Báo cáo thực tập tốt nghiệp tiếng anh (23)

PART I - INTRODUCTION Rationale It can not be denied that nowadays english has become more and more important in many fields of human life, such as, science, technology, trade, communication and research as well In recent year, the number of Vietnamese's students learn this target language has been dramatically increasing because they are aware of its essential role in their job and their life Living in a new age, but without mastering any foreign language, you will be lelf behind A common language as English helps our society to unite to cooperate together to develop more and more Yet, to learn English well is not easy thing to Vietnammese learners One of the reason is the polysemy of English words, especially English verbs A verb can have a lot of meaning in different contexts Ph.D Do Thi Kim Lien (1990: 90) states that : " verb is the complicated word - class, it is used widely and takes a leading - position in the lexical stock, the verb plays a nuclear role in forming the sentence " (cited from Truong Thi Hai, 2004 :4) In English, among such verbs as TO HAVE, TO GET,TO TAKE, TO GIVE, the verbs TO DO and TO MAKE are also the most popular words, and are used in many different ways A noticeable thing is two verbs, at first sight, having the same meaning, so they often make learners confused And, as a result, they will make mistake in using of them This is a basic error that is worthness having to any English learner The author, herself, a student of Foreign Language department at the moment and a teacher in the near future, also found some difficulties and challenges when learning and applying these two verbs Therefore, her ambition in this study is to identify difficulties that may have and to help her and learners overcome these ones In addition, the author wants to make teaching of English in general and grammar lessons in particular more interesting and practical to pupils in the long run Aims of the study The study is conducted with the following aims : - to emphasize the importance roles of multifunctional verbs in English, to and to make as examples - to help learners understand the usages of the verbs to do, to make in each concrete cases - to help them to know and apply two verbs in some constructions - to suggest some useful exercises and solutions to help learners make no errors in the process of learning English Scope of the study The study will focus on discovering how two verbs to and to make are used in short stories: "That's what friends are for", "Zoom in" and other material resources as from Internet, dictionary or books and the differences between them, as well as some typical constructions Research questions The study will focus on dealing with the following questions: - how many fuctions the verbs to and to make have? - how many lexical meanings the verbs to and to make have in English? - how these two verbs to and to make differ from using of each other ? Method of the study To finish this study, the author has used some approches as following: - collection - analysis - synthetic - compare and contrastive Design of the study The study comprises of three main parts: Part I dealt with the rationale for choosing the topic, the aim, scope, method and format of the study Part II consist of three chapters : chapter with the title theoretical background introduces to readers the general informations about definitions of verbs as well as classifications of them Chapter entitled the study provides deeper knowledge about the two verbs to and to make, the different meanings and some differences in using of them Besides that is problems that learners meets in learning process Chapter named findings and suggested exercises gives reasons , solutions for the problem so that help learners distinguish these two verbs better Part II - INVESTIGATION Chapter I THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 An overview of English verbs 1.1.1 What is a verb? Verbs compose a fundamental category of words in most languages There are many differenr definitions of verb: According to Collin Cobuild in English grammar (1990), " verb is a word used with a subject to say what someone or something does, or what happens to them (eg: live, go, eat)" (cited from cao Thi Viet Ha, 2007:1) Another one, "A verb is a lexical category in the grammar made up of words such as like and listen In Universal Grammr it is the head of the lexical verb phrase Different types of verbs specify whether there is a need for :no Object: Eric fainted, one Object: Bill sang the blues, Objects: Mary gave the money to her brother, an animate Subject: the man fainted not The rock fainted, and so on" ( cited from: http://www.homepage.ntlword.com/vivian.c/ ) Verbs are one of the most essential parts of speech that exist within any language Without them, we would never be able to tell exactly what was happening in any text Verbs are "action" words that detail what is going on You can make a sentence with a single verb, but you cannot make one without a verb Verbs are sometimes described as action words.this is partly true.many verbs give the idea of action, of "doing" ST For example, words like go, sing, and work all convey action, but some verbs not, they give the idea of existence, of state or "being".for instance, verbs like be, seem, belong all covey state A verb always has a subject, except command sentence does not have subject (hidden subject) (in the sentence " John speaks English", John is the subject and speak is the verb ) There is something very special about verbs in English Most other words ( adjectives,adverbs, prepositions, etc ) not change in form (although nouns can have singular and plural forms) But almost all verbs change in form For example, the verb to eat have five forms: to eat, eat, eats, eating , ate 1.1.2 Transitive and intransitive verbs A transitive verb is followed by a direct object Eg: - I am typing my thesis - I saw my cousin yesterday Most transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice Some transitive verbs consist of more than one part Eg: - I listen to the radio An intransitive is not followed by an object and can never be used in passive voice.Some intransitive verbs consist of more than one part Eg : - My head aches - The plane touched down 1.2 Verb classification Leech and Svartvik (1975) state that there are two types of verbs : main verbs ( eg: learn,go, think, etc.) and auxilary verbs which include primary auxilaries ( do, have, be ) and modal auxilaries (eg : will , may, should, etc ) (cited from Cao Thi Viet Ha, 2007:1) In this thesis , we will follow the classification of A.J Thomson and A V Martinet According to A J Thomson and A.V Martine, verbs can be classified into : Auxilary and Ordinary verbs 1.2.1 Auxilaries verbs • Auxilary verbs are verbs that have grammatical function in the verb phrase, help complete the meaning of the verb phrases There are three kinds of auxilary verbs : - primary auxilaries : be , do, have - modal auxilaries : must , should, can, need, ought to, etc - semi - auxilaries : had better , tend to (Greenbaum, S & Quirk, R , 1973 :26) • General characteristics of auxilary verbs : - forming negative form by adding " not" after verb - forming interogative form by inversion - forming tag- question by using that verb ourself - repeating in elliptical sentences 1.2.2 Ordinary verbs Ordinary verbs are those that denote action or state and they themselves carry full dictionary meanings There are many categories to classify ordinary verb : • According to the ability, to be used in progress form, verbs are classified into : Stative and Dynamicverbs - Stative verbs : are verbs that can not be used in continuous form They expsess state , experence, condition, etc Eg: want, desire, wish, like, taste, see, hear.etc - Dynamic verbs : are verbs with continuous form , they express action Eg: work, do, run, sleep, jump ,kick , etc • According to the relationship between the verb elements in the clause , we classify verbs into : Intensive and Intransitive Extensive Dynamic Verbs - Intensive verbs : are verbs that take subject complement ( Cs) or obligatory adverb ( Aob) Eg: I am a girl → S V C S V Cs She is at school S V Aob → S V Aob - Intransitive Extensive Dynamic Verbs : are verbs that not take any object Eg: she cries S V → S V Mary goes S to the library V → S.V.A A Transitive verbs are verbs that take one or more than one objects There are three kinds of transitive verbs: • Monotransitive verbs : these verbs take one object ( Od) Eg : I like S • V you O Ditransitive verbs : two objects are taken by these verbs Eg : Hung bought me V O S • → S.V.O a new shirt → S V.O.O → S V O C O Complextransitive verbs have two subtypes + They take object and object complement Eg : They call him Mr Bean S V O C + They take object and obligatory adverbial Eg: She S hold her hat on the self V O A → S V O A 1.3 Verb forms 1.3.1 Ordinary verbs Ordinary verbs often have five forms : the base form, the -s form, the past form, the - ing participle and the - ed participle Regular ordinary verbs have four actual forms because they have the same -ed inflection for both the past and the past participle: V, V-s, V-ed1 = V-ed2, V-ing Irregular ordinary verbs have from to forms: Verbs with forms Eg V= V- ed1 = V-ed2 read V-s reads V-ing reading • Some other verbs; put, cost, hurt,etc Verbs with forms Eg V = V-ed2 come V-s comes V- ed1 came V- ing coming • Other verbs : become, overcome, run Verbs with forms V V-s V-Ed1 V-ed2 V-ing does did done doing (most of ordinary verbs) Eg • Verbs with forms; There is only one verb " be" Tobe is am are was were being been be Examples she is a famous singer I am a student they are tourists she was an actress years ago we were good friends last year the study was being done at a.m last night I have been to Ha Noi she is considered as my closest pattner 1.3.2 Auxilary verbs • Primary auxilaries Forms: be have Finite present is / am / are has / have does / past was / were had did • Modal auxilaries Non- finite be /being /been have / having Modal auxialaries have only one form which is used for all persons and numbers They are followed by the base forms whether they are in negative or not Their forms are the following: Positive Present can Contracted negative Past could can't couldn't may might mayn't mightn't shall should shan't shouldn't will would won't wouldn't 1.4 Conclusion In this chapter, all the theoretical background relating to English verb have been mentioned with a hope to help the readers have a comprehension understanding of the verb In the next chapter we will study some lexical meaning of two verbs to and to make in English Because of the limited time, we only focus on some the common meanings of to and to make CHAPTER II : THE VERBS TO DO AND TO MAKE IN LEXICAL MEANING IN ENGLISH AND SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TO DO AND TO MAKE 2.1 Introduction Firstly, the author would like to present forms and fuctions of to and to make and then the different lexical meanings of them Finally, she will give some differences in use of these two verbs 2.2 Forms and fuctions of to and to make 2.2.1 Forms and fuctions of to 2.2.1.1 Forms of to To is treated as an action verb (ordinary verb) Moreover, to is an irregular verb, therefore, it has five actual forms as following : V, V-s, V-ed1, V-ed2, V-ing DO DOES DID DONE DOING 2.2.1.2 Functions of to To is one of the special verbs in English besides to have and to be, because it is both an auxilary verb and ordinary verb 2.2.1.2.1 To is an auxilary verb When to is an auxilary verb, it has variants : / does / did • Do : is used for the first and the second person singular in present tense • Does : is used for the third person singular in the present tense • Did : is used for all persons of both singular and plural in the past tense Four usages of to : To form negative and interogative for ordinary verbs in " yes - no" questions, the form of to goes before subject ; the main verb comes after the subject eg : did you your homework ? in wh- question, it goes after WH and before subject To form tag- question when main verb in the sentence is an action verb To advoid repeating main verb whether main verb is an action verb in short answer To form emphatic form 2.2.1.2.2 To is an ordinary verb To is also an ordinary verb The ordinary verb to can refer to almost kind of activity Eg: - What were you doing in the morning? I went out with my friends - You are a grown up man now.You should be able to things on your own 2.2.2 Forms and fuctions of to make 2.2.2.1 Forms of to make To make is also an irregular verb, it has four actual forms because it has the same -ed inflection for both the past and the past participle : V, V-s, V-ed1 = V-ed2, V -ing MAKE MAKES MADE MAKING 2.2.2.2 Functions of to make To make is an ordinary verb It means to perform an action, to create or construct something, and to cause somebody to something Eg: She is making a cup of tea for her parents They often make some mistakes in their English tests 2.3 Different meanings of to and to make 2.3.1 Different meanings of to When to is used as an ordinary verb, we often translate it into Vietnamese with "lam" in sense However, besides this one, to has many other popular meanings that the author wants to refer to as follows 2.3.1.1 To in the sense of act, perform To is used with the meaning act , perform, execute a deed, duty, role or an act Eg : I am pround of that I can this work to help my family [ 6,13 ] Eventhough she's been blind for twleve years, she still teaches horse to stunts [ 1,198 ] Sometimes, we use it with what, something , anything or nothing to refer to an action which is not specified or not yet known about Eg : Yesterday, I was free I did not anything all day [ 4, 304 ] 2.3.1.2 To in the sense of finish, complete or accomplish Here, to means to fullfil the requirements of task or duty Eg: Huong always tries to her duty well at all time They have done their homework [ 4, 304 ] 2.3.1.3 To in the sense of deal with, clean, fix a wide range of action This is one of the basic meanings of to when it is used with " the V- ing" to indicate housework or other ones Eg : we divided into Mom's chores : Dad did the cooking and I did the dishes, dusting, weeding [3,198 ] While she was doing the ironing, her husband was doing the shopping with his new lover 2.3.1.4 To in the sense of put forth , exert Put forth and exert means to try one's best to gain, to manage to something Eg : When Mr Rickey told him, "I want a man with the courage not to fight back", Jackie Robinson replied, " If you take this gamble, I'll my best to perform " [ 3, 226 ] If she wants to pass in the next examination, she must her best 2.3.1.5 To in the sense of cheat, swindle In this meaning, to is understood as to cheat, to defraud of money or property of someone Eg : You have to pay a dime to try it out, and if you can the trick, you'll win a dollar [ 3, 517 ] This table isn't a genuie antique I'm afraid you've been done [ 4,604 ] 2.3.2 To make Unlike to do, to make is an ordinary verb only , nevertheless, there are also many different meanings in using of this verb that make ambiguous to learners Here, we want to introduce some of the most popular meanings 2.3.2.1 To make in the sense of construct or create In this meaning, to make is equal to bringing into existence by shaping or changing material, combining parts : to make a dress, to make a channel, etc Eg : How did you make these biscuit? That's a secret! One day I'll let you make some [ 1, 225 ] The stone made a dent in the roof of my car [ 4, 507 ] 2.3.2.2 To make in the sense of write, compose Eg : - The play was going to be performed on the day before Thankgiving I made the drawings mother's old for most of the scenery I made a barn, a church, Consulea brought in her leftorer make up She did a good job of making up everybody [1, 242 ] - My drawings stood out really well I never made such big drawings in my life [1,263 ] 2.3.2.3 To make in the sense of cause ST to exist Here, to make means to produce, cause to exist or happen, bring about an negative effect Eg: A jackhammer was making so much noise that I couldn't hear whether the light was green or red [ 1,202 ] After school, everyone was still making a fuss over her Even Pat had to open his stupid mouth [1, 242 ] 2.3.2.4 To make in the sense of elect, appoint Eg : They had made Peter the Brat chairman because he had volunteered for it Peter said that he would make a good chairman [3, 517 ] He was made spokesman by the committee [ 4, 1228 ] 2.3.2.5 To make in the sense of prepare ST 10 To make is used with the meaning of putting in the proper condition or state, fixing or preparing something for use Eg : When he saw his grandpa busy making his own big bed, Jim went into his room [ 1,214 ] He would always remember how to make a bed swung as a bug and fold clothes neatly [4 ,1228 ] 2.4 Some differences in using of to and to make 2.4.1 Introduction To and to make are considered as one of the verbs categories that make Vietnamese learners embrassed most in their English learning process Because these two verbs are commonly translated into the sense of word "lam" in Vietnamese, therefore, learners find difficult to distinguish between them Below are tips that the author gives with the hope to help learners have a clearer distinction 2.4.2 The common uses of to 2.4.2.1 We use the verb to when someone performs an action, activity or task Eg: Do the irroning Do the washing Do a crossword,etc Eg: I the shopping once a week He does the gardening everyday 2.4.2.2 To is used when refering to work of any kind, and these not produce a physical object Eg: Do your homework Do her duty,etc Eg: we have to a lot of work on the house 2.4.2.3 To is used for general ideas : you use the verb to when speaking about things in general In other word, to describe a action without saying exactly what the action is This form is often used with the words something, nothing, anything, everything, etc Eg: She is ready to everything for him There is nothing to in this place → Then, to is used for daily actions that is not specified and creative This means to not produce or create new things ● Important expressions with to 11 There are a number of standard expressions that take the verb to Here some the most common ones we often meet: Do homework Do an exercise Do housework Do the dishes Do the cooking Do the shopping Do business Do a favour Do one's duty Do an experiment Do a crime Do harm Do your best Do time (to go to prison) Do well Do badly Do your share Do your part Do me a honor Do your hair Do your nail Do damage 2.4.3 The common uses of to make Unlike to the verb to do, the most general sense of to make is to create ( something that did not exist come into being) 2.4.3.1 To make is used for constructing, building or creating something new, and specific things or actions Eg: Make a dress Make plan Make a profit 2.4.3.2 To make is often used when refering to preparing food of any kind 12 Eg: My mother always gets up early to make breakfast for my family Tommorow, they wil make a meal for their fifteenth wedding anniversary ! NOTE : These actions usually create something that you can touch ● Some important expressions of to make: Make a mistake Make progress Make a speech Make money Make love Make war Make a fuss / a scene Make a mess Make noise / a sound Make an appointment Make an assumption Make an attempt Make a complain Make a decision Make an effort Make an excuse Make friend Make sense Make an offer 2.4.4 Conclusion In chapter II, the author has presented all the different lexical meanings and notable expressions of the verbs to and to make in English concretely and clearly In chapter III, the author continues to deal with these two verbs in pointing out differences in lexical meaning as well as in structures From that give advice and suggestions to help learners advoid mistakes in using the verbs to and to make 13 Chapter III - findings, error analysis and discussion 3.1 Introduction After making an overview on the lexical meanings of the verbs to and to make in the two previous chapters, in this chapter, the author will analyze some difficulties and mistakes of English learners when using two verbs above, then find giving out suggested solutions 3.2 Common mistakes of learners in using to and to make 3.2.1 Mistakes in using to Because to performs role of both an auxilary verb and ordinary verb in English, therefore, in using and applying this learners often meet some mistakes as following: 14 - First, in putting the verb in the correct form exercises with auxilary verb Do / Does in negative and intterogative sentences Many students find confused in selecting which auxilary verb to agree with Subject stands before it Eg: He not /does not like going to the cinema at all ! Did / / does they buy this TV last week? - Second, in translating the meaning of to into Vietnamese This originates from the variety of this verb In different contexts and with other words, to has different senses 3.2.2 Mistakes in using to make In contrast with to do, the use of to make is simpler because it is only an ordinary verb, however, it also is confusing to English learners in some structures and translations - First, in memorizing meanings of to make and applying it into different contexts - Second, in using wrongly basic structures of this verb Eg: The more he made, the more his friends laughed → This sentence is not in right structure It must be corrected such as: The more he tried, the more his friends laughed Or with the structure: To make someone / something + adj Students, especially Vietnammese ones, often use wrongly in translating because they always add a transitive verb after the direct object of make This is right in Vietnammese but not in English Eg: Her bad behaviour made everyone feel uncomfortable (1) Or The new shirt makes her look more pretty (2) Sentence (1) and (2) will be correct if we obmit verbs " feel" and "look" The reason for this error is because of Vietnam's thinking that are given into learning a second language It is a negative transfer In the structure: To make someone / something something Sometimes, students make errors such as in the sentence below: The white ceiling and walls of the living room make it seem brighter and larger We must correct it as following: The white ceiling and walls of the living room make it brighten and enlarge Besides that, learners also make error in using make in the position of another transitive vern in many idoms of English 15 Eg: that frightening scene made me feel comparison for the two persons → instead of using " make" or "feel",we must use the idioms " arouse one's comparison for something " That frightening scene aroused my comparison for the two persons 3.3 Some measures to omit the mistakes 3.3.1 Some advice Finding out the mistakes is not an easy task to any English teacher in teaching process, but correcting them and having a good method to help learners not to repeat that mistakes later is even much more complex The basic mistakes made by Vietnamese learners are mostly caused by mother tongue interference Therefore, the first and also the most important thing is that the learners should not abuse their mother tongue in learning foreign language The best way to omit mistakes worthless is that learners should use the verbs to and to make exactly and master their uses from the beginning there are some following advice may be used in learning two verbs to and to make - be aware of verbs in general, the verbs to and to make in particular - master the common meanings, basic forms as well as functions of to and to make - try to find out the midtakes and the reasons for these mistakes After that, try to correct them to limit or advoid making the same mistakes later - exercises and practise regularly with friends, teachers to have a comprehensive understanding of these two verbs 3.3.2 Teaching and learning suggestions In order to help Vietnamese advoid making mistake as above when teaching the verbs to and to make, teacher should explain the general understanding of them It means that to and to make have its most typical sense to realize To is used to refer to general ideas, things or actions of any kind, while to make is used for constructing, building and creating something specific and new In addition, teachers should provide important expressions or idioms of these two verbs In using of grammar structures of to and to make, to not make errors, it is better for the teacher to as follows: - Firstly, writing the structure on the board and giving as many simple examples as possible - Secondly, asking learners to give some sentences basing on that structure - Finally, getting them to make their own sentences as they can 3.4 Suggestions for practice 16 Practice plays an essential role in acquisition of new structure and in determining if students are able to understand teacher's presentations or not With objective of helping students master the lexical meanings and distinctions between to and to make then advoid commiting errors, following exercises are suggested by the author Exercise Put the correct form of to ao to make in these following sentences What you ( do) for a living? Have you (do) your homework already? The children (make) a mess in the garden now My husband ( do) the grocery shopping for ten years Amber ( do) badly on her geography exam last week We are having guests tonight, so please ( make ) your bed She only ( make) a mistake in her English test I have to ask you ( ) me a favour Have you and your friend ( make ) a decision yet ? 10 Please excuse me while I ( make) a phonecall Exercise Complete the following sentences with "do" or "make" without the quotation marks When I grow up, I want to have a job that allows me to a lot of money We would be very happy if the countries in the Middle East peace I always my best The British like to business with the Americans When there is no food to eat, everyone has to without The president an excellent speech yesterday All soldiers must their duty Have you your homework? At the end of each holiday, I always think it would't me any harm to have one more week off 10 They a big mistake in business with the company that went bankrupt 11 It's very difficult to students their work properly 12 your best! me pround of you 13 They can't out what we are trying to they are very confused 14 At the end of the term tests , you have to the most of time you have left 15 Madam, will this jacket for your husband? I think he can it 17 Part III - CONCLUSION To and to make are the most typical verbs in English It is refered and concerned a lot in many materials, not only in the grammar books but also in some research studies as well as on Internet Our study of these two verbs are only a small part in the total study about English grammar Through this study, firstly, the author gives some general points about grammar that are fundamental Next, she tries to finding out the deeper understanding about the uses of to and to make in particular There are many different meanings and important expressions of each verb in each specific context Moreover, as mentioning previously, two verbs are confusing to English learners They usually make mistakes in using and distinguishing the differences between to and to make From this finding and analyzing, we give some tips to help learners reduce commiting the same mistakes caused by interlingual effection in the long 18 run In addition, since in the near future we will be an English teacher, this study also will be a very useful guidance for us in teaching grammatical items In fact, there are many methods to apply in teaching, these are only the most simple and common ways that the author wants to introduce Although the study has been done with all her attempts, her limitation of knowledge and experience may cause mistakes in the study Therefore, any comments and remarks from the audiences are very necessary for her for study Vinh, summer 2010 References Elaine, Meiaoki, Virginia Agnold & James Flood.That's what friends are for New York Mac Millan / Mc Graw Hill School Publishing Company Cook V.J (1997) & (2004) Inside language & The English writing system.UK.retrieved may, 24, 2010,from http://www.homepage.ntlworld.com/vivian.c/Linguistics/LinguisticsGlossary Elaine, Meiaoki, Virginia Agnold & James Flood Zoom in New York Mac Millan / Mc Graw Hill School Publishing Company English - English - Vietnamese Dictionary (1998) Vietnam The Information Culture Publishing House 19 Beare, K or make explained New York Retrieved May, 24, 2010, from http://esl.about.com/cs/beginner/a/a_makedo.htm Kim Lien, Do Thi Ngu Phap Tieng Viet Viet Nam Nha xuat ban Giao Duc 7.Hai, Truong Thi ( 2004) The verb "to have" in English and its equipvalents in Vietnamese Vinh Unpublished B.A Thesis,DFL,Vinh University Viet Ha, Cao Thi (2007) An error analysis of Subject - verb agreement in English writing made by Vietnamese high school students.Vinh Unpublished B.A Thesis, DFL,Vinh University 20