Shellfish safety and quality edited by sandra e shumway and gary e rodrick

Shellfish safety and quality Edited by Sandra E Shumway and Gary E Rodrick Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, England www.woodheadpublishing.com Woodhead Publishing India Pvt Ltd, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi ± 110002, India Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA First published 2009, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC ß 2009, Woodhead Publishing Limited The authors have asserted their moral rights This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials Neither the authors nor the publishers, nor anyone else associated with this 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Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Woodhead Publishing Limited ISBN 978-1-84569-152-3 (book) Woodhead Publishing Limited ISBN 978-1-84569-557-6 (e-book) CRC Press ISBN 978-1-4200-7792-6 CRC Press order number: WP7792 The publishers' policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp which is processed using acid-free and elemental chlorine-free practices Furthermore, the publishers ensure that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards Project managed by Macfarlane Book Production Services, Dunstable, Bedfordshire, England (e-mail: macfarl@aol.com) Typeset by Godiva Publishing Services Limited, Coventry, West Midlands, England Printed by TJ International Limited, Padstow, Cornwall, England We dedicate this volume to John W Hurst, Jr in recognition of over a half century of dedication to ensuring shellfish quality and safety Contributor contact details (* = main contact) Editors Sandra E Shumway* Department of Marine Sciences University of Connecticut 1080 Shennecossett Road Groton, CT 06340 USA E-mail: sandra.shumway@uconn.edu Gary E Rodrick Food Science and Human Nutrition University of Florida Building 461 Rm 215 Newell Drive PO Box 110370 Gainesville, FL 32611-0370 USA E-mail: gerodrick@mail.ifas.ufl.edu Chapter Steve Jones Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire Jackson Estuarine Laboratory 85 Adams Point Road Durham, NH 03824 USA E-mail: shj@unh.edu Chapter HeÂleÂne HeÂgaret* and Sandra E Shumway Department of Marine Sciences University of Connecticut 1080 Shennecossett Road Groton, CT 06340 USA E-mail: helene.hegaret@gmail.com sandra.shumway@uconn.edu xiv Contributors Gary H Wikfors NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center Milford Laboratory 212 Rogers Avenue Milford Connecticut, CT 06460-6499 USA Chapter Gregory L Boyer Department of Chemistry State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, NY 13210 USA E-mail: glboyer@esf.edu Chapter Albert Bosch* and Rosa M Pinto Enteric Virus Laboratory Department of Microbiology University of Barcelona Spain E-mail: abosch@ub.edu FrancËoise S Le Guyader Laboratoire de Microbiologie IFREMER Nantes France Chapter Monique Pommepuy*, J C Le Saux, D Hervio-Heath and S F Le Guyader IFREMER French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea Centre de Brest BP 70, 29280 Plouzane France E-mail: pommepuy@ifremer.fr Chapter Per Andersen Orbicon A/S Jens Juuls Vej 16 8260 Viby J Denmark E-mail: pea@orbicon.dk Chapter Mario Sengco Smithsonian Environmental Research Center PO Box 28 647 Contees Wharf Road Edgewater, MD 21037-0028 USA E-mail: sengcom@si.edu Chapter Juan Blanco Centro de InvestigacioÂns MarinÄas Apdo 13 Pedras de CoroÂn s/n 36620 Vilanova de Arousa Spain E-mail: jblanco@cimacoron.org Contributors xv Chapter Chapter 12 Wen-Xiong Wang Department of Biology HKUST Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong E-mail: wwang@ust.hk Victor Garrido* and Steve Otwell Aquatic Food Products Laboratory Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA E-mail: otwell@ufl.edu; vmga@ufl.edu Chapter 10 Thomas M Soniat Department of Biological Sciences University of New Orleans Lakefront New Orleans, LA 70148 USA E-mail: tsoniat@uno.edu Chapter 11 Serge Corbeil* Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) AAHL Private Bag 24 Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia E-mail: Serge.Corbeil@csiro.au Franck C J Berthe Animal Health and Welfare Unit EFSA Italy Chapter 13 Douglas I Watson* Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre Department of Zoology, Ecology & Plant Science University College Cork Cooperage Building, Distillery Fields North Mall Cork Ireland E-mail: D.Watson@ucc.ie Sandra E Shumway and R B Whitlach Department of Marine Sciences University of Connecticut 1080 Shennecossett Road Groton, CT 06340 USA E-mail: sandra.shumway@uconn.edu Chapter 14 Louis R D'Abramo* Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Mississippi State University Box 9690 Mississippi State, MS 39759 USA E-mail: Ldabramo@cfr.msstate.edu xvi Contributors Juan L Silva and Taejo Kim Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion Mississippi State University MS 39762 USA E-mail: jsilva@foodscience.msstate.edu Shaun M Moss and S Arce Oceanic Institute 41-202 Kalanianaole Highway Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA E-mail: smoss@oceanicinstitute.org Chapter 17 Chapter 15 Marielle C W van Hulten* Intervet International BV Wim de KoÈrverstraat 35 5831 AN Boxmeer The Netherlands E-mail: marielle.vanhulten@sp.intervet.com Andrew C Barnes Centre for Marine Studies Queensland University Australia Karyn N Johnson School of Integrative Biology Queensland University Australia Chapter 16 Donald V Lightner* and R M Redman Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 USA E-mail: dvl@u.arizona.edu Shaun M Moss* and Dustin R Moss Oceanic Institute 41-202 Kalanianaole Highway Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA E-mail: smoss@oceanicinstitute.org Chapter 18 Clive Askew Shellfish Association of Great Britain Fishmongers' Hall London Bridge London EC4R 9EL UK E-mail: Clive.Askew@btinternet.com; clive@sagb.freeserve.co.uk Chapter 19 Lorna H Murray Local Authority Food Law Enforcement Branch Food Standards Agency Scotland St Magnus House 25 Guild Street Aberdeen AB11 6NJ UK E-mail: lorna.murray@ foodstandards.gsi.gov.uk Contributors Ron J Lee* Cefas Weymouth Laboratory Barrack Road The Nothe Weymouth DT4 8UB UK E-mail: ron.lee@cefas.co.uk Chapter 20 Gary E Rodrick*, Keith R Schneider and J Cevallos Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition University of Florida Building 461, Room 215 Newell Drive PO Box 110370 Gainesville, FL 32611-0370 USA E-mail: gerodrick@mail.ifas.ufl.edu Chapter 21 George J Flick Jr*, Linda A Granata, Lori S Marsh xvii Food Science & Technology Virginia Tech (0418) Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA E-mail: flickg@vt.edu Chapter 22 Gary E Rodrick* Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition University of Florida Building 461, Room 215 Newell Drive PO Box 110370 Gainesville, FL 32611-0370 USA E-mail: gerodrick@mail.ifas.ufl.edu Victor Garrido Aquatic Food Products Laboratory Food Science and Human Nutrition University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611 USA E-mail: vmga@ufl.edu Contents Contributor contact details xiii Preface xix Part I Shellfish safety: an introduction Microbial contamination and shellfish safety S Jones, University of New Hampshire, USA 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Major microbial contaminants of shellfish 1.3 Impacts of microbial contamination of shellfish on human health 1.4 Effects of microbial contamination on the international shellfish industry 1.5 Incidence of microbial contamination in shellfish waters 1.6 Contamination sources and their identification 1.7 Future trends 1.8 Sources of further information and advice 1.9 References and further reading Biotoxin contamination and shellfish safety H HeÂgaret, University of Connecticut, USA, G H Wikfors, NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center, USA and S E Shumway, University of Connecticut, USA 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Origins of phycotoxins 3 10 15 20 27 28 28 43 43 47 Index Terms Links risk aversion 471 risk management 474 future trends 486 active management 488 onus on producers 492 post-harvest processing 488 improved application to microbiological and toxin problems improving risk management strategies 479 118 interaction between public health controls and industry 476 interaction of research, legislation and 497 need for 476 optimising 476 regulators’ and industry roles 485 487 shared resources and cooperation by regulators and industry risk profiling supporting risk management rivers RNA genomes RNA interference (RNAi) 500 479 112 95 365 365 response to dsRNA in shrimp 367 rotaviruses 481 476 as a defence against viral infection RNA silencing 480 375 365 84 91 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links S salinity 16 and depuration 512 taste modification 349 salmon 362 Salmonella spp 250 saltwater wells 514 513 374 sampling biotoxin risk management 221 monitoring HABs 168 programme and depuration 531 482 sample size and surveillance for SPF shrimp sanitary conditions/facilities Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement 412 357 64 sanitary surveys 259 sanitation 357 audit form 478 315 sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOPs) 298 352 sapoviruses 84 SARS 97 satellite monitoring of HABs 68 169 saxitoxins (STX) 47 131 132 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 163 Index Terms scallops Links 182 biofouling 318 324 320 321 322 shucking to reduce ASP 485 487 491 toxin accumulation modelling 213 by sponges scheduled controlled purification process (SCPP) scombrotoxin Sea Fish Industry Authority (SEAFISH) 522 67 464 465 seasonality algal toxins risk management microbial contamination seaweed wrack 497 484 17 113 26 secondary treatment 114 security plan 356 selection differential 429 selection intensity 429 115 selective breeding basic concepts 427 reducing disease in molluscan shellfish 281 shrimp 425 inbreeding 431 programs for shrimp 429 selection for disease resistance 437 selection for growth 432 442 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms selective evisceration Links 63 selenium 469 self-regulation 464 semi-intensive systems 342 seston depletion effect 320 sewage 456 viral contamination limiting faecal input 110 112 114 transmission of viruses 85 sewage treatment plants (STPs) 114 sexual growth dimorphism 433 shared resources 500 shell quality 322 shellfish receiving record 312 shellfish shipments, accepting/rejecting 574 shellfish tissue standards 111 11 Shigella spp 252 shipments, accepting/rejecting 574 shrimp global production of farmed shrimp 426 Listeria monocytogenes 558 pond culture see pond culture of crustaceans selective breeding 425 SPF see specific pathogen-free (SPF) shrimp This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links shrimp virus-binding proteins 375 shrimp viruses 359 developing vaccines to manage viral disease 369 emergence and their impact 359 future trends 375 invertebrate immune system 364 adaptive 385 369 using the RNA interface to target viruses 365 using vaccines in health management strategies 372 shucking king scallops 485 487 sib selection 430 441 silver 230 232 simulation modelling site selection 491 234 25 340 slaughter chill killing 351 and cooking 543 small interfering RNA (siRNA) 365 sodium hypochlorite 187 sophorolipid 180 South Korea 178 Southeast Asia 535 Spain 536 SPATT 170 367 188 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links species-specific probes 262 specific pathogen-free (SPF) shrimp 384 429 444 adaptation of SPF concept to domesticated shrimp stocks 392 freedom from specific diseases 392 MCE experiment 391 394 398 405 biosecurity and the culture of wild seed/bloodstock 413 413 through environmental control and best management practices disease diagnosis and surveillance diagnosis vs surveillance historical perspective 414 407 411 386 International Principles for Responsible Shrimp Farming 397 lessons learned in developing SPF shrimp stocks 402 listed shrimp diseases/pathogens 405 maintenance of SPF status 405 USMSFP 393 specifically listed diseases (SLDs) spirolides sponges biofouling of scallops SPR-43 398 405 50 131 318 319 320 321 140 322 390 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 153 Index Terms SSO disease Links 275 standards harvesting waters 11 product size 574 safety limits for metals 240 258 462 523 531 safety and quality standards for pondcultured crustaceans virus 350 97 standpipes 348 Staphylococcus aureus 258 State Shellfish Control Agency (SSCA) 519 statins 469 steaming 543 sterols 466 Stockton Springs, Maine 467 24 storage feed and feedstuffs 345 safety and quality standards 352 storm events stormwater runoff stress 112 113 456 239 242 373 375 18 374 inbreeding and 443 in shrimp 414 Stylochus frontalis 322 subcellular pools 233 substrate 345 subunit vaccination 370 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 526 Index Terms Links Super Shrimp 390 supervision 534 surface texture 319 surveillance 405 diagnosis and diagnosis vs surveillance/screening survival capacity, microbial 407 411 19 sustainable development 121 swimming (blue) crabs 544 T tagging 528 571 tanks, depuration 529 530 targeted surveillance 411 412 taste, modification of 349 Taura syndrome virus (TSV) 360 selective breeding for TSV resistance 437 TSV-resistant Litopenaeus stylirostris 390 361 385 temperature control of vibrios 15 management 353 seawater temperature and depuration 511 tertiary treatments 114 tetrodotoxin (TTX) 50 Texas A&M University pond studies 16 513 59 67 389 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 388 Index Terms therapeutic agents, feed-based thin layer chromatography (TLC) time-temperature matrices tissue-based standards Links 345 61 260 11 tissue samples, examination of 168 total suspended solids 514 totes 568 tourism 66 toxin absorption efficiency 206 toxin accumulation modelling 200 89 applications for improving safety and quality 220 depuration 202 future trends 221 204 206 221 208 historical use and development of models 204 models of biotransformation 203 215 models with external variables 211 212 multicompartment models 211 processes 206 rationale 201 toxin incorporation 204 206 298 299 see also algal toxins traceability 353 534 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 356 Index Terms Links trade effects of shellfish disease viral contamination and 280 88 training programme 299 transgenic animals 282 368 transport 350 352 528 trays 570 treated water 112 triggers 164 trophic transfer 235 turbidity 514 Turkey 536 two-compartment models 208 211 212 typhoid fever 250 515 518 119 470 65 297 U ultrafiltered organic carbon (UOC) 238 ultra-high-pressure (UHP) treatment 471 ultrasonic devices 189 ultraviolet irradiation 510 United Kingdom (UK) 470 depuration 535 hygiene legislation 461 United States of America (USA) 88 clay flocculation 180 Clean Water Act 118 Food and Drug Administration 14 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 309 Index Terms Links vaccines (Cont.) using as part of health management strategies validation procedures 372 309 VBNC state 19 venerupin shellfish poisoning (VSP) 51 ventilation 525 verification 357 HACCP Vibrio Management Committee 297 307 309 14 Vibrio cholerae 254 Vibrio parahaemolyticus 255 478 Vibrio vulnificus 257 260 262 469 109 254 259 296 459 vibrios and disease outbreaks environmental effects on contamination 15 HACCP and processing of frozen raw oysters 300 311 management of 14 259 262 478 482 497 373 375 risk management post-harvest processing 489 Vietnamese HAB monitoring programme 168 viral hepatitis 254 viral vaccines 370 virus concentration methods 90 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links virus extraction methods viruses biological control of HABs 90 252 456 83 183 depuration 95 110 120 detection 12 89 120 improving using molecular-based methods 93 disease outbreaks 87 effects of contamination on international shellfish industry 88 environmental effects on contamination 17 future trends in virus studies 112 120 96 human enteric viruses and their fate in the environment 83 identifying sources of pollution 110 risk management 478 improving risk management strategies 118 post-harvest processing 488 shellfish-borne transmission of virus infections 479 493 85 shrimp viruses see shrimp viruses sources strategies for reducing contamination visible implant elastomer (VIE) tags 108 22 24 114 431 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 499 Index Terms Links W walls 525 warning system 120 water depuration 529 flow rate 530 supply 525 source and conservation for pond culture of crustaceans 341 water quality and depuration 511 environmental legislation for shellfish growing water quality 11 management in pond culture 346 MPN method 459 watershed ponds 341 waxed cartons 570 waxy coatings 327 white crawfish 547 White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) 360 selective breeding for WSSV resistance 462 526 385 388 571 361 437 viral vaccines 370 wild animals and birds 25 wild-caught shrimp 426 wild postlarvae (‘wild seed’) 387 biosecurity and the culture of 258 373 426 413 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links winter mortality 273 withering syndrome 276 within-family selection 430 World Health Organization (WHO) 497 World Trade Organization (WTO) 64 X Xenohaliotis californiensis (withering syndrome) 276 yellow clay dispersal 178 Yersinia enterocolitica 257 Y yessotoxins (YTX) 182 49 58 141 151 230 231 131 140 233 469 Z zinc uptake 235 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation ... acid-free and elemental chlorine-free practices Furthermore, the publishers ensure that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards Project managed... seafood safety and international trade We believe that Shellfish safety and quality takes these documents a step further, specifically detailing issues related to shellfish The opening chapters provide... tissue-based standard These are closely related because E coli is a fecal coliform species Lees (2000) summarized the different legislative standards for harvesting live shellfish in the US and the EU