Functional foods, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes edited by a arnoldi

Functional foods, cardiovascular disease and diabetes Edited by A Arnoldi Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited Abington Hall, Abington Cambridge CB1 6AH England www.woodhead-publishing.com Published in North America by CRC Press LLC 2000 Corporate Blvd, NW Boca Raton FL 33431 USA First published 2004, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC ß 2004, Woodhead Publishing Limited The authors have asserted their moral rights This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials Neither the authors nor the publishers, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book Neither this book nor any part 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(e-book) CRC Press ISBN 0-8493-2559-5 CRC Press order number: WP2559 The publisher's policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which have been manufactured from pulp which is processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards Project managed by Macfarlane Production Services, Markyate, Hertfordshire (e-mail: macfarl@aol.com) Typeset by MHL Typesetting Limited, Coventry, Warwickshire Printed by TJ International Limited, Padstow, Cornwall, England Contributor contact details Chapter Chapter Dr N M de Roos University Medical Centre Utrecht Division of Dietetics HP G 01 111 3508 GA Utrecht The Netherlands Dr M de Lorgeril and Ms P Salen Laboratoire Nutrition Vieillissement et Maladies Cardiovascularies (NVMCV) UFR de MeÂdecine et Pharmacie Domaine de la Merci 38706 La Tronche (Grenoble) France Email: N.deRoos@umcutrecht.nl Chapter Professor G Nowicka and Professor M Naruszewicz National Food and Nutrition Institute Powinska Street 61/63 02-903 Warsaw Poland Email: gnowicka@izz.waw.pl M.Naruszewicz@izz.waw.pl Tel: 33 476 63 74 71 Fax: 33 476 63 71 52 Email: michel.delorgeril@ujfgrenoble.fr Contributors xiii Chapter Chapter Dr W L Stone Department of Pediatrics East Tennessee State University James H Quillen College of Medicine Johnson City Tennessee 37614-0578 USA Professor J J M Marx, Dr A E R Kartikasari and Dr N A Georgiou Eijkman-Winkler Centre for Medical Microbiology Infectious Diseases and Inflammation University Medical Centre Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands Email: stone@ETSU.Edu Dr G Krishnaswamy Department of Internal Medicine East Tennessee State University James H Quillen College of Medicine Johnson City Tennessee 37614-0578 USA Dr H Yang Teaching and Research Section of Pediatrics Department of Medicine Yunnan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan 6700 11 P R China Chapter Professor F Violi, Dr R Cangemi and Dr L Lofredo IV Division of Clinical Medicine University of Rome `La Sapienza' Italy Email: francesco.violi@uniroma1.it Email: jmarx@azu.nl Chapter Dr Y M Khazrai, Dr S Manfrini and Professor P Pozzilli Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology University Campus Bio-Medico Via Emilio Longoni 83 00155 Rome Italy Tel: 39 06 22 54 15 56 Fax: 39 06 22 54 13 36 Email: p.pozzilli@unicampus.it Chapter Dr S M Virtanen Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion National Public Health Institute, Helsinki and Tampere School of Public Health University of Tampere Tampere Finland Email: Suvi.M.Virtanen@uta.fi Suvi.Virtanen@ktl.fi xiv Contributors Chapter Chapter 11 Dr S E Rasmussen Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment Institute for Danish Food and Veterinary Research Moerkhoej Bygade 19 DK-2860 Soeborg Denmark Dr E J Brink and Dr H F J Hendriks TNO Nutrition and Food Research Physiological Sciences Department PO Box 360 3700 A J Zeist The Netherlands Tel: 45 72 34 60 00 Fax: 45 72 34 70 01 Email: sera@dfvf.dk Tel: 31 69 44 761 Fax: 31 69 44 928 Email: L.Brink@voeding.tno.nl Hendriks@voeding.tno.nl Chapter 10 Chapter 12 Professor C M Williams, Dr W L Hall, K Vafeiadou, Dr A M Minihane Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition School of Food Biosciences University of Reading PO Box 226 Reading RG6 6AP UK Dr H A Collin School of Biological Sciences University of Liverpool The Biosciences Building Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZB UK Tel: 44 118 9318727 Email: w.l.hall@reading.ac.uk Professor G.H Rimbach Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science Olhausenstrasse 40 D-24098 Kiel Germany Tel: 0151 795 4561 Email: h.a.collin@liv.ac.uk Chapter 13 Professor C Galli and Dr F Visioli Department of Pharmacological Sciences School of Pharmacy University of Milan Via Balzaretti 20133 Milan Italy Tel: +39 02 50318309 Fax: + 39 02 50318384 Email: claudio.galli@unimi.it Contributors xv Chapter 14 Chapter 16 Professor E Herrera Laboratorio de BioquõÂmica Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud Universidad San Pablo ± CEU Ctra Boadilla del Monte Km 5.300 E-28558 Boadilla del Monte (Madrid) Spain Dr L Sijtsma Wageningen University and Research Centre Agrotechnology and Food Innovations B.V (A&F) PO Box 17 6700 A A Wageningen The Netherlands Email: eherrera@ceu.es Dr P F Dodds Department of Agricultural Sciences Imperial College London Wye Campus Wye Ashford Kent TN25 5AH, UK Email: p.dodds@imperial.ac.uk Chapter 15 Dr C Jacobsen Department of Seafood Research Danish Institute for Fisheries Research Building 221 DTU DK 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark Tel: 45 45 25 25 59 Fax: 45 45 88 47 74 Email: cja@dfu.min.dk Tel: 31 317 475324 Fax: 31 317 475347 Email: lolke.sijtsma@wur.nl Chapter 17 Professor D B Min and Professor H.-J Chung The Ohio State University 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building 2015 Fyffe Road Columbus OH 43210 1007 USA Tel: 614 292 6281 Fax: 614 292 0218 Email: min.2@osu.edu xvi Contributors Chapter 18 Chapter 20 Dr K Autio VTT Biotechnology PO Box 1500 FIN-02044 VTT Finland Professor A Arnoldi DISMA University of Milan Via Celoria I-20133 Milan Italy Professor L Niskanen Department of Medicine Kuopio University Hospital PO Box 1777 FIN-70211 Kuopio Finland Professor K Poutanen Food and Health Research Centre University of Kuopio PO Box 1627 FIN-70211 Kuopio Finland Email: karin.autio@vtt.fi Chapter 19 È nning Dr G O Biomedical Nutrition Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lund University PO Box 124 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden Tel: +46 46 222 3853 Fax: +46 46 222 3853 Email: gunilla.onning@kc.lu.se Tel: 39 02 503 16814 Fax: 39 02 503 16801 Email: anna.arnoldi@unimi.it Chapter 21 Dr J Hugenholtz and W F Sybesma Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences and NIZO Food Research PO Box 20 NL 6710 BA The Netherlands Tel: 31318659540 Fax: 31318650400 Email: hugenhol@nizo.nl Contents Contributor Contact Details The Potential and Limits of Functional Foods in Preventing Cardiovascular Disease 1.1 Introduction: Diet and Cardiovascular Disease 1.2 Functional Foods Defined 1.3 The Use of Functional Foods to Meet Dietary Guidelines Do Functional Foods Reach the Populations at Risk? References Assessing Health Claims for Functional Foods 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Differing Types of Claim: Nutrition and Health Claims 11 2.3 Criteria for Demonstrating Functional Effects 13 2.4 Evidence Required to Support a Health Claim 14 2.5 Future Trends 15 2.6 References 16 1.4 1.5 xii Part I Diet, Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Diet and the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Dietary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD): the Role of Dietary Fatty Acids, Alcohol and Antioxidants 22 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation v vi Contents 3.3 Dietary Prevention of Chronic Heart Failure (CHF): the Role of Micronutrients, Dietary Fatty Acids and Reduced Sodium Intake 30 Dietary Strategies to Prevent the Development of Heart Disease 34 Dietary Prevention of Post-Angioplasty Restenosis 37 Dietary Control of Conventional Risk Factors: Cholesterol, Blood Pressure, Type Diabetes and Obesity 38 Conclusion: Using the ‘Mediterranean Diet’ to Prevent Coronary Heart Disease 45 References 46 The Role of Fat-Soluble Nutrients and Antioxidants in Preventing Heart Disease 56 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.1 Introduction: Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Disease 56 The Functional Properties of Vitamin E in Preventing Heart Disease 59 The Functional Properties of Vitamin D in Preventing Heart Disease 66 The Functional Properties of Ubiquinone (CoQ10) in Preventing Heart Disease 70 4.5 Future Trends 72 4.6 References 73 Vitamin E and Other Antioxidants in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease 77 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD): the Role of Oxidative Stress 78 4.2 4.3 4.4 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 506 Index terms Links OatWell 406 obesity 45 low-GI carbohydrates and observational studies 128 146 390 62 Oenococcus oeni 463 oestrogen receptors 188 off-flavours 311 oil of macerated garlic 245 oil of steam-distilled garlic 245 oils 265 273 189 199 25 36 46 olestra 352 361 366 oligosaccharides 131 oleic acid 461 368 omega-3 fatty acids see n-3 PUFA one-carbon metabolism 452 open ponds, PUFA production in 337 oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 68 oral iron chelators 115 overconsumption, risk of 232 overweight 45 oxidative modification hypothesis 58 oxidative stress 30 antioxidants in foods and their effects 265 biomarkers of 268 and CVD role of lipid oxidation fat consumption and lipid oxidation risk factor for CHD 454 57 146 148 31 99 263 77 93 263 269 275 78 oxidised LDL see low-density lipoproteins This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 507 Index terms Links oxygen and lipid oxidation 316 oxygen-substrate interactions 263 325 P pancreatic α-amylase 379 Paselli SA2 354 pasta 321 peas 434 pectins 356 peptidases 449 peptides 432 355 356 436 percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) 37 peroxyl radicals 312 pH 317 phenolic acids 163 phenolics 275 phlebotomy 115 phloretin 159 phloridzin 159 phosvitin 318 photobioreactors 339 photo-oxidation 312 314 photosynthetic PUFA production 336 337 phytic acid 449 phytoestrogens 188 see also isoflavones phytosterolaemia 226 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 508 Index terms Links Pisum sativum 434 placental transfer 287 plant breeding 254 436 plant sterols and stanols see stanols; sterols plaques 246 inflammation and rupture 21 34 platelet aggregation 175 200 pleiotropic actions 16 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 320 polydextrose 358 polymorphism polyols 16 250 226 462 polyphenols polyrus 378 polysaccharides 131 non-starch polysaccharides 426 viscous 379 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 36 134 307 351 46 307 333 factors affecting lipid oxidation in complex food systems 315 future trends 326 health benefits 333 and lipid oxidation 312 long-chain see long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids microbial production see microbial production of PUFA n-3 see n-3 PUFA n-6 25 problems in using fish oil in food products 311 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 335 509 Index terms Links polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (Continued) recommended dietary allowances 309 successful use of fish oil in food products 320 recommendations 325 porosity 310 380 post-angioplasty restenosis 37 postprandial oxidative stress 277 potassium poultry/poultry products 321 powdered garlic 244 prefermentation 394 pregnancy 283 carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism 284 changes occurring in the mother 284 dietary recommendations for the avoidance of heart disease later in life 291 foetal development 289 and foetal growth 283 future trends 293 maternal lipid metabolism 285 placental transfer of lipid metabolites 287 primary antioxidants 319 primary hereditary haemochromatosis 107 311 primary prevention 21 34 Primary Prevention Project (PPP) 89 91 92 probiotics 15 450 466 processing avoiding lipid oxidation 325 and chemical form of isoflavones 190 Propionibacterium 465 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 510 Index terms Links prostate cancer 232 protease inhibitors 427 proteases 449 protein-based fat replacers 359 protein efficiency ratios (PER) 423 proteins dietary strategies for control of diabetes 135 emulsifiers 318 grain legumes 423 microparticulation 360 Pseudomonas denitrificans 432 442 452 454 461 163 176 178 264 269 458 pulses see grain legumes pyridoxine (vitamin B6) 451 microbial production 459 Q qualified health claims 15 quercetin 161 quinazolidine alkaloids 428 R randomized controlled trials 62 rapidly available glucose (RAG) 385 raw fats 277 reactive oxygen species (ROS) 80 red wine 177 regulation of fat replacers 365 resistant starch 381 response-to-injury hypothesis of atherosclerosis 274 99 78 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 511 Index terms restenosis Links 37 rheumatoid arthritis 311 riboflavin (vitamin B2) 451 microbial production 456 rice 393 rubredoxin 467 rutinosides 168 452 454 460 134 351 S safety fat replacers 365 isoflavones 201 issues and plant sterols 226 safety testing/evaluation 367 Salatrim 364 salivary α-amylase 378 salt 204 366 317 saponins 195 428 satiety 390 saturated fatty acids prevention of SCD 25 Schizochytrium spp 340 Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) 233 screening for iron overload 115 second-meal effect 382 secondary antioxidants 319 secondary haemochromatosis 108 secondary prevention selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) 46 342 116 21 190 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 512 Index terms selenium deficiency Links 32 sensory quality beta-glucans 408 successful use of fish oil in food products 320 serine hydroxymethyl transferase 452 serum ferritin 114 serum triglycerides 391 Seven Countries Study 38 40 sexual development 202 204 shelf-life, improving 320 short-chain fatty acids 425 sialic acid 252 Simplesse 359 170 172 46 136 361 single cell oil (SCO) see microbial production of PUFA sitostanol 216 sitosterol 215 skeletal muscle 386 Slendid 355 slowly available glucose (SAG) 385 small intestine 379 socioeconomic status sodium 216 356 33 41 soft drinks 321 324 solubility of beta-glucans 404 soluble fibre 136 393 402 see also beta-glucans sorbitol 462 soy infant formulas 203 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 513 Index terms Links soybean isoflavones 188 products enriched with n-3 LC-PUFA 321 protein and prevention of hypercholesterolaemia 428 mechanism of action SPACE trial spreads squalene metabolism stanols 195 196 430 88 90 321 323 68 effect on lowering cholesterol levels 190 215 216 217 efficacy in healthy volunteers 218 factors influencing effectiveness 223 future trends 233 using as functional foods 231 risks of overconsumption and monitoring of long-term exposure when to eat starch 232 225 377 comparing foods using GI and GL 384 digestion and health 377 factors affecting digestion, glucose and insulin response 380 glycaemic index 382 grain legumes 425 how starchy foods are digested 378 in vitro methods for rate of starch digestion 384 insulin index 383 manufacture of cereal-based products with low blood postprandial insulin responses metabolic syndrome 392 386 389 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 514 Index terms Links starch (Continued) role of low-GI carbohydrates in treating and preventing disease 387 structural properties 381 statins 66 steam-distilled garlic 245 Stellar 355 356 sterols 215 dietary sources 215 effects on lowering cholesterol levels 217 efficacy in healthy volunteers 218 factors influencing effectiveness 223 future trends 233 intake 216 safety issues 226 absorption and plasma concentration 227 human studies 228 in vitro and animal studies 228 using as functional foods risks of overconsumption and monitoring of long-term exposure when to eat stomach 231 232 225 378 structure/function claims 11 structured lipids (SL) 363 subcutaneous abdominal fat 386 sucrose fatty acid esters (SFEs) 362 366 sucrose polyesters (SPE) (olestra) 352 361 21 22 sudden cardiac death (SCD) alcohol and 366 368 27 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 515 Index terms Links sudden cardiac death (SCD) (Continued) antioxidants and 29 fish, n-3 fatty acids and 22 saturated fatty acids, oleic acid, trans fatty acids and n-6 fatty acids 25 sugars 131 sulphation 193 sulphur fertiliser 254 sulphur-related compounds 241 superoxide anion surfactants 79 318 syndrome ‘X’ 69 synthetic vitamin E 59 61 T tagatose 463 tangeretin 161 166 TBHQ 322 323 tea 176 temperature 317 tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) 42 tetrahydrofolate (THF) 452 texture management 393 thermoxidized oils and fats 278 thiamine 325 453 33 thiols 467 thioredoxin 467 thiosulphinates 242 thrifty phenotype hypothesis 148 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 516 Index terms Links thrombus formation 200 thyroid function 202 tissue integrity 380 tocopherols 59 tocotrienols 59 204 266 tofu 321 toxicity of iron 113 toxins, dietary 145 Trailblazer 360 361 25 transferrin 101 104 transferrin saturation 114 transglutaminase 394 trehalose 465 467 triacylglycerols 287 337 trialkoxytricarballylate (TATCA) 365 366 triglycerides 391 trivalent iron (Fe(III)) complexes 101 102 trypsin inhibitors 427 449 30 31 126 142 diet and control of 130 137 nutritional guidelines 137 138 dietary strategies for prevention 127 nutritional risk factors 142 trans fatty acids tumour necrosis factor (TNF) type diabetes cow’s milk and other foods 145 dietary toxins 145 increased height and weight gain 143 infant feeding patterns 144 135 82 200 148 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 253 517 Index terms Links type diabetes (Continued) maternal diet 143 vitamins and minerals 145 type diabetes diet and 127 142 43 control of diabetes 130 137 nutritional guidelines 137 138 dietary strategies for prevention 128 low-GI carbohydrates 388 prevention 389 treatment 388 nutritional risk factors 146 energy balance 146 energy-yielding nutrients 146 foetal nutrition and early growth 148 vitamins and minerals 147 vitamin E therapy 65 U ubiquinol 70 71 72 ubiquinone (CoQ10) 56 58 70 United States FDA see Food and Drug Administration labelling regulations 352 National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) 137 unqualified health claims 15 V vegetables vegetarian diet 172 24 442 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 518 Index terms ventricular fibrillation (VF) Links 23 very low-carbohydrate diets (VLCD) 461 very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) 247 vicilins 425 vinyldithiins 245 visceral abdominal fat 386 286 viscosity beta-glucans 404 and lipid oxidation 319 starch digestion, glucose and insulin response 382 viscous polysaccharides 379 vitamin B deficiency 453 microbial production 451 vitamin D 56 poisoning 67 prevention of heart disease 66 vitamin E antioxidants and prevention of CHD 56 72 128 58 72 77 83 epidemiological evidence 83 evidence from clinical trials 87 future trends 93 prevention of heart disease 57 59 aetiology of atherosclerosis 66 animal models 60 and C-reactive protein 65 clinical studies 62 compounds 59 measures of cardiovascular function 64 therapy in type, diabetes 65 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 519 Index terms Links vitamin E (Continued) and SCD vitamins 29 control of diabetes 136 lactic acid bacteria 450 production of B vitamins 467 451 nutritional risk factors for diabetes 145 and risk of CVD 273 sterols and 229 147 see also vitamin B; vitamin D; vitamin E volatiles 313 W water 316 weight gain, increased 143 weight loss 31 weight reduction programmes 128 white lupin 433 white lupin oil 426 WHO/Monica project whole grains wine 83 177 X xanthan gum 359 Y yellow lupin 433 yellow pea 434 436 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 520 Index terms Links Z Z-trim 357 zinc 32 Zutphen Elderly Study 169 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation .. .Functional foods, cardiovascular disease and diabetes Edited by A Arnoldi Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited Abington Hall, Abington Cambridge CB1 6AH England www.woodhead-publishing.com... that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards Project managed by Macfarlane Production Services, Markyate, Hertfordshire (e-mail: macfarl@aol.com)... Netherlands 1.1 Introduction: diet and cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still a major cause of death in Western populations and is becoming an important cause of morbidity and