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CHUYEN DE TOAN 8

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C¸c Chuyªn ®Ò båi dìng Hsg m«n to¸n 8 – phÇn ®¹i sè     ! "#$%$&'( –  –  !"#$% –&!'!(#!')!" ! #(*%+(",- )*+,       −    −  ! − !−  −!  "  "  "    "    - ! +./"0$1' − ./012+3 − 4 5  6 7 6 8 6 #!8 9 # 9 ( 9 : 5 : ; < 6  )*+,-   #          $         $  #     !  %    !    2 ! 3456(7$& – ='>3>3? – @3(A!8!'33<33(/01 )*+,2                       $  −   &'( C¸c Chuyªn ®Ò båi dìng Hsg m«n to¸n 8 – phÇn ®¹i sè 895: 56(  !  − 4B3<33CD<!8 − E − ./01 − F!G )*+,8           $    $            )      * )    * )*)*   ; <=>>  95?@5"A$1'BC'A5DEDFGHAF - IBFI'G - 4H*IJIK-L M<2HLN!3"!?OP78I0B! Q H  H Q R  R Q S  S QTQ !  ! QT M<2RL4B!?OPUI0I1BQ !  ! #2!IQ ! V ! 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( )( . ) n n n n n n n n n n a x a x a x a x a x a b x b x b x b   − −1 2 1 0 , , ., , n n b b b b OP78hIJ3i#'3!XI f  IJ3i#'! f .XI f Q f O7<2" f  )*+,R+     Lời giải E1B;ST65"'346U=U==.+    %V +0"@(67"=QR00"@B&/0=F; 4H:+                  4R:+          4S:+      $      &'( C¸c Chuyªn ®Ò båi dìng Hsg m«n to¸n 8 – phÇn ®¹i sè 4W:+              &/AB'2=0F7CO: h\gHF'b*K-U\OPI0fb*K-$!\KQH?b*K- $KXH L9(H=  !  0!%2B"@ (67"IV0"@B&N;: +           h\gRF'b*K-U\OP"j?IJkI0U\OP "j?IJlb*K-$!\KQXH?b*K-$KVH L9(H=  !  #0!#2B"@(67"I V0"@B&N;: +    $  $##  $#   h\gSF'b*K-!\78KQ#b*H-#b*XH-%f ( ) − f 1 a 1 # ( )− + f 1 a 1 GOP78 Chứng minh V+0(67"2+0"@BWR0+0QH(: +C  &3R=0:+C WR+X%2X='C − − ( )f 1 a 1 YZF7GI+(22F7 GICM((2WR0=CBG(2Y[ − ( )f 1 a 1 BG(2 &3R3("6;\(P0 − + ( )f 1 a 1 BG(2 &'(! C¸c Chuyªn ®Ò båi dìng Hsg m«n to¸n 8 – phÇn ®¹i sè )*+,S+  −  #− Hướng dẫn LF;4IBU=U=U=U$=U#=U +=+=2UT](NO6B(67"I+ W^. − − − 18 3 1 = − ± − 18 6 1 = − ± − 18 9 1 = − ± − 18 18 1 T](BG(22=U$=U#=U T](B(67"I+L_`3a65"'.B(67"I+WR0= FFH(;: = − − + + − = − − − + − 3 2 2 2 f(x) 4x 12x x 3x 6x 18 4x (x 3) x(x 3) 6(x 3)   $ h\gWF'b*K-Q  . − − − − + + + + + n n 1 n 2 n n 1 n 2 1 0 a x a x a x a x a  * −1 1 0 íi , , ., , n n v a a a a  OP78-!\mKQ p q 3g ∈ n#*3g-QH3<2 f g <2(<"   Chứng minh &  +0(67" p q 200"@BCNYZF7GI+ K(22+0QH(:+CN − − − − + + + + n 1 n 2 n 1 n 2 1 0 (b x b x . b x b ) Vb(.63<;SC    =N %  R &/0'NB;4I % =`CB ;4Q;\(I  N" )*+,T+  −  −! Hướng dẫn LF;4I!B±=±!&'P6<N.FGT](B(67"I+ c;3[+T](0(67"(2deFG ± ± 1 5 , 3 3 =. 1 3 B(67"I =QR00"@B&N;: +    $  !!  !  95?@5"A$1'5Q U (B5Q ;  &'($ C¸c Chuyªn ®Ò båi dìng Hsg m«n to¸n 8 – phÇn ®¹i sè )*+,      −!  f    −    −  − Hướng dẫn  g  ;   h ;\(; i ;Ng  ;  +   &   i (; j ;  :   −!    −−−  −−− −−  c i -   −−− −−Yg h 3 i    i (; j ;  6 j ;  :   −    −  −  − −  − −  −  − −   −  −−  −  − −−−−   −− −  4 6 7 6 L H-o ; I- 6 8 ;  6 7 − pQ − *K − 7- − *p − K-*: 9 p − KQ − *7 − p- − *K − 7-- R-E< 6  ; I- 5 q 9 < r < 6  6 ( 9 < 6 : 9 I!8 9 =!7K Q7*7Qp: 9 pQK-# 5 < 6 s 5 ! 6 ! 9  ; < 6 I: 5 f&s 5 # 9 7 5 ! 6 3 s 6 I: 5  6  6 <8 5  6 3s 6 I: 5  6 KC 6 ! 6 ! 9 !8*_C3 5  t&-  ; <)VW<=>  Q4?XB@$'.4Y$7$&PX4F(Z$5[5[(A5B\  )*+,-     Lời giải 4H:                     4R:                        4S:                   &'( C¸c Chuyªn ®Ò båi dìng Hsg m«n to¸n 8 – phÇn ®¹i sè      )*+,2  $ Lời giải 4H:                   4R:                    - Q4?XB@$'.4Y$7$&PX4F(Z$5[%$&'( )*+,8g  ;   ! − h ; j  Lơ ̀ i gia ̉ i 4 6 H  ! − ! −      −    −  −     −−    −−  −   −  −  − 4 6 R&2"3 h \    :  ! − !   −  −    −  −   −)  −*  −  −  − )*+,Jg  ;     h ; j  Lơ ̀ i gia ̉ i          $             −        ! −    − [<7 6 LL  ;  Q i ( "   ;    =   ! 2 h ;   ; j B h    ) ; ] ^  ;  E^3A+<#G(IJ!N!O(A 6 3<33I &'( Các Chuyên đề bồi dỡng Hsg môn toán 8 phần đại số )*+,Kg ; h ; j : $% L i gia i $% % % Vk i %=; l RR Q i (: $ %$ % % FJKuLcmN;\(NFNn66<o;[G6346 [G6346 )*+,Lg ; h ; j : p $ $ L i gia i 4 6 Hq6 j ; j X%&362 ; Q;\ 6Q i (: $ p $ $ ộ ự ổ ử ổ ử ổ ử ữ ữ ữ ỗ ỗ ỗ ờ ỳ = + + - + = + + - + ữ ữ ữ ỗ ỗ ỗ ữ ữ ữ ỗ ỗ ỗ ờ ỳ ố ứ ố ứ ố ứ ở ỷ Vk i - = g h + = + WRR : p $ ộ ự ổ ử ữ ỗ ờ ỳ - + ữ ỗ ữ ỗ ờ ỳ ố ứ ở ỷ W i (Ng h l ( (3\ 6% 4 6 Rp $ # $ $ # $ ) ; _ `] ; ; _ )*+,Rg ; h ; j : $ &'(# C¸c Chuyªn ®Ò båi dìng Hsg m«n to¸n 8 – phÇn ®¹i sè Lơ ̀ i gia ̉ i &3\  6±f±T](B(67"I=T](R  (67"(2 M(T](R  (67"rsc;3 i '2Ng  ;S; j g h NO6 >QH(    Q    Q  QQ   −$    − V] h (    2 i ]  ;\ i :   $   Q  Q   Q  ì + =- ï ï ï ï + + = ï í ï + =- ï ï ï = ï î d-  Q3\  6=Q∈t=∈u±=±vY\  6g h Q=2 i 62 h T62 i '2'\ j  h    $      ì + =- ï ï ï ï = í ï ï + =- ï ï î ⇒−−−$−WRR  −=− Y[  −$    −   −  − ) ; ab ;  ; c _ c &'R(N;\( N  N h =';\  2    6 i Q i (  ; j ;  62   j  ;  ='] h 6(  R  62    (6  '6 i  i 2 j 2 j   6 i   ; j R h B i 6 )*+,Sg  ;   h ; j :         Lơ ̀ i gia ̉ i &w6Z      %c;3[/G &.<w6=w6 = w6ZNT](n605 RF3A3`(CWR0<o/GZM(/G =  Y[0QH(T   &.TNO6B8(G3Z0[G6346[NSNF6<== =`   M(0[G6346[NSNF6<==  &'(% [...]... ®Ò båi dìng Hsg m«n to¸n 8 – phÇn ®¹i sè 15 a) x5 + x4 + 1 ; b) x5 + x + 1 ; c) x8 + x7 + 1 ; d) x5 − x4 − 1 ; e) x7 + x5 + 1 ; g) x8 + x4 + 1 16 a) a6 + a4 + a2b2 + b4 − b6 ; b) x3 + 3xy + y3 − 1 17 Dùng phương pháp hê ̣ số bấ t đinh : ̣ a) 4x4 + 4x3 + 5x2 + 2x + 1 ; b) x4 − 7x3 + 14x2 − 7x + 1 ; c) x4 − 8x + 63 ; d) (x + 1)4 + (x2 + x + 1)2 18 a) x8 + 14x4 + 1 ; b) x8 + 98x4 + 1 19 Dùng phương... tử (từ bài 7 đế n bài 16) : 7 a) 6x2 – 11x + 3 ; d) 49x2 + 28x – 5 ; 8 a) x3 – 2x + 3 ; b) 2x2 + 3x – 27 ; c) x2 – 10x + 24 ; e) 2x2 – 5xy – 3y2 b) x3 + 7x – 6 ; c) x3 – 5x + 8x – 4 ; d) x3 – 9x2 + 6x + 16 ; e) x3 + 9x2 + 6x – 16 ; g) x3 – x2 + x – 2 ; h) x3 + 6x2 – x – 30 ; i) x3 – 7x – 6 (giải bằng nhiều cách) 9 a) 27x3 + 27x +18x + 4 ; b) 2x3 + x2 +5x + 3 ; 10 a) (x2 + x)2 − 2(x2 + x) − 15 ;... thức sau thành nhân tử : a) (a + b + c)3 − a3 − b3 − c3 b) 8( x + y + z)3 − (x + y)3 − (y + z)3 − (z + x)3 Lời giải a) (a + b + c)3 − a3 − b3 − c3 = [(a + b) + c]3 − a3 − b3 − c3 = (a + b)3 + c3 + 3c(a + b)(a + b + c) − a3 − b3 − c3 = (a + b)3 + 3c(a + b)(a + b + c) − (a + b)(a2 − ab + b2) Trang 11 C¸c Chuyªn ®Ò båi dìng Hsg m«n to¸n 8 – phÇn ®¹i sè = (a + b)[(a + b)2 + 3c(a + b + c) − (a2 − ab... ; c) (x + y)(x2 − y2) + (y + z)(y2 − z2) + (z + x)(z2 − x2) ; d) x3(y − z) + y3(z − x) + z3(x − y) ; e) x3(z − y2) + y3(x − z2) + z3(y − z2) + xyz(xyz − 1) Trang 12 C¸c Chuyªn ®Ò båi dìng Hsg m«n to¸n 8 – phÇn ®¹i sè 5 Phân tích các đa thức sau thành nhân tử : a) a(b + c)2(b − c) + b(c + a)2(c − a) + c(a + b)2(a − b) b) a(b − c)3 + b(c − a)3 + c(a − b)2 ; c) a2b2(a − b) + b2c2(b − c) + c2a2(c −...C¸c Chuyªn ®Ò båi dìng Hsg m«n to¸n 8 – phÇn ®¹i sè Vì đẳng thức x2(y – z) + y2(z – x) + z2(x – y) = k(x – y)(y – z)(z – x) đúng với mọi x, y, z nên ta gán cho các biến x ,y, z các giá trị riêng, chẳng hạn x = 2, y = 1, z = 0 ta được: 4.1... y + z = b, z + x = c thi ̀ a + b + c = 2(a + b + c) Đa thứ c đã cho có da ̣ng : (a + b + c)3 − a3 − b3 − c3 Theo kế t quả câu a) ta có : (a + b + c)3 − a3 − b3 − c3 = 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) Hay 8( x + y + z)3 − (x + y)3 − (y + z)3 − (z + x)3 = 3(x + 2y + z)(y + 2z + x)(z + 2x + y) BÀI TẬP 1 Phân tích các đa thức sau thành nhân tử : a) (ab − 1)2 + (a + b)2 ; b) x3 + 2x2 + 2x + 1; d) x4 + 2x3 . +=+=2UT](NO6B(67"I+ W^. − − − 18 3 1 = − ± − 18 6 1 = − ± − 18 9 1 = − ± − 18 18 1 T](BG(22=U$=U#=U T](B(67"I+L_`3a65"'.B(67"I+WR0=. Chuyªn ®Ò båi dìng Hsg m«n to¸n 8 – phÇn ®¹i sè 8 95: 56(  !  − 4B3<33CD< !8  − E − ./01

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