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VINH UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT THE USE OF SUBSTUTITION IN THE GADFLY OF ETHEL LILIAN VOYICH (CACH DUNG CUA PHEP THE DANH TU TRONG TAC PHAM RUOI TRAU CUA NHA VAN ETHEL LILIAN VOYICH) Course Research Methodology Date of Substitution: 02.06.2010 Student: Trơng Thị Hơng, 48B - English Lecture: Nguyễn Thị Vân Lam M.A i Vinnh 2010 ACKOWLEDGMENTS For the completion of my research, I have been fortunate to receive invaluable contribitions from many people First of all, I should like to express my deepest gratidute to my suppervior, Mrs Nguyen Thi Van Lam, M.A, for her absolutely indispensable assitance, excellent suggestion, expert advice and detailed critical comments, whithout which the study would not have been completed Futhermore, I would like to extend my sincere thanhks to all my friends for their constant support and encouragement, for their books I borrowed, whithout which I would not have enough data to finish the research Finally, My warmest thanks are dute to my loving parents, my older sister and my young brother for their unconditional love, support and forbearance; to all my roomates for their various kind of help, support and encouragement Vinh, May, 2010 Truong Thi Huong ii i ABSTRACT The importance of using nominal substitution in communication and learning discourse analysis has motivated the author in the study on nominal substitution In this work, the author disscusses the difinition of substitution and then carries out carefuly the nominal substitution in the typical novel of the author E.L.Voyich iii ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page i ii iii ACKOWLEDGMENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION Justiication of the Sudy 2.Aims and Objectives of the Sudy Methods of the Study Scope of the Study Format of the Study PART II INVESTIGATION CHAPTER THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Definition of Substitution 1.2 Types of Substitution CHAPTER THE USE OF ENGLISH NOMINAL SUBSTITUTION IN THE GADFLY 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Biography 2.1.2 Plot Overview 2.2 Genaral Features of Nominal Structure 2.3 The Use of Substitution Personal Pronoun in the Gadfly 2.3.1 The Use of Substitution Subjective and Objective Personnal Pronoun in the Gadfly 2.3.2 The Use of Substitution Possessive Pronoun in the Gadfly 2.4 The Use of Substitution One in the Gadfly 2.4.1 Substitute One 2.4.2 Substitution of Indefinite One 2.5 The Use of Substitution the Same 2.5.1 Do the Same 2.5.2 Linking Verbs Plus the Same 10 iv 2.6 Sumary PART III CONCLUTION Recapitulation and Implications Suggessions for Further Study REFERENCES APPENDIXES Abbreviations and Symbols 11 12 12 13 iii v INTRODUCTION Justification of the Study Firts of all, English has been the most powerful language all over the world People learn English not only to communicate face to face but also comprehend a number of written source of information Especially, the treasure of English literature is a endless source for learners to study English effectively Secondary, the research is that can connect together in logic order Cohesion in English is divided into the gramtical conhension: reference, ellipsis, substitution and lexcical relationships (Halliday & Hasan 1976 : 6) And substitution is not studied as much as other, especially, the use of substitution in the literature work Finally, the study of substitution in the literature has not gained much attention of researchers For this reason, our study reexamine some aspects of English substitution in the Gadfly, one of the famous work of E.L Voynich with the highly humanitarian signficance For the reasons above, we decided to choose the topic “ The use of nominal substitution in the Gadfly of Ethel Lilian Voynich” to research Therefore, we hope that this study can contribute on small part to help learners in using English substitution in discourse more effectively Aims and Objectives of the Study This study aims to: Provide types of English substitution, especially, nominal substitution This study objectives to: Study how nominal substitution is used in the Gadfly Make some suggestions for futher study Methods of the Study This is our qualitative research which explodes attitudes, behaviour and experiences by some main methods: analysis method, descriptive method, synthesis method Scope of the Study Substitution is a subject that is used to a great attention by writers and learners It works both in sentence and discourse In sentence, it is obligatory and controlled by sentence structure and consequently, it has no funtion In dicource, sometime, it is optional and when used, it is often for stylistic reasons and cohesive purposes So this reseach studies substitution as conhesive device, in which nominal substitution is major Next, the use of substitution in general and nominal substitution in paticular is to avoid repetition and for replacing some gramatical items Because of the limited size, this study focus on the use of substitution in the Gadfly And in this study beside research substitution for nouns (one, the same), we also study personal pronoun, possessive pronoun as nominal substitution works Finally, although this research is carried out with the hope to cover all the problems with respect to nominal substitution in the Gadfly, it has some shortcomings, so it is still likely to open up futher study Format of the Study Except for the acknowledgement and the table of contents, the research paper includes three main parts, a list of references and appendixes Part I Introduction The introduction deals with justification of the study, aims and objectives of the study, methods of the study, scope of the study, fomat of the study Part II Investigation This part consists of chapters Chapter 1, we deal with the theoretical background of the Eghlish substitution, chapter we investigate the use of English nominal substitution in the Cadfly, Part III Conclusion This part we deal with recapitulatin and implication, then we make some suggessions for further study This study ends up with small parts, first is references which list of sources and materials, the last is appendixes INVESTIGATION CHAPTER THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Definition of Substitution Traditionnally, substitution has been studied as former feature within sentence But now it gradually is considered as cohesive device Here is the definition of substitution which is used mainly in our research In Haliday and Hasan (1976, page 90) states substitution as a gramatical relation is accepted in the sense that the different type of substitution are defined in acucrance with the grammatical realization of the substitute item 1.2 Types of Subtitution Vo Dai Quang (2004, page 20) states that most of the substitutes are pro - forms within sentences, which can be used across sentences Types of pro - forms - Pro - form for nouns (one/ones) - Pro - froms for adverbials (there, like it, like that, ect) - Pro - forms for predicate and prediction (do so, that, it, so…do/ does, ect) - Pro - forms for direct object clause (so, that, ect) Gramatically, there are four kinds of substitutions of English: a nominal group, a verbal group, a clause, an adverbial group/ preposition phrase In the following chapter, we focus on the nominal substitution in the Gadfly CHAPTER THE USE OF ENGLISH NOMINAL SUBSTITUTION IN THE GADFLY 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Biography Ethel Lilian Voynich, (1864 - 1960) was novelist and musician, and a supporter of several revolutionary causes Her father was the famous mathematician George Boole Her mother was feminist philosopher Mary Everest, niece of George Everest and an author for the early - 20th - century periodical Crank In 1893 she married Wilfrid Michael Voynich, revolutionary, antiquarian and bibliophile, the eponym of the Voynich manuscript She is most famous for her novel the Gadfly, first published in 1897 in the United States and Britain, about the struggles of an international revolutionary in Italy This novel was very popular in the Soviet Union and was the top bestseller and compulsory reading there, and was seen as ideologically useful; for similar reasons, the novel has been popular in the People 's Republic of China as well By the time of Voynich's death the Gadfly had sold an estimated 2,500,000 copies in the Soviet Union 2.1.2 Plot Overview The novel set in Italy in the 1800's, which was a time of revolt and uprisings and features the hero as a mysterious satirist who is only known by his pseudonym Gadfly At once a romance, tragedy and heroic story, it's got passionate characters, dark secrets, betrayal and atonement, and expertly incorporates them into the author's controversial theme - the criticism of the church Two main characters of the novel are Athur and Montanelli Arthur is a young and kind man He was born in an Eghlish capitalist family Montanelli is a priest, is a head of the theological seminary at Pisa he treats Arthur as his son, and Arthur also loves and respects him Their relation is tighter after Arthurr̉s mother death When Arthur joins in the Young Italy with other students, they struggle for republic and have new and clearer idea for riligion, he has changed his view with Montanelli Five years ago, for him Montanelli was as an ideal hero, now, he 's as a future prophet for new religion In the Young Italy, Arthur met and fell in love with Gemma, but she is a Protestant In spite of her suspicion and misunderstanding, his love for her does not change After a confession with a new priest of church, he was a minion of Austrian capitalism, Arthur was captured He not only a strong - will of revolutionary man, but also a sentiment After that he knew the true that Montanelli is his father He was so upset Everything seenmed to upside down with him He moved to South America, he faced difficulties and suffered pains However, he has never surrendered, he became wiser, and stronger with new name Rivarex or Gadfly He also joined in revolutionary activities He returned to Italy to implement his duty, but in here he was revealed and was in prison In this place, he met Montanelli, they bared their hearts but it was too late Gadfly was sentenced to death Nevertheless, he satisfied with this ending, he only had one wish to tell with Gemma that he loved her forever He said: "Then am I A happy fly If I live Or if I die" 2.2 General Features of Nominal Structure Halliday and Hasan (1976) states that there will be three main items occuring as nominal substitutde: personal prnouns, one, the same they also states that the logical structre of nominal group in it full from includes three components: the Head, the pre - modifier and the post - modifier pre - modifier/ Head/ post - modifier: example: the beautiful/ girl/ on the street 2.3 The Use of Personal Pronouns in the Gadfly 2.3.1 The Use of Subtitution Subjective and Objective Personal Pronouns in thr Gadfly English personal pronouns are classified into two set forms: subjective personal pronouns and objective pronouns (cited in Quirk et al, 1972, p.208) And now we carry out the use of english personal pronouns include subjective and objective personal pronoun in the Gadfly Arthur was studying philosophy at the university; and, coming to a difficulty with a book, had applied to " the Padre" for an explanation of the point Montanelli was a universal encyclopaedia to him,(1) though he (*) had never been a pupil of the seminary "I had better go now,” he (*) said when the passage had been cleared up; "unless you want me for anything.(…) "Oh, yes!" He (**) leaned back against the tree - trunk and looked up through the dusky branches at the first faint stars glimmering in a queit sky The dreamy, mystical eyes, deep blue under black lashes, were an inheritance from his Cornish mothe, and Montanelli turned his head away, that he (**) might not see them (cited in Gadfly, p.10) In that passage, we can see him (1) = Arthur = he (*); Montanelli = He(**), The dreamy, mystical eyes, deep blue under black lasher = them The third person form, he/him, she/her are used to substitute for persons while it/it for things They/them replace both persons and things "No, Padre, I shouldn't indeed! The Warrens are very good and kind, but they don't understand; and then they are sorry for me about mother Gemam wouldn't, of course; she always knew what not to say, even when were babies;” (cited in Gadfly, p.10) In here, we are easy to note that The Warrens = they, Gemme = she "oh, Padre, come and look at this absurd dog! It can dance on its hind legs.” (cited in Gadfly, p.18) It replaces this absurd dog, in this case It is used to refer an animal In literature, we often see many authors use the third person pronoun to refer not only person but also things, animals, This phenomenon is called personslization or non - human It is used in an ornate sentences to express the affectionate, beloved feeling "What vessel you belong to?" "Carlotta - Leghorn to Buenos Ayres; shipping oil one wayand hides the other She's over there" - pointing in the direction of the breakwater - "beastly old hulk!" (cited in Gadfly, p.64) We can she = vessel In here, the third personal pronoun she/her is used to substitute for some thing not for a singular female person 2.3.2 The Use of Substitution Possessive Pronoun in the Gadfly English possessive pronoun has the fllowing forms: mine, yours, his, her, its, ours, and theirs They can act as the Head in the nominal group and work to substitute for the corresponding possessive adjectives plus the noun which is mentioned before to avoid unnecessary repetition Unlike the orther possessive pronoun, however, its functioning as the Head is not often appeared in English "Because of the steamers Arthur, don't you think your house would be safer than ours for that work? Nobody would suspect a rich shipping family like yours; and you know everyone at the docks -" (cited in Gadfly, p.28) We can see ours, and yours are the possessive pronoun We must look back forward sentence to consider what they replace Ours substitute for our house, and yours substitutes for your rich shipping family Obviously, possessive pronouns in passage make cohesion in separate parts of the discourse So, in this case the possessive pronoun is observed as cohesive devices English possessive pronouns are anaphoric as they all substitute for both possessor and the possessed 2.4 The Use of Substitution "One" in the Gadfly Beside the personal and possessive pronouns, in English, the lexical form one is also found when nominal substitution would like to appear Two types of one which can be used to substitute for nominal group: Halliday and Hasan(1976) states that one as a substitute for a nominal group head or the substitute one as a substitute for an inderfinite nominal group or the indefinite one That is just the matter of terminology It does not mean that the substitute one can substitute but the indefinite one can not But in some extent, they both replace for count nouns but not for mass nouns or proper nouns However if we consider carefully we can see they are distinct in many qaws, so we must be dealt with as two separate notions 2.4.1 One as a Substitute For Nominal Group Head Halliday & Hasan (1976: 24), the substitute one plural form ones always keep the position of Head in a nominal group and is always used in place of a word which itself functions as Head of nominal group I have not been much in the Romagna, bit little I have seen of the people has given me the impression that they have got, or are getting, into a mechanical habit of violence Surely even that is better than a mechanical habit of obedience and submission I don't think so All mechanical habits are bad and slavish, and this one is ferocious as well (cited in Gadfly, p 149) One as Head of nominal group this one substitutes for a mechanical habit of violence which is Head of the nominal group a mechanical habit of violence Also from this example, it can be seen that two nominal groups may have different function in the clause as we see that whereas a mechanical habit of voilence function as object, this one as subject In Halliday and Hasan (1976: 26) states that the substitute ones/ones is a maker of a grammatical relation since its presence in the head slot always impies that a partcular noun functioning as Head of the nominal group in the previous discourse has been substituted and that the noun to fill this Head slot can be found, usually, in the sentences before Therefore, most of the examples of the substitute one/ones are anaphoric Overally speaking, the substitute one/ones takes over for the Head They not bring the modifying factors of the Head, but in most cases they possess their own modifying elements instead I did not mean that I would print the pamphlets openly, with our names and addreses, and let them prosecute us if they dare “The project is a perfectly mad one," Grassini exclaimed It is simply putting one’s head into the lion’s mouth out of sheer wantonness (cited in Gadfly, p 71); we can see that one = the project In the above conversation, the presupposed item project has Deitic the as its premodifier while the substitute one has two Epithet perfectly and mad Therefore, English substitute one/ones can hardly stay alone without any modification In some cases in which the nominal substitution with the substitute one/ones cannot occur With the exception os several restriction on the use of one/ones cannot take place in the nominal compound structure Because of a simple reason, that a word following the accented word in a nominal structure cannot be replaced Nor can they happen if they possess neither the premodifier nor postmodifier - that is to say, when their forms are one and ones 2.4.2 the Indefinite One As mentioned above, there are two kinds of one that are indefinite one and susbtitute one.They are viewed as two separate items is that they are different in many domains They are different in three main points Firstly, Quirk et Al (1972: 680), the indefinite one as a substitute for an indefinite noun group can happen without a modifier but the susbtitute one cannot so (*) He took out his purse Only thirty - three paoli; but his watch was a good one That would help; and in any case it was of no consequence he should pull through somehow In the passage above, we can see that one replaces his watch.It has modification so it is the substitute one (**) “You deny that it is in your writing?” “I deny nothing I have no recollection of it.” “Perhaps you remember this one?” A second letter was hander to him, and he saw that it was one which he had written in the autumn to a fellow - student (cited in Gadfly, p 49) In this case, one substitutes for a second letter, and it is as it has no modification, it is indefinite one The Head noun, the same can replace for the whole nominal group We will consider the following paragraph in the novel to see more Achill, indefinable sense of something not queit the same as it had been, of an invisible veil falling between himself and Arthur, kept him silent (quoted in Gadfly, p.21) As we can see in the before section, most the presupposed items of the substitute one/ones may be human, but the same is always non - human What’s more, the presupposed item of the same could be also an adjective functioning as an attribute when it appears as head of a nominal group in a clause of ascription (Halliday & Hasan (1976: 107) stated that an adjective is also one kind of noun) The same as a substitute is quiet different from the item same in the comarative structure 2.5 The Use of Substitution the Same in the Gadfly 2.5.1 Do the Same Halliday & Hasan (1976: 107) states that the same can be used in place of the fact if it happens ‘ in the environment of the process in which a fact is involved’ In English the same as a substitute for the fact can still be found in a number of expressions which also substitutes for the fact Say the same, think the same etc are the common ones The same in the expression the same, as pointed out by Halliday & Hasan (1976: 108) can take over for a process in some kinds of clause Isn’t there a rule to go by in your Bible, or your Missal, or any of your canting theology books, that you must come to me to tell you what to do? Heavens and earth, man! - Heaven’t I enough as it is, without your laying your reponsibilities on my shoulders? Go back to your Jesus; he exacted the uttermost farthing, and you’d better the same (quoted in Gadfly, p 231) An alternative form the same is likewise The verb can take over for a wide range ps verbs in clause of Action (those indicate someone did something) So the expression the same substitute for a process Halliday & Hasan (1967: 108) proposed that the verb in the same is the genenal verb that is phonologically salient and only takes place in those clauses of action - that means "some one did something" "Can't you find it, carino? Never mind: I must rewrite the passage Possibly is has got torn up, and I have kept you all this time for nothing." (…) "No, Padre, I must find it; I'm sure you put it here You will never make it the same by rewriting" (quoted in Gadfly, p.8) As mentioned above, the same is a form of nominal group but it can sisbtitute for a verbal part in the clause when that part expresses a process 2.5.2 Linking Verbs Plus the Same The same, when connected with be or other linking verbs like look, sound, taste, ect May substitute for a noun or an adjective (and modilying elements if not left out) as Head of the nominal group: "How changed the Padre was! And yet his voice was not changed at all; it was just the same as in the old days, when he used to say: "Carino" (quoted in Gadfly, p.170), we can see that the same = his voice (noun) "We had a barrack to sleep in at the pit 's mouth; and one night I had been ill, the same as lately, and carrying stones is the blazing sun" (quoted in Gadfly, p.234), we can see that the same = ill (adjective) We can see that the same is replace for a nominal group in the environment of a clause and this is different from the substitute one/ones The same may have different syntactical functions as compared with that of their presupposed item The same function as Subject while the presupposed items may a compliment, the whole predicate or an object 2.6 Summary From the above investigation, we can see that nominal substitution plays an important role process of substitution, English nominal group is considered as consisting of as its members the presonal pronouns, the possessive pronouns, the consiting of as its members the presonal pronouns, the possessive pronounsm, the substitute one/ones, the indefinite one/ ones and the same together with the expressions including them, especially using in the Gadfly novel Although they are different in many aspects, we also found some similar extent among them Most instances of nominal group given out in this section are anaphotric This reflects the fact that nominal sibstitutiong in most cases is anaphporic, making cohesive links in discourse Examples cataphoric niminal substitution sometime accur, but they are not mentined much in the novel Gadfly The English third pronouns in this study are restricted to the third person for the reason that they may function as cohesive devices the English possessive pronouns are considered as doubly anaphoric because they substitute for both the possessed an the possessor The substitute one/ones is set apart from the indefinite one/ some since they different in many aspects The same always has non - human presupposed items, substitute for a nominal group in the environment of a clause.The nominal substitution appears in the Gadfly with a rather thick density The following table of the nominal substitutes will show clearly the time of saying in the novel 10 Total of Time of Saying Possessive Pronouns 65 37,5% One 99 56,9% Occurrences Same 10 5,75% 174 Table 4: Occurrences of nominal substitution in the Gadfly As far as nominal substitution is concerned, in order to susbtitute for a nominal group in English discourse, we may use person pronuns, one, or the same 11 CONCLUSION Recapitulation and Implication All the presentation above is our study of nominal substitution in the Gadfly To conclude the study the author should like to make a brief summary of what we have done The study begins with an investigating of nominal substitution presented in chapter II, the author carried out an envestigating on three main items often appearing as nominal substitute "personal pronoun", "one", "the same" in the famous novel Gadfly of E.L.Voynich The paper also aims at studying prominent nominal substitute items occuring in the novel; in the scope of the reseach the author cannot go deep into analyzing the plot of the work Last but not least, important part in this section is some suggestions for further study In short, substitution is quiet popular phenomenom in English literatution Dialogues between characters make good condition for the occurrence of verbal Substitution, whereal nominal substitutes are mostly present in the narrator 's Suggestions for Further Study Due to the limitation of time, the research can focus investigation on the aspects of nominal structure in the novel Gadfly It is hoped that further study will made on: - Inverstigation more on the verbal, clausal, adverbial substitution in the novel 'Gadfly' - Comparsison between English and VietNamese substitution in the literature work Finally, we feel that this study is far from perfect; it is, therefore, our sole responsibility for any inadequacies and shortcoming that our research may consider to have 12 REFERENCES Voynich, Ethel Lilian (2001) Gadfly VietNamese Version Translated by Bac Nam and Ha Ngoc Ho Chi Minh: Youth Publisher Voyich, Ethel Lilian (1939) Gadfly Oxford: University Ave Halliday, MAK and Hasan Ruquaiya (1976) Conhension in English London: Longman Quick, R (1972) A University Grammar of English London: Longman Le, Dung (2006) Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh Diễn Giaỉ Ha Noi: Education Publishing House Nguyen, Hoa (2001) An Introduction to Semantics Ha Noi: Viet Nam National University Publisher Hornby, S A.(2006) Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Oxford: Oxford University Press Rooy, De Rae (2009) Prepare for IELTS Book Two Reading and Writing Ho Chi Minh: Youth Publisher Nguyen, Lam Van Thi, and Ngo, Phuong Dinh (2009) An Introduction to Research Methodology Vinh: Vinh University Publisher Vo, Quang Dai.(2004) Discourse Analisis Ha Noi: Ha Noi Foreign Languages University 13 APPENDIXES 1.Abbreviations and Symboys Etc ~ et cetera Et al ~ and others Substitution for ~ = 14 ... Longman Quick, R (1972) A University Grammar of English London: Longman Le, Dung (2006) Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh Diễn Giaỉ Ha Noi: Education Publishing House Nguyen, Hoa (2001) An Introduction to Semantics... whithout which the study would not have been completed Futhermore, I would like to extend my sincere thanhks to all my friends for their constant support and encouragement, for their books I borrowed,