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- Câu điều kiện có thực là câu mà người nói dùng để diễn đạt một hành động hoặc một tình huống thường xảy ra (thói quen) hoặc sẽ xảy ra (trong tương lai) nếu điều kiện ở mệnh đề chính [r]
(1)PERIOD: TENSES REVIEW I THEORY
NO TENSE FORM ADVERBS FOLLOWING
1
Simple present HTĐ
Tobe : S + is/am/are
+ S + V/VS, ES …
- S + doesn‟t /don‟t + V …
? Do/Does + S + V … ?
- Every day/month/year/…
- Always, constantly, usually, often, generally, frequently, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, never, - Once/twice a week, how often, … (Chú ý: thêm "ES" V kết thúc: s, sh, ch, o, x, z, (y) )
2
Present continuous HTTD
+ S + is/am/are + Ving … - S + is/am/are + not + Ving …
? Is/am/are + S + Ving … ?
Now, right now, at the/this moment, at this time, at present, at the present time, (today/ this week) …
Khơng chia tiếp diễn: Know, think, believe, hear, see, smell, wish, understand, hate, love, like, want, sound, have, need, appear, seem, taste, own,
3
Simple past QKĐ
Tobe: S + was/were
+ S + Ved/V2 … - S + didn‟t + V … ? Did + S + V … ?
- Yesterday (morning, afternoon, evening)
- Last week/month/year/… - …ago Ex: three days ago - In + năm qk, in the past
Past
continuous QKTD
+ S + was/were + Ving - S + was/were + not + Ving …
? Was/were + S + Ving …?
- At this time yesterday, at 7.00 a.m
last week
- At that time, then - When, while
5
Present perfect HTHT
+ S + has/have + P.P - S + has/have + not + P.P
- Since + 1mốc thời gian , for + 1 khoảng thời gian
(2)? Has/have + S + P.P ? lately, just, before,
- So far, until now, up to now, up to the present time Present perfect continuous HTHTTD
+ S + has/have + been + Ving
- S +has/have+ not + been + Ving
? Has/have + S + been + Ving ?
Since + 1mốc thời gian, for + khoảng thời gian, up to now
(thường dùng với V hoạt động: run,
learn, teach, work, rain, sleep, wait, stand, sit, try, …
7
Past pefect QKHT
+ S + had + P.P … - S + had + not + P.P ? Had + S + P.P ?
- After + QKHT, QKĐ
- QKHT, before/by the time + QKĐ - Before/by + thời gian qk Ex: before p.m last night
8
Past pefect continuous QKHTTD
+ S + had + been + Ving - S + had + not + been + Ving
? Had + S + been + Ving .?
… since + mốc thời gian (before) QKĐ
… for + khoảng thời gian
(thường dùng với V hoạt động: run,
learn, teach, work, rain, sleep, wait, stand, sit, try, …)
9
Simple future TLĐ
+ S + will + V - S + will + not + V ? Will + S + V ?
- Tomorrow (morning, afternoon, evening)
- Next week/month/year/
- In hours, in a few minutes/some days/…
- Some day, soon 10
Future continuous TLTD
+ S + will + be + Ving - S + will + not + be + Ving
? Will + S + be + Ving ?
- At this time tomorrow, at 8.00 a.m next Monday
- When
11 Future
(3)TLHT - S + will + not + have + P.P …
? Will + S + have + P.P … ?
Ex: by next year
- TLHT, before/by the time + HTĐ
12
Future perfect continuous TLHTTD
+ S + will + have + been + Ving
- S +will+not+have+been + Ving ? Will + S + have + been + Ving ?
(since/for) … before/by + thời gian trong tương lai
TLHTTD, before/by the time + HTĐ
(thường dùng với V hoạt động: run,
learn, teach, work, rain, sleep, wait, stand, sit, try, …)
13
Modal verbs
S +
can/could/may/might/must/ have to/be going to/ ought to + V
XI Supply the correct verb forms
1 I (see) a car accident while I (wait) for you on this corner yesterday
2 Mr john (be) principal of our school since last year
3 Mr Smith (teach) at this school since he (graduate) in 1980 My father (not watch) TV every
night
5 I (meet) Authur three weeks ago Yesterday the police (report) that they (capture) the
thief
7 My friend (thank) me for what I had done for him Someone (steal) my handbag on the
bus
9 The Browns (live) in Paris for years when the second World War (break) down
10 Last month I (be) in the hospital for ten days 11 Don't call me in the afternoon I usually (be) away in the afternoon
12 Mr Clark (be) in New York months ago Mr Rossi (be) in New York until months ago
(4)14 People (speak) English in most of
Canada 15 The dog (wag) his tail whenever he (see)
me 16 What you (do) when I (ring) you last
night? 17 Up to then I never (see) such a fat
man 18 I (not see) him last
Monday
19 They had sold all the books when we (get)
there 20 I think he (leave) as soon as he (know) the
news 21 She (play) the piano when our guests (arrive) last night 22 He (come) and (see) you
soon
23 I (come) as soon as I have finished my work You (be) ready? 24 My mother (come) to stay with us next
weekend 25 Where you (spend) your holidays next
summer? 26 Violets (bloom) in
spring
27 We (not live) in England for two years
now 28 I (never forget) what you (just tell)
me 29 They (prepare) the Christmas dinner at the
moment
30 When I last (stay) in Cairo, I (ride) to the Pyramids on a camel that my friend (borrow) the day before
31 Our teacher (tell) us yesterday that he (visit) England in 1970
32 George (work) at a university so
far 33 When he lived in Manchester, he (work) in a
(5)35 I (lose) my key (Can) you help me look for it?
36 My father (not smoke) for
years 37 My teacher wasn't at home when I (arrive) He (just go)
out 38 How long Bob and Mary (be)
married? 39 You (receive) any letter from your parents
yet? 40 My brother (join) the army when he (be) young 41 You (remember) my name or you (forget) it
someday? 42 Tom (study) chemistry for three years and then he gave it up
43 Miss Lee often (write) when she was on holiday 44 He (leave) home two weeks ago and we (not hear) from him since
then
45 You (speak) to Mrs Baker yesterday?
No, I (not see) her for a long time I (not can) remember when I last (see) her
46 When the teacher came in, the pupils (play) game
47 Columbus (discover) America more than 400 years ago 48 By next month, I (finish) my first novel 49 By May 5, we (live) in this city for ten years
50 When your father (die)? I (not kow) when he (die)……… 51 Bill said he (forget) to buy a dictionary
52 He felt asleep while he (do) his homework 53 We (not see) them for a long time
54 It (rain) when we arrived 55 Kite and I (wait) right here until you get back 56 He'll leave as soon as he (hear) the news 57 Dick (start) school before he seven 58 How long you (study) in this school?
59 We (not receive) any letter from him since he (leave) four months ago
(6)PERIOD: Passive Voice Các điểm lưu ý:
+Có số động từ khơng đổi sang bị động: seem, appear, have
+Khi đổi sang bị động thành phần câu chủ động không đổi: trạng ngữ thời gian , địa điểm, từ đệm phải giữ nguyên vị trí câu chủ động +Nếu câu chủ động chủ ngữ nobody, no one đổi sang bị động, động từ để thể phủ định
Cơng thức chung : S+BE+past participle(P2) I CÁC CƠNG THỨC CỤ THỂ CỦA CÁC THÌ:
1 Đối với Hiện đơn giản : S + am/is/are+P2 Đối với Hiện tiếp diễn : S +am/is/are+being+P2
3 Đối với Hiện Hòan thành: S + have/has+been+P2 Đối với Quá khứ đơn giản: S + was/were+p2
5 Đối với Quá khứ tiếp diễn: S + was/were+being+P2 Đối với Tương lai đơn giản: S + will+be+P2
7 Đối với Tương lai gần: S + to be+going to+Be+P2 Đối với Tương lai hòan thành: S + will have been+P2
9 Đối với Quá khứ hoàn thành: S + had been+P2
Notes: Các HTHT tiếp diễn, TLHT tiếp diễn, TL tiếp diễn, QKHT tiếp diễn không đổi sang bị động
II/ THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG CỦA MODAL VERB
1/ Cấu trúc 1: S + modal Verb +Verb infinitive(Vinf)
Dùng để hành động xảy tương lai >>> Thể bị động S+modal verb + be +P2
(7)Dùng để hành động cần phải làm khứ phải xảy không làm Hoặc hành động đoán biết hẳn phải xảy khứ >>>Bị động: S + modal Verb + have been +P2
III/ CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP ĐẶC BIỆT:
1/ It's your duty to+Vinf >>> bị động: You're supposed to+Vinf
EX: It's your duty to make tea today >> You are supposed to make tea today 2/ It's impossible to+Vinf >>>bị động: S + can't + be + P2
EX: It's impossible to solve this problem.>> This problem can't be solve 3/ It's necessary to + Vinf >>> bị động: S + should/ must + be +P2
EX: It's necessary for you to type this letter >> This letter should/ must be typed by you
4/ Mệnh lệnh thức + Object >>> bị động: S + should/must + be +P2 EX: Turn on the lights! >> The lights should be turned on
IV/ BỊ ĐỘNG CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ MAKE/ LET
Công thức chủ động : S + make/ let + sb+ Vinf >>> Bị động: S + make/ let + to + Vinf
EX: My parent never let me anything by myself >> I'm never let to anything by myself
V/ BỊ ĐỘNG CỦA CẤU TRÚC " NHỜ AI LÀM GÌ"
Chủ động: S + have(get) + sb + (to)Vinf >>>Bị động: S + have/ get + st +done
EX: I have my father repair my bike >> I have my bike repaired by my father VI/ BỊ ĐỘNG CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ ĐI SAU NÓ LÀ MỘT ĐỘNG TỪ Ở DẠNG VING Các động từ : love, like, dislike, enjoy, fancy, hate, imagine, regret, mind, admit, involve, deny, avoid etc
>> Chủ động: S + V + sb +Ving Bị động: S + V + sb/st + being + P2 EX: I like you wearing this dress.>> I like this dress being worn by you VII/ BỊ ĐỘNG CỦA CÁC ĐỘNG TỪ TRI GIÁC( Vp - verb of perception) 1/ Cấu trúc 1: S + Vp + sb + Ving
(Ai chứng kiến người khác làm thấy phần hành động hành động dand diễn bị hành động khác xen vào)
EX: Opening the door, we saw her overhearing us
2/ Cấu trúc 2: S + Vp + sb + Ving (Ai chứng kiến người khác làm từ đầu đến cuối)
EX: I saw him close the door and drive his car away
NOTE: riêng động từ : feel, find, catch sử dụng cơng thức >> Bị động: S + be + P2(of Vp) + to +Vinf
EX: He was seen to close the door and drive his car away VIII/ BỊ ĐỘNG KÉP
1/ Khi main verb thời HIỆN TẠI
Công thức: People/they + think/say/suppose/believe/consider/report + that + clause
(8)b/ Động từ clause để HTDG: S + am/is/are + thought/ said/supposed + to + Vinf
EX: People say that he is a good doctor >> It's said that he is a good doctor./ He is said to be a good doctor
c/ Động từ clause để thời QKDG HTHT S + am/is/are + thought/ said/ supposed + that + to + have + P2
EX: People think he stole my car >> It's thought he stole my car He is thought to have stolen my car
2/ Khi main verb thời QUÁ KHỨ Công thức: People/they + thought/said/supposed + that + clause
>>Bị động: a/ It was + thought/ said/ supposed + that + clause
b/ Động từ clause để HTDG: S + was/were + thought/ said/ supposed + to + Vinf
EX: People said that he is a good doctor.>> It was said that he is a good doctor./ He was said to be a good doctor
c/ Động từ clause QKDG HTHT: S + was/were + thought/ said/ supposed + to + have + P2
EX: They thought he was one of famous singers.>> It was thought he was one of famous singers
He was thought to have been one of famous singers IX/ BỊ ĐỘNG CỦA TÁM ĐỘNG TỪ ĐẶC BIỆT
Các động từ : suggest, require, request, order, demand, insist(on), recommend Công thức: S + suggest/ recommend/ order/ require + that + clause
( clause = S + Vinf + O)
>> Bị động: It + was/ will be/ has been/ is + P2( of verb) + that + st + be + P2
( "be" khơng đổi động từ clause câu chủ động dạng Vinf) EX: He suggested that she buy a new car.>> It was suggessted that a new car be bought
X/ BỊ ĐỘNG CỦA CẤU TRÚC CHỦ NGỮ GIẢ " IT"
Công thức: It + be + adj + for sb + to st.>>Bị động: It + be + adj + for st + to be done
EX: It is difficult for me to finish this test in one hour>> It is difficult for this problem to be finished this test in one hour
XI/ BỊ ĐỘNG TRONG TRƯỜNG HỢP TÂN NGỮ Trong : Oi = Indirect Object
Od = Direct Object
Công thức: S + V + Oi + Od >>Bị động: 1/ Oi + be + P2( of V) + Od
2/ Od + be + P2( of V) + to Oi ( riêng động từ " buy" dùng giới từ " for")
EX: My friend gave me a present on my birthday.>> A present was given to me by my friend on my birthday
I was given a present on my birthday by my friend.(Theo Home of ELS) Exercises with keys
(9)2) The students handed in the reports.The reports were handed in 3) Maria crashed into the blue car.The blue car was crashed into 4) Alex learned the poem.The poem was learned
5) Steven has forgotten the book.The book has been forgotten
6) The mechanic has not repaired the DVD recorder.The DVD recorder has not been repaired
7) They play handball.Handball is played
8) Sue puts the rucksack on the floor.The rucksack is put on the floor 9) The girls had lost the match.The match had been lost
10) The teacher is not going to open the window.The window is not going to be opened
1) She bought four apples.Four apples were bought 2) We won the match.The match was won
3) The man stole the blue car.The blue car was stolen
4) The police arrested the thieves.The thieves were arrested 5) Jack swam the 200 metres.The 200 metres were swum 6) The dog bit the old lady.The old lady was bitten
7) Tom and Max ate five hamburgers.Five hamburgers were eaten 8) Oliver taught the children.The children were taught
9) Victoria rode the brown horse.The brown horse was ridden 10) Grandmother told good stories.Good stories were told
Put the following into the passive voice:
1 You should open the wine about three hours before you use it Previous climbers had cut steps in the ice
3 Somebody had cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit We use this room only on special occasions
5 You must not hammer nails into the walls without permission In some districts farmer use pig to find truffles
7 Someone switched on a light and opened the door Somebody had slashed the picture with a knife They are pulling down the old theatre
10 Why didn‟t they mend the roof before it fell in? 11 The mob broke all the shop windows in recent riots
12 The librarian said that they were starting a new system because people were not returning book
13 The police asked each of us about his movement on the night of the crime 14 Someone will server refreshments
15 People must not leave bicycles in the hall
16 Members may keep books for three week After that they must return them 17 The burglars had cut an enormous hole in the steel door
18 I„ve bought a harp They are delivering it this afternoon (Do not change the first sentence.)
(10)21 No one can anything unless someone gives us more information
22 People are spending far more money on food now than they spent ten years ago 23 The organizers will exhibit the paintings till the end of the month
24 They will say nothing more about the matter if someone returns the stolen gun 25 It is high time someone told him to stop behaving like a child
26 A thief stole my dog and brought him back only when I offer 20 pounds reward for him
27 The judge gave him two weeks in which to pay the fine 28 They make these artificial flowers of silk
29 They can‟t make tea with cold water
30 The thief engineer was instructing all the workers of the plant 31 somebody has taken away some of my books
(11)PERIOD Reported speech Quy t¾c chung:
+ Đối với câu trần thuật thêm liên từ that không Dùng động từ say that ( to smb that ) , tell smb that
+ Đối với câu hỏi có từ để hỏi dùng từ để hỏi làm liên từ, với câu khơng có từ để hỏi dùng liên từ If hoặc Whether, dùng động từ nh- : ask, enquire, want to know… Với câu cảm thán dùng : Exclaim.
+ Đối với câu mệnh lệnh thức dùng : tell, ask, order, advise, beg… smb ( not ) to smt + Với tất loại câu phải lùi thời ( Trừ động từ câu thời ( vdụ: I say / she is saying ….) Nói chung câu điều kiện If / wish / as if ( loại / 3) khơng đổi :
vdô she said, ‘ I would complain If I were you‘ she said that she would complain if
she were me) thay đổi đại từ nhân x-ng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu … cho phù hợp Chú ý số nh- sau
Time:
today that day this/ these that / those
yesterday the day before / the previous day
here there
the day before yesterday two day before last night the night before
tomorrow the next day / the following day tomorrow night the following night
the day after tomorrow in two days‟ time / two days later
needn‟t didn‟t have to
next week / year the following week / year have to ( had to ) had to ( had had to
a year ago a year before / the previous year must had to / mustn‟t wasn‟t (weren‟t) to Special situations :
1 You had better …
Why don’t you ( You should )… If I were you ….( were I you ) What about ….? / How about …? Why don’t we ….? / Let’s … Could I have ……… ?
Could you ……….? Could you please …….? Would you mind + V_ing Shall I ? / I will
6 Would you like to V_infinitive ? Would you like (+noun) ? Remember to smt / Don’t
1
advised smb to smt ( có ý nghĩa khuyên răn )
……
S + suggest + V_ing (câu có ý nghĩa đề nghị)
Or suggest (that) smb (should) smt ask for
ask smb if
(12)forget
9 You must …
10 I’m sorry for doing smt / about smt
11 Happy birthday … 12 Good luck…
13 Welcome to Mongcai… 14 Hello! Hi / Good morning … 15 What a fine day it is ! ( câu cảm th¸n)
16 Bye ! … 17 Let’s not …
18 ‚ Don’t let people cheat you’ … 19 ‘ Let them go’……
20 ‘Let me go‛…… 21 ‘ If you’d sign here’…
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
offer smb smt………
Remind smb to smt……… strongly advised smb to smt …… Smb apologize to smb for doing smt To congratulate smb on one’s …
To give smb a good luck / wish smb … To welcome visitors to ……
To greet smb
Smb exclaimed that what a … it was To say good bye / good morning … To object to the idea
Smb told smb not to let ( himself / ) be P2
To suggest (that) they (should) go ( he go *
To ask smb to let ( him / her ) go To ask smb to smt
* Thì mệnh đề phụ không đổi khi:
- Động từ câu nói trực tiếp có thời gain xác định: - Một chân lý / might / used to / would rather
Ex: He said , ‘ I was born in 1980’ He said that he was born in 1980
- Câu điều kiện loại 2/ / câu giả định wish
Ex: she said ‘ I wish I were rich’ that she wished she were rich
Chú ý: Còn nhiều tr-ờng hợp, tuỳ theo ngữ cảnh để thích hợp câu gián tiếp (thank you so much)
1 „I‟ve no idea what the time is but I‟ll dial 1080 and find out‟ said his daughter he said, „ my wife has just been made a judge.‟
3 „I‟ll come with you as soon as I am ready,‟ she replied
4 „I have a German lesson this afternoon and I haven‟t done my homework yet,‟ said the boy
5 „If you let the iron get too hot you will scorch your clothes.‟ I warned her
6 „You haven‟t given me quite enough The bill is for $16 and you have paid me only $10‟ he pointed out
7 „ Do you play the guitar?‟ said Peter
8 „Will you have time to play regularly?‟ he said „Did you play for your school team?‟ said Bill 10 “Put your pistol on the table,‟ said the director
11 „ Please book me a seat in a non- smoker,‟ said the traveller 12 „Don‟t forget your sandwiches,‟ said his mother
13 „ Don‟t go near the water, children,‟ she said 14 „Search the house,‟ said the police
(13)17 „ Can the children get dinner at school, John?‟ said Janes 18 „ Is there a bus- stop in your town, James ?‟ I wanted to know 19 „ How often does it meet?‟ George said to her
20 „ Were your own boys happy here?‟ Linda said to Maria 21 „ Open the safe!‟ The raiders order the clerk
22 „ Please as I say‟ he begged me
23 „ Don‟t make too much noise, children,‟ said the mother
24 „ You‟d better slow down There‟s a speed limit here,‟ she said to me ( advise)
25 „ I could not get into the house because I had lost my keys, so I had to break the door,‟ said he
26 „ The mirror is there so that you can see your self when you are dancing,‟ she told him 27 „ I wrote to him the day before yesterday I wonder why he hasn‟t rung up,‟ she said 28 „ My horse might win,‟ said the owner
29 „ You needn‟t speak to my sister,‟ David said to Janes 30 „ If I were taller, I would climb the door,‟ he said 31 „ What happened to you, Linda ?‟ I asked
32 „ How long has your son learnt English?,‟ I said to Mrs Kent 33 „ When will you go back?,‟ said Susan
34 „ Who have you seen at the meeting?‟ We asked the workers 35 „ Where were you last night ?‟ she said to Janes
(14)PERIOD CONDITIONAL SENTENCES I THEORY
-Các trợ động từ hình thái will, would, can, could thường xuất câu điều kiện Các câu điều kiện thường chứa từ if (nếu)
- Có mệnh đề câu điều kiện: Mệnh đề mệnh đề điều kiên( mệnh đề if) - Mệnh đề điều kiện (mệnh đề if) đặt tr-ớc sau mệnh đề Khi đứng tr-ớc mệnh đề chính, dùng dấu phẩy để tách mệnh đề Khi theo sau mệnh đề khơng dùng dấu phẩy
Ex: If I have money, I will buy a new car I will buy a new car if I have money
*Conditional types: ( Các loại hinh câu điêu kiện) - Có loại câu điều kiện: Loại 1, loại loại
1 Type 1 (Điều kiện loại 1): Present Real Conditional (Điều kiện có thật tại)
- Câu điều kiện có thực câu mà người nói dùng để diễn đạt hành động tình thường xảy (thói quen) xảy (trong tương lai) điều kiện mệnh đề thoả mãn Nếu nói tương lai, dạng câu sử dụng nói đến điều kiện thực xảy
Ex: - If he tries much more, he will improve his English - If I have money, I will buy a new motorbike
IF CLAUSE (Mệnh đề If) MAIN CLAUSE (Mệnh đề
chính) Simple Present
S + V[-e/es]
S + don‟t / doesn‟t + V(inf)
Simple Future
S + will + V(inf) S + will not + V(inf) Will + S + V(inf)…?
Dạng tập : V(inf)… + OR + Clause (Simple Future) = Unless you + V(inf)… , Clause (Simple Future) = If you don’t + V(inf)… , Clause (Simple Future) Ví dụ: Study hard or you will fail the exam
= Unless you study hard , you will fail the exam = If you don’t study hard , you will fail the exam
Cut your hair or they won‟t let you in
= Unless you cut your hair , they won‟t let you in = If you don’t cut your hair , they won‟t let you in
Ghi :- Sau mệnh đề If mệnh đề Unless phải có dấu phẩy (,)
- Sau Unless khơng dùng dạng phủ định (Ví dụ : không viết Unless you don’t write)
* Command (Thức mệnh lệnh)
Form: If + S + simple present tense + command form of verb +
Ex: - If you go to the Post Office, mail this letter for me - Please call me if you hear anything from Jane
2 Type 2(Điều kiện loại 2): Present Real Conditional (Điều kiện thật
(15)- Điều kiện khơng có thật đ-ợc dùng để đề cập đến tình t-ởng t-ợng khơng thể xảy tại.Ex: - If I were rich, I would travel around the world (I am not rich) (I‟m not going to travel around the world)
*Động từ to be phải chia were tất Ex: - If I were you, I wouldn't go to that movie
3 Type (iu kin loi 3): Past unreal conditional (Điều kiện không cã thËt ë qu¸
khø)
- Điều kiện khơng có thật q khứ đ-ợc dùng để đề cập đến tình khơng thể xảy khứ.- If I hadn’t been in a hurry, I wouldn’t have had an accident
(I was in a hurry) (I had an accident)
* Chú ý thể điều kiện khơng có thực mà khơng dùng if Trong trườnghợp đó, trợ động từ had đưa lên đầu câu, đứng trước chủ ngữ Mệnh đềđiều kiện đứng trước mệnh đề
Ex: - Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter - Had he studied harder for the test, he would have passed it
Lưu ý: Câu điều kiện lúc tuân theo qui luật Trong số trường hợp đặc biệt, vế điều kiện khứ vế cịn lại có thểở (do thời gian qui định)
Ex: - If she had caught the train, she would be here by now TYPE 2,3
(Lo¹i 2,3) IF CLAUSE (Mệnh đề If) MAIN CLAUSE (Mệnh đề chính)
II
Simple Past (Be were) S + V-ed/2
S + didn’t + V(inf)
S + would / could + V(inf)
S + wouldn’t / couldn’t +V(inf) Would / Could + S + V(inf)… ?
III
Past Perfect
S + had + V-ed/3 S + hadn’t + V-ed/3
S + would / could have + V-ed/3 S + wouldn’t / couldn’t have + V-ed/3
Would / Could + S + have + V-ed/3…?
II EX I Conditional sentences: type I: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses
1 If I see him I (give)……… him a lift
2 If he (eat)……… all that he will be ill
3 If I find your passport I (telephone)……… you at once If he (read)……… in bad light he will ruin his eyes
5 Someone (steal)……… your car if you leave it unlocked What will happen if my parachute (not
open)? If he (wash)……… my car I'll give him Ј10
8 If she (need)……… a radio she can borrow mine If you (not go) ……….away I'll send for the police
(16)11 If he (be) ……….late we'll go without him
12 If you give my dog a bone he (bury)……… it at once 13 If you come late they (not let) you in
14 We'll have to move upstairs if the river (rise) any higher
15 If he (work)……… hard today can he have a holiday tomorrow? 16 If you (not like)……… this one I'll bring you another
17 She won't open the door unless she (know) ……….who it is II Conditional sentences: type 2: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses If I had a typewriter I (type)……… it myself
If I (know)……… his address I'd give it to you
He (look) ………a lot better if he shaved more often
If he worked more slowly he (not make) ………so many mistakes
I shouldn't drink that wine if I (be) ……… you
More tourists would come to this country if it (have)……… a better climate
If I (win)……… a big prize in a lottery I'd give up my job What you (do)……… if you found a burglar in your house? I could tell you what this means if I (know)……… Greek 10 If he knew that it was dangerous he (not come)……… 11 I could get a job easily if I (have) ………a degree
12 If we had more rain our crops (grow)……… faster
13 What would you if the lift (get) ……… stuck between two floors?
14 If you (paint)……… the walls white the room would be much brighter
15 I'd climb over the wall if there (not be) ……….so much broken glass on t of it
III Conditional sentences: type
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses
If I had known that you were in hospital I (visit) ……… you
2.You would have seen my garden at its best if you (be) ……… here last week
I shouldn't have believed it if I (not see)……… it with my own eyes If he had asked you, you
(accept)? If I (know) ……… that you were coming I'd have baked a
cake
If I (had) ……….a map I would have been all right
The hens (not get)……… into the house if you had shut the door
If he had known that the river was dangerous he (not try)……… to swim across it
(17)you
10 If he had known the whole story he (not be) ……… so angry 11 If she had listened to my directions she (not turn)
……….down the wrong street V Use “if” in place of “unless”
1/ We won‟t go out unless it stops raining
2/ I will call the police unless you give back my bicycle
3/ You wouldn‟t be able to this exercise unless your English were good 4/ Unless we had enough rain, we couldn‟t grow rice
5/ The fishermen couldn‟t have caught a lot of fish unless they had had good nets
Exercise 3: Rewrite these sentences, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same
1 I don‟t buy it because I don‟t have enough money.- If I I didn‟t buy it because I didn‟t have enough money.- I
would
3 There was a test yesterday I didn‟t know that, so I didn‟t study for it. > If I
4 I‟m busy right now, so I can‟t help you.- I
could
5 He‟s very thin, that‟s why he feels the cold so much. > If he I didn‟t eat breakfast several hours ago, so I am hungry now
> If I If John had played for our football team, we would not have lost the game
Unless
8 If I won a big prize in a lottery, I‟d give up my job.- Unless
9 If you don‟t like this one, I‟ll bring you another.- Unless 10 I‟ll only help you if you promise to try harder.-
Unless 11 If she doesn‟t work harder, she‟ll lose her job.-
She‟ll
12 You can use my car, but have to keep it carefully.-Provided
13 If the work is finished by lunch , you can go home.-Get
(18)PERIOD ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ I THEORY
DẠNG : NỐI CÂU
Dạng đề người ta cho câu riêng biệt yêu cầu dùng đại từ quan hệ nối chúng lại với Các bước làm dạng sau:
Bước :Chọn từ giống câu :Câu đầu phải chọn danh từ, câu sau thường đại từ ( he ,she ,it ,they )
ví dụ :The man is my father You met him yesterday
BƯỚC :Thế who,which vào chữ chọn câu sau, đem (who ,which ) đầu câu The man is my father You met him yesterday
Ta thấy him tan ngu chi người, làm túc từ nên whom vào
-> The man is my father.You met whom yesterday.Đem whom đầu câu -> The man is my father whom You met yesterday
Bước :Đem nguyên câu sau đặt phía sau danh từ chọn câu trước The man is my father whom You met yesterday
-> The man whom You met yesterday is my father DẠNG : ĐIỀN VÀO CHỔ TRỐNG
Dạng đề người ta cho sẳn câu nối với chừa chỗ trống để hoc sinh điền đại từ quan hệ vào Các bước làm dạng sau:+ Nhìn danh từ phía trứơc (kế bên chỗ trống) xem người hay vật ( hai ):- Nếu vật ta điền WHICH / THAT
The dog runs ( thấy phiá trứoc dog nên dùng WHICH / THAT)Nếu : REASON, CAUSE dùng WHY
The reason he came ( dùng WHY )Nếu thơì gian dùng WHEN-Nếu nơi chốn dùng WHERE
Lưu ý : - WHEN , WHERE , WHY không làm chủ từ, ta thấy phía sau chưa có chủ từ ta phải dùng WHICH / THAT không dùng WHEN , WHERE , WHY.Do you know the city _ is near here ?
Ta nhận thấy city nơi chốn, vội vàng mà điền WHERE vào ( bị dính bẩy nhiều ! ) Hãy nhìn tiếp phía sau ta thấy kế bên IS ( động từ ) tức chữ IS chưa có chủ từ, chữ mà ta điền vào làm chủ từ cho -> điền WHERE mà phải dùng WHICH /THAT ( không bị cấm kỵ )-> Do you know the city WHICH / THAT _ is near here ?
- Nếu ta thấy rõ ràng thời gian, nơi chốn xem kỹ phía sau động từ người ta có chừa lại giới từ hay khơng, có khơng đựoc dùng WHEN , WHERE, WHY mà phải dùng WHICH / THAT
The house I live in is nice Ta thấy house nơi chốn, vội điền WHERE nhé, nhìn sau thấy ngừoi ta cịn chừa lại giới từ IN nên phải dùng WHICH /THAT-> The house _which/that _ I live in is nice
Nhưng ngưoì ta lại đem giới từ lên để trứoc khơng đựoc dùng WHERE :
(19)sau xem có chủ từ chưa ? có chủ từ ta dùng WHOM / THAT, chưa có chủ từ ta điền WHO / THAT
- Lưu ý : thấy phía sau kế bên chổ trống danh từ trơ trọi phải xem xét nghĩa xem có phải sở hửu khơng, phải dùng WHOSE
The man son studies at
Ta thấy chữ SON đứng khơNG có a ,the , nên nghi sở hửu, dịch thử thấy sở hửu dùng WHOSE (người đàn ông mà trai ông ta )=> The man ( whose ) son studies at - Nếu phía trứoc vừa có người + vật phải dùng THAT
The man and his dog THAT
II Cách dùng WHOSE OF WHICH
WHOSE :ùng cho người vật This is the book Its cover is nice -> This is the book whose cover is nice -> This is the book the cover of which is nice
WHOSE :đứng trứoc danh từ OF WHICH : đứng sau danh từ ( danh từ phải thêm THE )OF WHICH : dùng cho vật ,không dùng cho người
This is the man His son is my friend.-> This is the man the son of which is my friend.( sai )-> This is the man whose son is my friend.( )
III NHỮNG LƯU Ý KHI DÙNG ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ ( WHO ,WHICH ,WHOM )
1.Khi dùng dấu phẩy ?Khi danh từ đứng trước who ,which,whom :+ Danh từ riêng ,tên Ha Noi, which Mary, who is
+ Có this ,that ,these ,those đứng trước danh từ :This book, which + Có sở hửu đứng trước danh từ :My mother, who is
+ Là vật biết : Sun ( mặt trời ), moon ( mặt trăng )The Sun, which 2 Đặt dấu phẩy đâu ?- Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ dùng dấu phẩy đặt đầu cuối mệnh đề My mother , who is a cook , cooks very well
- Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ cuối dùng dấu phẩy đặt đầu mệnh đề ,cuối mệnh đề dùng dấu chấm This is my mother, who is a cook
3.Khi lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ WHO ,WHICH ,WHOM
- Khi làm túc từ phía trước khơng có dấu phẩy ,khơng có giới từ ( whose không bỏ ) This is the book which I buy
Ta thấy which túc từ ( chủ từ I ,động từ buy ) ,phía trước khơng có phẩy hay giới từ nên bỏ which :-> This is the book I buy
This is my book , which I bought years ago
Trước chữ which có dấu phẩy nên bỏ This is the house in which I live
Trước which có giới từ in nên không bỏ which đựơc This is the man who lives near my house
Who chủ từ ( động từ lives ) nên khơng thể bỏ
4 Khi KHƠNG ĐƯỢC dùng THAT :- Khi phía trước có dấu phẩy giới từ :
This is my book , that I bought years ago (sai) phía trước có dấu phẩy -.> khơng dùng THAT mà phải dùng which
(20)THAT mà phải dùng which
5 Khi bắt buộc dùng THAT- Khi danh từ mà thay gồm danh từ trở lên vừa có ngừơi vừa có vật
The men and the horses that That thay cho : người ngựa
6 Khi nên dùng THAT- Khi đầu câu IT dạng nhấn mạnh (Cleft sentences) It is My father that made the table
- Khi đứng trước : all, both, each, many, most, neither, none, part, someone, something, so sánh
There is something that must be done This the most beautiful girl that I've ever met II Exercises:Rewrite these sentences, using relative pronouns
1 Brenda is a friend.I went on holiday with her.-> ………
2 This is Mr Smith His son Bill plays in our team.->………
3 Her book was published last year It became a best seller.->………
4.This is the bank We borrowed the money from it.->……… I told you about a person She is at the door.->……… Jack‟s car had broken down He had to take a bus.->………
7 I lent you a book The book was written by one my friends.->………
8 Some boys were arrested They have been released.->………
9 Do you know a restaurant? We can have a good meal there.->………
10 I don‟t remember the day I left school on that day.->……… 11/ This is the man I met him in
Paris 12/ I wanted the painting You bought it.-
13/ This is the chair My parents gave it to me.-
14/ She‟s the woman She telephoned the police.- 15/ He‟s the person He wanted to buy your house.-
(21)18/ The man was badly injured He was driving the car.-
19/ The children broke the window They live in the next street.-
20/ That‟s the woman I was telling you about her.-
21/ Romeo and Juliet were lovers Their parents hated each other
22/ This is the story of a man His wife suddenly loses her memory -
23/ A man brought in a small girl Her hand had been cut by flying glass 24/ There‟s the lady Her dog was
killed 25/ He‟s the person His car was stolen.-
_ 26/ They‟re the people Their shop burned down last week 27/ I‟m the person You stayed in my flat.-
28/ This is a story of a group of boys Their plane crashed on an uninhabited island.-
29/ This is Mrs Jones Her son won the championship last year.- 30/ I know the woman You bought the car from her son.-
31/ The roads were crowded with refugees Many of them were wounded.-
32/ The lorry crashed into a bus-load of schoolchildren Six of them were slightly injured.-
33 In prison they fed us on dry bread Most of it was mouldy.- 34 I saw several houses Most of them were quite unsuitable.- 35 He introduced me to his students Most of them were from abroad.-
36 He expected me to pay 2$ for 12 eggs Four of the eggs were broken.-
37 They gave me four very bad tyres One of them burst before I had driven four miles.-
38/ The car crashed into a queue of people Four of them were killed.- 39/ We need a room We can study in that room.-
(22)40/ He invited her to eat out on a day It rained heavily on that day.-
Hãy rút gọn mệnh đề tính từ câu sau đây(
1) We had a river in which we could swim -.We had a river to swim in
2) Here are some accounts that you must check -.Here are some accounts for you to check
3) The last student that was interviewed was Tom -The last student to be interviewed was Tom
4) We visited Hanoi, which is the capital of VN -We visited Hanoi, the capital of VN 5) My father, who is a pilot, often goes abroad.-My father, a pilot, often goes abroad 6) I was the only one who realized him )-I was the only one to realize him
7) I have some homework which I must tonight ) -I have some homework to tonight
8) Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way -Our solar system is in a galaxy called the Milky Way
9) I was awakened by the sound of a laughter which came from the room which was next to mine at the motel -I was awakened by the sound of a laughter coming from the room next to mine at the motel
10) There are six reports which have to be typed today -There are six reports to be typed today
Bai tap II) Combine these pairs of sentences, using the relative pronoun a The student is from China He studies Vietnamese
b We are learning sentences They contain adjective clauses c The girl is smart Her eyes are bright
d Saturday is the day Boys and girls go together on that day e This is the village I was born in it
f I' ve sent him to letters He has received neither of them g Last year I visited a country It is very beautiful
h In the middle of the village there is a well The villagers take water from this well to drink
1) Combine these pairs of sentences, using the relative pronoun a The student is from China He studies Vietnamese.=>The student who studies Vietnamese is from China
b We are learning sentences They contain adjective clauses.=>We are learning sentences which contain adjective clauses
c The girl is smart Her eyes are bright.=> The girl whose eyes are bright is smart d Saturday is the day Boys and girls go together on that day.=> Saturday is the day on which Boys and girls go together
e This is the village I was born in it.=>This is the village where I was born f I' ve sent him two letters He has received neither of them.=> I' ve sent him two letters neither of which He has received
g Last year I visited a country It is very beautiful.=> Last year I visited a country which is very beautiful
(23)=> In the middle of the village there is a well from which The villagers take water to drink
PERIOD cụm từ mệnh đề tiếng anh
* Clauses and phrases:
Noun + be + adj The/ (her, his, their … ) + Adj + noun
Pronoun + be +Adj The/ (her, his, their … ) + Noun ( of the adj )
Pronoun + Verb + (adv) The/ (her, his, their … ) + Adj (of the adv) + Noun ( of the verb)
Pronoun +Verb + (O) V-ing ( same Subject)
There be + Noun The + Noun A. Clauses and phrases of reason:
Because/ Since/As + Clause ( S+V ) Because of/ Due to/ Thanks to + Phrase ( N phrase/ V-ing phrase )
B. Clauses and phrases of concession:
Although/ Though/ Even though + Clause ( S+V ) In spite of/ Despite + Phrase ( N phrase/ V-ing phrase )
Exercise: Rewrite these sentences:
1 He left school because his life was hard Because of John succeeded in his exam because of his hard and mathedical work.
Because We didn‟t want to go out because of the heavy rain Because Although he had much experience in machinery, he didn‟t succeed in repairing
this machine Despite
I.Phrases and clauses of reason.(Cụm từ mệnh đề lý do)
1> Phrases of reason.Cụm từ lý do th-ờng đ-ợc nối : Because of.
I.Adverb Phrase of Reason: Because of => Because of + Noun/ Noun
Phrase/ V-ing (reason)
II.> Clauses of reason = Adverbial clauses of reason : ( Mệnh đề trạng ngữ lý )
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ lý mệnh đề phụ lý nguyên nhân hành động đ-ợc nêu mệnh đề
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ lý th-ờng đ-ợc nối với mệnh đề nhờ từ nối sau: Because, since, as ( lưu ý ‘ Since v¯ As‘ Thường đặt ở đầu câu) Because/ Since / As + S + V + O ( clause)
Ex: She was worried because it started to rain
Notes : Khi đổi mệnh đề sang cụm từ, hai chủ ngữ giống ta dùng ‘ Gerund phrase‘
Ex She stayed at home because she was sick.-> She stayed at home because of being sick
(24)+ Because Of + Noun Phrase = Because + Clause( giống “Although & in spite of“)
+ So, So ………That, If, To Inf…
+ S + Stop / Prevent + O + From + V-ing = Because of
Ex: The teacher is sick, so we have no class tomorrow (because -> Because the teacher is sick We have no class tomorrow
Ex: That restaurant is so dirty that nobody wants to eat there (because) -> Because that restaurant is dirty, nobody wants to eat there
Exersises:
1.(Because/So / Because of) Pelly was tired , he went to bed
2 .He passed the exam ( because / so / because of ) he had a good teacher 3.We stayed in ( because / because of ) the rain
4 He was able to go to university ( because / because of) his aunt‟s help
5.The price of oranges is high, frost damage (because, because of) II.> Phrases and clauses of concession ( Cụm từ mệnh đề nh-ợng bộ)
1> Cụm từ nh-ợng th-ờng đ-ợc bắt ®Çu b»ng giíi tõ : Inspite of/ Despite ( mỈc dï , cho dï)
In spite of
Despite + N/ N phrase / Gerund phrase
Ex: - The woman tries to climb the mountain even though she is old The woman tries to climb the mountain inspite of her old age
- Although Nga is tired, she still begins her work on time Despite being tired, Nga still begins her work on time
Mệnh đề có Inspite of/ Despite + Noun/ Noun Phrase (concession)
đ-ợc đặt sau mệnh đề
2 Clauses of concession = Adverbial clauses of Concession ( mệnh đề trạng ngữ sự nh-ợng bộ)
a mệnh đề trạng ngữ nh-ợng mệnh đề phụ t-ơng phản hai hành động câu Mệnh đề th-ờng bắt đầu từ nối : Athough , Even though, No matter,
Whatever, ( Dï , cho dï)
b CÊu Tróc :
1
Although/ though / even though + Clause Ex:
1 Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic
2 No matter + who/ what/ when/ where/ why/ how ( adj/ adv) + S + V
Whatever (+N) + S +V
Note : Mệnh đề bắt đầu bºng ‘ No Matter‘ or ‘whatever‘ thường đặt tr-ớc mệnh đề
(25)Whatever others may say, you are certainly right N0tes.: Though, Although, Even Though, Even If………
+ But , Despite , In Spite Of ( Adj + Noun , V-Ing , Possessive + Noun, The + Noun)
+ Whatever ( Adj/ Object, Subject), However, Adj + As + S + V
a/ S1 + V …………But + S2 + V………-> S1 + V +……… , S2 + V
………
Ex: They live in poverty but they don‟t feel unhappy ( although)> They live in poverty, they don‟t feel unhappy
b/ Although +S1 + V ………… + S2 + V……… ( S1 = S2 )-> In spite of +
Ving +……… , S2 + V ………
Ex: Although Bill took a taxi, he still came late for the meeting ( although) -> In spite of taking a taxi, Bill still came late for the meeting
c/ Although +NOUN + BE+ ADJ ……… + S2 + V……… ( “Noun” chæ
vaät)-> In spite of + ADJ + NOUN +……… , S2 + V ………
Ex: Although the weather was bad, the flight wasn‟t cancelled ( although) -> In spite of the bad weather, the flight wasn‟t cancelled
c/ Although +S + BE+ ADJ …… + S2 + V……… ( “S” người)-> In spite
of + Possessive adj / possessive case + NOUN +… , S2 + V ……
Ex: Although he was ill, he still went to work ( although) -> In spite of his illness, he still went to work
d/ Although +IT + BE+ ADJ ………… + S2 + V……… -> In spite of +
THE + NOUN +……… , S2 + V …………( “Noun”chị thời tiết )
* Noun + Y = Adj ( fog, rain, storm, sun, cloud, snow, wind, )
Ex: Although it was foggy, the flight was not delayed ( although) -> In spite of the fog, the flight was not delayed
e/ Although + S + V + NOUN … = Whatever + NOUN + S + V,
Ex: We must study well though we have any kinds of difficulties ( whatever) -> Whatever ( kinds of ) difficulties we have, we must study well
f/ Whatever + NOUN + S + V = No Matter What + NOUN + S + V,
Ex: No matter what experience he has , he can‟t repair that machine -> Whatever experience he has , he can‟t repair that machine
Exercises:
I Combine each pair of sentences below, using the conjuntion given in parentheses:
1 She is very rich He isn‟t happy.->
Although
2 She is very rich He isn‟t happy.-> No matter She can‟t answer my question She is very intelligent.-> Although He does anything He is always tries his best No matter She says anything I don‟t believe her ( No matter
6 He tried He was not successful -> Although III> Phrases and clauses fo purpose
(26)1.Nếu muốn diễn tả mục đích khẳng định, ta dun cụm từ bắt đầu bºng ‘ to‘, In order to , so as to.‘
To – infinitive
In order to + V( bare-infi.) so as to
Ex: I try to study to pass my next exam.I try to study in order to pass my next exam
He does morning exercises regularly so as to improve his health
NÕu mn diƠn t° mơc ®Úch phð ®Ûnh, ta dùng cụm từ bắt đầu bng so as not to‘ hc ‘ in order not to‘
Ex: - She got up early so as not to miss the bus.He studies hard so as not to fail in the exam
II> Clauses of purpose: Adverbial clauses of purpose (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ mục đích)
c Mệnh đề mục đích th-ờng đ-ợc bắt đầu : So that, in order that ( Để mà)
S + V + so that Will / would
( main clause) in order that + S + can / could + V( bare –infi.) may / might
Ex: I try all my best to study English in order that I can find a better job I try to study so that I can pass the exam
Notes: Nếu chủ ngữ mệnh đề mệnh đề phụ mục đích khác nhau ta không đ-ợc dùng Phrase of purpose
d Các dạng tập:
Dng Ni hai câu có chủ ngữ thành câu có cụm từ mục đích mệnh đề mục đích
Ex: Mary gets up early every morning She wants to learn her lessons
Mary gets up early every morning to learn her lesson
Mary gets up early every morning so that she can learn her lessons
Dạng : Nối hai câu có ch ngữ sau want có tân ngữ túc từ Ex1: He gave me his address He wanted me to visit him.->He gave me his address so that I would visit him
* NÕu muốn dùng Phrase of purpose dạng , ta phải theo công thức sau: In order for + O + to – inf
Ex : He gave me his address in order for me to visit him
Dạng : Đổi câu tõ ‘ phrase of purpose‘ sang ‘ Clause of purpose‘ hoặc ng-ợc lại
ex1 We hurried to school so as not to be late.=> We hurried to school so that we wouldn’t be late
(27)Notes: Khi động từ mệnh đề chÚnh ‘ present‘ ta dùng will/ can mệnh đề mục đích.
Khi động từ mệnh đề q khứ ta dùng would/ could mệnh đề chỉ mục đích
So That , In Order That, In Case……… + To – Inf, In Order To- Inf, So As Not To – Inf
Ex: David signed the paper He wanted to work at the construction company -> David signed the paper so that he wanted to work at the construction company -> David signed the paper ( in order to ) to work at the construction company
1/ S1 + V ……… S2 + want / hope + To-V1-> S1 + V ……….So That + S2 + can / could + V1
-> S1 + V ……… + To/ In order to-V1 -> S1 + V ……….So As Not + To-V1 ( Khi mđề sau phủ định)
-> S1 + V ……….LEST + S2 + Should + V1 Ex: I hurry home so as not to miss my favorite TV program
-> I hurry home so that I won’t miss my favorite TV program -> I hurry home lest I should miss my favorite TV program
2/ S1 + V ……… S2 + want / hope + O + To-V1
-> S1 + V ……….So That + S2 + can / could + V1 ( lấy O xuống làm S2 )
-> S1 + V ……… + In order for + O + to-V1 Ex: I spoke loudly I wanted the man to understand what I said
-> I spoke loudly so that the man could understand what I said -> I spoke loudly for the man to understand what I said
Exercises : Use a phrase or clause of purpose to combine each pair of sentences below
1 My father drove carefully He didn‟t want to cause accidents.-> My father drove carefully so that he wouldn‟t cause accidents
2 Sue dutifully followed her parent‟s advice She didn‟t want to cause trouble for her parents
-> Sue dutifully followed her parent‟s advice so as not to cause the trouble for her parents
3 Mr Thompson is learning Vietnamese He wishes to read the Tale of Kieu.-> Mr Thompson is learning Vietnamese in order to read the “ Tale of Kieu”
4 Please shut the door I don‟t want the dog to go out of the house.-> Please shut the door so that the dog won‟t go out of the house
5 The farmer built a high wall around his garden The fruits wouldn‟t be stolen.->
IV Phrases and clauses of result ( Cụm từ mệnh đề kết quả)
I Phrases of result: Cụm từ kết qu° thường có ‘ Too‘ (Quá) ‘ Enough‘ ( Đð)
1 Too : ( qu¸ kh«ng thĨ)
(28)Ex : He is too short to play basketball Tom ran too slowly to become the winner of the race
This book is too dull for you to read
Lưu ý ; Too thường dùng câu có nghÙa phð đÛnh : ‘ Không thể‘
2.Enough: ( đủ để có thể)
S + be + adj + enough ( +for + O) + to st S + V + adv + enough ( + for+ O) + to st
Ex : Mary isn‟t old enough to drive a car.She speaks English well enough to be an interpreter It is cold enough to wear a heavy jacket
II> Clauses of Result : Adverbial clauses of result.( Mệnh đề trạng ngữ kết quả) Mệnh đề trạng ngữ kết mệnh đề phụ để kết hành động mệnh đề gây
1 So That ( đến nỗi)
S + Be + so + adj + that + S + V main clause adverbial clause of result
Ex : It was so dark that I couldn‟t see anything.The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class
Chú ý : Nếu động từ mệnh đề l¯ động từ tri giác ; ‚ look, appear, seem, taste, smell, sound ‛ , ta dùng công thức Be
The little girl looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for her
1 Dùng với tính từ phó từ:
Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary
She is so beautiful that anyone sees her once will never forget her.The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him
2 Dùng với danh từ đếm số nhiều:
Cấu trúc so that
nhưng phải dùng many few trước danh từ
I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.The Smiths had so many children that they form their own baseball team
(29)Cấu trúc so that phải dùng much little trước danh từ He has invested so much money in the project that he can't abandon it now The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat
4 Dùng với danh từ đếm số ít:
S + V + such + a + adjective + singular count noun + that + S + V
HOẶC
S + V + so + adjective + a + singular count noun + that + S + V
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors
It was such an interesting book that he couldn‟t put it down.It was so interesting a book that he couldn‟t put it down
5 Dùng such trước tính từ + danh từ: S + V + Such a / an + adj + N + that + S +V They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one
This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it It was such a hot day that we decided to stay at home
Exercises:
PERIOD 7: Một số cụm từ nối khác + Dang dung cua tu:
1 Even if + negative verb: cho dù You must go tomorrow even if you aren't ready 2 Whether or not + positive verb: dù có hay khơng You must go tomorrow
whether or not you are ready
3 Các từ nghi vấn đứng đầu câu dùng làm từ nối Động từ theo sau mệnh đề mở đầu phải chia ngơi thứ số
Whether he goes out tonight depends on his girldfriend
Why these pupils can not solve this problems makes the teachers confused 4 Một số từ nối có quy luật riêng
And moreover And in addtion
And thus or otherwise
And furthermore And therefore
But nevertheless But anyway + Nếu nối hai mệnh đề, đằng trước chúng phải có dấu phẩy
(30)The missing piece is small but nevertheless significant
5 Unless + positive = if not: Trừ phi, không
You will be late unless you start at once
.6 But for that + unreal condition: Nếu khơng Mệnh đề sau phải lùi thời
+ Hiện My father pays my fee, but for that I couldn't be here
+ Quá khứ My car broke down, but for that we would have been here in time
7 Otherwise + real condition: Kẻo, khơng
We must be back before midnight otherwise I will be locked out 8 Otherwise + unreal condition: Kẻo, khơng
Sau phải điều kiện khơng thể thực được, mệnh đề sau lùi thời + Hiện Her father supports her finance otherwise she couldn't conduct these experiments (But she can with her father's support)
+ Quá khứ: I used a computer, otherwise I would have taken longer with these calculations (But he didn't take any longer)
*Lưu ý: Trong tiếng Anh thông tục (colloquial English) người ta dùng or else để thay cho otherwise
9 Provided/Providing that: Với điều kiện là, miễn ( = as long as) You can camp
here providing that you leave no mess
10 Suppose/Supposing = What if : Giả sử sao, Nếu Suppose the plane is late? = What (will happen) if the plane is late? Lưu ý: * Suppose cịn dùng để đưa lời gợi ý
Suppose you ask him = Why don't you ask him
* Lưu ý thành ngữ: What if I am?: Tao nào? (mang tính thách thức)
11 If only + S + simple present/will + verb = hope that: hi vọng
If only he comes in time If only he will learn harder for the test next month
12 If only + S + simple past/past perfect = wish that (Câu đ/k không thực = giá mà)If
only he came in time now
If only she had studied harder for that test
13 If only + S + would + V: + Diễn đạt hành động xảy
If only he would drive more slowly = we wish he drove more slowly + Diễn đạt ước muốn vô vọng tương lai:
(31)14 Immediately = as soon as = the moment (that) = the instant that = directly: lập tức/ mà
Tell me immediatly (=as soon as) you have any news Phone me the moment that you get the results
I love you the instant (that) I saw you Directly I walked in the door I smel
EX Give the correct form
1.There has been a (reduce) of 10% in the amount of the money available for buying the new books
2 The alpine (land) is very dramatic
3.Women who are slimming can never enjoy a meal without being afaird of ( organize ) their diet
4.She always listens (attention ) to what she is told 5.He was (information ) of the consequences in advance 6.The professor explained his ideas with great ( clear ) 7.The cost of the (carry ) must be repaired by the buyer
8 His health was seriously affected and he suffered from constantly (sleep ) 9.In ancient Greece , the owl was a symbol of (wise)
10.The judge told him it was ( responsible ) to drink and drive ,and banned him for a year
11.They have (spell ) my name on this form ; the first letter is L not R 12.Thank you for your postcard It was very (think ) of you to send it 13.I like him because he is (rely )
14 Could you ( straight ) the picture over the sofa ?
15.English is a ( compare ) easy language for Manh to learn 16.The recent hurricane caused (wide ) damage
17.Most of birds ( migratory ) in the winter
18.After several ( succeed ) attempts we have finnaly done it
19.A number of patients have been (succeed ) treated with the new drug 20.The firm has two ( represent )in every European city
35 Fuel _ can be cut down by having fewer cars on the roads (consume)
36 Many chemicals have a _ effect on the environment (disaster)
37 , the typhoon didn't cause any damage on the village (lucky)
38 The next stage in the _ of television is interactive TV (develop)
39 Many poests have drawn their from nature(inspire) 40 These clothes look very (fashion)
41 .made different styles of jean to match the latest fashions.(design)
42 Some designers have the Ao Dai by priting lines of poetry on it (modern) 43 She was really by the beaty of Ha Noi(impress)
44 .the Ao Dai was frequently worn by both men and womem ( tradition) 45 My teacher……….me to take this exam (courage)
(32)47 Give me something to drink please! I‟m dying of………(thirsty) 48 We try to bring our work to………(satisfy)
49 The……… of the question was requested (repeat) 50 The teacher checks for regular……….(attend)
(33)PERIOD Adjectives & adverbs I Adjectives:
* Definition: Là từ dùng để miêu tả cho biết thêm chi tiết danh từ, đồng
thêi giíi hạn áp dụng danh từ
* Phân loại tính từ:
- Tính từ đ-ợc chia làm loại: Tính từ mô tả (descriptive adjectives) tính từ giới hạn (limiting adjectives)
1 Tính từ miêu tả (descriptive adjectives) : Là tính từ màu sắc, kích
th-ớc, phẩm chất ng-êi, vËt hc sù viƯc
- Ex: good, bright, tall, short, bad, intelligent, beautiful, good looking
2 Tính từ giới hạn (limiting adjectives): đặt giới hạn cho từ mà bổ nghĩa
* TÝnh tõ së h÷u ( Posessive Adjectives)my, your, his, her, its, our, their - Tính từ sở hữu có danh tõ ®i sau
This is my ruler Her father is a teacher
- Hình thức sở hữu thay đổi tuỳ thuộc vào chủ ngữ ( giống số) Susan has eaten her breakfast
We have taken our baths already - Tính từ định ( Demonstrative adjectives)
This (nµy) These ( này) That ( kia) Those ( kia) I don't like these people
I want this car, not that one
- Các từ xác định (Determiners) có chức nh- tính từ Chúng đứng tr-ớc danh từ số số nhiều, đếm đ-ợc khơng đếm đ-ợc Động từ theo sau hình thức số số nhiều, tuỳ loại
Some ( mét vµi), a few ( mét vµi, mét Ýt), several ( vài), many ( nhiều), both ( hai), each ( mỗi), every ( mỗi), either (1 2), neither ( ai/gì hai), all (tất cả), much (nhiÒu), little ( Ýt)
a Much, little đ-ợc dùng với danh từ không đếm đ-ợc
- We have much time to study.- I have got little money to spend b Many, few đ-ợc dùng với danh từ đếm đ-ợc
- She has got many friends.- There are few cars in the street today
c A lot of, lots of, plenty of ( nhiều) dùng với danh từ số nhiều danh từ không đếm đ-ợc
- A lot of luck/ a lot of friends - Plenty of money/ plenty of ideas - Lost of time/ lots of people
d Much, many đ-ợc dùng chủ yếu câu hỏi câu phủ định - We didn't spend much money
- Do you know many people?
e A lot of đ-ợc dùng câu khẳng định much, many: - We spent a lot of money
(34)f Much , many đ-ợc dùng câu khẳng định với trạng từ : very, too, so - There are too many people at the meeting
- I like him so much
g Little, few mang nghĩa phủ định ( không đáng kể)
- We must be quick There is a little time (not much/ not enough time) - He isn't popular He has few friends ( not many)
h A little, a few có tính khẳng định nhiều - Let's go and have a drink
We've got a little time before the train leaves
- I enjoy my life here I have a few friends and we meet quite often i Each, every dïng víi danh tõ sè Ýt
- Every time I see you, you look different ( Each time)
- There's a telephone in each room of the house ( every room) j The other + noun sè Ýt: cã nghÜa thứ hai hai
- The post office is on the other side of the street
k The other + noun sè nhiÒu: cã nghÜa lại, phần lại, ng-ời l¹i
- When I returned home I found my wife talking to our neighbour The other guests had gone
l Another + noun sè Ýt: cã nghÜa lµ mét c¸i kh¸c - I must find myself another job
m Both, either, neither đ-ợc dùng để nói đến hai ng-ời hai vật, việc: - Both men were interested in the job
- Neither restaurant is expensive
- We can go to either restaurant I don't mind
*Note:- Many = a large number of/ a good number of - Many= a great deal of/ a large quatity of
3 Tính từ có đuôi -ing & ed (Participles functioning as adjectives)
Jane does the same work every day and she is fed up with her work - Jane is bored with the work because her work is boring
Ta nói -ed -ing I am interested in the film The film is interesting
*Cã rÊt nhiỊu cỈp tÝnh tõ cã tËn cïng b»ng "ing" hc "ed": interesting interested quan tâm
boring bored chán
exciting excite háo høc fascinating fascinated hÊp dÉn
amusing amused lµm vui thÝch amazing amazed sưng sèt
astonishing astonished ngạc nhiên shocking shocked sốc
disgusting disgusted ghª tëm ambarrasing embarassed xÊu hỉ
confusing confused lóng tóng horrifying horrified rïng rỵn
(35)frightening frightened kinh h·i
depressing depressed buồn rầu worrying worried lo lắng
annoying annoyed lµm phiỊn exhauting exhauted kiƯt søc
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with adjective: -ing or -ed:
1 Tom is in politics ( interested/ intereting) Tom find politics ( interested/ intereting) Are you bying a car? ( interested/ intereting)
4 Did you meet anyone at the party? ( interested/ intereting)
5 Every one was that he passed the examination.( surprised/ surprising) It was quite that he passed the examination .( surprised/ surprising) I was with the film I expected it to be much better ( disappointed/ disappointing)
8 The film was I expected it to be much better ( disappointed/ disappointing)
(36)PERIOD TEST
Part I (5 pts) Choose one word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others by circling A, B, C or D
1 a young b about c account d sound a Christmas b anchor c chemistry d cheque
3 a allow b how c account d country
4 a trade b payment c relation d bank a holder b bore c important d score Part II (15 pts) Choose the correct answer by circling A, B, C or D
The children ………to the zoo
A were enjoyed taken B enjoyed being taken C were enjoyed taking D enjoyed taking
How did you get here ? Did you come the train ?
A by B in C on D with
It‟s time he ……… home now
A has gone B went C goes D is going How messy your room is ! It needs up right away
A to clean B cleaning C clean D be cleaned I‟m really looking forward ……… to university
A to go B going C to going D go Somebody will it, ………… ?
A won‟t they B won‟t he C won‟t you D will they Somebody forgot this hat I wonder
A whose is this hat B whose hat this is C whose hat is this D is this whose hat
“You smoke a lot It‟s an annoying habit” I wish you ………
A didn‟t smoke B won‟t smoke C wouldn‟t smoke D shouldn‟t smoke He was …………ill that he couldn‟t get up
A such B too C so D much
(37)11 You look tired Why don‟t you have a ….?
A lie B rest C stay D stop
12.What‟s the time now? It‟s …twelve o‟clock
A at B near C nearly D most
13.I disagree My ideas entirely opposite ….yours
A to B from C of D against
14 Would you……opening the door, please?
A care B mind C.like D.help 15.The more……we walk the longer it will take us to get home
A slowest B slower C slowly D slow
Part III (10 pts) Complete the sentences by giving the correct form of the words in brackets
1.She sent her best wishes for my future (happy)
2.The girl I saw at the (enter) to the Fair turned out to be your sister 3.It‟s one of the most (enjoy) films I‟ve ever seen
4 We should use paper as (economy) as we can
5 The old theater of our city is being enlarged and (modern) The discussion made a deep (impress) upon the pupils Our house is (protection) by several burglar alarms (Tradition) , the Ao dai was worn by both men and women I will never forget my happy (child)
10 Television is one of the cheapest forms of (entertain)
Part IV (15 pts) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense or form I ( think ) of selling my car but I (not decide ) yet
2 Penny (live ) here ever since she (arrive ) from England I usually (drink) coffee but yesterday I (give up)
4 Decorating is difficult, but I (finish) painting the kitchen and now I (do) the living room
5 You (visit) this country before? When you (come) here for the first time? I‟m afraid that you can‟t talk to Jack now He (get) very dirty playing football
and he (have) a bath
(38)8 My grandfather used to be made (work) very hard This problem (not mention) in your last report
Part V (10 pts) Fill in each number space with one appropriate word
I arrived in London at (1) ………… The railway station was big, black and dark I didn‟t know the way to my hotel, (2) ……… I asked a porter I not (3)
………… spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as (4) ……… The porter, however, could not (5) ………… me I repeated (6) ……… question several times and at last he understood He answered me, but he spoke (7) ………… slowly nor clearly “I am a foreigner”, I said Then he spoke (8) ……… , but I could not understand him My teacher (9) ……… spoke English like that! The porter and I looked at (10) ………… other and smiled
Part VI (10 pts) Read the passage below and then choose the correct answer A, B, C or D
Most people agree that computers are the most important of the 20th century The 1st business computers introduced just abont 30 years ago, and now they are being a wide variety of fields; from banking to space travel , until just yew years ago, computers were wery large expensive owned by large corporations and governments everyone knew that computers existed, very few people had ever seen one and even fewer had used one Then in the 19705 the silicon chip was invented Because this electronic device could store a large of
information in a very small spare, computers could be much smaller and less than the huge mainframe computers used by corporation Some computer manufacturers believed that people might like computers in their homes, offices and schools so the computers were born
1- A discovery B invention C exploration D production
2- A have B were C had D are
3- A used in B used to C used for D used 4- A Moreover B However C Although D Besides 5- A computers B machines C things D tools 6- A Despite B In spite of C Although D Because
7- A number B amount C size D sum
(39)9- A having B have C to have D to buy 10- A person B personal C hand ` D handable Part VII (10 pts) Find and correct the mistakes in the sentences below
Let‟s go to the cinema tonight, will we? He looks as his brother
The equipment in the office was badly in need of to be repaired It is raining heavy, we can‟t go out
They haven‟t visited us when they moved here 6.There is a river is flowing across my village 7.My village is in the North of Hanoi Capital 8.It spends thirty minutes to get there by bus 9.Do not let your children to eat a lot of sweet
10.I am having my house repaint That is why there is all this mess Part VIII (10 pts) complete the following letter by using the prompts given
Dear Sir,
1.I / see/ school‟s advertisement/ TV/ last night
I/ interested/ learn English/ and/ I/ like / information/ school
I/ study English/ four years/ but /want/ improve/ speaking/ listening/ skill I/ be/ very gratefull/ if/ you/ send/ details/ courses / fees
look/ forward/ hear/ you/ soon Your sincerely,
Part IX (10pts) Finish the second sentence so that it means the same as the first one
1 Does your brother use the Internet every day?- Your brother _? John lives in a small flat and he doesn't like it.-John wishes _
3 "Do your grandparents still live in Nha Trang now?" said Nam to me.- Nam asked _
4 Minh keeps coming to class late.-
Minh _? We couldn't drive because of the fog.- The fog prevented
6 We began to live independently when we were 18 years oldWe have _
7 I can't cook as well as my mother does.My mother _ They have built a new hotel in Bac Giang since 2006.- A
(40)9 Please don't say things like that.- I wish
_ 10 Huong last wrote to her pen pal five months ago
- Huong hasn't Part X (5pts) Fill in each blank with ONE suitable preposition
1.He once worked … a cook on a ship He is generous and kind ……… you
3 I succeeded … persuading him to go with us
4.Can you show me the differences … the two brothers?