Word order of sentence components in english and vietnamese SVA structure ( a contrastive analysis )

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY - PHUNG THI MAI HUONG WORD ORDER OF SENTENCE COMPONENTS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SVA STRUCTURE (A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS) TRẬT TỰ TỪ CÁC THÀNH PHẦN CÂU TRONG CẤU TRÚC SVA TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT (PHÂN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIẾU) M.A THESIS Field: English language Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Pham Thi Tuyet Huong, Ph.D HANOI, 2013 DECLARATION I hereby declare that no part of the enclosed Master Thesis has been copied or reproducted by me from any other’s work without acknowledgement and that the thesis is originally written by me under strict guidance of my supervisor Hanoi 05- 11- 2013 Candidate Phung Thi Mai Huong APPROVED BY i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this thesis I am deeply to my supervisor Pham Thi Tuyet Huong (Ph.D) whose endless guidance, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in all time of the research In addition, I thank for the co-operation of the students who actively participated in this study to help me complete the thesis successfully I would like to thank my family and my friends They helped me and encouraged me so much during researching I also thank deeply all people who took part in achieving this work ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY AIM OF THE STUDY OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY METHOD OF THE STUDY RESEARCH QUESTIONS DESIGN OF THE STUDY PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 The study of word order in English and Vietnamese .5 1.1.1 The study of word order in English 1.1.2 The study of word order in Vietnamese 1.2 Some basic concepts 1.2.1 Word order 1.2.3 Basic sentence structures and syntactic structures .13 1.2.4 Syntactic and semantic functions of clause elements 14 1.2.4.1 Syntactic and semantic functions of the subject .15 1.2.4.2 Syntactic and semantic functions of the Verb 18 1.2.4.3 Syntactic and semantic functions of the adverbial 20 1.2.5 The common contrastive analysis of word order .22 CHAPTER 2: SENTENCE COMPONENTS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SVA STRUCTURE AND THEIR ORDERS 24 2.1 The basic word order of sentence components in English SVA structure 24 2.1.1 Copular verb “Be” 24 2.1.2 The intransitive verb “LIVE” .25 2.1.3 The intransitive verb “GET” 26 2.1.4 Some other intransitive verbs .26 2.1.5 Some intransitive phrasal verbs .26 iii 2.2 The changes of word order of sentence components in English SVA structures .27 2.2.1 ASV structure 27 2.2.1.1 “Here + subject (pronoun) + verb” 27 2.2.1.2 “There + subject + verb” 29 2.2.1.3 “Prepositions of direction + subject +verb” .30 2.2.2 AVS structure 31 2.2.2.1 “Prepositions/ prepositional phrases of place/position + subject + verb" 32 2.2.2.2 “Negative and semi-negative adverbials + verb + subject” 36 2.2.2.3 “Here + verb + subject” 38 2.2.2.4 “Prepositions of direction + verb + subject” 40 2.2.2.5 “There + verb + subject” 41 2.2.2.6 “Gerund clause + verb + subject” .43 2.2.2.7 “So/ neither (nor) + auxiliary verb/verb + subject” .44 2.2.2.8 “Other adverbials + verb + subject” .45 2.2.3 Some conclusions about the changes of word order in English SVA structure .46 2.3 The basic word order of sentence components in Vietnamese SVA structure 48 2.4 The changes of word order of sentence components in Vietnamese SVA structure 48 2.4.1 AVS structure 48 2.4.2 VAS structure 51 2.5 Summary 52 CHAPTER 3: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WORD ORDER OF SENTENCE COMPONENTS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SVA STRUCTURES .53 3.1 The similarities of word order in English and Vietnamese SVA structures 53 3.2 The differences of word order in English and Vietnamese SVA structures 53 iv 3.3 The frequency of using SVA structure in English and Vietnamese literature and the reasons of these uses 55 3.3.1 The writer or speaker wants to describe and introduce entities into discouse 55 3.3.2 The writer or speaker wants to emphasize the theme of the sentence 57 CHAPTER 4: A RESEARCH ON COMMON MISTAKES IN USING WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH SVA STRUCTURE 59 4.1 Researching learners’ mistakes 59 4.2 The main causes of the mistakes 62 4.3 Solutions 63 4.4 Exercise 63 4.5 Implication for teaching and learning English 64 PART III: CONCLUSION 66 Recapitulation 66 Limitation of the study 67 Suggestions for the futher studies 67 REFERENCES .68 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A = adverbial C = complement Cs = subject complement Cp = prepositional complement O = object Od = direct object Oi = indirect object Op = prepositional object P = predicate S = subject V = verb vi PART I: INTRODUCTION RATIONALE OF THE STUDY Nowadays, the need of learning foreign languages, especially learning English in our society is in great demand because of the integration of Vietnam in globalization It plays also essential role in education and training However, as an English teacher, in process of teaching English, I realized that one of the big problems Vietnamese students often encounter when they learn English is to translate the sentences that not have basic word order from English into Vietnamese and vice versa Since the learner often transfers the habits of his native language structure to the foreign language word by word, there is a majority of difficulty in learning a structure of a foreign language Therefore, the study of sentence structure is considered to be very important A sentence structure is the way in which all of the elements of a sentence are put in order So knowledge of the basic word order of a language is important because it has been found to correlate with other grammatical properties of the language The word order is a universal concept of sentence structures in English as well as in Vietnamese In the previous researches of linguists, the word order of sentence structure is paid much attention However, the word order of components of SVA structure in English and Vietnamese has not been paid much attention to Especially the changes of position of elements in SVA structure have not been written about It describes what part of the sentence will go first, second and third The basic elements of SVA structure are the subject (S), the verb (V) and the adverbial (A) The SVA structure is one of the basic structures in English grammar which students are taught at the beginning level Therefore, it plays an important role both in teaching and learning of English Moreover, I contrastive analysis with Vietnamese so as to find out similarities as well as differences between two languages For all the reasons, I would like to carry out my research on the topic: “Word order of sentence components in English and Vietnamese SVA structures” This thesis hopes to help students to overcome the difficulties in the process of their learning and translating AIM OF THE STUDY The main aims of the thesis are to: - Present main features of sentence components in English and Vietnamese SVA structures - Describe the word order of sentence components in English and Vietnamese SVA structures - Give a systemic description of the word order in English and Vietnamese SVA structures - Try to point out some similarities and differences between sentence components in English and Vietnamese SVA structures - Predict common errors of students when using English SVA structure and suggest a set of exercises for teaching and learning the word order of English SVA structure to Vietnamese learners OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY - The objective of the study is the word order of sentence components in English and Vietnamese SVA structures - This thesis will limit itself within English and Vietnamese SVA structures in simple sentences only, especially in statements And the adverbial in this structure is both obligatory and optional METHOD OF THE STUDY - The main methods of this thesis are description, comparison and contrastive analysis - We have considered English as the basic language of the study and Vietnamese is the language to be compared RESEARCH QUESTIONS - What is the basic word order of English and Vietnamese SVA structure? - What are the changes of word order of sentence components in English and Vietnamese SVA structures? - What are the syntactic and semantic functions of sentence components in English and Vietnamese SVA structures? - What are some similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese SVA structures? - What is the frequency of using SVA structures in literature of both languages and the causes? - Which errors students often make when using SVA structure in English as well as in Vietnamese? DESIGN OF THE STUDY The study consists of three parts: - Part I: Introduction This part consists of aims and objectives, scope and methodology and also the design of the study - Part II: Development: It includes four chapters: + Chapter 1: Literature review This chapter looks at the theoretical preliminaries, the study of word order in English and Vietnamese deals with books, research work and articles and presents some basic concepts about word order and basic simple sentence, syntactic and semantic functions of components in SVA structure + Chapter 2: Sentence components in English and Vietnamese SVA structures and their word orders This chapter presents the basic word order of components sentences and the changes of word order of sentence components in English and Vietnamese SVA structures + Chapter 3: Contrastive analysis of the word order of sentence components in English and Vietnamese SVA structures This chapter presents the similarities, the differences in English and Vietnamese SVA structures and the frequency of using SVA structure in English and Vietnamese literature, also points out the reasons of these uses that the change of word order of SVA structure in English is used more widely in written and spoken than in Vietnamese so this show that this study is useful for students in using this structure in learning English In the last question, we identify that students have not understood much about translating variants of SVA structure between two languages yet So, the number of students who agree or disagree with translating the variants of SVA from English into Vietnamese and vice versa with the equivalent order is correspondent In part II of servey questionaires, we identified that when students translate the sentences which have the change of sentence components in SVA structure from English into Vietnamese and vice versa there exists some mistakes: - Structural mistakes account for 65% The students have intention of use more basic structure (SVA) than inverted structure in translation According to the research, we realized that it is easier for Vietnamese students to translate inverted sentences from English into Vietnamese than from Vietnamese into English We would like to give typical example in part II of appendix Question 11: Không anh hút thuốc He never smokes cigarette Never he smokes cigarette Suggested translation: Never does he smoke cigarette Through above example, we see that there are two kinds of structural mistakes such as: (1) Some students have intention of translating this sentence into English with the basic sentence (2) Some students translate this sentence into English with inverted structure However, they not invert auxiliary verb before the subject - Vocabulary mistakes account for 35% The students have difficulty in choosing suitable words to express accurately the author’s idea in a context Lack of vocabulary causes many problems in Vietnamese- English translation process and vice versa Frequently, they could not choose the right word in the context We would like to give typical examples in part II of appendix: 61 Question 4: Hanging from every tree were three or four princes Treo ba hay bốn vị hoàng tử Suggested translation: Trên thân lủng lẳng xương ba hay bốn hoàng tử Question 9: Trên bàn bày đầy anh đào ngon On the table put full of fresh cherries Suggested translation: On the table were some of the loveliest cherries 4.2 The main causes of the mistakes Basing on data collected from the questionnaire, there are some causes of problems in translation of the students found as follow: - Causes of grammar mistakes related to structure From the mistakes mentioned above, it can be seen that some students focused on the structures of the source language so much that they failed to convey all the implicit meaning of the target languge In fact, it is not necessary to keep the form at all The important thing is that the students must be done on the basic structure SVA and their variants in both English and Vietnamese - Causes of mistakes on word choices Some students mechanically have used word by word translation and depended largely on the meaning of words in dictionaries They also picked out the synonyms without paying much to the context Therefore, the students must recognize that a word is only suitable for some certain cases and for these cases other words are not used appropriately although they have near meaning Their weakness about background knowledge and the mother tongue are also the difficulities in choosing suitable and appropriate words for translation Besides the causes above, one of the reasons which cause the problems is that most of students spend little time on self-study Moreover, we are not taught deeply about grammar structures and their variants in general and SVA tructure and its 62 variants in particular Moreover, they not seriously focus on studying and practicing translation subject 4.3 Solutions It seems that translators may encounter many difficulties in the process of translating inverted structures and variants of SVA structure from English into Vietnamese and vice versa In order to help Vietnamese translators study and use these structures effectively, we would like to put forward some suggestions: - In translating inverted structures, Vietnamese learners and translators should be aware of the similarities and differences between the two languages Without sufficient awareness of these similarities and differences, they are likely to use Vietnamese structures to express inversion in English, and vice versa - With an insight into inversion as well as its similarities and differences in English and Vietnamese, translators will be provided with an effective tool to translate inverted structures and get over the barrier of cross-cultural misunderstanding of the two languages - The teachers should have many different methods and interesting and suitable exercises in teaching grammar structures to make students not feel bored in learing grammar Moreover, teachers should give them some inverted structures and related exercise so as to help students be acquainted with using them especially in translation 4.4 Exercise Exercise 1: Each of the following sentences contains an adverbial at the beginning of the sentence Circle the adverbial Look at the clauses indicate if the sentences are correct (C) and incorrect (I) and correct the incorrect sentences _1 In front of the house were some giant trees _2 Here is the book that you lent me _3 Down the hall to the left the offices are that need to be painted _4 Never the boy wrote to his sisters _5 Sheila did not arrive late for work, nor did she leave early _6 Beyond the mountains lies the town where you will live 63 Exercise 2: Sentence building Hardly/ it/ snow/ this/ section/ country Police/ not/ arrive/ in time/ save/ girl/ and/ neither/paramedics Only once/ my/ life/ I/ go/ New York city She/ beautiful/ girl/ and/ so/her/ sister On/ no/ accasion/ they/ say/ that/ me Exercise 3: Translate into Vietnamese In the closet are the clothes that you want Standing outside was a little princess Away ran the terrible boy Here comes the coffee Never in the world did I believe this would happen Exercise Translate in to English Trước mặt sừng sững tịa lâu đài cổ kính Chẳng anh nghe lời tơi nói Đằng xa tới cậu bé Ắt phải có lí khác 4.5 Implication for teaching and learning English Nowadays, English is used more and more in Vietnam Therefore, teaching English at schools is considered an essential part To help students perceive English easily, teachers need to pay a lot of attention to English grammar Word order is one of the most important parts of English grammar The changes of word order in English simple sentence in general and in English SVA structure in particular, make students have many difficulties in writing and translating The results of the study help students to solve this Therefore a lot of practice is needed to master English grammar They will be more successful in using English Besides, mistakes are inevitable during the learning process And making those mistakes is not strange, the important thing is that students can find them and realize the causes of those mistakes to correct them and try their best to avoid them 64 The responsibilities of language teachers are giving lectures and helping students to understand and use the language correctly and effectively For each type of lessons, teachers can apply different teaching methods Moreover, teachers should not worry about the mistakes of their students; on the contrary, they should let their students know that the mistakes are common and unavoidable Guiding students to correct the mistakes is more important and useful However, so as to achieve the success of the lesson, it is necessary to have attempts of both teachers and learners 65 PART III: CONCLUSION Recapitulation From the results of contrastive analysis of word order in English and Vietnamese SVA structure based on syntax, semantic and pragmatic, we would like to give some conclusions: - In English SVA structure, the verb is always present in the sentence, in many cases the adverbial can be placed in the initial position of sentences (before the subject), and they have the order “ASV” Apart from that, in some cases, not only the adverbial but also the verb can stand before the subject and they have the order “AVS” - But sometimes, in Vietnamese, we see there are sentences that correspond to English SVA structure, the verb can be absent In Vietnamese there are AVS structure and it is called the existential sentence There are two cases when translating Englsih ASV and AVS structures into Vietnamese: (1) Both languages have AVS variant, so when translating into Vietnamese, these English sentences are translated with the same order (AVS) (2) However in Vietnamese, there are not ASV structure, so when translating English ASV sentences into Vietnamese we always translate with the basic word order Behind the contrastive analysis of word order in English and Vietnamese simple sentence based on syntax and semantics, the study presents the causes leading to the change of the word order on pragamatics The change of word order happens when the speaker/ the writer wants to describe and introduce entities into discourse, emphasize the theme of sentence The context plays an important role in these sitiuations When the writer/ the speaker wants to introduce and describe a new entity into discourse, he/she uses the variants of English SVA structure such as: ASV and AVS In a sentence or discourse, the position of old information is normally before new information In Vietnamese, there are no specialized structures 66 for causes leading to these changes of word order, however, the writer/ the speaker often uses adjunct, onomatopoeias and pictograms to give support for the changes of word order The results of the study help Vietnamese students understand more clearly about characters of word order in SVA English structure, especially in the simple statement sentence Moreover, they can know the similaries and differences of word order between two languages and the variants of English and Vietnamese SVA structure It is useful to help them in setting up sentences in a text On the other hand, they can understand truly the idea of the author The learners know how to grammatical exercise correctly; they can identify themselves their mistakes and translate the sentences from English into Vietnamese and vice versa more easily Limitation of the study Because of scope of the study, we only carried out researching on English and Vietnamese SVA structure and its variants in statement Moreover, we also only presented two first causes leads to the changes of word order of sentence components in English and Vietnamese SVA structure Suggestions for the futher studies The study carried out the contrastive analysis of word order of sentence components in English and Vietnamese SVA structure The author has put a lot of efforts on this study and also got much help from teachers, friends and family However, for such a large topic as this, it requires much more efforts, time, knowledge to cover, therefore, the study can not avoid imperfection and limitation Though, for further researching, we hope to continue studying the changes of word order in English and Vietnamese SVA structure in negative and question sentence and other causes which lead to the change of word order in SVA structure Those causes are creating cohesion of the content in a discourse and presenting and emphasizing new informations 67 REFERENCES ENGLISH BOOKS: Biber Douglas, et al (1999) Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English London: Longman Biber B.J (1994), “Information Status and Word Order: An Analysis of English Inversion” Language (2), Waverly Press, Baltimore Brown G., Yule G (1983), Discourse Analysis CUP, Cambridge Chomsky, N.(1957) Syntactic Structure The Hague, Mouton Chomsky, N (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax Cambridge MASS: MIT Press Dik, Simon C (1981), Functional Grammar, 3rd edition, Foris Publications, Dordrecht Dik, Simon C (1989) The Theory of Functional Grammar Part I: The Structure of The Clause Dordrecht: Foris Dorgeloh H (1997), Inversion in Modern English: Form and Function John Benjamins, Amsterdam Givón T (1993), English Grammar, A function- based introduction Vol I John Benjamins publishing company 10 Givón T (1995), English Grammar, A function- based introduction Vol II John Benjamins publishing company 11 Greenberg, J.H.(1966) Some Universal of Grammar with Particular Reference to The Order of Meaningful Element In J Greenberg (ed.) 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Tieng goi noi hoang da- Call of the wild, translated by Binh D T Kim Dong Publisher 80 Nguyet N.T.A and Tien C (2005) 20 truyen ngan chon loc Anh-Viet Ho Chi Minh city Publisher 73 APPENDIX SURVEY QUESTIONAIRE These questionnaires are conducted with a view to investigating the common mistakes made by Vietnamese students in using word order in English SVA structure This information is to use for research purpose only and your responses are completely anonymous Thank for your cooperation Your name (optional): ……………………………………… Part I: Tick ( ) the level you choose Please give your opinion on the following assessments Agreement level Agreement It is more difficult to translate from Vietnamese into English the sentences which have the change of word order You often make mistakes when you translate inverted structures from English into Vietnamese and vice versa You often avoid using variants of SVA structure in writing You would rather translate the inverted structures than the basic structures The change of word order of SVA structure in English is used more widely in written and spoken than in Vietnamese The variants of SVA structure are translated from English into Vietnamese and vice versa with the equivalent order Part II: Translation 74 Disagreement Task 1: Translate the following English sentences into Vietnamese At the end of the garden stood a handsome building of the newest style …………………………………………………………………………… Never have I seen such a magnificent performance …………………………………………………………………………… There goes my last dollars ………………………………………………………………………… Hanging from every tree were three or four princes …………………………………………………………………………… Here comes the coffee …………………………………………………………………………… In went the sun and down came the rain …………………………………………………………………………… Task 2: Translate the following Vietnamese sentences into English Trên mênh mơng cịn trơ lại gốc rạ khơ …………………………………………………………………………… Phía nam ngơi nhà chàng có khu đất trống, sừng sững hòe cổ thụ to lớn …………………………………………………………………………… Trên bàn bày đầy anh đào trông ngon lành …………………………………………………………………………… 10 Văng vẳng bên tai hai tiếng lì …………………………………………………………………………… 11 Khơng anh hút thuốc ……………………………………………………………………… 75 ... experiences in using SVA structure in learning and translating from English into Vietnamese and vice- versa and hence understand deeply the changes of word order of sentence components in SVA structure. .. sentence components in English SVA structures In English SVA structure, the main position of adverbial (A) is often after a verb However, in some cases, the adverbial appears at the initial of a sentence. .. of sentence components in English and Vietnamese SVA structures + Chapter 3: Contrastive analysis of the word order of sentence components in English and Vietnamese SVA structures This chapter