cua ddng dao nhirng ngudi lao ddng. Tu tudng nay dugc Hd Chi Minh nhac di nhac lai nhieu lan trong nhimg dieu kien, hoan canh khac nhau, vdi nhirng ddi tugng bet sue khac nhau. Cu t[r]
(1)ien cuu - Trao doi Tap c h i C n sdn
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CHU NGHIA XA HOI
TRONG TU T U N G HO CHi MINH •
MOT XA HOI CHO CON NGlTdl, Vi CON NGUdl TRAN THI THU HOAI
Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh vi chu nghia xd hoi (CNXH) Id mot bq phdn quan trqng hi thong tu tuong Ho Chi Minh Dd Id mot nqi dung rong ldn Trong pham vi bdi viit nhd ndy, chung toi ehi xin di cap mot vdi khia canh tu tudng eiia Chu tich Ho Chi Minh vi CNXH
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T RUOC bet phai khang dinh rang: Hd Chi Minh hudng tdi CNXH la hudng tdi tim mdt dudng ciin nude mdi sau tat ea cac dudng khac da that bai Khat vpng va "ham mudn tdt bac la lam cho nude ta dirge hoan toan ddc lap, dan ta dugc hoan toan tir do, ddng bao ciing cd com an ao mac, ciing dugc hpe hanh"*') da dan dit Hd Chi Minh tren hanh trinh bdn ba tim kiem eon dudng ciiu nude giai phdng dan tdc, mang lai thdng nhat, ddc lap cho dat nude, tir do, hanh phuc cho nhan dan - eon dudng each mang vd san, gan ddc lap dan tdc vdi CNXH Khi dpc Luan cuong ciia Le-nin ve van de dan tdc va thude dia, Ngirdi da khing dinh: "Day la cai can thiet cho chiing ta, day la dudng giai phdng chung ta"*^) Chinh tam niem va khat vpng ldn eiia Hd Chi Minh da budng Ngirdi lira chpn eon dudng gan ddc lap dan tdc vdi CNXH
Thuc tiin each mang Viet Nam cho thay, tir lap Dang (nam 1930) den nam
1954, nhiem vu chinh tri tnrde mat, ed tinh chat quyet dinh va dugc uu tien hang dau eiia each mang la dau uanh chdng thirc dan xam luge, gianh ddc lap tu cho dan tdc Chinh vi the, nhirng van de lien quan den CNXH it dugc de cap cac bai viet ciia Chii tich Ho Chi Minh d giai doan Nhimg ndi dung ve cac van de etia CNXH ehi thire sir dugc ban tdi mdt each cu the va sau sac sau Cach mang Thang 8-1945 cong, dac biet sau mien Bac dugc giai phdng budc vao thdi ky qua dp len CNXH (nam 1954)
Vao cuoi nhirng nam 80, dau nhung nam 90 etia thi ky XX, md hinh CNXH hien thtre d Lien Xd va Ddng Au rod vao khiing hoang va sup dd, cac the lire thii dich vdi Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da lu loa len rang:
* ThS, Khoa Ly luan chinh tri, Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan, Ha Noi
(1) Ho Chi Minh: Todn lap, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia Ha Npi 2000, t 4, tr 161
(2)Hd Chi Minh va Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da sai lam tir dau dua mdt hpe thuyet ddi tir phuong Tay (ttre chu nghia Mae -Le-nin) ap dting vao mdt nude phuong Ddng nhu Viet Nam v.v Ddng thdi V.I.Le-nin da tung nhan dinh rang hien thdi chu nghia cdng san (CNCS) ehi cd the thang Igi d phuong Tay, nhung sau vdi sir giiip dd cua cae nude da tien hanh each mang XHCN, CNCS se lan sang chau A Vdi nhan quan chinh tri rdng ldn eiia mdt bac thien tai, tir nhirng nam 20 ciia the ky XX, tnrde tien hanh truyen ba ly luan chii nghia Mac - Le-nin vao Viet Nam, Hd Chi Minh da dat eau hdi CNCS ed ap dung dugc vao chau A ndi chung va d Ddng Duong ndi rieng khdng? Ngirdi khang dinh rang mac dii cd nhieu chii nghia khac nhung chi cd chu nghia Mae - Le-nin la chan chinh nhat, cbac chan nhat, each mang nhat, khoa hpe nhat Hon the nira, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh edn khang dinh bai bao "Ddng Duong" thang 5-1921: CNCS tham nhap de dang vao chau A, de dang hon la d chau Au Ngudi da chi eac can cu day tinh thuyet phuc minh chiing cho khang dinh O nude ta ed day dii nhimg tien de ve tu tudng, van hda, kinh te, xa hdi bao dam cho mdt ly thuyet cd ngudn gdc phucmg Tay - ehii nghia Mac - Le-nin ed the dugc van diing cdng Mat khac, dii Ngudi khing dinh chu nghia Mae nhu "cam nang than ky", nhu "mat trdi soi sang" nhung tir dau Ngirdi da cd each nhin nhan rat bien chung ve hpe thuyet nay: CNXH tnrde tien la hudng tdi tim mdt eon dudng etru nude Chii nghia Mae den vdi Viet Nam khdng phai la mdt hpe thuyet nhu cae hpe thuyet khac, ma nhu mdt cdng cu giai phdng dan tdc, nham giai quyet nhirng van de thue tien lich su dang dat la danh dd de qudc, phong kien gianh ddc lap, tir cho
dat nude Mat khac, dieu kien dan tri thap kem ciia nude ta nhimg nam dau the ky XX, vdi hon 90% dan sd la ndng dan ma phan ldn lai mil chir, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da cd nhirng each thirc bet sue ddc dao ma hieu qua de the hien nhung quan diem cua minh ve CNXH Quan diem ciia Ngudi ve CNXH rat ngan gpn, don gian, mdc mac, ndm na, de hieu, phd hgp vdi tirng dieu kien, hoan canh, tirng ddi tugng khac Ngirdi ndi bang tieng ndi eiia nhan dan de dien dat mdt nhiing ly thuyet day tinh bac hpe -ly thuyet ve CNXH Ngudi khdng dinh nghia ve CNXH vdi nhirng tieu chi day du, toan dien, hoan chinh eiia mdt md hinh ly tirdng dugc xay dung san de tir dd bat thue tien phai khudn theo Hoat ddng thuc tien tdi dau thi nhan thuc ly luan eua Hd Chi Minh ve CNXH md rdng tdi dd Dii Ngudi khdng cd mdt tac pham chuyen biet nao ban ve CNXH nhung tu tirdng ve CNXH xuyen suot nhieu tac pham eiia Hd Chi Minh Ngudi ed the dua dinh nghia ve CNXH xet theo muc tieu cua CNXH hay theo cac linh vuc eii the ciia ddi sdng xa hdi Ngirdi ciing cd the tiep can XHCN theo muc tieu, eon dudng, each thuc, bien phap, lire lugng xa hpi td chuc thtre hien de dat tdi muc tieu dd Dii theo each nao, thi tu tirdng Hd Chi Minh ve CNXH bao trdm len tat ca la mdt che dp xa hdi hudng tdi eon ngudi, cho ngirdi, vi eon ngudi Trong che dp xa hdi nay, ngirdi vira la muc tieu, vira la ddng lire ma xa hdi dd hudng tdi phtic vu Igi Ich va phat huy sue manh Cd the nhan thay rd tu tirdng bao trum qua mdt sd quan niem Ngudi dua de nhan dien che dp XHCN • '•
Chii tich Hd Chi Minh khing dinh, CNXH la "the gidi ciia loai ngudi" de phan biet vdi the gidi cu, khdng xung dang vdi eon ngudi
(3)Nghien cuu - Trao doi T p p chf C d n g s d n
theo nghia tdt dep, thi gidi uong dd ngirdi quan be vdi ngudd khdng theo le cdng bang, nhan dao, tham chi, thi gidi cua nhimg sinh vat cd binh dang gidng ngirdi nhung khdng phai eon ngudi Xa hpi thire dan kieu cu ciia Phap d Viet Nam la mdt diln hinh ciia the gidi cu dd, nod eon ngudi "bi bit mdm va bi giam ham, bi lam cai dd de tl dng than tu ban", nod dd nhimg ngirdi bi xem nhu "bay ngudi", hp "khdng bilt suy nghi niia" va "hoan toan vd dung viec cai tao xa hdi" Ndi chuyen vdi can bd, sinh vien Viet Nam tai Mat-xco-va 1-2-1959, Chti tich Hd Chi Minh khing dinh xa hdi XHCN la: "mdt the gidi xa hdi chii nghia, cdng san ehii nghia khdng ed ngudi bde lot ngirdi, mpi ngudi sung sudng, ve vang, tu do, binh dang, xung dang la the gidi eiia loai ngudi"(3)
Muc dich cua CNXH la tat ea vi Igi ich
cua ddng dao nhirng ngudi lao ddng Tu tudng dugc Hd Chi Minh nhac di nhac lai nhieu lan nhimg dieu kien, hoan canh khac nhau, vdi nhirng ddi tugng bet sue khac Ndi chuyen vdi nhan dan tinh Hai Ninh 20-2-1960 mien Bac dang tien hanh eude each mang XHCN, Ngudi khang dinh: "CNXH la lam cho mpi ngudi dan dugc sung sudng, im no" Vdi Dai hdi Dang bd phd Ha Ndi 20-6-1960, Ngudi ndi: "Muc dich eua CNXH la khdng ngimg nang cao muc sdng cua nhan dan" Trong ldi khai mac Lien hoan anh hung, chien si thi dua toan qudc lin thir 4-5-1962, Ngudi phat bieu: "CNXH la nhim nang cao ddi sdng vat chat va van hda eua nhan dan" Cu thd ban, muc dich ciia CNXH la gi? Ndi mpt each gian don va de hieu la khdng ngimg nang cao ddi sdng vat chat va tinh than etia nhan dan, trudc hit la nhan dan lao ddng
Nhu vay, du dien dat bang cae ngon tir khac nhau, CNXH theo Ho Chi Minh la mdt xa hdi hudng tdi phuc vu Igi ich vat chat va tinh than eua dong ddo nhitng ngudi lao dong Ngudi lao ddng la nhimg ngirdi san xuat phan ldn cua cai vat chat va tinh than cho xa hdi, bao dam su tdn tai va phat trien ciia xa hdi, vi vay xet ve Id-gie, hp phai dugc hirdng thu mdt each xiing dang nhiing gia tri ma hp tao Dieu gian di va dudng nhu tat yeu dd khdng bao gid xay dudi che dp TBCN hay cac che dp xa hdi khac khdng phai la CNXH O eac che dp xa hdi dd, ngudi lao ddng dugc hirdng phan rat nhd be nhung gia tri xa hdi ma hp tao ra, phan ldn rod vao tay nhimg "dng chu", nhimg ke thdng
tri-"Ddi song vdt chdt" a day dugc Ngudi
dien dat rat mdc mac, binh di, ed la "com an, ao mac", ed la "thoat nan ban cung, cd cdng an viec lam, dugc am no", cd la "du an, dii mac, cang sung sudng" O muc dp cao hon, ddi song vat chat cua ngirdi la nhimg loi ich cd nhdn diing dan eua hp Nam 1958, ban ve dao diix; each mang, Ngudi khang dinh: "Khdng co che dp nao ton trpng ngudi, ehii y xem xet nhimg Igi ich ea nhan dung dan va bao dam cho n6 dugc thda man bang che dd xa hdi ehii nghia va cong san ehii nghia Trong xa hdi co giai cap hoc lot thdng tri, ehi co Igi ich ea nhan ciia mdt sd rat it ngudi thude giai cap thdng tri la dugc thda man, edn Igi Ich ea nhan eua quan cbiing lao ddng thi bi giay xeo"'"*)
Cung nhu vay, cac cap dp cua ddi song
tinh thdn cang tang len song ciing dugc
the hien rat trire quan, gian di Cd la "dugc hpe hanh, cd van hda cao, cd ddi sdng
(4)tuoi vui, hanh phiic", lue khac dan gia hon, mdc mac hon: "ai dugc di hpe, dm dau co thude, gia khdng lao ddng dugc thi nghi, nhirng phong ttic tap quan khdng tdt dan dan dugc xda bd"'^) Ddi sdng tinh than d muc dp cao hon la sir cong bang, binh ddng: "Khdng sg thieu, ehi sg-khdng cdng bang" Nhu cau tinh than hay chinh la each thuc phan phdi nhirng gia tri dugc tao CNXH dugc Ngudi khang dinh Ua ldi nhirng cau hdi eiia cir tri Ha Ndi 10-5-1958: CNXH la cdng bang, hgp ly, lam nhieu hudng nhieu, lam it hudng it, khdng lam thi khdng dugc hudng, nhirng ngudd gia yeu hoac tan tat se dugc nha nude giiip dd cham nom" O muc dp cao hon nira, thude gia tri ddi sdng tinb than la trang thai ddn chii eiia xa hdi dd Che dp XHCN va CSCN la cbl dp nhan dan lao ddng lam chu Day la che dp dan chii nhan dan, dan chii ciia sd ddng, nd khac biet eo ban ve chat vdi cac che dp dan ehii ciia sd it da tiing tdn tai lich sir nhu dan chu ehii nd hay dan chii tu san
Nhu vay, muc dich nang cao ddi sdng eua ddng dao nhan dan lao ddng ve ea vat chat va tinh than la tieu ehi tong quat de khang dinh va kiem nghiem tinb chat XHCN ciia cac ly luan CNXH va eac ehinb sach thue tien Cd the thay, nhirng van de ma Chii tich Hd Chi Minh dat tir hang nira the ky tnrde day van edn nguyen tinh chat thdi sir cho hdm nay, ma tinh canh ngheo doi etia hang tram trieu ngudi tren the gidi van chua dugc giai quyet, chua e6 dudng Dd la van de lam mang lai hanh phtic cho sd dong ngudi lao ddng hay lam the nao de khac phuc tinh trang ngheo ddi, benh tat - nhirng van de mang tinh chat toan cau
Nhu vay, tu tudng Ho Chi Minli vl CNXH trudc bet nhin nhan ngudi nhu la muc
tieu quan trpng nhat ciia che dp xa hdi dd Mat khac, tu tirdng Hd Chi Minh ve CNXH, ngudd ciing dugc nhin nhan nhu la dong Iuc chinh cm each mang Do d6 "mudn xay dimg chu nghia xa hdi, cdng san chii nghia phai xay dung ngudi xa hdi chii nghia, ngudd cdng san ehii nghia Mudn ed eon ngudd xa hdi chti nghia, cdng san chu nghia thi phai xay dung tu tudng xa hdi chti nghia, cdng san ehii nghia Ma muon cd tu tudng xa hdi ehii nghia, cdng san chii nghia thi phai got sach chu nghia ca nhan Mpi ngudi deu phai ed tu tudng "minh vi mpi ngudi, mpi ngudi vi minh"*^) Ngudi khang dieu nam 1959 mien Bac dang budc vao thdi ky qua dp len CNXH Con ngudi XHCN phai la ngudd "vua hdng, vira chuyen", vira ed dire, vira ed tai dd dao due phai la gdc re Ngudi tiing ndi: "Cd tai ma khdng cd due la ngudi vd dung, cd diix; ma khdng cd tai lam viec gi cdng khd!" Tuy nhien, due, tai khdng phai tu nhien ma cd, n6 la san pham ciia qua trinh trau ddi, ren luyen, hpe hanh phan dau, nd lire eiia timg ea nhan dudi sir hau thuan, trg giup eiia xa hdi Trong bai ndi ve dao dire each mang dang tren Tap
chi Hqc tap sd 12-1958, Ngudi khang dinh:
Cd gi sung sudng, ve vang hon la trau ddi dao due each mang de gdp phan xiing dang vao su nghiep xay dtmg CNXH va giai phdng loai ngudi" Ngudi dac biet nhan manh: chudng ngai vat ldn tren dudng xay dung CNXH ehinb la tu tudng ca nhan chti nghia, thang Igi eua CNXH khdng the tach rdi thang Igi eiia eude dau tranh trir bd chii nghia ca nhan Ngay 31-12-1958, ndi chuyen vdi hpe sinh va giao vien trudng phd thdng cap Chu Van An (Ha Ndi), Hd Chi Minh vach rd: Tu tirdng
(5) Ho Chi Minh: Sdd t 10, tr 591 (6) H6 Chi Minh: Sdd t tr 323
(5)Nghien cuu - Trao doi T p p chf C d n g s d n
XHCN Uai han vdi tu tirdng ca nhan ehii nghia Tuy nhien, Ngudd cung phan biet rit ro chti nghia ea nhan vdi nhirng Igi Ich ea nhan diing dan eua ngudi, "Chdng chti nghia ea nhan khdng phai la giay xeo len Igi ich ea nhan" CNXH la mdt che dp xa hdi dd cd su hda quyen mdt each nhuan nhuyen giira ea nhan va tap the, ca thi va cdng ddng, Igi ich cdng ddng dugc de cao song khdng lam mat di va lu md cai tdi ciia mdi ca nhan Trong che dp XHCN va CSCN, mdi ngudi la mdt bd phan ciia tap the, giir mdt vi tri nhat djnh va ddng gdp mdt phan cdng lao xa hdi Cho nen Igi Ich ea nhan nam Igi Ich ciia tap the, la mdt bd phan ciia Igi Ich tap the Lgi Ich chung eiia tap the dugc bao dam thi Igi Ich rieng ciia ea nhan mdi cd dieu kien de dugc thda man CNXH la mdt che dp xa hdi mang tinh nhan van, nhan ban sau sac, hudng tdi vi ngudi, cho eon ngirdi, phat huy sue manh eiia ngudd ca nhan cung nhu eon ngudi cong ddng, d dd cdi toi va cdi chung ta giao hda vdi
De ed dugc mdt che dp XHCN nhu vay,
phdi tap trung phdt trien kinh te, vdn hda trong kinh te phdi duoc uu tien hdng ddu,
kinh te la yeu td quyet dinh sir thang lgi eiia che dp XHCN so vdi cac che dp xa hdi khac Ngudi khing dinh tai Hdi nghi dai bieu nhimg ngudd tich cue phong trao van hda quan chiing 11-02-1960: Mudn tien len CNXH thi phai phat trien kinh te va van hda Vi khdng ndi phat trien van hda va kinh tl? Tue ngir ta cd eau: Cd thue mdi vuc dugc dao, vi thi kinh te phai di trudc Nhan manh vai trd eiia phat trien kinh te vdi thang lgi eiia cbl dp XHCN, ndi chuyen vdi nhan dan Thu dd vl cdng cua Dai hdi lan thu XXI Dang Cdng san Lien xd tdi 19-02-1959, Ngudi khing dinh: "Td bao tu san My Cong
hoa mdi viet: "Lien Xd chpn kinh tl lam
chien tnrdng, tren chien trudng iy chti nghia cdng san se thang lgi"*') Nhu vay, nhin nhan kinh te nhu diem mau chot eUa sir thing lgi giira che dp xa hdi vdi che dp xa hpi khac, ed the thay quan niem etia ChU tich Hd Chi Minh vl CNXH la chti nghia nhan dao hien thuc, ed tinh kha thi Tuy nhien, dii la phat trien kinh te hay van hda thi ddng lire chinh d day van khdng ed cai gi khac ngoai sue manh eiia quan chung nhan dan Dang, Nha nude chi giir vai trd ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly, djuh hudng chu khdng the lam thay nhan dan: CNXH la quan chiing nhan dan tir minh xay dimg nen D6 la cong trinh tap die cua quan chiing dudi sir lanh dao eiia Dang
Nhirng ndi dung tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve CNXH chinh la kho bau vo gia eiia Dang va nhan dan ta, dinh budng cho sir phat trien eiia dat nude ta boi canh the gidi va nude cd nhieu bien doi Kien dinh eon dudng XHCN ma Dang va Bac Ho da chpn, hudng tdi muc tieu "dan giau, nude manh, xa bdi cdng bang, dan ehii, van minh", tang cudng cac chinh sach xa hdi nhu xda doi, giam ngheo, nang cao nang lire cho phu nir chinh la bieu hien sinh dong eUa viec trien khai tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve CNXH tinh hinh mdi Du cd bieu hien dudi hinh thai nao, thi diem cdt ldi eiia viec van dting va phat trien tu tirdng Hd Chi Minh ve CNXH la hudng tdi xay dung mpt xa hpi tat ea vi ngudi, cho eon ngudd Trong xa hdi dd, eon ngudi vira la miic tieu, vua la dong lire eiia sir phat trien Muc tieu vira la dich tdi, vira la thude tinb chit XHCN etia tit ea eac chu truong, dudng ldi, chinh sach phat trien etia Dang va Nha nude ta •