Khoaluant6tnghiepSVTH: Phan Thj Ngpc Y - DH10MTDANH SACH BANG Bang 2.1: Ham luong N, P, K trong phan compost tai nha may xii ly rac xa Binh Thanh, huyen Chau Thanh, tinh An Giang5Bang 2.
Trang 1An Giang, 05/2013
GVHD: Ths BUI THI MAI PHUNG GVPB: Ths NGUYEN THI BE PHUC GVPB: Ths HO LIEN HUE
KHOA LUAN TOT NGHIEP
THUVIEN
TRUCiNG DAI HQC
AN GIANG
NGHIEN CUU NHU CAU Sf DUNG PHAN COMPOST
VA UjNG DUNG PHAN COMPOST
TRONG VAN THO LUN
PHAN THINGOC Y TRUCJNG DAI HOC AN GIANG
KHOA KY THU^T - CONG NGH^ - MOITRI^ONG
Trang 2Phan Thi Ngoc YLong Xuyen, ngay^I^than^iham 2013
Tnrdc tien em xin chan thanh cam an Ban Giam hieu Tnrdng Dai hoc An
Giang, Ban Chu nhiem Khoa Ky thuat - Cong nghe - Moi truang cung cac thay co
trong khoa da nhiet tinh giup da em hoan thanh tot khoa luan tot nghiep
Xin chan thanh cam an co Bui Thj Mai Phung da nhiet tinh giiip da, hiidngdan cho em trong su6t thai gian qua de em hoan thanh tot khoa luan tot nghiep
Em cung gtri lai cam an chan thanh den chu Pham Van Be - UBND xa HoaBinh, huyen Chq Mai, tmh An Giang va anh Ho Tnrdng Giang - UBND xa BinhThanh, huyen Chau Thanh, tinh An Giang da nhiet tinh hudng dan em di den ba con
hai xa de phong van, giup em hoan thanh tot khoa luan tot nghiep.
Cam an den cac ban Nguyen Minh Tri, Nguy&i Van Gai, Nguyen Ha Duyen,Dinh Thi My Hanh da dong vien, h tra toi rat nhiSu trong suot thai gian thvrchien khoa luan tot nghiep
Cuoi cung xin cam an cha me, ngirai luon ling ho cho con v6 vat chit Ian tmh than.
lot cam on
Trang 3Bui Thi Mai Fhung
Long Xuyen, ngay ^^^thang.? nam 2013
NHAN XET CUA GIANG VIEN HU"6NG DAN
Trang 4Nguyen Thi Be PhucLong Xuyen, ngay 15.thang.5^.nam 2013
NHAN XET CUA GIANG VIEN PHAN BIEN
Trang 5Long xuyen, ngay thang nam 2013
NH^N XET CUA GIANG VIEN PHAN BIEN
Trang 6GVHD: Ths Bui Thi Mai Phung
Khoaluantdtnghiep ,SVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - PHI OMT
TOM TAT
Di tai "Nghien cicu nhu cdu su dungphan compost vd icng dungphan compost di trong Van tho liin" duqc thuc hien tic thdng 1 den thdng 5 ndm 2013 Chung tdi da tien hdnh phong van 30 nong ho dang canh tdc rau mau a 2 xa Binh Thanh — huyen Chdu Thanh va xa Hoa Binh - huyen Cher Mai Va tiin hdnh thie nghiem phdn de trong Van tho liin trong nhd ludi tai Khu Thuc nghiem - Trudng Dai hoc An Giang Thi nghiem duac bo tri hodn loan ngdu nhiin gom 5 nghiem thuc, mdi nghiem thuc duac lap la' 4 Idn Cd 3 nghiem thicc NT2, NT3, NT4 diu cd bdn lot bang phdn compost va NTS bdn lot bang phdn
vd ca NT1 Id nghiem thuc ddi chicng khdng cd bdn lot Khdi luang phdn compost dung trong bdn lot tang dan theo ede nghiem thicc tic NT2 din NT4, Idn luat Id 300 g, 400 g vd
500 g Ham luqngN, P, Kgiua hai nghiem thicc NT2 vd NTS di bdn cho Van tho diu tuang
duang nhau Sic dungphan mem SPSS 11.5 de xic ly so lieu phong van vd so lieu do dac thi
nghiem.
Kit qua phong van cho thdy tat cd ede h$ nong dan duac phong van diu ddng y sic dung phdn compost tic ede nhd may xic ly rdc thai di thay the mot phdn phdn vd ca trong hoa mau vd trong thai gian tai se tuyen truyin phd biin cho moi ngudi ciing sic dung.
Sau 56 ngdy trong Van tho liin thu duac kit qua nhu sau: cay Van tho liin trong
theo phuang phdp bdn lot bang phdn compost (NT2, NT3 vd NT4) thi phdt triin tdt hem
nhieu so vai nghiem thicc khdng bdn lot (NT1) vd nghiem thicc chi bdn hodn loan bang phdn vd ca (NT5) Van thq trong a moi trudng cd bdn lot bdngphdn compost a NT2 se tdt hankhi bdn lot bdngphdn vd ca NTS, mac die cd ciing khdi luang N, P, K trong cd hai loai phdn Viic bdn lot bdngphdn vd ca (NT5) se cho kit qua vi sic tang trudng ciia cay Van tho tuang duang vai viic khdng bdn lot (NT1).
Vai muc tiiu Id tim li li phdi trdn phdn compost vdo moi trudng trong di Van tho
liin cho ndng sudt cao, chdt luang hoa tdt vd chi phi thdp thi NT3 (1,2 kg ddt thit + 20 g
bdnh ddu + 400 gphdn compost dung trong bdn lot) Idphii hap nhdt Ngodi ra, kit qua.thi nghiem con cho thdy cay Van tho liin duac trong trong nhd ludi nin it bi sau hqi tan cdng
vd binh hqi.
Trang 7GVHD: Ths Bui Thi Mai Phung
Khoa luan t6t nghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Nggc Y - PHI OMT
ABSTRACT
The research of needing to use compost and applying compost to grow Dwarf marigold was carried out from January to May, in 2013 We interviewed thirty farmers' plant vegetable which are living in Hoa Binh village, Cho Moi district and Binh Thanh village, Chau Thanh district, An Giang province And we carried out to grow Dwarf marigold at the net house in the Experimental Area-An Giang University.
The experiment was randomly arranged including five treatments, each treatment was repeated in four times NT2, NT3 and NT4 treatments were steady fertilized compost in the basal fertilizing period, particularly in NTS treatment was only inorganic fertilizer NT1 treatment was control treatment (this is not fertilized both of compost and inorganic fertilizer) The volume of composting increasing from NT2 to NT4 treatment was 300 g, 400
g and 500 g respectively The Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium concentration between NT2 andNT5 treatment is similar The software of SPSS (version 11.5) was used to analyze
of interview data and experimental data.
The interview results showed that all the interviewed farmers agreed to use compost from the domestic waste treatment factories Because of the compost can be used to replace
in part inorganic fertilizer in plating vegetable In the future, they will transmit benefit of composting from person to the other.
After 56 days planting, the results showed that the growth of Dwarf marigold in NT2, NT3 andNT4 treatments were better than in NT1 andNJ5 treatments In addition, the growth of Dwarf marigold in NT2 treatment was belter than in NTS treatment although the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium concentration is similar The growth of Dwarf marigold in NTS treatment is similar in NT1 treatment.
With our purpose was to find the ratio of mixing copiposting to complex fertilizer which was the highest yield, the best quality of flower, and the lowest cost Thus in NT3 treatment (1,200 g experimental soil + 20 g oil cake + 400 g compost) achieved this purpose Besides, the resulted showed that the Dwarf marigold was grown in the net house should be very less attacked by insect and disease.
Trang 8Khoa luan tot nghiepSVTH: Phan Thj Ngoc Y - DH10MT
DANHSACHHINHiv DANH MUC TU" VIET TATv
CHUONG 1: GICH THIEU 1 CHUONG 2: LtfOC KHAO TAI LIEU2
2.1.Phan compost va lcri ich cua viec bon phan compost cho cay trong2
2.1.1.Khainiemphan compost2
2.1.2.San pham phan compost tare san xuat ttr rac thai sinh hoat tren dja
ban.tinh An Giang2
2.1.3.Lot ich ciia viec bon phan compost cho cay trbng10
2.2.Tinh hinh san xuat hoa, cay kieng tren the gioi va Viet Nam12
2.2.1.San xuat hoa, cay kieng tren the gibi12
2.2.2.San xuat hoa, cay kiting o Viet Nam132.3.Dae diSm va ky thuat tr6ng cay Van tho13
2.3.1.Dae diem cua cay Van tho13
2.3.2.Ky thuat canh tac cay Van tho16
2.4.Mot so nghien cbu ung dung phan compost trong hoa kieng va hoa mau bViet Nam202.4.1.Nghien ctiu phan compost trong hoa kieng20
2.4.2.Nghien cuu phan compost trong hoa mau21
CHtTGNG 3: PHUONG TIEN VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU 22
3.1 DOituong nghien curu22
Trang 9GVPID: Ths Bui Thi Mai Phung
KhoaluantdtnghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MT3.2.Thai gian va dia diem nghien ciiu22
3.3.Muc tieu nghien cum22
3.4.Noi dung nghien cum223.5.Phurong tien va vat lieu nghien cum223.5.1.Vat lieu thi nghiem22
3.5.2.Phuang tien nghien cuu23
3.6.Phucrng phap nghien cum'.23
3.6.1.Phuang phap phong v3n233.6.2.Phuong phap b6 tri thi nghiem,233.6.3.Phirang phap xac dinh luomg phan dimg trong thi nghiem253.6.4.Phirang phap xac dinh cac chi tieu tang truang cua cay263.7.Phuong phap xur ly s6 lieu27CHlTONG 4: KET QUA THAO LU^.N284.1.Nhu cau su dung phan compost dl tr6ng hoa mau:28
4.2.Nhu cau sur dung phan compost trong tuang lai32
4.3.Sir tang truang cua Veui tho lun sau 56 ngay trfing33
4.3.1.Chieu cao cay33
4.3.2.Duong kinh g6c than35
4.3.3.Kich thuac la37
PHULUC
Trang 10Khoaluant6tnghiepSVTH: Phan Thj Ngpc Y - DH10MT
DANH SACH BANG
Bang 2.1: Ham luong N, P, K trong phan compost tai nha may xii ly rac xa
Binh Thanh, huyen Chau Thanh, tinh An Giang5Bang 2.2: Ham luong N, P, K trong phan compost tai nha may xu ly rac xa AnHao, huyen Tinh Bien, tinh An Giang 6Bang 3.1: Ti le phoi trpn dat thit, banh dau va phan dung trong bon lot24Bang 4.1: Loai hoa mau thudng dupe trong28Bang 4.2: Dien tich dat dung d6 trdng hoa mau29Bang 4.3: Loai phan hoa hoc dang sii dung29Bang 4.4: Ly do dung phan hoa hoc30Bang 4.5: Muc do hai long khi sii dung phan compost30Bang 4.6: Thai gian sir dung phan compost de trong hoa mau31Bang 4.7: Cachinh thiic ngudi dan bi^t va su dung phan compost31Bang 4.8: Gia thanh cua lkg phan compost32Bang 4.9: Chieu cao Van thp lun qua cac giai doan phat trien34Bang 4.10: Duong kinh goc th^n Van thp lira qua cac giai doan phat triln 36Bang 4.11: Kich thudc la Van thp lun qua cac giai doan phat trien39Bang 4.12: S6 nu hoa tren cay Van thp lun cr thai dim 49 va 56 NSKG40Bang 4.13: Duong kinh hoa Van thp lun tur 49 dSn 56 NSKG42Bang 4.14: Dp ben tu nhien cua hoa Van thp lun43Bang 4.15: Tonghpp cac chi tieu tang trudng va phat trien cua Van thp lun 45
Trang 11GVHD: Ths Bui Thi Mai Phung
Khoa luan t6t nghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MT
DANH SACH HINHHinh 2.1: Quy trinh cong nghe u hieu khi3Hinh 2.2: Nha may xii ly rac xa Binh Thanh, huyen Chau Thanh4Hinh 2.3: Nha may xu ly rac xa An Hao, huyen Tinh Bien6Hinh 2.4: Nha may x^^ ly rac xa Hoa Binh, huyen Chg Mai7Hinh 2.5: Quy trinh cong nghe u ki khi,8Hinh 2.6: Khu xu ly rac xa VTnh Phu10Hinh 2.7: Hoa Van tholun15Hinh 4.1: ChiSu cao Van tho Km giua cac nghiem thuc theo thoi gian33Hinh 4.2: Duong kinh goc than ciia cac nghiem thuc theo thoi gian35Hinh 4.3: La Van tho gia37Hinh 4.4: Kich thuoc la cua Van tho lun qua cac giai doan38Hinh 4.5: Nu hoa cua cay Van tho lun41Hinh 4.6: Hoa Van tho 6 NT3 va NT4 vao thoi dilm 56 NSKG41Hinh 4.7: Bilu hien cua hoa tan44
Trang 12: Khu dan cu: Trach nhiem httu han: Uy ban Nhan dan
: Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh
: Tieu chuan nganh: Tieu chuan
: Nghiem thiic: Ngay sau khi gieo: Boi chiing
D ANH MUC TlT VIET TAT
Trang 13GVHD: Ths Bui Thi Mai Phung
Khda luan tdt nghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MT
Cffl/ONG 1: Gldl THIEU
Rac thai dang la van de can quan tam a nude ta noi chung va cac tinh noirieng Rieng a tinh An Giang rac thai da va dang gay 6 nhiem mbi trudngnghiem trong anh hudng den ddi song cua ngrrdi dan va chat luqng moitrudng song Viec xu ly rac ludn la van de nan giai doi vdi chinh quyen diaphuong va cac nha quan ly moi trudng Trudc tinh hinh do, So Khoa hoc vaCong nghe tinh An Giang da phdi hop vai Sd Tai nguyen va Moi trudng tinh
An Giang xay dung nam nha may xu ly rac thai sinh hoat theo hinh thuc u
phan compost tren dia ban mot so Huyen.
De tan dung san pham phan compost tir cac nha may nay Trung tam Uhgdung tien bo Khoa hoc Cong nghe thuoc Sd Khoa hoc va Cong nghe tinh AnGiang da tiln hanh trong khao nghiem tren cay rau mau tu thang 04 nam 2012tai xa Binh Thanh (Gia Khanh, 2012) Ddng thai, cung cd mot sd nghien cuu
da duqc thuc hien d Trudng Dai hoc An Giang nhu nghien cuu ung dung phancompost de trong cai xanh qua do xac dinh duqc ti le lay nhiem tdngColiforms va tning giun tir phan sang cai theo ti le tuang ung la 21,58% va7,27% (Nguyin Thi Thu Thao, 2011) Tigp theo la nghien cuu dl tim ra ti lephoi trpn dudng chat nhu N, P, K vao phan compost de trong cai xanh (Vo ThiNgoc Nua, 2012) va nghien ciiu ve su tich luy nitrat tren rau cai xa lach, ketqua cho thay mac dii ham luqng phan compost bdn vao cai xa lach tuomg doildn nhung ham luqng nitrat tich luy tren cai lai thip hern so vdi cai duqc trdngchi bdn phan hoa hoc (Huynh Thi Trung Duong, 2012) Tuy nhien, tren rauvan con bi nhiem Coliforms, tning giun va tich luy nitrat, ddng thai viec sudung phan compost cd ngudn gdc tir rac thai sinh hoat bdn cho rau thongthudng it duqc ngudi tieu diing chap nhan
Ngay nay, hoa kieng da trd thanh san pham nong nghiep cd gia tri kinh tecao, vi the xuSt hien nhieu ca sd san xuat va kinh doanh hoa kieng nhung viectan dung phan compost dd trong hoa kieng thi chua duqc ling dung nhidu.Trudc thuc trang do, chiing tdi da thuc hien de tai "Nghien civu nhu causir dung phan compost vd ung dung phan compost trdng Van tho lun" nhlmtim hieu nhu cau tieu thu phan compost ciia ngudi dan, dac biet la nong dan vatim ti le phoi trqn phan compost vao moi trudng trdng de cho nang suat cao,chat luqng hoa Van thq tdt nhat
Trang 14Khoa luan t5t nghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - PHI OMT
CHUONG 2: lAfOC KHAO TAI LIEU
2.1 Phan compost va loi ich cua vice bon phan compost cho cay tr6ng
2.1.1.Khai niem phan compost
Compost la chat mun on dinh thu dupe tir qua trinh phan huy cac chat
hilu co, khong chua cac mam benh, khong loi keo con trung, co the luu trft an
toan va co lpi cho sir phat trien cua cay trong Qua trinh che bien phancompost la qua trinh chuyen hoa cac thanh phan hftu ca trong chat thai ranthanh chat mun on dinh nha hoat dpng cua vi sinh vat (Nguyen Van Phuac,
2007).
Dae tinh ly hoa cua miin bien dpng theo Ioai chat ran, dieu kien hoatdpng cua qua trinh compost Dua vao nhirng dac diem chinh sau day de phan
biet mun vcri cac vat chat tir nhien khac:
-Co mau nau den den den.
-Ti le C/N thdp
-Co sir thay d6i ti^p tuc do sir hoat dpng cua vi sinh vat
-Co kha nang trao d6i baza (Trinh Thi Thanh va ctv, 2004)
2.1.2.San pham phan compost du'oc sail xuat tir rac thai sinh hoat
tren dia ban tinh An Giang
Tren dia ban tinh An Giang hien co 5 nha may xir ly rac thai theo 2 congnghe yem khi va hieu khi Theo cong nghe hieu khi co nha may xu: ly rac thaitai xa Binh Thanh - huyen Chau Thanh va cong nghe yem khi thi co 4 nhamay tai xa An Hao - huyen Tinh Bien, xa Hoa Binh - huyen Chp Mdi, xa Vinh
Lpc - huyen An Phu va xa Vinh Phu - huyen Thoai San.
a Nha may xu ly rac thai xa Binh Thanh, huyen Chau Thanh
Mo hinh dupe xay dung tren dien tich 3.236 m2 theo cong nghe hieu khi.Vai cong suat xu ly la 5 m3/ngay Uac tinh moi ngay tren dia ban xa co tren 3tan rac thai ra moi trucmg tu nhien, kenh rach va hang ngay lupng rac nha mayti^p nhan thuc tl khoang 1 tln/ngay Chu ygu dupe thu gom tir khu vuc chp vakhu vuc dan cu cap cac tuyen 16 giao thong xung quanh (Le Hai Nhi, 2012).Nha may hoat dpng trong 6 thang chi mcri san xuat dupe 3 tan phancompost (True Pha, 2012) D6i vai ham u phun che pham BIMA khoi lupngphan compost thu dupe 52,5 kg/1 m3 rac glp 1,08 Ian so vai khoi lupng phancompost thu dupe trong Mm u phun ch6 phSm EM (48,5 kg/lm3) (Le Hai Nhi,
2012).
Trang 15GVHD: Ths Bui Thj Mai Phung
Hinh 2.1: Quy trlnh cong nghe it hieu khi
(Ngitdn: Trdn Nguyin Xudn Trang, 2012)
• Thuyet minh cong nghe:
Rac duoc thu gom tir chp, ho gia dinh (co the dupe phan loai tai nguon)dua len xe thu gom rac, tai day rac dupe phan loai so bp cac loai rac co kichthudc Ion va rac co the tai che tai sir dung cho vao bao dung rieng
Sang phanloai
1
U chin(7 ngay)
I i
Phan loai
i
Thu gom rac tha
• Quy trlnh cong nghe A hiiii khi:
[: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MTSVTB
Khoa luan tot nghiep
Trang 16Hinh 2.2: Nha may xu ly rac xa Blnh Thanh, huyen Chdu Thanh
(Ngudn: Le Hai Nhi, 2012)
Rac dupe van chuygn \h san thao tac ciia khu phan loai, tai day rac dupephan loai thanh rac huu ca, rac vo co (tai che hoac khong tai che) va xe cac tuidung rac bdng dao chuyen dung thu cong Ngoai ra, bam nho cac chit huu ca
co kich thudc Ian d6 nang cao hieu qua cho qua trinh u
+ Rac tai che duqc t^n dung dem ban cho cac ca sa thu mua phe lieu.+ Rac khong tai che duqc mang di chon lap
+ Rac huu ca con lai duqc dua vao 6 u tiep theo
Rac huu ca sau khi cho vao 6 u compost (duqc thiet ke thoang khi va bentrong 6) duqc u trong thai gian 40 - 45 ngay, trong 6 rac duqc chia thanh tirnglap (0,2 m) va phun che pham sinh hoc Giiia hai lop co the phu them lop trotrau hoac xac ca phe, sau 2 ngay u nhiet dp trong ham u co the dat duqc 60 —
70C va dp am 40 - 60% Trong qua trinh u sinh ra nuac ri rac, luqng nuac
nay co the hoan luu dung de tuai tra lai 6 u de dam bao do km va nhiet do cho
qua trinh u.
Sau khi tien hanh u 40 - 45 ngay, luqng rac nay duqc dem ra 6 chua vatiSn hanh u chin trong khoang thai gian khoang 7 ngay Luqng rac sau khiduqc u chin duqc dem ra sang quay bang tay de phan loai San pham thu duqc
gom: mun huu ca loai 1, mun huu ca loai 2, rac kho phan huy va rac vo ca con lai.
+ Rac kho phan huy duqc u tiep tuc cho me u tiep theo
+ Rac vo ca con sot lai duqc mang di chon lip
+ Mun huu ca thu duac cho vao bao chua va dua di tieu thu.
SVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MTKhoa luan t6t nghiep
Trang 17GVHD: Ths Bui Thi Mai Phung
(Ngudn: Vo Thi Ngoc Nua, 2012)
Ket qua phan tich N, P, K trong phan lay tur khu xu ly rac thai tap trung
xa Binh Thanh cho thay ham luang N t6ng so la 8,02 mg/g, ham luang lantong la 5,69 mg/g, trong do ham luang lan di tieu la 4,52 mg/g va ham luangkali la 9,08 mg/g Ham luang dinh duang ciia phan compost trong thi nghiemcua Vo Thi Ngoc Nua (2012) cao horn so vai tieu chuan nganh, phan compostduac san xuat tu nha may xti ly rac thai tap trung ciia xa Binh Thanh, huyenChau Thanh co th^ su dung cho muc dich canh tac hoa mau va hoa kieng
b Nha may xu ly rac thai xa An Hao, huyen Tinh Bien
Day la mo hinh li rac huu ca bang phuang phap yem khi tuy nghi Mohinh gom 16 ham u, moi ham u co the tich 10 m3 Rac thai duqc thu gom tu hogia dinh va cac chq nhu: chq An Hao, chq Voi va rac tir khu du lich Lam vienNui Cdm (Nguyin Thi Am, 2010)
Cong nghe co nhieu dac tinh nhu: xu ly triet de thanh phan rac huu ca vakhong phat sinh nuac ri rac, phan huu ca sinh hoc che bien tir mun rac co chatluang rat cao, chi phi diu tuva chi phi van hanh thuang xuyen rat thap, it ton
dien nang, co the ung dung xu ly rac cr moi quy mo cong suat khac nhau (cum,
khu dan cu den cac do thi loai trung) Co the xay dung khu xu ly rac or gan naiphat sinh rac (trong khu dan cu ), do do giam chi phi van chuyen va giam chiphi xay dung (Bodn Van Nha, 2009)
Bang 2.1: Ham lupng N, P, K trong phdn compost tai nha may xu ly rdc xa
Binh Thanh, huyen Chdu Thanh, tinh An Giang
Khoa luan t6t nghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MT
Trang 18Ham lugng N, P, K trong phan compost qua 2 nam cua nha may xu lyrac xa An Hao d6u cao hon so voi tieu chuin nganh va ham luong phan duoc
(NguSn: Nguyin Thi Thu Thdo, 2011)
10,20 %o1,05 mg/g12,37 mg/g7,60 mg/g(2011)Ham lumig
Hinh 2.3: Nha may xu ly rdc xaAn Hdo, huyen Tinh Bien
(NguSn: Le Hdi Nhi, 2012)
Ket qua phan tich ham luong N, P, K trong phan compost lay tir khu xu
ly rac thai tap trung xS An Hao, huyen Tinh Bien ciia Nguyen Thi Am (2010)
va Nguyen Thi Thu Thao (2011) nhu sau:
Bang 2.2: Ham luong N, P, K trong phan compost tai nha may xu ly rdc xa
An Hdo, huyen Tinh Bien, tinh An Giang
SVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MTKhoa luan tdt nghiep
Trang 19GVHB: Ths Bui Thi Mai Phung
Phan compost dau ra cua nha may dupe phan tich 12 chi tieu Trong do,
cac chi tieu ve mau, mui, pH, dp am tuang doi dat tieu chuan cua ca quan
quan ly chit thai ting hpp California My va tieu chuin nganh 10 TCN 526
-2002 Ham luang dam (7,39%) cao horn so vai TC phan compost (1,0 - 2,0%)
va TCN (> 2,5%) Bieu nay cho thay phan compost tir nha may co nhieu dam,rat co ich cho cay trong Ve tong carbon thi chua dat, chiem ti le qua thap
Hinh 2.4: Nha may xic ly rdc xa Hoa Blnh, huyen Cha Mdi
(Nguon: Le Hdi Nhi, 2012)
san xuit tu nam 2011 cao hem nam 2010 Biiu do cho thiy, phan compostthich hop di tring hoa mau va hoa kiing
c Nha may xi ly rac thai xa Hoa Blnh, huyen Cho' Mdi
Khu xii ly rac rong gin 2,8 ha, co cong suit 10 mVngay Xu ly rac thaitheo cong nghe u yem khi dom gian, dat hieu qua, u trong thai gian 28 ngay.Luomg mun sau khi li tot va co the phoi tron san xuat phan hum ca (GiaKhdnh, 2012) Thu gom rac tai 07 dilm, cd 05 diim la cha Cham Pha, chq AnThuan, cha Nam Giau, Bin pha An Hoa va KDC An Thuan va 02 cha An
Khanh va Hoa An thupc xa Hoa An Bern ve nha may, cong nhan tien hanh
phan loai va dua vao ham u (Le Hdi Nhi, 2012)
B6i vdi him u phun che phim BIMA khii luang phan compost thu dirge94,5 kg/1,5 m3 rac gdp 1,08 Ian so vai khoi luang phan compost thu dupe
trong him li phun chi phim EM (87,5 kg/1,5 m3) (Le Hdi Nhi, 2012).
SVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MTKhoa luan tot nghiep
Trang 20Hinh 2.5: Quy trinh cdng nghe it ki khi
(NguSit: Trdn NguySn Xuan Trang, 2012).
Mun tinh lam
nguyen lieu,
lam phan bon
Nghien mun
Miin thoThanh
phan phi
Sang phan loai
Rac dira vao ham u, phun
chS phim, phu gia, u 28 - 30
Xe bao nilon Tron &bi ch6phlm sinh hoc va phu gia
Tac che, chon lap
co
Thanh phan phi hifu
Nhat rieng cac loai
rac co kich thudc Ion
Rac thai thu gom ve
san thao tac
(7,51%) trong khi TCN dira ra phai Ian han 13% Ti le C/N va ham luong chi,d6ng rit thlp so voi TCN (Huynh Thi Trung Duong, 2012)
• Quy trinh uphan compost theo cdng ngheyem khi thy nghi (A.B.T):
SVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MTKhoa luan t6t nghiep
Trang 21GVHD: Ths Bui Thi Mai Phung
Khoa luan t6t nghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MT
• Thuyit minlt cong nghe
a.Giai (loan xir ly so1 bo
+ Rac thai thu gom duqc dira ve san thao tac Xe cac tui nilon dung rac
de rac ra ngoai va lira rieng cac loai rac co kich thirdc Ion.
+ Phun, tron deu cac che pham sinh hoc va phu gia trirdc khi dua vao
+ Thai gian ti rac khoang 28 ngay Trong qua trinh u rac, phun chS pham
de bo sung vi sinh va do dm giup cho vi sinh vat phan huy chat him ca nhanh.c.Giai doan sang phan loai
+ Rac sau khi u 28 ngay duqc dua len sang phan loai thu duac miin tho
Nghien mun tho roi tien hanh tach mim huu ca, cat, dat, dd Mun tinh thu duac la nguyen lieu san xuat phan bon va cac san phdm khac.
+ Cac thanh phan phi huu ca duac dem tai che hoac chon lap (tuy theokhoi luang va dieu kien kinh te)
(Ngudn: Tran Nguyin Xu&n Trang, 2012).d.Nha may xir ly rac thai xa Vinh Phii, huyen Thoai San
Nha may xu ly rac theo cong nghe yem khi vai cong suat 5 m3/ngay.T6ng dien tich nha may la 2.000 m2, vai kinh phi xay dung 700 trieu d6ng.Thu gom rac d 2 cha: khu dan cu Ba Giong va chgf VTnh Phu (Thi Chuang,
2012).
Theo quy trinh xu ly thi rac duqc u 30 ngay Sau khi phan loai, ngoailuqng phan duqc san xuat, so rac khong phan huy nhu bao nilon va vo chaiduqc tai sir dung con cac loai khac duqc chon hoac dot Moi ngay, nha may xu
ly tren 1,2 tan rac va san xuat 240 kg phan huu ca phuc vu nong dan diaphuong (My Hanh, 2012)
Trang 22e Nha may xxt ly rac thai xa Vinh Loc, huyen An Phu
Nha may xu ly rac theo cong nghe ym khi vai cong su^^t thiSt kg 5m3/ngay Tong dien tich nha may 430 m2 gom 16 ham u rac, may phan loai xebao nilon bang chuyen sang tach mun va phan loai rac khi da qua cong doanu vai tong kinh phi tren 1,8 ty dong Nha may xu ly rac thai sinh hoat nongthon blng che pham sinh hoc a xa Vinh Lpc dira vao van hanh se kh^c phuctinh trang 6 nhiem moi truang, mang lai lqi ich thiet thvrc tir nguon tai che cacsan pham tvr rac de lam phan bon (Huu Huynh va The Anh, 2011) Uac tinhhrang rac phat sinh hang ngay tai khu virc xa Vinh Lpc khoang 4,5 tan/ngay(Trung tarn Dich vu cong huyen An Phu, 2011)
2.1.3 Loi ich cua viec bon phan compost cho cay trong
a >6i voi dat trong
- Cai thien dupe nhieu tinh ch^t vat ly cua dit
Tang dp xop cua dat: Ket qua nghien ciiu ve dat bazan mat sue san xuat
cho thSy chit huu ca lam tang dp x6p tu 59% len dgn 63,4% (Trinh Cong Tu,
2006).
Tang kha nang giu km cua dat: Trong chdt huu ca co chua nhieu nhomchuc, trong do co nhom carboxyl la nhom quan trong nhat trong viec hap thunuac (Trinh Cong Tu; 2006) Lam cho nucrc tham vao dat thuan lpi, han chedong vang be mat, han che chay tran lam trol chat dinh duang, on dinh nhiet
dp dit, tang cuong hoat dong cua vi sinh vat dlt (Vu Hint Yem, 2005)
Hinh 2.6: Khuxit ly rdc xa Vinh Phu
(Ngudn: Le Hdi Nhi, 2012)
SVTH: Phan Thi Ngpc Y - DH10MT
Khoa luan tot nghiep
Trang 23GVHB: Ths Bui Thi Mai Phung11
KhoaluintitnghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Ngpc Y - DH10MTLam giam xoi mon: Cac thanh phin cua mun (axit humic, axit fulvic)dong vai tro nhu "chat keo" ket dfnh cac hat dit vai nhau (Hoang Thi Hoa,2012)
-Cai thien dupe nhieu hoi tinh cua dat
Lam tang ham luong chit hihi ca ting s6, chit him ca hoa tan trong dit:Khi dupe bon phan va mun rac ham lupng him co trong dat cao hon so vai d6ichiing tvr 23 - 55% sau 1 thing, 19,4 - 24,3% sau 2 thing va 36,7 - 61,7% sau
3 thang (Hoang Thi Hda, 2012) '•
Bon phan him ca lam tang hieu qua su dung dam, tang co dinh Ian Bophi nhieu cua dat duqc phuc hoi khi vui phan him ca vai so luang cang nhieucang tot (Trinh Cong Tit, 2006) Bac biet trong viec cai taodat chua, dat bacmau vai ty le phoi trpn 1:4, cac chi so ve ham luong chat hiru ca co lai chocay trong tang cao nhu: ham lugng P tang 1,29 Ian, K tang 1,06 Ian, do mimtang 2,11 lin va dp chua trong dit giam 2,58 lin so vdi khi chua sir dung phancompost (Nguyen Huang, 2012)
-Gitr can bing quin thi sinh vat trong dit: Trong diiu kien giau chit him
ca thi quan the sinh vat doi khang se phat trien phong phii du sue khong che visinh vat gay benh (Nguyen Tha va Le Van Hitng, 2004) Bo do thuang xuyenb6 sung chat him ca trong dit di tao dilu kien thuan lai cho bp ri phat trienhan che mam benh (Nguyen DangNghTa va ctv, 2005)
(Ngudn: Vo Thi Ngoc Nua, 2012)
b Doi voi cay trong
-Cung cap chat dinh du&ng true tiep cho cay trong: Trong phan hiru ca
co chiia day du cac dang dinh duong da lucmg, trung lupng, vi luang va cacenzym kich thich sinh truang cay trong nen se la nguon cung cap dinh duangtrue tiip cho cay tr6ng (Cao Ngoc Diep, 2005)
-Giam benh hai cho cay trong: Khi cay dupe bon nhieu phan hiru ca thicac benh hai tir dat dupe kiem soat do moi truang song giau chat him cakhong tao dieu kien thuan lpi cho mam benh phat trien (Nguyen Tha, 2004).-Tang nang suit cay tr6ng: Nang suit cay trong dupe xem la thuac do
dp phi nhieu cua dat, khi dat co dp phi nhieu cao thi nang suit se cao (NguyenXuan Hai, 2000)
(Ngudn: Vo Thi Ngoc Nua, 2012)
Trang 24Khda luan t6t nghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Ngpc Y - DH10MTRieng ddi vdi hoa kiing cac chit dinh duong da lupng trong phan htru ca
co vai tro nhu sau:
*Vai tro cua dam (N)
Dam co vai tro thuc day qua trinh sinh trudng cua cay hoa, tao nen
nguyen sinh chat cua te bao, tham gia tao diep luc cua la, la thanh phan chinh
cho sir quang hop Thieu dam cay sinh trirdng yeu dt, la vang, cay cdi coc, hoa
be, xau Thira dam cay sinh trudng manh, cay ySu, than mem, de do, nhieu sau
benh, hoa chdt luomg kern va do bin thdp (Bao Thanh Van va Bang Thi T6Nga, 2007)
*Vai tro cua Ian (P)
Lan cd vai tro quan trpng trong viec hinh thanh va van chuyen cac hopchat hfhi co trong cay hoa, kich thich bo re phat trien va tao dieu kien de cay
cd thi dong hoa cac chdt dinh duong khac La thanh phan cua acid nucleic vamang td bao Nhidu lan se dc chd sinh trudng din tdi thua sdc Bon du lan cay
ra nu va ra hoa sdm (Bao Thanh Van va Bang Thi T6 Nga, 2007) Khi caythieu P thi 14 cd mau xanh dam do tang cudng hut Mg, sau do dan chuyen sangmau vang bit ddu tu mep la va tir la phia dudi Cay non sinh trudng cham, labien thanh mau xanh dam va bi bien dang (Hoang Minh Tan va ctv, 2006)
*Vai tro cua kali (K)
Kali cd tac dung tang cudng sue chong chiu chua cua cay hoa, chongchju ret va sau benh Thieu kali la thudng bi xoan, cd dom nau tren la va caysinh trudng cham (Bao Thanh Van va Bang Thi Td Nga, 2007) Bdn du kali setao dieu kien cho cay cd kha nang hut dam va lan tot hon, dieu hoa tot cac chatdinh duong (Nguyen Buy Phuang, 2012)
2.2 Tinh hinh san xult hoa, cay kilng tren thi gidi va Viet Nam
2.2.1 San xuat hoa, cay kieng tren the gidi
San luong hoa kieng tren the gidi tang trudng binh quan hang namkhoang 10% Hien cd tren 50 nude san xuat hoa kieng vdi qui mo ldn Ve lmh
vuc gia tri, Ha Lan, My, Nhat Ban, Y, Due va Canada la nha san xuat kiing
hoa va kieng la rat Ion Nhung ve mat dien tich, Trung Quoc va An Dp lai lanude cd dien tich ldn nhat, khu vuc chau A Thai Binh Duong la viing cd dientich san xuit hoa kiing chiim 77% ting dien tich trong hoa kieng thegidi Chau Au, My, Nhat Ban la nude tieu thu hoa kieng chinh tren the gidi.Xult khiu hoa kiing thi gidi nam 2007 dat 17 ty USD Trong do, kiing hoa,
Trang 25GVHD: Ths Bui Thi Mai Phung13
Khoa luan t6t nghiepSVTH: Phan Thj Ngoc Y - DH10MTkilng la dat 8,31 ty USD (49,1%), kilng than, kilng cii va hoa cat canh dat8,60 USD (50,9%) (Nguyin Phirac Tuyen, 2012)
2.2.2 San xu^t hoa, cay kilng & Viet Nam
Cl nuac ta noi chung va Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh noi rieng trong vong 10nam gan day kinh doanh hoa kieng da phat trien kha manh, san xuat da dangnhieu chung loai, vai nhung vung hoa kieng ldn nhu :
-Mien Bac: Nam Dinh, Hai Phong.
-Mien Trung: Binh Dinh, Da Nang.
-Dong Nam Bo: Da lat (Lam D6ng), Bien Hoa (D6ng Nai), Thanh ph6H6 Chi Minh
-Tay Nam Bo: Sa Dec (D6ng Thap), Cho Lach va Cai Mcrn (Bgn Tre).Tai khu virc phia Nam, Lam Dong la tinh co dien tich trong hoa va sanluong hoa Ion nMt ca nuac, la ngu6n cung cip hoa chu yeu cho thi truang TP
HCM (UBND Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh, 2004).
Dien tich gieo trdng hoa, cay kilng cua toan tharih pho den culi nam
2010 la 1.910 ha, trong do dien tich san xudt hoa, cay kilng phuc vu TitNguyen Dan Tan Mao la 1.112,12 ha, tang 17,6% so vai cung ky (946 ha)(PhongNongnghiep ThanhphdHS ChiMinh, 2011)
2.3 Dae dilm va ky thuat trlng cay Van tho
2.3.1 Dae diim cua c3y Van tho
a Dae diem thuc vat hoc
Cay Van tho con duac goi la Cue Van tho (thuoc ho Cue, ten khoa hoc laAsteraceae) dugc chia lam ba loai nguyen va ba loai lai
* Ba loai nguyen:
+ Loai Van tho Phi Chau: ten khoa hoc la Tagetes erecta Linn, tieng Anhgpi la Affican Marigold Day la gilng Van thp co chieu cao cay cao va to nhat
Van tho Anh nguyet co hoa kep, to, ncr tron xoe khong coi ngon, cay cao
khoang 40 cm va moc khit nhau
Van tho Tuoi vang, co ten khoa hoc la Golden Age, cay cao han 75 cm
va Doublon cao den 1,50 m co hoa rat to, duang kinh hoa khoang 12,5 cm.
Trang 26Khda luan t6t nghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MT
+ Loai Van tho Phap: ten khoa hoc la Tagetes patula Linn, ten tieng Anhgpi la French Marigold Loai nay thubng co hoa nhd hern va da dang ve mausac han loai Van tho Phi ChSu
Gi6ng Oai ve {Majestic), cay lun, cao khoang 30 cm, hoa vang don, canhsoc nau hay mau do Trong a nai khi hau ndng nhu nude ta thi cay co the cao
hon 60 cm.
Giong Ky hoa soc do {Striped Marvel) than cao den 75 cm, hoa vang
don, canh soc do Cam canh rat dep va rat lau tan khi cam binh hoa.
Giong Janle cho hoa sdm nhat va nhieu nhat trong loai Van tho Phap
Cay moc khit, than lira, chi cao chumg 20 cm, hoa mau vang, do lua va vang kim, mau cam dam, dtrong kinh hoa tir 4 - 5 cm.
+ Loai Van tho nho: Ten khoa hoc la Tagetes tenuifolia hay Tagetes
signata Cay nho nen chi dung lam vien ngoai bon hoa canh Hoa don canh, co
cdi, hoa nho, dubng kinh hoa tir 1 - 2 cm Loai Stafire Mix dirge trdng nhilu d
Au My, co dac diem la la thorn miii chanh budi, nhat la khi trdi ndng
* Ba loai lai {American Marigold):
Loai lai Antigua Yellow la loai Van tho cd hoa mau vang tuoi, hoa kep
to, dircrng kinh hoa tir 7 - 8 cm Sau 60 ngay gieo hat la da tro hoa, hoa nd lientigp trong nhiSu thang, lau nhat trong cac loai Van tho Cay moc khit va cao 30
-35 cm.
Loai lai Inca Hybrid cd hoa kep va r^t to, dubng kinh hoa tir 10 - 13 cm
Cay cao 50 - 70 cm, cung ra hoa sdm va vu hoa keo dai, van con hoa khi cac
Van tho khac da tan Chiu nhiet do dgn 39C - 40C
Giong tarn nhiem lai Triploid, thupc nhdm Solar series Fl la giong phoihop cay lun cua Van tho Phap va hoa kep to cua Van tho Phi Chau, vita chiu
lanh va vira chiu ndng.
(Nguon: Khudt ThiHoan, 2010).Tai Viet Nam, thubng gap 2 loai Van tho: loai cao cd chieu cao tir 65 -
70 cm, thai gian sinh trudng khoang 65 - 70 ngay va loai lun cd chifiu cao tir
30 — 40 cm, thai gian sinh trudng khoang 60 - 65 ngay Cay than cd, song
hang nam, moc thang, phan it canh d sat gdc, lam thanh bui day La mau xanh
dam, hoa mau vang cam hay vang chanh (Nguyen ThiHdngLinh, 2011) CayVan tho liin cd ten khoa hoc la French Marigold, giong Tagetes patula Linn,Van tho cao cd ten khoa hpc la African Marigold, Tagetes erecta Linn ca 2
Trang 27GVHD: Ths Bui Thi Mai Phung
c Gia tri sir dung
Ngay Tet chung Van thp se may man va thinh vupng (Viet Chuang vaLam Thi My Huang, 2001)
Hoa Van thp ngoai viec dung de thd cung, con dung de trang tri san
vudn, lam cay canh, tao hoa nen Cay Van thp co tac dung xua duoi con trung
co hai, dung chua benh nac cue, ch^ biSn thuc an gia sue, lam cho triing ga vit
co long do nhieu han, chiet xuat caroten dung lam thuc pham, dung la Van thplam rau tuai (Bang Van Thanh, 2012)
Cao thu dupe tir canh hoa Van thp co trong thanh phin thuc phim chucnang co ten la Ocpola, Kingpharocula bo sung dinh duang cho mat, bao ve
Hinlt 217: Hoa Van tho lun
Ngiion: http://www.vietnamnet.vn.
deu thupc ho Cue (Asteraceae), xuat xu tCr Mexico, sau do du nhap sang An
Do, Trung Qu6c, Nhat, Viet Nam (Ir&n Hap, 2000)
b Sac diem sinh hoc
Cay Van thp de trong, thich nghi vai nhieu viing sinh thai, dieu kien khihau va dat dai khac nhau Cay can khi hau on hoa de phat trien than la va rahoa Trong dieu kien khi hau co nhiet dp cao, cay ngung sinh trudng Trongdieu kien khi hau gia ret, cay va hoa bi hu hai do suong gia hoac do muanhieu, mua nang hat Khi hau thich nghi cua cay Van thp trong thai ky sinhtrudng tu 14,5 - 28,6C va dit co dp pH tu 7,0 - 7,5 (Nguyin Cong Thanh,
2012).• •.
SVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MT
Khoa luan t6t nghiep
Trang 28Khda luan t6t nghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Ngpc Y - DH10MT
m5t, tang cuong thi luc, tang cuong hoat dong cua dilm vang va lam dep da
(Trdn ThjHuyinNga, 2007)
d Gia tri kinh t
Cay Van tho r^^t dl trlng, khong doi hoi ky thuat cao, khong ken ddttrdng, lai thu hoach ngdn ngay, nen nlu trlng de kinh doanh se dem lai nhiluloi nhuan (Thanh Phuang, 2012)
2.3.2 Ky thuat canh tac cay Van tho
re thanh thuc mau vang nau, re non mau trang, khong thoang khi re den, rat it
rl mdi, rl thuong bi nut, dl nhilm benh (Dao Thanh Van va Dang Thi T6Nga, 2007)
*Trlng tren liep
Chuan bi d^t toi x6p, nhat sach co dai tan du cay trlng vu trudc, n!u codiu kien phai kho khoang 1 tuan va dao lap mat xuong dudi de thoang khicho cay trong sinh trudng tot, dong thai han che cac sau benh cu tru trong dat
-Ve sinh ruong hoa sach se, thu gom tan du cay benh dua ra khdi rupng,
tieu huy de giam bdt nguon benh Tuyet doi khong duac vut bo nhung tan ducfiy benh xuong muang nude tudi cho hoa
-Len luong trong Van tho phai cao rao Mat do trong vira phai, khongtrlng day (Nguyin ThiNguyet, 2012)
*Trlng chau
Cay con sau khi uam 15-17 ngay thi ciy ra chau Bat trong trong chau
da duac trpn 0,3 kg dfit thit pha cat + 0,3 kg phan chulng hoai nhuyln + 10 gbanh dau xay nhuyen cho 1 chau Chu y, chi vo dat khoang 1/2 chau, phan con
lai khi bon thuc se d^y (Khdnh ThiBich Thuy, 2012).
Trang 29Khoa luan t6t nghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MT
B6n lot la bon trudc khi gieo trdng nham cung cap chat dinh dudng chosir sinh trudng ban dau cua cay Tuy theo cay trlng va Ioai phan bon ma bonlot vdi luong khac nhau Vdi phan Ian va voi do hieu qua cua chung cham vacan nhieu cho giai doan sinh trudng ban dau nen thuong bon lot luong Ion.B6i vdi phan dam va phan kali, do hieu qua ciia chung nhanh va dl bi rua trdinen bon lot mot luong vtra du giup cho sinh trudng trong thai gian ban dlu s6lugng ldn chu yeu la dung dl bon thuc (Hodng Minh T&n va ctv, 2006)
c.Ky thuat trlng
*Gleo hat
Gieo hat tren dat vubn ucrm hoac gieo thing vao chau co tron dit va phanhiru ca chuin bi san Cung co thl gieo vao cac tiii nilon nho, khi da mpc thanhcay con thi dtra vao chau hoac gieo trong cac bau bang la chuoi, moi bau 1 hat
Be de cham soc nen on dinh cac bau giong tren gian co che nang Sau khi caympc khoang 1 tuan thao gian che, tap cay con quen vai anh ning (NguyenCong Thanh, 2012)
d.Cham soc va bon phan
*Tuoi nude
Vao ngay nang gat, tudi ngay 2 Ian sang va chieu
Vao mua mua, gan nhu khoi tuai ding thai vet muang ranh quanh lilptrlng de tranh ngap ting
Van thp chi sinh trucrng manh d nai co nlng vira phai, thong thoang vakhong bj rap bdi tan cay hay mai che (Nguyen ThiNguyet, 2012)
Trang 30Khda luan t6t nghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MT
Banh dau rat tot cho cay Van thp nen dupe su dung trong sudt qua trinhsinh trudng ciia cay Ngam 10 kg banh dau vdi 50 lit nude trong 10 ngay debanh dau phan hiiy tot rdi mdi tudi cho 1.000 chau 10 ngay sau khi trong nentudi phan Ian dau vdi lieu lirgng 400 lit nude pha vdi 5 lit nude banh dau va
200 g phan N, P, K (16:16:8) tudi cho 1.000 chau Sau do cu 10 ngay thi tudiphan 1 Ian, nhung Ian sau tang lupng nude b^nh dau len 6 lit
Phun phan (tudi phan) qua la la phucrng phap bdn phan tiet kiem va phathuy hieu qua nhanh nhat Tuy nhien, tuy theo tirng loai cay trdng va loai phanbdn ma ta sd dungphuongphap phun qua la Vdi cay rau, cay hoa, cay gidngcac loai thi phun qua la la hieu qua nhat (HoangMirth Tan va ctv, 2006).Bdn thuc lln 1 sau khi trdng ra chau 15 ngay vdi ty le 100 kg tro triu +
100 kg phan chudng khd hoai +10 kg banh dau nhuyen cho 1.000 chau Sau do
cu 7 ngay bdn 1 Ian, tdng cpng bdn 4 Ian cho Van thp den ngay nd hoa, d Ianbdn 2, 3 thi tang lupng banh dlu len 11 r 12 kg Lin 4 thi bing lin d^m
(Khdnh ThiBich Thuy, 2012).
Bdn thuc la bdn nhilu lin vua dii cho nhu cau vua tranh lang phi do birua trdi trong dat Tuy theo tung loai cay trdng ma chia lupng phan bdn thuc rabao nhieu Ian (Hoang Minh Tan va ctv, 2006)
e Phong trir sau benh
Cay Van thp de trdng nhung cung bi nhieu loai sau, benh hai tan cdng.Trong do, cd mot sd benh thudng gap la benh thdi gdc trang, benh heo xanh vi
khuan benh hoa la, sau ve biia va sau an la gay hai Bieu hien nhu sau:
-Benh thdi gdc tring do nlm Rhizoctonia solania gay ra Trieu chiingdau tien la d phan cd re hoac phan gdc sat vdi mat dat xuat hien nhBng chamnhd mau xam nau, Id loet, re bi thdi mem Neu gap dieu kien thuan lpi thi cd
re bi chuyen mau tham den, thdi muc lam cho cay nga ngang khi nhd len se bidut gdc Phan tren mat dat, bo la vln xanh nhung toan than da bi heo ru, lamcho cay chit tung chdm Thdi tilt am udt, cd thi thay ngay cho bi benh phu
mot ldp nam mau trang, sau chuyen dan sang mau xam Nam gay benh ton tai rat lau trong dat trdng, cd the song hoai sinh tren tan du cay trdng nhieu nam.
Benh thudng phat sinh phat triln manh trong dieu kien am dp cao, dat trung
dpng nude.
-Benh heo xanh vi khuln do vi khuln Pseudomonas solanaccearum gay
ra Benh cd thi gay hai d bit ky giai doan sinh trudng nao cua cay nhungthudng gay hai nhieu d giai doan cay dang tang trudng manh den luc ra nuhoa Cay thdi re, bi benh la heo ru dot ngdt nhung van xanh, trieu chiing heo
Trang 31Khda luan t6t nghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MT
cua cay dien rat nhanh, chi trong mot vai ngay la cay chet hoan toan Nhung la
non heo trudc, sau do heo toan cay Cat ngang goc, than cay benh thay bo
mach tham den, bop chat vao gan cho mieng cat co dich nhdn vi khuan mau
trang sua chay ra Nguon benh ton tai chu yeu trong dat va tan du cay benh Vi khuan xam nhiem vao re, goc than, than va cuong la qua vet thirong co gidi do qua trinh canh tac, con trung, tuyen trung, Benh lay Ian tur cay nay sang cay khac bang nhieu con dudng khac nhau nhu qua nude tudi, nude mira, hat
Benh nang toan cay thap va nho, cac dot than canh co ngan lai, hoa ra it va
nho Rep mupi la moi gidi Ian truyen
-Sau ve bua {Liriomyza spp.) gay hai cho la, tren la xuat hien nhungdudng nho nhu soi chi, co khi ldn cd chan nhanh ngoan ngheo, mau trang bac.Neu bi hai nang nhung dudng due nay se day d^c tao thanh nhung dudng ldn,lam cho la mit diep luc, kho heo dan, giam kha nang quang hop lam cho cay
bi cdi epe, chat lupng hoa giam
-Sau xanh (Heilic over paarmiger ahubn), sau khoang (Prodenia litura)pha hoai hoa va cay canh bang each an phan thit cua la va hoa
* Be han chi benh tren cay Van tho can dp dung nhung bienphdp sau:-Kiem tra rupng hoa thudng xuyen de phat hien va nho bo sdrn nhungcay bi benh de tranh lay Ian
-Khi phat hien benh, han che tudi nude vao buoi chieu toi va tudi thang
len hoa.
-Bien phap hoa hoc:
+ Boi vdi benh thoi g6c tring thi phun cac loai thuoc sau: Anvil 5 SC,
Validacin 3 L,
+ Boi vdi benh heo xanh vi khudn nen su dung thuoc goc Bong de phunngua hoac su dung thuoc New Kasurdn 16,6 WP, Agri-Life 100 SL phun khimdi chdm benh
+ B6i vdi benh hoa la do virus thi khong cd thuoc tri nhung bien phapphun con trung moi gidi la bien phap phdng cd hieu qua Vi the thudng xuyentham rupng hoa, phat hien su xuat hien cua rep mupi thi phun thuoc trtr SuGVHB: Ths Bui Thi Mai Phung19
Trang 32Khda luan t6t nghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MT
dung mot trong cac loai thuoc trur rep: Map Permethrin 50 EC, Confidor 100
SL
+ Dung thudc Tregart, Regent dl ngira va tri sau ve bua Dung thuoc
Sherpa, Supracide de phdng va tri sau an la.
(Ngudn: Nguyen Thi Nguyet, 2012)
f Thu hoach va bao quan
Thai gian cat hoa tot nhat la vao buoi sang hoac chieu mat, trfri kho rao,
khong mua Khong nen cat hoa vao liic giua tnra vi luc nay cuong do anh sang
Ian, nhiet do cao, khi khdng ciia la mo rong, luang nude boc hai manh dinden mdt nude nhanh, hoa mau heo, kho h6i phuc Lira chon nhung bong hoa
nd khoang 2/3 so canh hoac nd gan hoan toan canh vong ngoai Neu cat de
mang di xa co the cat nhung bong hoa nd it han Dung dao sac cat sat goc,
each mat dat 5-10 cm Khi cat xong doc ngupc canh xuong de nhung bonghoa da nd to khong bi gay (Bao Thanh Van va Bang Thi TdNga, 2007)
Sau do nhung nguyen cay vao thung nude sach, hoac cuon trong bao bo
da duac nhung udt sin Ddi vdi chau diing que tre de da nhanh y^u va trungbay hoac ban nguyen chau {Viet Chucrng va Lam Thi My Huang, 2001)
2.4 Mot so nghien cuu ring dung phan compost trong hoa kieng va hoa
mau d Viet Nam
2.4.1 Nghien ciru phan compost trong hoa kieng
Nghien cuu anh hudng cua gia the huu ca va phan bdn qua la den sinhtrudng phat trien va chat luqng cua hoa Cue Van tho lim va Mao ga lun trongchau Vdi ti le ddt mau (10%) + compost (40%) + trlu hun (10%) + beo hoadau (40%) giup cho cay hoa Cue Van tho lun va Mao ga lun sinh trudng, phattrien tot, chat lugng hoa dat cao nhat (Khudt Thi Hoan, 2010)
Sur dung gia the d^t phu sa : phan chudng : trau hun : xa dira theo ti le1,5 : 1 : 1 : 0,5 trdng cay Cue Van tho lun tdt han so vdi gia thS 100% ddt phu
sa va gia the dat phii sa, phan chuong, trau hun theo ti le 3 : 1 : 1 (Nguyen ThiThdo va ctv, 2012)
Nong dan d xa Nam Phong, Thanh phd Nam Dinh da ring dung phancompost thay the mot phan phan bdn hoa hoc bdn cho hoa Cue Ngay vu dau
tien da cho ket qua cao, cay sinh trudng nhanh, than ciing, la day, xanh tham,
hoa to va mau sac sang dep (Nguyen Huang, 2012)
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2.4.2 Nghien cuu phan compost trong hoa mau
Nghien cuu ung dung phan compost dugc u tu rac thai trong cai Tua sai
d tinh Hau Giang Ket qua cho thay bon 10 tan phan hum co/ha cai se cho nangsuit cao va dat hieu qua kinh t (Le Ngoc Nhdn, 2009 duoc trich tu Vo ThiNgoc Nua 2012)
Nghien cuu thu nghiem phan compost u theo phucmg phap yem khi detrong rau ban thuy canh tai xa Hoa Binh Thanh, huyen Chau Thanh, tinh AnGiang Kit qua cho thiy niu ham luomg bon phan compost cang nhieu thi caycang phat trien nhanh va cho trong luomg cang lorn (Nguyen Thi Am, 2010).Nghien cuu xac dinh ham lugng triing giun san va vi sinh vat gay benhtren rau an la bon bang phan compost Ket qua cho thay bon cang nhieu phancompost thi ham luomg trung giun va tong Coliforms cang nhieu va viec laynhiim chinh la do moi trudng ben ngoai (Nguyin Thi Thu Thao, 2011)
Nghien cuu khao sat hieu qua cua phan compost san xuat tir rac thai chonong thon doi vdi su sinh trudng, phat trien va nang suat cay cai ngot tai xaBinh Thanh, huyen Chau Thanh, tinh An Giang Kit qua cho thiy bon 10 tinphan compost/ha cay se sinh trudng va phat triin tit, ding thai cho nang suitcao va dat hieu qua kinh ti (Vo Thi Ngoc Hiiu, 2012 duoc trich tic Vo ThiNgoc Nua, 2012)
Nghien cuu ung dung phan compost cd tron duang chat de trong cai bexanh tai xa Long Giang - huyen Chg Mdi Ket qua cho thay vdi ti le N:P:KIan lugt la 6,73N : 5, IP : 7,76K thi cai xanh co nang suat cao va chat luomg tot{Vo Thi Ngoc Nica, 2012)
Nghien cuu su tich luy Nitrat trong cai xa lach khi bon bang phancompost trr rac thai sinh hoat Ket qua cho thay mac du ham lugng phancompost bon vao cai xa lach tuang dii ldn nhung ham lugng nitrat tich luytren cai lai thap horn so vdi cai dugc trong chi bon phan hoa hoc (Huynh ThiTriing Duong, 2012)
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CHlTONG 3: PHlTONG TIEN VA PHlTONG PHAP NGHIEN CUTl
3.1.D6i tu-png nghien cii'u
Nhu cau su dung phan compost de trong hoa mau cua nong dan tai xa
Binh Thanh - huyen Chau Thanh va xa Hoa Binh - huyen Chp Mbi
Sir tang trudng va phat trien ciia cay Van thp lun khi bon bang phan
compost.
3.2.Thcri gian va dia diem nghien ciiu
Tu thang 01 d^n thang 05 nam 2013
Thi nghiem trOng Van thp lim dupe tien hanh trong nha luoi thupc Khuthuc nghiSm - Khu Trung tarn Trubng Dai hoc An Giang
3.3.Muc tieu nghien cuu
Tim hieu nhu cau su dung phan compost cua nong dan de trong hoa mau.
Khao sat sir sinh trucmg va phat trien cua cay Van thp lun khi dupe bonmot trong hai loai phan compost hay la phan hoa hoc
3.4.Noi dung nghien ciiu
Phong van 30 ho nong dan trong hoa mau co bon phan compost tu mohinh u rac thai sinh hoat de tim hieu quy mo trong, loai hoa mau, nhu cau su
dung, gia ca phan compost ma nguoi su dung co the chap nhan dupe.
Bo tri thi nghiem trong Van thp lun tren moi trubng dat thit gom 5nghiem thuc, moi nghiem thiic dupe lap lai 4 Ian Cac dieu kien ve moi trubngsong, che dp cham soc, loai phan compost dung bon cho Van thp lun la nhunhau nhung chi khac nhau ve ti le phan bon a giai doan bon lot
Theo doi cac chi tieu ve chieu cao cay, dubng kinh goc than, kich thuoc
la, so nu hoa va dubng kinh hoa sau 56 ngay trong va dp ben cua hoa.
Banh gia su tang trubng va phat trien cua cac cay Van thp lun sau 56
ngay trong.
3.5.Phmmg tien va vat lieu nghien ciru
3.5.1 Vat lieu thi nghiem
Phan compost dupe lay tu khu xu ly rac tap trung tai xa Binh Thanh,huyen Chau Thanh, tinh An Giang
Phan N, P, K (16.16.8), Ure 46%, Super Ian 16%, KC1 60% va banh dfiudang vien dupe mua ngoai thi trubng
Trang 35Khda luan t6t nghiepSVTH: Phan Thi Ngoc Y - DH10MT
Hat gidng hoa Van tho lun TN 300 Fl (Tagele patula L.) dupe mua tuCong ty TNHH Thuang mai Trang Ndng
Chau trdng bang tre dupe mua ngoai thi trubng
Nude tudi dupe lay tu nude cap d Trudng Dai hoc An Giang, dat tronglay d ngoai ddng rudng
Binh tudi nude, thudc day va thudc thing dd do cac chi tieu
Cach xu ly tro trau: Tro trau phai dupe ngam va xa nude nhieu Ian de
giam do man.
" Cach xu ly banh dau: Ngam banh dau trudc khi tudi it nhat 2 gib de banhdiu phan huy tot roi tien hanh tudi cho cay Van tho lun
3.5.2 Phuung tien nghien cwu
Bang cau hoi phdng vin 30 ho nong dan cd nhu cau tieu thu phan
compost.
Phan m^m xu ly s6 lieu: SPSS, Excel
3.6 Phuong phap nghien ciiu
3.6.1.Phuung phap phong van
So lupng phdng van tong cpng la 30 phidu cho cac ho nong dan cd tronghoa mau tai xa Binh Thanh - huyen Chau Thanh va xa Hoa Binh - huyen ChpMdi
Phdng van true tiep cac ho nong dan cd trong hoa mau thong qua mot sonpi dung chinh nhu sau: tim hieu quy md trong, loai hoa mau, nhu cau sirdung, cdng dung va gia ca phan compost cd the chap nhan dupe cua cac honong dan trong hoa mau (Phu luc 2)
3.6.2.Phuong phap b6 tri thi nghiem
Trong Van tho lun trong chau cd gia thd la dat thit, bdn lot bing phancompost theo ti le dupe trinh bay d Bang 3.1 Thi nghiem dupe bd tri theo kiluhoan toan ngau nhien gdm 5 nghiem thuc, mdi nghiem thuc dupe lap lai 4 Ian.Thi nghiem dupe theo doi trong khoang thai gian 56 ngay trong Van tho lun
Trang 36Khda luan t6t nghiepSVTH: Phan Thj Ngoc Y - DH10MT
Bang 3.1: Ti lephoi tron dat thit, bdnh ddu vaphdn ditng trong bdn lot
Nghiem thiicKh6i Iirong phan bon
NTl(DC)1,2 kg dik thit + 20 g banh dim
NT21,2 kg dlt thit + 20 g banh dim + 3 00 g phan compost
' NT31,2 kg dat thit + 20 g banh d^u + 400 g phan compost
NT41,2 kg d^t thit + 20 g banh diu + 500 g phan compost
NT51,2 kg dat thit + 20 g banh dim + phan vo co (5,2 g Ure +
10,6 g Super Ian + 4,5 g KC1) *
Ghi chit: phan vo ca *: co ham luomg N, P, K trong phan vo ca bang v&i ham luangN, P, K trong phan compost d NT2.
-Trudc khi thi nghiem
Chuln bi hat giong: Hat giong duoc gieo trong cac b^u la chuoi nho cokich thuac khoang 5 x.10 cm (co thoat nude d phia dudi), mi biu 1 hat.Sau khi c^y con duoc khoang 15 ngay chuyen tu b^u vao chau
Cam bien cac ten nghiem thuc.
-Trong qua trlnh thi nghiem
Theo doi chi tieu sinh trudng nhu chieu cao c^y, kich thudc la, dudngkinh g6c than, so nu hoa va dudng kinh hoa Ghi nhan 7 ngay/ian
Tudi nude 2 ldn/ngay (sang va chieu) cho den khi thu hoach Ngay conang gat thi tudi 3 ldn/ngay (sang, trua va chieu, buoi trua thi tudi it)
Sau 15 ngay trong tien hanh bdn thuc theo chu ky 7 ngay/l^n la 15, 22,
29, 36 NSKG cho NT2, NT3 va NT4 vdi ham luong nhu sau:
15 NSKG: 100 g tro tr8u + 100 g compost + 10 g banh dim
22 NSKG: 100 g tro triu + 100 g compost + 12 g banh dim
29 NSKG: 100 g tro trdu + 100 g compost + 12 g banh diu
36 NSKG: 100 g tro trau + 100 g compost + 10 g banh dim
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NT5 thi cung duqc bon thuc tuang tu nhu tren nhung thay 100 g phancompost bang phan vo co vdi lieu luqng 1,7 g Ure + 3,5 g Super Ian + 1,5 gKC1
Thai diem cay 25 NSKG se tudi hon hop phan va banh dau Ian dau vdilieu luqng 0,4 lit nude pha vdi 5 ml nude banh dau va 0,2 g phan NPK(16.16.8)/chau tudi cho tat ca cac nghiem thuc Chu ky tudi phan 10 ngay/lan.Khi cay khoang 35 ngay tuoi thi bam dot de cac choi nach phat trien tao
hoa deu va dep.
Khi cay khoang 45 ngay tuoi thi lat bo cac nhanh phu de cay tap trungdinh duong nuoi hoa ldn
Khi cay trong duac khoang 28 den 35 ngay thi chung toi phat hien sau an
la va sau ve bua do vdi so lucmg sau hai it nen chiing toi tien hanh bat sau valat bo cac la bi hai dd tranh lay Ian qua cac chau khac Vi the, tinh trang nay daduqc kh^c phuc
Sau khi ket thuc 56 ngay thi nghiem, chung toi theo doi chi tieu do bencua hoa dl danh gia duqc chdt luqng cua hoa trdng bang phan compost va
phan vo ca.
3.6.3 Phuong phap xac dinh luqng phan dung trong thi nghiem
* Phuong phap tinh luqng N, P va K trong phan compost va phan vo cadung trong NT5:
-Ncompost duqc tinh nhu sau: Gia sd trong 1 g phan compost cd a g N.
Nhu vay, trong a] g phan bon cho cay trong thi ta cd: (ai*a)g N
-Nv6 co duqc tinh nhu sau:
b*b^XN * 100
XN~^m^b-~~bT~
Trong do:
XN: %N cua luqng phan dung trong thi nghiem
b: Luqng phan dam ce!n bon cho nghiem thuc
bi: %N cd trong 100 g phan dam
-Pcomposi duqc tinh nhu sau: Gia su trong 1 g phan compost cd c g P Nhu
vay, trong C! g phan bon cho cay trong thi ta cd: (C]*c)g P
-Pv6 ca duqc tinh nhu sau:
Trang 38Trong do:
XK: %N cua lucmg phan dung trong thi nghiem
f: Luang phan dam can bon cho nghiem thuc
f].: %N co teong 100 g phan kali
(Ngudn: Vo Thi Ngoc Nua, 2012)
3.6.4 Phuong phap xac djnh cac chi tieu tang truong cua cay
a.Chieu cao cay
Do tur mat dat den dinh sinh truong cua cay cho mi nghiem thuc Ghinhan 7 ngay/lin cho den khi thu hoach
,Tonq chieu dai cua cac cay theo doi (cm)
Chieu cao cay (cm/cay) = •;—^—^ r „
%—-—-^Tbng so cay theo doi (cay)b.Duong kinh goc than
Dung thudc day do phan goc than sat 2 la gia dudi cung Ghi nhan 7ngay/lan den khi thu hoach
„Ton^ Au&ng kinh cua cac cay theo doiDuong kinh goc thantcm/cay) =^;
e e^ i yjTong so cay theo doi
XP: %N cua lucmg phan dung trong thi nghiem
d: Luang phan dam can bon cho nghiem thuc
dj: %N co trong 100 g phan Ian
-KcOmpost ducrc tinh nhu sau: Gia su trong 1 g phan compost co e g P.
Nhu vay, trong e\ g phan b6n cho cay trong thi ta co: (e!*e)g P
-Kvo c0 duoc tinh nhu sau:
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Tong chieu dai da cac cay theo doi (cm)
Kich thirffc lafcm/cayj =;^;—„ „
^ ' ^Tong so cay theo doi (cay)
d.So nu hoa
Dem so nu hoa co duac khi cay bat dau tro hoa Ghi nhan 7 ngay/lan
„, .Tong so mi hoa (cai)
So nu hoa (cai) = —%r~^—7J, / .
Ton^r so cay theo dot (cay)
e.Du'cnig kinh hoa
Danh dau 5 hoa/cay de theo doi va do dtrcrng kinh vuong goc voi nhaucua cac hoa roi lay gia tri trung binh Ghi nhan 7 ngay/lan cho den khi thu
hoach •.'
Tong dmbng kinh hoa (cm)
Birong kinh hoa (cm) = —;; ,
5^ J Tong so cay theo doi (cay)f.So bin cua hoa
Theo doi then gian hoa bat dlu no ro cua 5 hoa da duac danh dlu va dim
so ngay tr khi hoa no den khi hoa tan Dau hieu nhan biet hoa tan la tren canh
hoa co xuat hien nhung dom den va canh bat dau ru xuong.
Tong thai gian tir khi hoa na den tan (ngay)
Do ben cua hoa(ngay) =^^;—r , N
6 yJTong so cay theo doi (cay)
(Ngudn: Khudt Thi Hoan, 2010).3.7 Phuong phap xu Iy si lieu
So lieu phong van dugfc nhap va xu ly bang phan mem thong ke SPSStheo phirang phap thong ke mo ta
Phan tich phuong sai ANOVA bang phan mem thong ke SPSS cac chitieu sinh truong va phat trien cua cay Van thp lun de tim ra nghiem thiic cocay phat triin tit nhit
Trang 40Dien tich d^t trdrig hoa mau dao dqng tir 500 m2 ddn 4.000 m2 Trong do,dien tich thudng duqc sir dung de trdng la tir 1.000 m2 ddn 3.000 m2 chiem73,3% (Bang 4.2).
100,01006,723,336,720,03,3 Phan tram (%)
30 3 2 7 11 6 1
Cai tua sai
Loai hoa mau
CHUONG 4: KET QUA THAO LUAN
4.1 Nhu cau sir dung phan compost de trong hoa mau
Sau khi tien hanh khao sat mot so co so san xuat hoa kieng tren dia ban
TP Long Xuyen ket qua cho thay tat ca cac co so nay deu khong sir dungphan compost bdn cho hoa kilng, ddng thai chua biet thong tin gi lien quanden phan compost Nen chiing toi da chuyen d6i tirqng nghien ciiu ttr cac ca
sa trong hoa ki^ng sang phong van cac ho nong dan trong hoa mau d cac hai
xa da co su dung phan compost duqc u tir rac thai sinh hoat.
Chung toi tien hanh phong van tong cong 30 ho nong dan co trong hoamau 6 2 xa, trong do co 13 ho d xa Hoa Binh, huyen Cha Mdi va 17 ho d xaBinh Thanh, huyen ChSu Thanh
Ket qua phong van cho thay hau het cac ho nong dan deu co kinh nghiem
trdng hoa mau han 10 nam Loai hoa mau thudng trong nhu cai tua sai, bau,
bi, dua leo, bap cai, dau dua, dau que va cac loai hoa mau khac Trong do, dua
leo duqc trong nhieu nhat (chiem 36,7%) so vdi cac loai khac (Bang 4.1)
Bang 4.1: Loai hoa mau thicang duac trong
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