1.. Theo Hien phap. cac Bp trifdng dUdc Thu tifdng Ilia chpn va bo nhiem. so' lUdng Bp trUdng khong dupc qua 14 ngUdi, tuy nhien, trong tru'dng hpp dac biet. Trong trUdng hdp Npi ca[r]
(1)34 SO 11-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
ANH HirONG CUA GIA TR! PHI/ONG TAY DOI VOfl HIEN PHAP NHAT BAN 1946
M d d a u
Ket cue cua cupc Chien t r a n h The gi6i thu hai khong chi md mpt thdi ky m6i cho cic dan tpc t r e n the gi6i ma c i cho nhieu dan tpc Dong A, CO Nhat B i n Tuy nhien, so v6i cic quo'c gia n h u Han Quo'c d Dong Bae A hay Philippines d Dong Nam A, thi q u i trinh tac dpng cua he gia tri phUdng Tay da t h a n h cdng hdn b a n mac dii cac nUdc deu dat du6i suf chiem deng cua My Hien phap nam 1946 tbiic sii la dau moc cua mpt ky nguyen m6i dan chu va boa binh cho N h a t B i n Tinh t h i n cua ban Hien phap Nhat B i n the bien khat vpng dan chu va boa binh triet de nhat cua mpt dan tpc tren the gidi cho den Nguyen n h a n cua suf t h a n h cong c i n dUdc xem xet tif hai phia: tii cic to' chat npi bp va truyen thdng cua xa hpi N h a t B i n vdi tinh t h i n "bai dich vi sU" (vai ke thU lam thiy), va tii ben ngoai - tufc la chinh sach va nang lufc cua ngUdi dUng d i u bp may quan quan My
Trong t h a m luan nay, t i c g i i neu mpt so nhan xet tU gdc dp gia tri ve ban Hien p h i p 1946 n h u sau:
- Vai tro cua tho'ng che MacArthur va Bp Tu lenh My tai N h a t B i n qua trinh xay diing Hien phap
- Npi dung dan chu cd b a n cua Hien phap 1946
- Dau an gia tri phudng Tay t r e n thufc thi Hien phap 1946 d N h a t B i n
LUdng 'Van Ke Khoa Qudc tehgc, DHKHXH&NV
1 Vai t r o ciia M a c A r t h u r va Bo
T\i l e n h D o n g m i n h
NgUdi ta deu biet MacArthur (1880-1964) ndi tie'ng toan the gidi ve nhiing t h a n h tich lay lufng cua dng ong la tdng t u lenh q u a n dpi My d Dong A: Philippines, Trieu Tien, Nhat Bin, t h a m chi ong la tho'ng che s i n g lap q u a n dpi cua Philippines (Field Marshal) Cdng tich cua dng dd^i v6i nUdc N h a t B i n da khie'n cho ong dUdc nhieu ngUdi xUng t u n g la mpt trdng "12 ngUdi lap nUdc Nhat".'
Trcng n a m c i m quyen d Nhat Ban cho den cupc chien t r e n b i n dao Trieu Tien, ong da de lai mpt di s i n to 16n cho N h a t B i n t r e n nhieu phUdng dien, tif cbinb tri, luat p h i p kinh te, xa hpi, ke ca nghi le h o a n g gia Tinh t h a n cd ban cua mpi t h a n h tiiu i y la xay diing nen dan chil thee mo h i n h nU6c My, bien N h a t B i n t h i n h mpt "nUdc My ly tudng" Dieu de the hien re ret nhat npi dung b a n Hien p h i p Nhat B i n h a u chien Ve thiic chat, cac liic lUdng dong minh chiem dong da thiic hien mpt so' bien p h a p dan chu nham t h a y doi t i n b c h i t xa hpi N h a t B i n tif " q u i n chu" s a n g "dan chu", tii "quan phiet", "hieu chien" sang "hda binh" xay diing xa hpi mdi
(2)CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 11-20Q9 35 ben My va Nhat, b i n "Duf t h i o sd lUdc"
cua Hien phap da dUdc Npi cac
Shidehara ban h a n h vad t h a n g
3 nam 1946 Duf t h i o chi k h i c vdi Du t h i o cua M a c A r t h u r tren mpt so' diem, vi du: sii tri cd quan lap p h i p hai vien NhU vay Hien p h i p 1946 thufc te la Hien phap cua My MacArthur chi dao soan t h i o
Nham ngan chan suf can thiep cua Lien Xo va cic nUdc de qudc k h i c , MacArthur da thiic day n h a n h viec thong qua Hien phap mdi Ngay 16 t h i n g nam 1946, Npi cic N h a t B i n chap nhan thdng qua "Duf t h i o sd lUdc" Hien p h i p va Luat sufa ddi Hien p h i p cua Chinh phu Sau da thong qua mpt quy trinh nghiem ngat trUdc Nghi vien, Hpi ddng Cd mat, va cucl cung la Thien hoang phe chuan, Hien p h i p mdi cua Nhat B i n da dUdc Thien hdang cdng b d n g a y t h i n g 11 n a m 1946 v i c6 hieu liic vac t h i n g nam 1947
2 T i n h t h a n d a n c h u ciia H i e n phap 1946
Hien p h i p N h a t B i n 1946 da trd t h a n h "Luat can b i n cua qud'c gia" diia tren nguyen tac: chu quyen cua toan dan va vai tro tUdng trUng cua Thien hoang, hda binh va ton trpng cic quyen cd b i n cua ngudi.^
Muc dich cua hien p h i p la n h a m bat nha nUdc p h i i hoach dinh nen chinh tri theo n h d n g quy dinh toi cao cua hien p h i p , nghia la de hudng t6i mpt nha nUdc p h i p quyen, cic boat dpng chinh tri p h i i theo luat dinh Qud^c hpi thdng qua Hien p h i p mdi x i c lap ba npi dung cd b i n : nguyen tac chu quyen cho n h a n dan, b i o dam n h a n quyen cd b i n va t i n h t h a n boa binh
Ket c i u cua b i n Hien p h i p 1946 gdm ldi noi d i u , 11 chUdng, 103 dieu Cic dieu k h o i n cua Hien phap dUdc xay dung tren cd sd p h u dinh k h u y n h hUdng quan phiet v i x i m lUdc cua N h a t B i n q u i khif, triet de quan triet
nguyen tac hoa binh (Dieu - ChUdng III) N h a t Ban tii bd chien t r a n h , khong dUdc t h a n h lap quan dpi va khong dUdc phep gay chien t r a n h v6i nUdc k h i c
Ve Thien hodng: "Thien hoang la
bieu tUdng cua Nha nu6c va sii tho'ng n h a t cua toan dan, cd dia vi xuat phat t u y nguyen cua n h a n dan" Mpi boat dpng lien quan den chinh tri' cua Nhat h o i n g va hoang gia N h a t deu chiu suf g i i m s i t va chap t h u a n tuf Npi cic, dieu quy dinh: "Thien hoang se thiic bien nhUng h a n h dpng ddi vdi van de Nha nUdc n h u da dUdc quy dinh Hien phap va se khong cd quyen liic gi lien quan den cbinb phu" Dieu cua Hien phap cen n h a n manh: "Mpi b a n h dpng cua Thien hoang co lien quan tdi van de Nha nudc deu p h i i dUdc thong b i o va dUdc sii phe chuan cua Npi cic v i Npi cic p h i i chiu t r i c h nhiem doi vdi nhUng h a n h dpng nhU vay" Nbu vay, N h a t hoang khong cd vai tro gi lien quan den quo'c cbinb
Ve Quo'c hgi, t r i i ngUdc v6i Hien
p h i p 1889, Hien p h i p 1946 quy dinh: "Quo'c hpi la cd quan quyen lufc tdi cao, la cd quan lap p h i p n h a t cua qud'c gia" Quo'c hpi N h a t B i n dUdc to chufc theo hinh thiic hai vien: Ha vien va ThUdng vien, tao cd che giam s i t va b a n che quyen lUc cua nhau, bao d i m moi vien khong lam quyen trong' q u i trinh thiic hien chufc nang Cac nghi si (ci Ha vien lan Thupng vien) la dai bieu cua toan the n h a n dan (khac v6i td chufc Nghi vien cua Anh ThUdng vien Cd phUdng thufc t h a n h lap khdng dan chu, cic t h a n h vien co x u i t t h a n td gidi quy tpc, quan cbiic c6 nhiem ky sud^t ddi) Hai vien cua Quo'c hpi dUdc giad cho quyen h i n h r a t rpng rai viec dieu h a n h boat dpng chinh tri cua dat nUdc
Ve cd quan hdnh phdp - Ngi cdc Nhdt Bdn: Cung gid'ng nhU Npi cic Anh qudc,
(3)36 SO 11-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
tuy nhien quyen quyet dinh thuoc ve Ha vien
Npi cac Nhat B i n la n h i n h h a n h phap cua chinh quyen N h a t B i n Theo Hien phap cac Bp trifdng dUdc Thu tifdng Ilia chpn va bo nhiem P h a n ldn t h a n h vien cua Npi cac bao gom ca Thu tudng phai la dai bieu cua mpt bai vien thuoc Quo'c hpi va t i t c i t h a n h vien deu phai la dan su Theo Luat Npi cac nam 2001 so' lUdng Bp trUdng khong dupc qua 14 ngUdi, nhien, tru'dng hpp dac biet van cd the len den 17 ngUdi Trong trUdng hdp Npi cac tii chUc tap the, Npi cac van p h i i dieu hanh cong viec cho den co mpt Thu tudng m6i dUdc bd nhiem Trong tai nhiem, cac hoat dpng phap ly van CO the chdng lai cac Bp trudng ma khong c i n cd sii ddng y cua Thu tu6ng
Ve cdquan Tii phdp - He thdng Toa dn
Trong n h a n h lap phap va h a n h phap cua chinh quyen N h a t Ban dUpc to chuc ve cd ban gid'ng chinh tri Anh qudc, thi n h a n h tU p h i p - tea i n lai dupc cdu true gidng nhii he thdng toa dn
cua My
Theo Hien p h a p 1946, cd q u a n tU phap gdm cap: Tdi cao P h a p vien, toa an cao cap va cac toa an dia phUdng, toa an gia dinh Tdi cao P h a p vien gdm C h a n h an dUdc T h i e n h o a n g N h a t B i n bd n h i e m va 14 vi T h a m p h a n Npi cac chpn Tat c i c i c vu an deu dupc xet xuf ceng k h a i , n h a t la cac vu vi p h a m c h i n h t r i , b i o chi va n h a n quyen
Toa an tdi cao N h a t Ban gdm 16 t h a n h vien (d My la t h a n h vien) Thien hoang bd nhiem theo de nghi cua Npi cac vdi chuc d a n h C h a n h an va Npi cac bo nbiem thong qua trUng c i u dan y vdi cac chUc d a n h t h a m p h a n lai nhiem ky 10 nam (trong d My, Tdng thong bo nbiem cac t h i m p h a n Toa Tdi cao thong qua Qudc hpi, va c6 nhiem ky suot ddi) Cung gidng cac Tham p h i n My, cac tham p h a n N h a t B i n phai tif
bd d i n g phai de d i m b i o boat ddng dpc lap, lUdng r a t cao
Ve phan quyen dia phiidng: Mpt
nguyen t i c chinh tri q u a n trpng dUdc quy dinh hien p h a p la nguyen t i c tuf tri dia phUdng Hien p h i p k h i n g dinh: cd q u a n h a n h chinh dia phUdng la "trUdng hpc cua nen dan chu", la yeu td de dan chu hoa t o i n bp da't nu6c
Sau b a n h a n h Hien p h i p 1946 N h a t B i n ve h i n h thiic la nha nu6c quan chu lap hien NhUng ve thiic chat mpi quyen h a n h deu n i m tay Quoc hpi, dai dien cho quyen ldi ciia n h a n dan Cd tac gia cho hinh thiic thiic chat la dan chu dai nghi, hoac theo tac g i i Mishin A.A., Entin L.M cho la
qudn chu dgi nghi
3 D a u a n g i a tri d a n chii phifdng Tay t r o n g thufc t h i H i e n p h a p
Cuoi n h u n g n a m 1940, MacArthur da tifng dUa t h u y e t "Nhat Ban mii 12 tudi" n h u sau: "Hien Nhat Ban mdi dupc 12 tuoi, mdi co trinh dp trung hpc de n h a t cap (trung hpc cd sd) NhUng rdi day, to't nghiep xong trung hpc de n h a t cap se tien len hac trung hpc de nhi cap (trung hpc phd thong), t h a n h ngUdi trUdng t h a n h lam viec xa hpi Cuoi cung h i n N h a t B i n ciing se t h a n h mpt nUdc ngUdi ldn be the nhu My Qud'c dan N h a t Ban phai bie't n h a m tdi muc tieu ay"."^
(4)CHAU MY N G A Y N A Y SO 11-2009 37
Dac diem thU hai la, Hien phap trao nhieu quyen tuf tri cho dia phUdng MacArthur bang kinh nghiem d My tin rang, dan chung d dau cung the, deu mud^n t u cai q u i n xdm lang cua minh, dd nen de cho d i n chung cac dia phuong bau ngUdi lanh dao cua dia phUdng minh, doi trpng lai cbinb quyen trung Udng
Dac diem thuf ba la, MacArthur coi trpng suf binh dang, tuf va an toan xa hpi Binh dang kieu My la binh dang ve cd hpi No CO vu cho binh dang gidi, xay diing cong doan, c i i c i c h ruong dat, xoi bd che dp dai gia dinh nhieu the be va gia trUdng t r u y e n thd'ng Tuy nhien, binh dang d N h a t B i n chu yeu la binh d i n g ve ket qua, g i n vdi y nghia chu ngbia binh quan, t r i i v6i d My Bien phap truyen thd'ng cua N h a t la chap nhan b i t binh dang ve cO hpi (vi du thue) de q u i n ly binh dang ve ket q u i (vi du t h u nhap) thdng qua he tho'ng quan lieu Uu tii
Tren hoat dpng thufc tien cua ddi Sd'ng van h o i , cbinb quyen chiem ddng tim mpi binh thUc va k h i nang truyen ba van h o i My d N h a t B i n , n h a t la nha trUdng Trong dd ba khia canh chil chd't la dien i n h , the thao, sex (ngUdi ta gpi la S) NgUdi My cd g i n g truyen b i chu nghia vat chat n h i m buy-diet chu nghia tam, coi trpng tinh t h i n cua ngUdi Nhat Do ngUdi My da trpng dung cac hpc gia kinh te hpc, cic quan chufc n g a n h kinh te bieu dUdng cic doanh nghiep c6 n a n g s u i t cao, nhUng ngUdi giau co
Tom lai, b i n Hien phap 1946 cua Nhat B i n la mpt bUdc tien l i n lao tren dUdng dan chu h o i nU6c Nhat Du6i i p lUc cua quan chiem dong My, b i n hien p h i p mdi da van dung khd sdng
tgo the che ddn chu cua cdc niidc phitdng Tdy ma chu yeu la mo hinh the
che t a m quyen p h a n lap (quan chu lap hien/ quan chu dai nghi) cua VUdng qudc Anh va he thdng tU p h i p mang
tinb dpc lap cao cua My Dieu dang chu y la, mac du ngUdi My cd toan quyen cua cbinb quyen quan q u i n , nhUng hp da ton trpng truyen tho'ng van boa Nhat B i n Q u i trinh thufc thi Hien phap d N h a t B i n thed mo hinh phUdng Tay da dem lai nhieu thay doi cd b i n t h a n g gia tri cua xa hpi Nhat Ban, trUic bet la cic khia canh quyen dan chu, tii do, binh d i n g , phan quyen, dac biet la chu ngbia boa binh Nhd vay, nU6c N h a t tii sau Chien t r a n h The gidi thd bai den la mpt quoc gia on dinh, dan chu, van minh, di theo chu ngbia boa binh va dat trinh dp phat trien t h i n ky NbUng k m h nghiem cua bp xUng dang de cic nUdc Chau A khac, dd cd Viet Nam noi theo •
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1, Bill Bich Van (2007), Tac dpng cua yeu to nifcic ngoai do'i v6i Nhat Ban thdi Mmh Tri, Tap chi Nghien ciiu Dong Bae A, so' 12(82)
2, Hoang Thi Mmh Hoa (1998), Truyen thong va hien dai cua Nhat Ban tit Minh Tri tan den Tap chi Nghien cilu lich sii, so 4/1993, Ha Npi 3, Quang Chinh (1957), Nguyen ban Hien phap
1889 Nhat hoang cong bo 11/2/1889 (in "Chinh tri Nhat Ban (1854-1954)")
4, Sakaiya Taichi (2004): MUdi hai ngUdi lap nuoc Nhat (Gs, Ts Dang LUdng Mo dich) Nxb CTQG, Ha Noi
5, Tadao Umesao (2007): Lich sii nhin tit quan diem sinh thai hpc Ngudi dich: Nguyen Diic Thanh, Nguyen Anh Tua'n, Ha Noi
6, Yukichi Fukuzawa (2006): Phuc ong tu truyen NgUdi dich: Pham Thu Giang, Ha Npi
7, Website Chinh phu Nhat Ban:
http://w\vw.kantei,go,jp/foreign/cabinet_system/2 ,html,
Chu thich:
1) Sakaiya Taichi: MUdi hai ngUdi lap nUPc Nhat (Gs Ts Dang Ludng Md dich), Nxb CTQG, Ha Npi 2004
2) Bui Bich Van (2007), Tac dpng ciia yeu to nUdc ngoai do'i vdi Nhat Ban thdi Minh Tri, Tap chi Nghien ciiu Ddng Bae A, so' 12 (82), tr 44-52, 3) Sakaiya Taichi: Muoi hai ngUdi lap nUdc
Nhat (Gs Ts Dang Luong Mo dich), Nxb CTQG, Ha Npi 2004, tr 352,
http://w\vw.kantei,go,jp/foreign/cabinet_system/2