution
Although the growth in Canada's population had slowed down by 1966 (the
increase the first half of the 1960's was only nine percent), another large population (25) wave was coming over the horizon It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957
65 What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Educational changes in Canadian society (B) Canada during the Second World War (C) Population trends in postwar Canada (D) Standards of living in Canada
66 According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?
(A) In the decade after 1911 (B) After 1945
(C) During the depression of the 1930's (D) In 1966
67 The word "five" in line refers to (A) Canadians
(20)68.The word "surging" in line is closest in meaning to
(A) new (B) extra
(C) accelerating (D) surprising
69 The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950's
(A) the urban population decreased rapidly decreased rapidly
(B) fewer people married
(C) economic conditions were poor (D) the birth rate was very high
70 The word "trend " in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) tendency (B) aim (C) growth (D) directive
71 The word "peak" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) pointed (B) dismal (C) mountain (D) maximum
72 When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?
(A) 1966 (B) 1957 (C) 1956 (D) 1951
73 The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines in population growth after 1957
EXCEPT
(21)74 It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
(A) families were larger
(B) population statistics were unreliable (C) the population grew steadily
(D) economic conditions were bad 75 The word "It" in line 25 refers to (A) horizon
(B) population wave (C) nine percent (D) first half
76 The phrase "prior to " in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) behind (B) since (C) during (D) preceding Passage 14
Seventeenth-century houses in colonial North America were simple structures that were primarily functional, carrying over traditional designs that went back to the Middle Ages During the first half of the eighteenth century, however, houses began to Line show a new elegance As wealth increased, more and more colonists built fine houses
(5) Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies, the design of buildings was left either to amateur designers or to carpenters who undertook to
interpret architectural manuals imported from England Inventories of colonial libraries show an astonishing number of these handbooks for builders, and the houses erected during the eighteenth century show their influence Nevertheless, most domestic (10) architecture of the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide divergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books Increasing wealth and growing sophistication throughout the colonies resulted in houses of improved design whether the material was wood, stone, or brick New England still favored wood, though brick houses became common in Boston and other (15) towns, where the danger of fire gave an impetus to the use of more durable material A
(22)Eighteenth-century houses showed great interior improvements over their
predecessors Windows were made larger and shutters removed Large, clear panes replaced the small leaded glass of the seventeenth century Doorways were larger and (25) more decorative Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms Walls were made of
plaster or wood, sometimes elaborately paneled White paint began to take the place of blues, yellows, greens and lead colors, which had been popular for walls in the earlier years After about 1730, advertisements for wallpaper styles in scenic patterns began to appear in colonial newspapers
77 What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The improved design of eighteenth-century colonial houses
(B) A comparison of eighteenth-century houses and modern houses
(C) The decorations used in eighteenth-century houses
(D) The role of carpenters in building eighteenth- century houses
78 What was one of the main reasons for the change in architectural style in eighteenth-century North America?
(A) More architects arrived in the colonies (B) The colonists developed an interest in classical architecture
(C) Bricks were more readily available
(D) The colonists had more money to spend on housing
79 According to the passage, who was responsible for designing houses in eighteenth-century North America?
(A) Professional architects (B) Customers
(C) Interior decorators (D) Carpenters
80 The passage implies that the rules outlined in architectural manuals were
(23)(C) not strictly adhered to
(D) only followed by older builders
81 The word "divergence" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) description (B) development (C) difference (D) display
82 The word "durable" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) attractive (B) expensive (C) refined (D) long-lasting
83 Where was stone commonly used to build houses?
(A) Virginia (B) Pennsylvania (C) Boston (D) Charleston
84 The word "dwelling" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) houses (B) towns (C) outbuildings (D) rural areas
85 The word "predecessors" in line 23 refers to (A) colonists who arrived in North America in the seventeenth century
(B) houses constructed before the eighteenth century
(C) interior improvements
(D) wooden houses in Charleston
86 The author mentions elaborately paneled walls in line 26 as an example of
(24)(B) why walls were made of wood or plaster (C) how walls were made stronger in the eighteenth century
(D) what kind of wood was used for walls after 1730
87 The word "elaborately" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) done in great detail (B) put together carefully (C) using many colors (D) reinforced structurally
88 What does the author imply about the use of wallpaper before 1730?
(A) Wallpaper samples appeared in the architectural manuals
(B) Wallpaper was the same color as the wall paints used
(C) Patterned wallpaper was not widely used (D) Wallpaper was not used in stone houses
89 Where in the passage does the author give a reason why brick was the preferred material for houses in some urban areas?
(A) Lines 9-11 (B) Lines 13-15 (C) Lines 17-19 (D) Lines 23-24 Passage 15
A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient
group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals Order is maintained through sanctions based in the Line religion or family, and interpersonal relationships are strong Tradition is paramount,
(25)America is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age In Amish areas, horse-drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device, and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles The Amish's central religious concept of Demut, "humility", clearly (15) reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures, and
there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity Rarely the Amish marry outside their sect The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order
By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly
(20) individualistic and constantly changing Relationships tend to be impersonal, and a pronounced division of labor exists, leading to the establishment of many specialized professions Secular institutions, of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails
Because of these contrasts, "popular" may be viewed as clearly different from "folk" (25) The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations, Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner
90 What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Two decades in modern society
(B) The influence of industrial technology (C) The characteristics of "folk" and "popular" societies
(D) The specialization of labor in Canada and the United States
91 The word "homogeneous" in line is closest in meaning to
(A) uniform (B) general (C) primitive (D) traditional
92 Which of the following is typical of folk cultures?
(A) There is a money-based economy (B) Social change occurs slowly
(26)93 What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?
(A) They value folk cultures (B) They have no social classes (C) They have popular cultures (D) They not value individualism
94 The phrase "largely renounces" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) generally rejects (B) greatly modifies (C) loudly declares (D) often criticizes
95 What is the main source of order in Amish society?
(A) The government (B) The economy (C) The clan structure (D) The religion
96 Which of the following statements about Amish beliefs does the passages support?
(A) A variety of religious practices is tolerated (B) Individualism and competition are important (C) Premodern technology is preferred
(D) People are defined according to their class 97 Which of the following would probably NOT be found in a folk culture?
(A) A carpenter (B) A farmer (C) A weaver (D) A banker
98 The word "prevails" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) dominates (B) provides (C) develops (D) invests
(27)(B) nations (C) countries (D) objects
100 Which of the following is NOT given as a reason why folk-made objects are replaced by mass-
produced objects? (A) Cost
(B) Prestige (C) Quality (D) Convenience Passage 16
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War,
with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, Line manufacturing, and trade and distribution The development of the railroad and telegraph
(5) systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements
in the speed, volume, and regularity of shipments and communications, making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods
In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators, the cotton presses, the warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many
(10) of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them In manufacturing, the transformation was marked by the emergence of a "new factory system" in which plants became larger, more complex, and more systematically organized
and managed And in distribution, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the jobber, the wholesaler, and the mass retailer These changes radically altered the (15) nature of work during the half century between 1870 and 1920
To be sure, there were still small workshops, where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures There were the sweatshops in city tenements, where groups of men and women in household settings manufactured clothing or cigars on a piecework basis And there were factories in (20) occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were
(28)least in the northeastern United States where most of the nation's manufacturing wage earners were concentrated, three-quarters of those worked in factories with more than 100 employees and 30 percent worked in factories with more than 1,000 employees
101 The word "domains" in line is closest in meaning to
(A) fields (B) locations (C) organizations (D) occupations
102 What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation
103 The word "fundamental" in line is closest in meaning to
(A) possible (B) basic (C) gradual (D) unique
104 Which of the following was NOT mentioned as part of the "New factory system?"
(A) A change in the organization of factories (B) A growth in the complexity of factories (C) An increase in the size of factories (D) An increase in the cost of manufacturing industrial products
105 Which of the following statements about manufacturing before 1870 can be inferred from the passage?
(29)(B) Most manufacturing occurred in relatively small plants
(C) The most commonly manufactured goods were cotton presses
(D) Manufacturing and agriculture each made up about half of the nation's economy
106 The word "skilled" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) hardworking (B) expert (C) well-paid (D) industrial
107 The words "presided over" in line 20 are closest in meaning to
(A) managed (B) led to (C) worked in (D) produced
108 The author mentions the Baldwin Locomotive Works in lines 23-24 because it was
(A) a well-known metalworks plant
(B) the first plant of its kind in Philadelphia (C) typical of the large factories that were becoming more common
(D) typical of factories that consisted of a single building
KEYS:
Passage 1: BCDAA CCCAC C Passage 2: ACBCD CCBCB Passage 3: D
Passage 4: DAAB Passage 5: A Passage 6: BA Passage 7: D Passage 8: D Passage 9: C
(30)