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TABLE OF CONTENTs page TABLE OF CONTENTS i ABBREVIATIONS .iii PART A: INTRODUCTION .1 Reasons for choosing the topic Aims of the study .1 Scope of the study Methods of the study .2 Design of the study PART B: DEVERLOPMENT .3 CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Speech acts .3 1.1.1 Structure of speech act 1.1.2 Classification of speech acts .3 1.2 Politeness 1.3 Face wants 1.3.1 Definition of face 1.3.2 Positive and negative face 1.4 Politeness strategies 1.5 Pre-sequence .6 1.5.1 Functions of pre-sequences 1.5.2 Somes types of pre-sequences 1.6 A brief overview of Contrastive Analysis CHAPTER II: PRE-SEQUENCE IN INVITATION OR PRE-INVITATION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 2.1 Pre-invitation 2.1.1 Definition of pre-invitation .8 2.1.2 Positions of pre-invitation 2.1.2.1 Before invitation 2.1.2.2 After invitation 2.2 Pre-invitation in politeness strategy 2.3 Pre-invitation in language communication 10 2.3.1 Purposes of using pre-sequence in invitation 10 2.3.2 Forms of pre-invitation 11 2.3.2.1 Interrogative forms 11 2.3.2.1.1 Yes /No questions 12 2.3.2.1.2 Informative questions 12 2.3.2.1.3 Declarative questions 12 2.3.2.1.4 Tag questions .12 2.3.2.2 Declarative forms .12 i 2.3.2.3 Exclamative forms 12 2.3.2.4 Conditional forms .12 CHAPTER III : SOME SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF PREINVITATION BETWEEN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH 14 3.1 Similarities .14 3.2 Differences .14 3.3 Some main reasons for differences 15 3.4 Application in language teaching and learning 15 PART C: CONCLUSION 17 Recapitulation 17 Suggestion for further studies .18 REFERENCES .19 ii ABBREVIATIONS CA : contrastive analysis Fig : figure e.g : for example FTA: face threatening act H’s: his or her i.e : that is to say T : turn iii PART A: INTRODUCTION Reasons for choosing the topic In communication, participants always try to achieve something in their turns To achieve the goals of communication, speakers usually try to plan their actions logically and use the communicating strategies through speech acts In conversation, we must use some certain kinds of speech acts which are likely to threaten another’s face To reduce the greatest risk, people often use many strategies One of these strategies is using pre-sequences However, in text books for pupils, pre-sequences are not often presented For example, a conversation is used to teach about how to make an invitation, often just present the inviting act only A : Let’s go to the movie tonight B : I have to study for an exam Terasaki (1976) has pointed out, in ordinary conversation invitations are not made in simple pairs such as invitation and denial or invitation and acceptance More routinely, the inviter issues a pre-invitation in order to find out what likely result of any subsequent invitation will be A : What are you doing tonight? (pre-invitation) B : Not much (positive response to project invitation) A : How about a movie? (invitation) The reason of writer for doing this study is to give knowledge to the readers about the pre-sequences, especially, pre-invitation From this study, the writer hopes that it can give description of what is meant by pre-invitation especially in helping people for better arranging and understanding conversations Aims of the study This study helps the readers understanding about the meaning of preinvitation and its usage in conversation The writer wants to describe the forms and functions of pre-invitation in order to help the readers to organize a better conversation, especially, when they want to make an invitation, to achieve the best result as well as to avoid putting participants in difficult position Scope of the study This study focuses on the utterances which contain pre-sequences, especially, pre-invitation The writer presents some main purposes of using pre-invitation and its common forms with the examples in both English and Vietnamese Methods of the study To conduct the study, we have used the following methods: Analysis Statistics Comparative and contrastive methods Design of the study The thesis comprises three main parts: Part A : Introduction This part presents the reasons for choosing the topic, aims, scope, methods and format of the study Part B : Development This is the main part of this study devided into three chapters: Chapter I: Theoretical background Chapter II: Pre-invitation in English and Vietnamese Chapter III: Some similarities and differences Part C: Conclusion This part reviews major findings of the thesis and suggests some directions for further study PART B: DEVERLOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Speech acts According to Yule (1996: 47) “actions performed via utterances are generally called speech acts” The philosopher J.L Austin considered speech acts as “utterances (things people say) are equivalent to actions” We perform speech acts when we offer an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication 1.1.1 Structure of speech act According to Austin, there are three types of acts that can be performed by every utterance, given the right circumstances: Locutionary Illocutionary Perlocutionary acts 1.1.2 Classification of speech acts In 1975, Searle suggested the following classification of speech acts: Assertives (Representatives) They commit the speaker to something being the case No one makes a better cake than me It was a nice day Directives They try to make the addressee perform an action In other wosds, speaker use these kinds of speech acts to get somone to something Could you close the window? Would you like to have a cup of coffee? Commisives They commit the speaker to doing something in the future I'm going to Paris tomorrow I’ll be back Expressives They express how the speaker feels about the situation I am sorry that I lied to you Congratulation! Declarations They change the state of the world in an immediate way The speaker has to have a special institutional role, in a specific context, in order to perform a declaration appropriately Boss : You are fired! Priest: I now pronounce you are husband and wife Referee : you’re out ! 1.2 Politeness According to Yule (1996 : 60) politeness is treated “as a fixed concept, as in the idea of polite social behavior, or etiquette, within a cuture It is also possible to specify a number of different general priciples for being polite in social interaction within a particular culture Some of these might include being tactful, generous, modest, sympathetic toward others” Yule defined politeness “as the means employed to show awareness of another person’s face” Another linguistic, Leech defined politeness as forms of behaviour that establish and maintain comity That is the ability of participants in a social interaction to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony 1.3 Face wants 1.3.1 Definition of face Face, as a technical term, means the public self-image of a person This is emotional and social sense of self that every person has and expects everyone else to recognize Face threatening act If someone say something that represents a threat to another person’s self image that is called a face threatening act Face saving act Whenever you say something that lessens the posible threat to another face, it is called a face saving act 1.3.2 Positive and negative face The concept “face” consists of two related aspects: negative face and positive face Negative face Brown and Levinson (1987) stated that negative face is “the basic claim to territories, personal pre-sereves, rights to non-distraction, i.e., to freedom of action and freedom from imposition” Positive face Positive face is “the need to be accepted, event liked, by other, to be treated as a member of the same group, and to know that his or her wants are shared by other” (quoted in Yule, 1996) 1.4 Politeness strategies The chart below shows that the speaker has a set of strategies available to redress FTAs, which are mutually known to both speaker and addressee Circumstances determining choice of strategy Lesser without redressive action baldly on record Do the FTA positive politeness with redressive action off record negative politeness Don’t the FTA Greater Figure1:Possible Strategies for realising FTAs (Brown and Levinson 1987:60) There are four types of politeness strategies, described by Brown and Levinson, that sum up human "politeness" behavior: Bald On Record, Negative Politeness, Positive Politeness, and Off-Record-indirect strategy 1.5 Pre-sequence A sequence is a unit of conversation that consists of two or more adjacent and functionally related turns In other words, sequences are turns of talk from the beginning to the end of action (Schegloff, 1995) Pre-sequence is a sequence which includes a turn recognizable as potential initiation of another specific type of turn Pre-sequence means certain utterances came before the other utterances which is in the beginning of a conversation or certain utterances belong to the opening sequence of a conversation Pre-sequence occupy a position of the speaker and the hearer in order to differentiate between the formal and informal conversation It means that the speaker and the hearer can arrange their conversation by themselves into formal and informal through the pre-sequence utterances by them 1.5.1 Functions of pre-sequences Actually, the function of pre-sequence is showing how speakers have taken on the ideas that the talk is sequential, one thing after another, and how they are careful in the order in which they present possiblities Besides, pre-sequences became delivering tool of a message to give information about the main point conversation in order to be more specific Then, pre-sequence also has the important role in arranging and managing the conversation Moreover, pre-sequences can be used for inquiring about status of the speaker or the hearer, status of situation and others Other fuction of pre-sequence is that it is used by participants in conversation to draw hearer’s attention to or prepare the ground for the kind of turn that are going to take next 1.5.2 Somes types of pre-sequences Pre-invitation (e.g Are you free tonight?) Pre-announcement (e.g You won’t believe this.) Pre-arrangement (e.g Would you like to make an appointment later on?) Pre-request (e.g Do you have coffee to go?) Pre-closing (e.g Okay.) 1.6 A brief overview of Contrastive Analysis Contrastive analysis (CA) is the systematic study of a pair or more of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and similarities Contrastive Analysis is not only very important for teaching and learning second language but it can also make useful contributions to machine translating and linguistics typology Contrastive Analysis is the useful method for linguistic study CHAPTER II: PRE-SEQUENCE IN INVITATION OR PREINVITATION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 2.1 Pre-invitation As introduced above, one type-specific pre-sequences is the preinvitation This often placed near the opening of a conversation but could be placed sequentially before the closing “Are you doing anything? What are you doing this weekend?” are typical pre-invitation (Scheloff, 1995) Terasaki (1976) has point out, in ordinary conversation invitations are not made in simple pairs such as invitation and denial or invitation and acceptance A : Let’s go to the movie tonight B : I have to study for an exam More routinely, the inviter give a pre-invitation in order to find out what likely result of any subsequent invitation will be A : What are you doing tonight? (pre-invitation) B : Not much (positive response to project invitation) A : How about a movie? (invitation) B : Okay (acceptance) 2.1.1 Definition of pre-invitation A pre-invitation is a pre-sequence that is likely to be understood by the respondent as a signal of a coming invitation The coming invitation may be a question-answer sequence concerning the availability of the participant to be invited (cited by Levinson, 1983) In others word, pre-invitation is a way to get ideas about how participant will respond to an invitation A: Hi, John B: Say, what’re you doing? A: Well we’re going out Why? B: Oh, I was just gonna say come over here this evening In Viet Nam, Nguyen Thien Giap (2000) defined pre-invitation as the words used to visualize the ability of the action And below is his example of pre-invitation : A : Tối anh có làm khơng? B : Khơng Thế sao? A : Đến tơi chơi cờ There are many ways to make an invitation but how to avoid the risk of this action Using pre-invitation is a safety solution to avoid the risk and makes both speaker and hearer more comfortable in conversation 2.1.2 Positions of pre-invitation 2.1.2.1 Before invitation Pre-invitation often precedes invitation in everyday conversation Therefore, we often see it before invitation than after invitation (1) Pre-sequence and invitation are in the same turn Em có à? Ta vào uống cà phê (2)pre-sequence and invitation are in the separate turns: A : What are you doing tonight? (pre-invitation) B : Not much (go- ahead) A : How about a movie? (invitation) B : Okay (response) (2’) there are more than one pre-sequence A : What are you doing tonight (pre-invitation 1) B : I have to study for an exam (negative response) A : How about Wednesday? (pre-invitation 2) 2.1.2.2 After invitation When pre-invitation appears after invitation, it often has one certain function, that is persuade or encourage the hearer to accept the invitation This phenomenon is often seen in Vietnamese and is a special position of presequence In this case, pre-invitation is often given right after the invitation -Em thèm ly cà phê - Vậy qn Ở ngồi cổng có qn - Để em vào xin mẹ (Nguyễn Hải, 1992) - Dine with me and Fritz at the inn in the park We will have roast pheasants and porter, plum-pudding and French wine 2.2 Pre-invitation in politeness strategy During conversation, participants always try to achieve something in their turns To achieve the goals of communication, speakers usually try to plan their actions logically, the participants should predict the others’ attentions through their utterances than understand the meaning of the words only Similarly, when speakers wants to invite someone to something, they must consider carefully before making an invitation in order to achieve their goals The basic assumption from the perspective of politeness, is that face is typically at risk when the self need to accomplish something involving other The greatest risk appears to be when the other is put in a difficult position One way of avoiding risk is to provide an opportunity for the other to halt the potential risky act For example, rather than simply make an invitation, speaker will often first produce what can be describe as pre-invitation The advantage of the pre-invitation element is that it can be answered either with a “go-ahead” response, or with a “stop” response In invitation, the use of presequence is considered a politeness strategy A go-ahead response encourages the speaker to produce invitation A : Watcha doin’? (pre-invitation) B : Not much (go-ahead response) In contrast to a go-ahead response, a blocking response can discourage the production of the relevant first pair part (invitation) Tơi có hai vé xem phim tối Ngày mai thi Apart from go-ahead response and blocking response, there is a common type of response to pre-invitation – hedging response Pedro : Are you busy Saturday night, Jill? Jill : Well …uh…I don’t have any definite plans yet Why? 2.3 Pre-invitation in language communication 2.3.1 Purposes of using pre-sequence in invitation As discussed above, pre-sequences have many different functions So they are used in different ways, depending on the speaker’s purposes This research will present some common purposes of speakers when they use preinvitation to get the idea about how participant will respond to invitation before they make an invitation A : Are you doing anything on Saturday everning? B : I don’t think I am to avoid putting both the hearer and the speaker in a difficult position A : Tơi có hai vé xem phim tối nay.(pre-invitation) B : Ngày mai thi to get the hearer’s attention A : Tối bạn có rỗi khơng? B : Khơng, mà có chuyện cơ? to be a reason for invitation A : I’m having friends to dinner on Sunday, and I ‘d really you to come B : Sure ! to persuade the invitee to accept the invitation A : Say, we’ve come here to dance but not to sit and listen Why not have a dance? B : You are right, dear Sitting is boring, but I’m not good at Tango.” 2.3.2 Forms of pre-invitation The author has collected many examples of pre-invitation in many books, stories, documents After arranging the examples, we can recognize some main forms of pre-invitation in English and Vietnamese including interrogatives, declaratives, exclamatives 2.3.2.1 Interrogative forms This is the most common form of pre-invitation is used It can express many different purposes of speaker and the invitee also recognizes the aim of speaker more easily It can be said that interrogatives are the typical form of pre-sequences The author divided the interrogative form into many sub-types such as Yes/No questions, Informative questions, Declarative questions, Tag questions 2.3.2.1.1 Yes /No questions A: Anh có lạnh khơng? B: Khơng anh A: Vậy sân uống cà phê nhé! B: Xin (Khải Hưng) 2.3.2.1.2 Informative questions Tonny : Say, Anna, what are you doing tonight? Would you like to go out? Anna : Oh, sorry, I can’t I’m going to work late tonight I have to finished this report Tonny : Well, how about tomorrow night? Are you doing anything then? 2.3.2.1.3 Declarative questions You are free now Let’s go to have some coffee 2.3.2.1.4 Tag questions - Em có à? - Ta vào uống cà phê (Trần Chiến, 2000) 2.3.2.2 Declarative forms A : I’m going to park with some friend for a barbecue on Sunday Would you like to join us? A: Tơi có hai vé xem phim tối B: Ngày mai thi A: Tiếc 2.3.2.3 Exclamative forms - Em tìm hàng ăn ngon lắm! Ta ăn nhé! - Để khác, muộn Bây anh muốn nghe em nói chuyện (Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Tú, 1979) 2.3.2.4 Conditional forms - Nếu Uyên thích đị sơng anh tình nguyện chở Un khơng? - Em thích chứ!” (Minh Un, 1998) However, in daily conversation speaker can use many forms at the same time to increase their effects - Nếu Loan đồng ý (conditional form), Anh mời Loan ăn kem Ở chỗ có kem Bắc cực ngon lắm! (exclamative form) In conclusion, there are many forms of sentences used to make preinvitation Each type has different functions and different ways to express speaker’s purpose CHAPTER III : SOME SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF PRE-INVITATION BETWEEN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH 3.1 Similarities In daily conversation, pre-invitation is used commonly in both English and Vietnamese with the same purposes: The most used form of pre-invitation in both English and Vietnamese is interrogative form, declarative form is used less than interrogative form In the interrogative form, the most sub-form used is Yes/No question 3.2 Differences Pre-invitation in Vietnamese is more flexible, it is used in many different forms, in many different positions while in English we just see preinvitation with interrogatives and declaratives Vietnamese people use more forms than English people do, apart from the common forms such as interrogative, declarative, exclamative, in Vietnamese, we can also see preinvitation in imperative form English people use more interrogative forms, and less exclamative forms than Vietnamese people Pre-invitation seldom appears after invitation in English In contrast, pre-invitation appears after invitation more frequently in Vietnamese, especially, there are some typical phrases which often follow invitation in order to persuade the hearer and make the invitee feel more comfortable such as “Đừng làm khách”, “cứ tự nhiên”, “xin coi người nhà”, “chúng coi anh/chị người nhà”… About the answers for pre-invitation question, Vietnamese often use hedging response We can see very clearly through the collected examples However, English people often answer directly by “stop” response or “goahead” response This shows Vietnamese people’s habit of indirect talking, often avoid talking directly, try to keep a good relationship with others This is a special characteristic of Vietnamese communication style which will be introduced in the next article A habit of Vietnamese people is asking some questions around the main topic before going to the target This is seen clearly in Vietnamese communication style, it also called “go around talking” Similarly, before making an invitation, Vietnamese people often talk about something related to the invitation, one of them is considered pre-invitation Other differences of pre-invitation in Vietnamese and English is that in Vietnamese, pre-invitation can express the speaker’s feeling and attitude more clearly By go with the exclamative words and the final particles, preinvitation can show that the relatioship between speaker and hearer is close or distant, speaker is older or younger than hearer or the social status of speaker is higher or lower than hearer Vietnamese is more flexive and has more variants than English Preinvitation in Vietnamese can be a phrase, a clause or sentences, depending on the specific situation and speaker’s purposes And pre-invitation in Enlgish often a clause or a sentence There is hardly seen a phrase as a pre-invitation 3.3 Some main reasons for differences There are several reasons which cause the differences between English and Vietnamese in invitation such as the diferent in culture, society, and many things of life All these things are showed in communication styles, let’s see how different between the two countries’ communication styles Some common charateristics of both English and Vietnamese communication style are pointed out Through these characteristics of each language, we can see the differences between the two languages, the two countries’culture That is the reason why they creat the differences of preinvitation We will deal with some common charateristics of English and Vietnamese communication styles which can help communicators of English achieve greater success and avoid awkwardness in communication 3.4 Application in language teaching and learning As there is no indication from research that all invitations in natural conversation are preceded by pre-invitations, it is not necessary for every invitation to be preceded by a pre-invitation However, if students are to learn about interaction, pre-sequences are an important part of the picture Because the pre-sequences such as pre-invitation, pre-request, pre-announcement project future actions, language learners need to able to recognize these types of pre-sequences in order to able to respond appropriatly These types of presequences are also solutions language learners can use to avoid receiving dispreferred responses By combining with other subjects teacher can teach students about preinvitation effectively For example, teacher can let students listen some conversation about invitation, after that ask them to identify pre-invitation, which form it is, and speaker’s purpose when using it This activity not only can help students improve listening skill but also help student understand more clearly about pre-invitation’s role in daily conversation PART C: CONCLUSION Recapitulation Invitation is a tactful act in Vietnamese culture and in English, invitation is considered a polite request Moreover, in both English and Vietnamese, invitation is a speech act that can threaten the participants’ faces, and put hearer in difficult position That is reason why before making an invitation, speaker must plan the conversation carefully to achieve H’s goals One special part of an invitation that helps speaker to avoid putting hearer in difficult position and makes both speaker and hearer feel more comfortable is pre-invitation but in English teaching program it is rarely mentioned This reason had urged author to study on pre-invitation in conversation This thesis has fist dealt with some theoretical backgrounds about speech acts, face wants, politeness and politeness strategies, presequences and some overview of CA Next, chapter II presents pre-invitation, its positions in conversation, its common forms and speaker’s purposes of using it After collecting and arranging examples in forms, there are some common forms of pre-invitation considered, including interrogatives, declaratives, exclamatives In which, the most used form is interrogatives and it is divided into many subforms such as yes/no question, informative questions… Finaly, in chapter III some similarities and differences were pointed out with specific examples Then are some application in language teaching and learning, especially about making and responding to preinvitation From this study, the writer hopes that it can give description about what is meant by pre-invitation especially in helping people for better arranging and understanding conversation, helps the readers understanding about the meaning of pre-invitation and its usage in conversation Especially, after reading this study, readers will know the common forms and purposes of using pre-invitation, and recognize it in conversation easily Using pre- sequences, especially, using pre-invitation, speaker not only can achieve the communicating target but also can avoid putting the hearer in difficult position Therfore, using pre-invitation can be considered a conventional and common communication strategy that we should apply in daily conversation Suggestion for further studies There are several other types of pre-sequences such as prearrangement, pre-announcement, pre-request, pre-closing we can study on these types of pre-sequences and compare the similarities and differences between them., we can provide more exercises and more specific situations for learner to make the study more practical The studies on language in communication will be good references for language learner to understand more clearly about interaction and to avoid confusing in daily communication REFERENCES English: Austin, J L (1962) How to things with words Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Brown, P., & Levinson, S (1987) Politeness: Some universals in language usage Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Eelen, G (2001) A Critique of Politeness Theories Manchester: St Jerome Publishing Fisiak, J (Ed.) 1981 Contrastive Linguistics and the Language Teacher Oxford: Oxford University Press Lakoff, G (1972) Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Con-cepts, in Paul Peranteau, Judith Levi and Gloria Phares (eds.), Papers from theEighth Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistics Society (CLS 8), pp 183-228 Leech, G.(1983).Principles of pragmatics London: Longman Levinson, S C (1983).Pragmatics Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Locher, M (2004) Power and politeness in action Berlin: Moulton Press Richards, J C., Hull, J and Protor S.(2004), New Interchange, Cambridge University Press 10 Richards, J C (1997) Developing Tactics for Listening, Nxb Tp Hồ Chí Minh 11 Searle, J R (1975).A taxonomy of illocutionary acts Language, Mind and Knowledge, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, pages 344-369 12 Searle,J.R.(1969) Speech act, an essay in the philosophy of language, Cambridge- England-CUP-1971 13 Terasaki, A.(1976) Pre-announcement sequences in conversation Social Science Working Paper 99 Irvine, CA: University of California, Irvine, School of Social Science 14 Thackeray, W M (1948) Vanity Fair, The Zodiac Press, London 15 Yule, G.(1996) Pragmatics Oxford University Press Vietnamese: Trần Thi Bảo Châu, Có em bên đời: Chương 1, http://vnthuquan.net/truyen Hồng Chiến (2000) ‘Nỗi sợ’, Truyện ngắn hay Việt Nam, (Tập 4), Nxb Hội Nhà văn Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (2000) Dụng học việt ngữ NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội Nguyễn Hải (1992), Có em đời, Nxb Trẻ Hồng Hoang (2000) ‘Chữ kí’, Truyện ngắn hay Việt Nam, (Tập 4), Nxb Hội Nhà văn Khái Hưng (1999) Nửa chừng xuân, Nxb Văn nghệ Tp.HCM Nguyễn Văn Lập (1989) Bước đầu tìm hiểu nghi thức lời nói tiếng Việt, luận văn sau đại học khóa 12, Chun ngành ngơn ngữ, Trường ĐHSP I Hà Nội Nguyễn Văn Lập, Hành vi lời mời tương tác mời đáp Tập san trường Đại học KHXH-NV, Đại học quốc gia TP Hồ Chí Minh Vũ Hồng Mai (1997) Con trai không gái tưởng, Nxb Đồng Nai 10 Lê Ngọc Minh (1997) “Bố vợ”, Tuyển chọn truyện ngắn hay, Nxb Hội Nhà văn 11 Khương, Lưu Qúy, An Investigation into Spoken Direct Invitations in English and Vietnamese.Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ, Đại học Đà Nẵng 12 Nguyễn Quang (1999) Intercultural communication NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội 13 Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Tú (1979) Những dấu chấm phía chân trời, NXB Kim Đồng 14 Minh Uyên (1998) Có mùa hè, Nxb Đà Nẵng Website: http://www.scribd.com/doc/6918148/Bai-4Ngon-ngu-Van-Hoa-giao-tiepcua-nguoi-VN-doc http://vnthuquan.net/sachtruyen/ http://relationship.clickinlove.com/intercultural-relationship/britishcommunication-style/ ... Informative questions, Declarative questions, Tag questions 2.3.2.1.1 Yes /No questions A: Anh có lạnh khơng? B: Không anh A: Vậy sân uống cà phê nhé! B: Xin (Khải Hưng) 2.3.2.1.2 Informative questions... ăn ngon lắm! Ta ăn nhé! - Để khác, muộn Bây anh muốn nghe em nói chuyện (Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Tú, 1979) 2.3.2.4 Conditional forms - Nếu Un thích đị sơng anh tình nguyện chở Un khơng? - Em thích chứ!”... (Tập 4), Nxb Hội Nhà văn Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (2000) Dụng học việt ngữ NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội Nguyễn Hải (1992), Có em đời, Nxb Trẻ Hồng Hoang (2000) ‘Chữ kí’, Truyện ngắn hay Việt Nam, (Tập
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