Ngữ pháp 2 ngô quỳnh hoa

CONTENTS Pages Course outline Part Principal Parts of a Sentence Part Phrases Part Clauses Part Sentences COURSE OUTLINE Subject Units of credit Suggested self- study Instructor Contact details GRAMMAR 2 (30 periods) 90 periods NGO QUYNH HOA ngoquynhhoa_ac@yahoo.com.vn Cell phone: 0983791306 The subject outline contains important information Please ensure that you read it carefully It is also strongly recommended that you keep this copy of your subject outline for future reference Course Description: Understanding and utilizing the proper phrases and sentences in writing is often difficult for students because there is less focus on it The purpose of this course is to focus on the basics of identifying, using with the correct phrases and sentences Learning Goals: By the end of the course, students will be able to: - Master their knowledge and understanding of phrases and sentences Identify, describe and explain the different phrases and sentences Identify, describe and explain the formation, functions and classification of each phrase and sentence Use phrases and sentences properly in writing and speaking Assignments: Students will write exams, participate in small group activities, and give oral presentations Grades will be assigned according to the following percentages: Assessment for the subject will be on the basis of: (a) Class attendance (b) Oral presentation (c) Participation/small group Required assessment activities Mid –term tests Required assessment Final Exam Required assessment (d) (e) Required assessment Yes (> absences in the tutorial sessions: FAIL) Required assessment Yes 10% 10% Yes 15% Yes Yes 15 % 50% Proposed schedule Time Contents Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week 10 Week 11 Course introduction Part 1: Principal part of a Sentence Part 1: Principal part of a Sentence (cont.) Part 2: Phrases Part 2: Phrases (cont.) Part 2: Phrases (cont.) Part 2: Phrases (cont.) Part 3: Clauses Part 3: Clauses (cont.) Part 3: Clauses (cont.) Part 3: Clauses (cont.) Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 Part 3: Clauses (cont.) Part 4: Sentences Part 4: Sentences (cont.) Revision + End-of-unit test Textbooks: - Phrases, Clauses and Sentences (George Davidson) Reference books: - Exploring Grammar in Context (Ronald Carter, Rebecca Hughes and Michael McCathy) - A Practical English Grammar (A.J.Thomson & A.V.Martinet) - Developing grammar in context (Mark Nettle and Diana Hopkins) - Oxford Practice Grammar- Advanced (George Yule) Part 1: Principal Parts of a Sentence Principal Parts of a Sentence A THE SUBJECT & PREDICATE I Definition: • Every statement can be divided into parts o Subject o Predicate • What is a subject? o is the topic, or what is being spoken about • What is a predicate? o is what is “predicated” (or said to be true) about the subject • As these examples show, the subject is not necessarily a single word (a noun or a pronoun) – it can be a noun phrase (NP), or even a clause • In most statements, the verb is the first word (or word group) in the predicate Thus, the most important factor in expressing the predicate is the verb; and the verb must “agree” with the subject, so the subject dictates the form of the verb II The subject can be: A noun: a Speech is silver but Silence is gold A pronoun b She is intelligent but he is stupid c My brother has gone but his hasn’t d Who is there? e The man who is talking with your mother is my father An adjective used as a noun f The rich must help the poor Infinitive: g To succeed in a examination is not an easy thing Gerund: h Swimming is a good sport Phrase: i What to now that is difficult to decide Clause: j What you said is true III Note: Empty subject:  We often use it in sentences referring to time, the weather, temperature or distance When used in this way, it is sometimes called an empty subject because it carries no real information It is present because every English sentence has to contain a subject (and a verb)  For examples: o Time: o Weather: o Temperature: o Distance: o The tides: o Environment: o With since: o With says: o With take: Preparatory subject:  It’s o’clock It’s Thursday It’s November 23rd It’s time for us to leave It’s hot It’s raining It’s 370C It’s km from here to the university It’s high tides at 11.44 It’s noisy here It’s three years since we last met It says here there was a big fire in Dong Xuan It takes 20 minutes to get to work Sometimes sentences beginning with it continue with an infinitive, a gerund or a noun clause It is possible to begin such sentences with an infinitive or gerund, but we generally prefer it The true subject is the infinitive, gerund or noun clause, and it is preparatory to the subject  For examples: o It’s pleasant to lie in the sun o It’s pleasant lying in the sun o It’s a shame that Tom isn’t here o It doesn’t matter when we arrive Agent  In the active, the subject expresses the agent, i.e., the “doer” – the person or thing that performs the action indicated by the verb, whereas in the passive the agent stands after by  For examples: o The boy broke the window o The window was broken by the boy THE OBJECT I Definition:  What is an object? o is the person or thing toward which the subject directs the process spoken of in the verb  What are the positions of an object in the sentence? o It usually goes after the verb in the active It can become the subject of a verb in the passive II Classification:  How many types of objects are there? o Objects can be divided into two types: direct objects and indirect objects Direct objects  A direct object refers to the person or thing affected by the action of the verb It comes immediately after a transitive verb  For example: He kicked the dog The dog bit him  A direct object can be: a) A noun He usually does his homework from to b) A pronoun I don’t like it These two sisters love each other c) An adjective used as a noun The rich must help the poor d) An infinitive His daughter wanted to go to the movie e) Gerund He stops talking She likes swimming f) A phrase He doesn’t know how to this She doesn’t know what to g) A clause I don’t know where he goes I don’t know why he came here Indirect object:  An indirect object usually refers to the person who “benefits” from the action expressed in the verb  For example: Mary threw me the ball My man bought me some flowers  An indirect object can be: a) A noun: I gave my nephew a dictionary b) A pronoun: Did you buy her a present? c) Gerund: They gave Mary’s acting credit for the success of the play d) A clause: Give whoever comes first the best tickets  Indirect objects can stand either after the verb or after the direct object with a preposition in between In the latter case, another term that can be used for the indirect objects is prepositional objects I brought him a cup of tea I brought a cup of tea to him  Prepositional objects always stand after the prepositions A prepositional object can be: a) A noun: He threw the ball through the window b) Gerund phrase: He went out of the house without speaking a single word c) A clause: We are looking forward to what you promised THE COMPLEMENT I Definition:  The complement can be defined as a sentence element that gives further information about the subject or the object; in other words, the complement completes the meaning of the subject or the object II Forms of Complements:  A complement can be: a) A noun: They elected him President b) A pronoun: It’s mine c) An Adjective: Her husband has made her happy d) A participle: I found my daughter lying near my wife e) An infinitive: She made me laugh f) An adverb: I saw his house afire III Classification: Subject Complement  Subject complement is a word or a phrase that completes the meaning of the subject, when the verb cannot complete the meaning No Subject His father Her son She That lesson The leaves Verb is becomes looks seems turn out Subject Complement a doctor lazy tired easy to him red Object Complement  Object complement is a word or a phrase that completes the meaning of the subject, when the verb cannot complete the meaning No Subject He The government They His friends Verb called set elected named Object his dog the prisoners him him Object Complement “Spot” free President Bob Note:  The nouns and the adjectives are used as Complement when they are used after the link verbs such as be, get, go, turn, grow, look, smell, feel, taste etc  Another term for the subject complement that follows a link-verb such as “to be” is predicative E.g.: He is a doctor She got tired THE ATTRIBUTIVE (Modifier of Noun, Adjunct to a noun, Attributive adjunct or Adjective modifier) I Definition:  We use the term “attributive” to refer to an adjective coming before a noun in a phrase or sentence In contrast, predicative is a term used to refer to the position of an adjective coming directly after be and be-like verbs  Compare: He is an old man (old is called attributive adjective) He seems old (old is referred to as a predictive adjective)  Functionally, the attributive adjective modifies the meaning of the noun it precedes while the predicative adjective has the function of a complement in the sentence, and modifies the meaning to the subject II Forms of the attributives An adjective: That ugly girl married a handsome man A participle: That well-known teacher is in the living room The singing boy is my brother An infinitive verb: This house to rent is reserved to foreigners Water to drink is scarce in this place A noun in the possessive case: Her father’s friend was sentenced to ten-days’ imprisonment A noun used as an adjective: That school teacher sings love songs before going to bed A noun used in the apposition (danh từ dùng đồng cách) Abraham Lincoln, negroes’ liberators, was the 16th president of the US A prepositional phrase: The book on the desk is mine I don’t like being scolded in front of people Object to a preposition He doesn’t worry about educating his children Apposition Our first job, painting the fence, took all morning Prepositional phrases  A prepositional phrase is a phrase beginning with a preposition and then is a noun or a pronoun (used as an object to the preposition)  A prepositional phrase is used as An adjective that modifies a noun The boy with books under his arms is an excellent student Birds of a feather flock together A friend in need is a friend indeed An adverb that modifies a verb or an adjective She saw a butterfly through the window (verb) Aren’t you curious about them? (adj.) Participial phrases  A participial phrase is a phrase beginning with present participle or past participle It has the function of the adjective clauses that modify a noun or a pronoun  A participial phrase beginning with present participle has the active meaning Eating lunch on the lawn, the children were amused by their father’s stories Saying nothing, she walked out of the room quietly  A participial phrase beginning with past participle has the passive meaning The dog found in the street was homeless Punished by the teacher, the boy wept bitterly  A participial phrase also has the function of the adverbial clauses of time, the adverbial clauses of reason (cause), the adverbial clauses of condition, and the adverbial clauses of concession (contrast) Walking along the street, I saw an accident (the adverbial clause of time) = While I was walking along the street, I saw an accident Having finished my work, I went home (time) = When I had finished my work, I went home My brother, being ill, could not come (reason) = Because my brother was ill, he could not come Getting the permission, we shall go at once (condition) = If we get the permission, we shall go at once Admitting he is right, I not like it (concession) = Although I admit he is right, I not like it PART CLAUSES CLAUSES Clauses come in two types: main [or independent], subordinate [or dependent] Every clause has at least a subject and a verb Other characteristics will help you distinguish one type of clause from another  Main Clauses Every main clause will follow this pattern: subject + verb = complete thought Examples: Lazy students whine (Students = subject; whine = verb.) Cola spilled over the glass and splashed onto the counter (Cola = subject; spilled, splashed = verbs.) My dog loves pizza crusts (Dog = subject; loves = verb.)  Subordinate Clauses - A subordinate clause will follow this pattern: Subordinate conjunction + subject + verb = incomplete thought - Examples: Whenever lazy students whine (Whenever = subordinate conjunction; students = subject; whine = verb.) As cola spilled over the glass and splashed onto the counter (As = subordinate conjunction; cola = subject; spilled, splashed = verbs.) Because my dog loves pizza crusts (Because = subordinate conjunction; dog = subject; loves = verb.) - The important point to remember about subordinate clauses is that they can never stand alone as complete sentences To complete the thought, you must attach each subordinate clause to a main clause Generally, the punctuation looks like this: main clause + Ø + subordinate clause subordinate clause + , + main clause - Check out these revisions to the subordinate clauses above: Whenever lazy students whine, Mrs Russell throws chalk erasers at their heads Because my dog loves pizza crusts, he never barks at the deliveryman NOUN CLAUSES A clause, has the function of a noun, is called a noun clause Like a noun, a noun clause can be used as subjects, objects to a verb or a preposition, and complements if go after the link verbs I don’t know / when she will come Main clause Noun clause (is used as the object to the verb “don’t know”) When she will come / is not known Noun clause (is used as the subject to the verb “is”) Whether you can get a job or not / depends on your own effort Noun clause (is used as the subject to the verb “depend”) My problem is / that I can’t get used to the climate here Noun clause (is used as a complement – after the link verb “be”) THE SUBJECT OF A VERB What you have just said is quite true Where she goes is no business of yours What I saw was frightening THE DIRECT OBJECT OF A VERB He said that he was feeling tired He thought that the trained arrived at 10 I have no idea who telephoned  The following verbs are used in the case: admit, agree, answer, assure, believe, complain, decide, hope, imagine, know, learn, point out, promise, pretend, realize, remark, remember, remind, deny, discover, expect, explain, feel, find out, forget, hear, reply, say, see, suggest, suppose, suspect, think, understand, wish, etc THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION They did not know for how many hours he had been there Do you object to what I have said? I don’t believe in what they said THE COMPLEMENT OF A VERB The truth is that she’s only 13 The question is why he is still alive It appears that he is selfish IN APPOSITION TO A NOUN The news that she had gone without saying any words made him lose all hope That fact that Ann was late didn’t surprise me The news that she suffered from AIDS is not true ANTICIPATORY SUBJECT It is clear that he is wrong (= That he is wrong is clear) Real subject It is a fact that the world is round (= That the world is round is a fact) Real subject USED WITH A NUMBER OF PREDICATE ADJECTIVES She felt sure that she had done the right thing It is certain that he will agree They were anxious that aid should be sent promptly THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES Subject + verb + that + Subject + (not) + bare infinitive The teacher demands that we be on time I insist that he pay me the money They requested that we not use the office phone for personal calls We proposed that he take a vacation  We can use “should” before the verb in the noun clauses The teacher demands that we should be on time  The following verbs are used in the subjunctive in noun clauses: agree, command, ask (tell sb to do), recommend, urge, beg, determine, order, suggest, request, etc FURTHER REMARKS ON NOUN CLAUSES Noun Clause can serve as subjects of a sentence That you’re getting married is a surprise That it’s snowing prevents us from transporting the goods Note: That = The fact that Therefore, to clarify these above sentences, we can rewrite them as follows: The fact that you’re getting married is a surprise The fact that it’s snowing prevents us from transporting the goods Noun clauses can begin with question words: When – What – Who – Why – Where – How Maria doesn’t know who is coming to the party I wonder what causes Walter to be late Do you know when John will arrive? They don’t realize how we it I don’t understand why she failed the exam if or whether (or not) can be used in noun clauses Do you know whether or not the post office is open? Please tell me if / whether he’s in pain Note: Don’t use whether and if together Don’t replace whether or not by if or not ADJECTIVE CLAUSES  An adjective clause (attributive clause) serves as an adjective (attributive) to some nouns or pronouns in the main clause This noun and pronoun is called an antecedent (…)  Attributive clauses are introduced by a relative pronoun or a relative adverb Relative adverbs: Where, When, Why The house where (in which) he lives is very old I’ll never forget the day when (on which) I first saw you She told me the reason (for which) why she came late Relative pronouns: Who(m), Which, That, Whose a In subjective case He’s the one who/that is wearing a black suit That’s the restaurant which/that serves sea-food b In objective case The man (whom/that) you met was here yesterday The village (which/that) you can see over there is very nice The relative pronouns used in the objective case can be omitted c Used as the object of a preposition They are the people about whom I was talking That is the dog of which I was afraid That is the shop from which I bought my radio d In possessive case Charlie Chaplin, whose films amused millions, died in 1977 The chair the leg of which has been broken is very expensive  Some remarks on relative pronoun “that” Generally, “THAT” is used instead of “WHO/WHICH” in relative clauses Nevertheless, “THAT” is used freely with the reference to people and things in the following cases: With the following pronouns: all, everything, nothing, something, anything, much, little, few, every time All the people that you met at the party yesterday are very rich Often with superlatives She is one of the most beautiful girls that I’ve ever seen With the ordinal number He’s the second one that broke the world record After “ONLY, VERY, SAME” He is the only one that can answer such a difficult question She is the very girl that I’m looking for He gets bored with the same food that he has to eat every day After the question words What is it that makes you sad? Who is she that you say hello to?  Attributive clauses are of two kinds: Defining and Non defining clauses Defining clauses (Restrictive relative clauses) limit and define more clearly the antecedent They are not usually separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma They are important parts of the sentence and cannot be omitted without causing misunderstanding the sentence as a whole I met the boatman who had taken me across the ferry The book which you told me about was sold out Non-defining clauses (non-restrictive relative clauses) give some additional information about the antecedent They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas They may be omitted without affecting the precise understanding of the sentence as a whole The book, which has pictures in, is good for children to read The taxi-driver, who usually smiles, is a good and careful driver Lenin Park, where many people come on festival days, is very popular in Hanoi ADVERBIAL CLAUSES  An adverbial clause adds meaning to a verb, an adjective or an adverb of the main clause in the function of an adverbial modifier I will speak to him when he comes He will follow her wherever she goes  Adverbial clauses are connected to the main clauses by means of conjunctions: when, while, after, because, if, etc On the ground of their meaning, adverbial clauses are classified into different kinds: Adverbial clauses of time broadly answer the question “WHEN” and can be introduced by the following conjunctions: when, while, after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, since, etc Please tell him that as soon as he arrives She was in the kitchen while the telephone was ringing To express that the action of the subordinate clause closely follows that of the main clause, some negative conjunctive adverbs such as: hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc., are used and the main clause is used in inversion structure Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform Scarcely had she opened the door when all the lights were out No sooner had she got home that it started raining cats and dogs Adverbial clauses of place answer the question “WHERE” and can be introduced by the conjunctions: where, anywhere, everywhere, etc Adverbial clauses of place normally come after the main clause Sometimes, they can begin a sentence for the sake of emphasis The house was built where two roads meet Everywhere Mary went, she was mistaken for her sister Adverbial clauses of manner answer the question “HOW” and can be introduced by the conjunctions: as, as if, as though They usually come after the main clause You ought to write as I He did as if he had never done it in his life before He behaves as if he were King She started kissing me as though we were on our honeymoon Note: After “AS IF – AS THOUGH”, we often use the past tense (but the present meaning) to express unreal things Adverbial clauses of comparison and can be introduced by the conjunctions: the more … the more, as … as, -er … than, etc He worked much better than I had hoped It is as hot as it was yesterday She sang less beautifully than I expected The more beautiful she is, the more miserable her parents are The more we get together, the happier we’ll be Adverbial clauses of reason/cause broadly answer the question “WHY” and can be introduced by the conjunctions: because, as, since, seeing that, for fear that, etc They decided to give up the trip because the weather wasn’t good Since (as/seeing that) you insist, we will go together I bought this house at once for fear that they might change their mind Adverbial clauses of result are used to describe consequences and are introduced by the conjunctions: so that, so … that, etc The problem is so simple that even a child can understand We arrived early so that we could get good seats It was such a cold day that the streets were almost empty Adverbial clauses of purpose answer the question “WHAT FOR?/FOR WHAT PURPOSE?” and can be introduced by the conjunctions: so that, in order that, for fear that, etc We will write down her name so that we may not forget She worked hard for her exams in order that she could get good marks Adverbial clauses of concession introduce an element of contrast into a sentence and are introduced by the following conjunctions: though, although, even if, even though, however, whoever, whatever, whichever, no matter how, no matter what, etc Whatever you say, I would never change my mind No matter where you go, you cannot escape from yourself No matter how hard he tries, he will not pass the exams However rich she is, I think she isn’t happy Even if it takes 10 years, I will still wait for her He’s coming today in spite of the fact that I told him I didn’t want him It doesn’t matter what she says, don’t trust her Whoever phones, tell them I’m out Whatever you do, I’ll always love you Adverbial clauses of condition express a condition by which an action can or cannot happen They are introduced by the conjunctions: if, unless, on condition that, supposing that, so long as, etc Supposing that he doesn’t come, what shall we do? So long as you not work hard, you will never pass your exams If it is late, we should stop our work here PART SENTENCES SENTENCES According to their formation, sentences can be divided into kinds: Simple sentences, Compound sentences, Complex sentences, and Compound-complex sentences A Simple Sentences I Definition  Traditionally, a simple sentence is a group of words that contains a finite verb and makes complete sense She came here to borrow my books two days ago - came: a finite verb in the past simple - to borrow: a non-finite verb, a full infinitive After leaving high school, she will go to a business school - leaving: a present participle, not a finite verb - will go: a finite verb in the future simple  However, this traditional definition of a simple sentence is not suitable for these following examples: - “What time is it?” – “Two o’clock” - “Stop!” - Who answered the question? – “George” - “Good bye” - Did you know it? – “Yes” - “Thanks” - How much butter you want? – “A pound and a half” - “Of course” - Coffee, sir? – Yes, please - “Nonsense” - Black or white? – White - “Waiter, another bottle of wine” - I’ll send you the books? – When? - “Really?” - Your name and address, please? - “This way, sir” - First come, first served - “Hello!”  These above examples are sentences because they make complete senses although they not have a finite verb  Therefore, a sentence is “a (relatively) complete and independent human utterance, the completeness and independent being shown by its standing alone or capability of standing alone, i.e of being uttered by itself.” II Enlargement of a simple sentence We can enlarge a simple sentence by adding some more:  Subjects English and Math are my favorite subjects  Direct objects They ate eggs and bread  Indirect objects I told the boys and the girls funny stories  Objects to a preposition He is always talking about his son and his daughter He always thinks of money and how to get it  Complement We felt hungry and thirsty B Compound sentences  A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences connected by means of coordinating conjunctions such as and, but, or, yet, nor, neither, either, so, not only … but also, etc  The simple sentences that create the compound sentences are called coordinate clauses The flowers were beautiful, and I bought them You can go there on foot or you can get there by bicycle I couldn’t sing and neither / nor could I tell funny stories (I couldn’t sing or tell funny stories.) I’d love to go to the theater tonight, but I am too busy The manager is ill so I went in his place  The simple sentences are also connected by conjunctive adverbs such as however, nevertheless, then, therefore, moreover, consequently, etc I want to go shopping very much; however I’ve got no money My car broke down; consequently I was late  Sometimes, the semi-colon is also used to connect ideas to form compound sentences We fished all day; we didn’t catch anything C Complex sentences  A complex sentence consists of one main clause (principal clause) and one or more subordinate clauses (dependent clause) The subordinate clauses are connected with the main clause by subordinating conjunctions  The main clause is an independent clause that has complete sense, but it also needs one or more subordinate clauses that modify it  The subordinate clause has to depend on the main clause to make complete sense There are a lot of subordinate clauses A clause, has the function of a noun, is called a noun clause Like a noun, a noun clause can be used as subjects, objects to a verb or a preposition, and complements if go after the link verbs I don’t know / when she will come Main clause Noun clause (is used as the object to the verb “don’t know”) When she will come / is not known Noun clause (is used as the subject to the verb “is”) Whether you can get a job or not / depends on your own effort Noun clause (is used as the subject to the verb “depend”) My problem is / that I can’t get used to the climate here Noun clause (is used as a complement – after the link verb “be”) A clause, has the function of an adjective, is called an adjective clause Like an adjective, an adjective clause can be used to modify nouns or pronouns This is the magazine / which you ordered Adjective clause (modifies to the noun “magazine”) Most of the people / who frequent this restaurant / are students Adjective clause (modifies to the noun “people”) Anybody / who saw the accident / is asked to communicate with the police Adjective clause (modifies to the pronoun “anybody”) A clause, has the function of an adverb, is called an adverbial clause Like an adverb, an adverbial clause can be used as to modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs The adverbial clause can tell us when? where? how? What conditions? why? etc the activities or events in the main clause happen He couldn’t join the trip / because he was sick Adverbial clause of reason Shut the door / when you leave Adverbial clause of time If Henry comes, I shall tell him the story Adverbial clause of condition If Henry comes, should we show him the camera you bought? Adverbial clause of condition Adjective clause D Compound – Complex sentences  A compound – complex sentence consists of two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses I’ll come / and I’ll bring some of my friends / if they have the day off Compound sentence Adverbial clause of condition I was invited to the party, / but I couldn’t make it / because I was seriously ill on that day Compound sentence Adverbial clause of reason Adverbial clause of time Call Jack before he leaves the house, or he will forget to lock the door Compound sentence ... (cont.) Part 2: Phrases Part 2: Phrases (cont.) Part 2: Phrases (cont.) Part 2: Phrases (cont.) Part 3: Clauses Part 3: Clauses (cont.) Part 3: Clauses (cont.) Part 3: Clauses (cont.) Week 12 Week... Units of credit Suggested self- study Instructor Contact details GRAMMAR 2 (30 periods) 90 periods NGO QUYNH HOA ngoquynhhoa_ac@yahoo.com.vn Cell phone: 0983791306 The subject outline contains... since: o With says: o With take: Preparatory subject:  It’s o’clock It’s Thursday It’s November 23 rd It’s time for us to leave It’s hot It’s raining It’s 370C It’s km from here to the university