Features of “IN” prepositional phrases in the novel “ if tomorrow comes” by sidney sheldom and their vienamese translation versions

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2018-2020 (I) HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY oOo ENGLISH LANGUAGE M.A THESIS FEATURES OF "IN" PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES IN THE NOVEL " IF TOMORROW COMES" BY SIDNEY SHELDOM AND THEIR VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION VERSIONS (Ngữ cố định chứa giới từ “IN” tác phẩm cịn có ngày mai Sydney Sheldom dịch tương đương tiếng Việt) VŨ VĂN ĐỘ VŨ VĂN ĐO Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Hanoi, 2020 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY oOo M.A THESIS FEATURES OF "IN" PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES IN THE NOVEL " IF TOMORROW COMES" BY SIDNEY SHELDOM AND THEIR VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION VERSIONS (Ngữ cố định chứa giới từ “IN” tác phẩm cịn có ngày mai Sydney Sheldom dịch tương đương tiếng Việt) VŨ VĂN ĐỘ Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Hanoi, 2020 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled FEATURES OF " IN" PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES IN THE NOVEL " IF TOMORROW COMES" BY SIDNEY SHELDOM AND THEIR VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION VERSIONS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2020 Vu Van Do Approved by SUPERVISOR Date: …………………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from a number of people First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Associate Professor Ph.D Le Van Thanh, my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher A special word of thanks goes to our colleagues, without whose support and encouragement it would never have been possible for me to have this thesis accomplished Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family, my friends for the sacrifice they have devoted to the fulfillment of this academic ii ABSTRACT Prepositions and prepositional phrases are important components in any languages which are used to connect nouns or noun structures to other structures in a sentence They exist in both English and Vietnamese language systems However, prepositional phrases have different characteristics and usage in each language This descriptive and qualitative study endeavored to explore the semantic and syntactic features of “IN” prepositional phrases in English and their Vietnamese translation versions It involved the development of a bilingual corpus consisting of instance of sentences containing “IN” prepositional phrases extracted from the novel “If tomorrow comes” by Sidney Sheldom and their translation versions The interpretive contrastive analysis was employed It is expected that data analysis can produce meaningful conclusions concerning the similarities and differences in semantic and syntactic features of “IN” prepositional phrases in English and Vietnamese Also, this research aims to identify and investigate on the use of “IN” prepositional phrases in English and Vietnamese From there, this paper expects to provide implications for coaching prepositional phrases which may be useful for individuals who teach English or Vietnamese based on the identification of any potential problems caused by the characteristics of “IN” prepositional phrase iii LIST OF ABBREVIATION CA CDA Contrastive Analysis Critical Discourse Analysis ESL EFL English as a Second Language English as a Foreign Language PDA TL Post-structuralist Discourse Analysis Target language iv LISTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.1: List of simple prepositions (Carter and McCarthy, 2006) Table 2.2: The 30 most frequent complex prepositions (Hoffmann, 2005) …………… 10 Table 2.3: Prepositional phrases as post-modifier (Biber et al., 2007) 12 Table 2.4: Structural classification of meanings (adjuncts) (Quirk et al., 2005) 17 Table 2.5: Structural classification of meanings (subjuncts) (Quirk et al., 2005) 18 Table 2.6: Structural classification of meanings (disjuncts) (Quirk et al., 2005) 19 Table 2.7: List of Vietnamese prepositions (Tran, 2007) 21 Table 2.8: A comparison between English and Vietnamese prepositions (Tran, 2010)……………………………………………………………………………….26 Table 4.1: Frequency of the prepositional phrase “IN” in the novel "If tomorrow comes" by Sidney Sheldom and their Vietnamese translation versions………… 34 Table 4.2: Prepositional complements of IN prepositional phrases inthe novel “If tomorrow comes”………………………………………………………………… 35 Table 4.3: Syntactic features of IN prepositional phrasesin the novel 36 Table 4.4: Semantic features of IN prepositional phrases in the novel 36 Table 4.5: The frequency of IN prepositional phrases as spatial prepositionsin the novel "If tomorrow comes" ……………………………………………………… 37 Table 4.6: Semantic features of Spatial prepositions on “If Tomorrow Comes”… 37 Table 4.7: Semantic features of temporal prepositions on “If Tomorrow Comes” 38 Table 4.8: Structural classification of meanings (adjuncts) from the novel… 39 Table 4.9: Structural classification of meanings (subjuncts) from the novel 41 Table 4.10: Structural classification of meanings (disjuncts) from the novel 42 Table 4.11: Syntactic features of IN prepositional phrases in the novel “IfTomorrow Comes”by Sidney Sheldom and their Vietnamese translation versions……………………………………………………………………………43 Table 4.12: The frequency of IN prepositional phrases as adverbials in the novel 44 Table 4.13: Adverbials in two versions of the novel 44 v Table 4.14:The frequency of IN prepositional phrases as modifiers in the novel 46 Table 4.15:The frequency of IN prepositional phrases as complements in the novel.………………………………………………………………………………49 Table 4.16: Complements in two versions of the novel 49 Table 4.17: Semantic features of IN prepositional phrases in the novel “If Tomorrow Comes”by Sidney Sheldom and their Vietnamese translation versions.51 Table 4.18: The frequency of IN prepositional phrases with spatial meanings in the novel "If tomorrow comes"…………………………………………………….52 Table 4.19: The frequency of IN prepositional phrases with temporal meaningsin the novel "If tomorrow comes"…………………………………………………….53 Table 4.20: “If Tomorrow Comes” – Vietnamese and English prepositions 54 Figure 2.1: Tree diagram: complements versus adjuncts (Carnie, 2008) 13 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF ABBREVIATION iv LISTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale to the study 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Research questions Methods of the study Scope of the study Significance of the study Structure of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous studies 2.1.1 Foreign studies 2.1.2.Vietnamese studies 2.2 Theoretical background 2.2.1 English preposition and prepositional phrase 2.2.1.1 Definition………………………………………………………………… 2.2.1.2 Structure of a prepositional phrase 10 2.2.1.3 Syntactic features of prepositional phrases 12 2.2.1.4 Semantic features of prepositional phrases 15 2.2.2.Vietnamese preposition and prepositional phrase 19 2.2.2.1 Definition 19 2.2.2.2 Syntactic features of Vietnamese prepositions 22 2.2.2.3 Semantic features of Vietnamese prepositions 25 2.3 A comparison between English and Vietnamese prepositional phrases 25 2.4 Summary 27 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 28 3.1 Research approach 28 vii 3.2 Methods of the study 28 3.3 Data collection and data analysis 31 3.4 Research procedures 32 3.5 Summary 32 CHAPTER 4: SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ‘IN’ PREPOSITIONAL PRHASES IN THE NOVEL ‘IF TOMORROW COMES’ AND THEIR VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION VERSIONS 34 4.1 Syntactic features of IN prepositional phrases in the novel "If tomorrow comes" by Sidney Sheldom 35 4.1.1 Prepositional complements in IN prepositional phrases in the novel "If tomorrow comes" by Sidney Sheldom 35 4.1.2 Syntactic functions of IN prepositional phrases 35 4.2 Semantic features of prepositional phrase “IN” in sentences from the novel "If tomorrow comes" by Sidney Sheldom and their Vietnamese translation versions 36 4.2.1 Spatial Prepositions 37 4.2.2.Temporal Prepositions 38 4.2.3 Metaphorical Prepositions 39 4.3 A comparison between IN prepositional phrases inthe novel "If tomorrow comes" by Sidney Sheldom and their Vietnamese translation versions 43 4.3.1 In terms of their syntactic features 43 4.3.2 In terms of their semantic features 51 4.4 The characteristics of “IN” prepositional phrases between English and Vietnamese may be considered as problematic for EFL Vietnamese learners 55 4.5 Summary 57 CHAPTER5: CONCLUSION 59 5.1 Recapitulation 59 5.2 Concluding remarks 59 5.3 Limitation of the research 60 5.4 Suggestions for further research 61 REFERENCES 62 APPENDIX 66 viii two sub classes of time position and duration The basic expression is on the time position and duration dimension in which words that are indispensable in any language to make a complete sentence In English, users often come across prepositions of time that are familiar with different uses The rule of using prepositions of time and place is always a "difficult" challenge for new English learners because there are too many notes and the usage is constantly changing and evolving non-stop As known, when announcing and communicating with each other, one must use words that form sentences There are many parts in the sentence, many different components Grammatical relationships between parts, components are called grammatical relations Accordingly, the function of prepositions is to connect parts and components that have grammatical relations with each other Here are some prepositions of time: or suốt (during), vào (in, on, at), trước (before), sau (after), kể từ (since) and (until) Table 4.20: “If Tomorrow Comes” – Vietnamese and English prepositions No The original The Vietnamese version ….at IIPA headquarters in Manhattan New Orleans in September was only New Orleans vào tháng Chín …tại trụ sở IIPA Manhattan for the uncivilized hợp với đám người nhếch nhác mà They got a school in Bogotá Bogota chúng mở trường dạy nghề… You'll have a hearing in the morning Sáng mai người ta lấy cung [no preposition] I did a lot of fancy advertisements in Tôi đăng quảng cáo tờ the best newspapers báo ăn khách Do you have anyone in particular in Anh nghĩ tới thay cho Judy mind to replace Judy, George chưa [no preposition] I can't stay in this place Tôi In short, he was Anthony Orsatti's Nói tóm lại ơng ta kiểu người kind of man ưa thích Anthony Ĩrsatti In addition to the captain, the Ngồi thuyền trưởng, người steward, and a cook, there were five phục vụ đầu bếp, nhóm thủy deckhands thủ gồm có năm người 54 No 10 The original The Vietnamese version Tracy and Jeff arrived at Segovia in Tracy Jeff đến Segovia time for lunch để ăn trưa In fact, prepositions in Vietnamese have a narrow definition than in comparison to use of prepositions in English In the above examples, the samples number (1), (2), (3), (5), (7) and (10), the sentence structures remain the same between the original and the translated version while the prepositions are being placed in supporting the meaning about time, location, and position of the subjects or objects While on the number (4) and (6), the prepositions are deleted between the original and the translated version At the same time, on the sample (8), and (9), the Vietnamese translated words are not considered being prepositions in this language but more of a word or clause of verbs or nouns The translation is converted and classified the prepositions in English into different types of words in Vietnamese In some grammar books used in the previous school, for the above cases, the authors agreed with the views of Tran Trong Kim, Pham Duy Khiem and Bui Ky in Vietnam grammar (1940) that if there is no adverb, "out, in, up, down" is an complement, if there is an adverb, they are prepositions Nevertheless, it is rendered and noted to have several differences between two versions of English copy and Vietnamese copy These differences are mainly caused by the distinguished natures between two languages while the meanings remain the same 4.4 The characteristics of “IN” prepositional phrases between English and Vietnamese may be considered as problematic for EFL Vietnamese learners In accordance to the above studies and analysis, the nature of “IN” prepositional phrases can be categorized into two part of syntactic features and semantic features In the perspective of linguistic, the analysis and description of learning English as the second language by Vietnamese learners’ processes must make considerable use of the categories established to describe language From its semantic features, all English prepositions, including “IN” prepositional phrases, which encode the spatial relations between two physical entities; and although still retaining the original meaning In this sense, the “IN” prepositional phrases also develop a rich set of non-spatial meanings This study analyzes for distinguishing inherent conventionalization meanings from 55 interpretations created to understand “IN” prepositional phrase in context, while at the same time determining whether in their many competing meanings, which should be considered the original, basic meaning Spatial contexts, a conceptualized relationship closely related to spatial interaction and experience, involve entities that are related to each other in a particular spatial configuration The problem faced by Vietnamese learners is to determine for the proper approach to understand and comprehend the inherent meanings in the usage of “IN” prepositional phrase This concept is different from the nature and concept of Vietnamese langauge to have such spatial contexts with the use of “IN” prepositional phrases For Vietnamese learners, the problem is residing on the difficulties to understand and apply the concept of spatial contexts to know how to use “IN” propositional phrases in the most proper approach For example, in the spatial scene represented by the sentence The cup is on the table, the cup is in contact with the top surface of the table A typical spatial configuration is described by the sentence The coffee is in the cup In this scene, the coffee is in the cup (not outside) However, the spatial landscape is not only concerned with physical-space relationships or configurations The reality is that certain spatial relationships have not trivial consequences but are significant to humans The spatial landscape associated with the is also related to the support function between the table and the cup: if a sufficient portion of the bottom of the cup is not on the table, the cup will fall to the floor and break Similarly, the spatial landscape associated with print is related to the containment function, with many consequences such as the locating and limiting the activity of the contained entity Stored in cups, coffee does not spill over the table; if one moves the cup, the coffee moves with it These consequences, as well as the physical-space configuration between entities, generate a variety of non-spatial meanings associated with “ON” and “IN” space particles Each preposition has many different uses depending on the context, so it is difficult to list and know them all In conclusion, the first problem for Vietnamese students are often coming from the differentiation of use of different prepositional phrase, including “IN” prepositional phrase For the syntactic features, the frequency use of prepositional phrase “IN” includes Post-modifier of a noun or followed by adverbial or complement The prepositional phrase in English combines syntax with a proper object, most 56 commonly the noun (or qualifier phrase in another analysis) In English, this is generally a noun or something that functions as a noun, for example a verb, is called the object of the preposition, along with its modifier The preposition establishes the grammatical relation that connects its object with another word or phrase in context In English, it also establishes semantic relations, be it space “IN” Prepositions define certain grammatical properties for the object In English, the object of the preposition is always the objective way (another name is the indirect way, in English: objective case) However, this concept is new to Vietnamese learners due to their nature and functions of Vietnamese language, their mother tongue Functioning as modifier of other phrases is the grammatical function of prepositional phrase in Vietnam Prepositional phrases modify noun phrases, adjective phrases, and verb phrases.Per say, complement in English language is used for the purpose of completing the meaning of another part of the sentence In fact, complements not add additional information - they provide the information needed to achieve the intended meaning in the sentence Therefore, the use for the position and syntax function of “IN” prepositional phrase for Vietnamese learners can be problematic 4.5 Summary In prepositions there are many relational meanings - a kind of important grammatical meanings - that are able to dominate paragraphs, making it even possible for sentences and sentences to have meanings without their presence it's okay to express it The preposition has the ability to act on the words and expressions in the sentence to make those words, expressions and the sentences become more or less meaningful The distinction between the different types of prepositions is based on the different meta-functions In the experiential function of language, adjuncts are circumstantial, modal adjuncts and conjunctive adjuncts, respectively, interpersonal and textual in meta-function Adverbials can be classified by meaning or by their position in the sentence Prepositional phrase is one of the familiar English grammar topics, often present in most English sentences, causing many difficulties for learners if they not master how to use it Although the number is not much, the prepositions in English not have a fixed rule of usage, maybe with a preposition that can combine with many different types of words, creating a completely 57 different meaning (Hulstijn, and Marchena, 1989) In the Vietnamese language, all discuss the preposition (sometimes replaced by other terms such as dependent conjunctions, dependent verb relations, auxiliary linking words) More specifically, as a linguistic element with a very high frequency of use in communication, prepositions undertake quite a number of functions and play an important role when participating in creating speech Some of its grammatical characteristics and semantic properties have not been mentioned in previous studies Therefore, in Vietnamese language, the preposition is the word to be used to communicate one word with its suffix, or the task of linking two words or two parts of words together The preposition is likely to be associated with the phrase with a certain unit in advance to form a larger unit This has been the main meaning of prepositional phase used in the Vietnamese sentences in the translated version of “If tomorrow comes” 58 CHAPTER5: CONCLUSION 5.1 Recapitulation Prepositions belong to the type of subjects that are rarely systematically noticed and considered by Vietnamese and English linguistic circles This thesis attempts to give a relatively general picture of the functional characteristics of this word class Initial research results show that the activities of Vietnamese and English prepositions are diverse and much more complex than the general theory, not all the time, where the prepositions also fully and clearly reveal the characteristics of grammar and semantics The boundary line between types of prepositions and some other words is almost ambiguous Vietnamese prepositions are a group of words that not assume syntactic positions alone in sentences, not independently create sentences but act as a synthesized means of synthetization, used to connect elements in a paragraph and take on a functional component of a sentence that introducing a paragraph, usually an adverb, a complement, or a post modifier When syntactic combination, prepositions tend to attach to the element behind it It also means that prepositions are involved in the structure of the syntactic structure rather than a pure syntax tool 5.2 Concluding remarks First, concerning the first research objective “to explore semantic features of “IN” prepositional phrases in the novel “If tomorrow comes” by Sidney Sheldom and their Vietnamese translation versions”, it is identified that the prepositional phrases “IN” in sentences from the novel in the English version and Vietnamese translation versions acts as a post-modifier of a noun, an adverbial or a complement In fact, both English and Vietnamese versions, for prepositions, are considering to be preserved in the translated version from the original version Prepositions not have lexical meaning (just meaning, meaning) but act as a relational element to convey information about the related content of the sentence In many cases, if the preposition is not present, the sentence will lack relational information In addition to engaging in pure inherent grammatical relationships (associative relations, structural relations), prepositions also act as elements of speech, that is, participating in the notification function, if absent it will probably fall into a state of ambiguity or meaning Second, the second research objective is regarding to the semantic features for the combination the syntax with a term and specifying how that expression 59 should be interpreted in the surrounding context in both English and Vietnamese versions of “If Tomorrow Comes” Defining the prepositions in linguistic grammar structure is appropriate with actual original and translated versions If compared with nouns, verbs, adjectives, which have been identified in terms of position and function in linguistic grammar structure, then the preposition has full linguistic status: can participate in sentence structure with different semantic functions and these functions are common and stable In the structure of the preposition, the central position of the preposition is established by the dominant role of prepositions in terms of semantics and grammar for accompanying complements, including spatial prepositions, temporal prepositions, and metaphorical prepositions Third, the final objective is to differentiate the differences and similarities of prepositions phrases in regard to theoretical and practical contributions in the field of English language and linguistics In overall, prepositions take part in grammatical structures at the syntagmatic level, while they act both as components of free phrases and in the semantics of verbs, or nouns, or verb phrases or noun phrases These can support for the semantic features of prepositions in sentences for both English and Vietnamese language These have been illustrated in the above chapter for the uses of prepositions in the original version as well as the translated version Most prepositions in Vietnamese are due to the fact that words (nouns, verbs) are transferred through the path of grammar The semantic relationship between the preposition and the realities that create it remaining and meaning that the prepositions have not been completely corrupted Therefore, there are many cases that need to be treated as multifunctional words When acting in communication, these words take on many different functions Therefore, putting them in specific syntactic structures can clearly see their specific roles and functions 5.3 Limitation of the research Prepositions have the effect of establishing grammatical relations, namely, the main sub-relations between the elements in a syntagma In the linguistic type of word system for both English and Vietnamese, the preposition to be treated is an independent and distinguished word with conjunctions - also as a means of syntactic combination - in that: Prepositions denote the main relation also conjunctions denote isomorphic relations; The syntactic function and the rules that reveal the grammatical relations of these two-word classes are very different 60 While contenting a wide range of theoretical review between the English version and Vietnamese version of the novel “If Tomorrow Comes” in respect to the use of prepositions in writing, this thesis also focuses on the findings and denotes for implementations of translated version from the English original version of this novel As the names of the thesis suggests, the researched questions imposed and introduced in the first chapter are answered Given the significance of prepositional phrases in general and the complexity of use and meanings of prepositional phrases to be more precise, especially when it comes to comparison between English and Vietnamese prepositional phrases, this research cannot fully achieve the goal of investigating how prepositional phrases are used in English and Vietnamese; as well as to establish the similarities and differences based on the syntactic and semantic features between them This thesis has not been able to fully expose the semantic features, the syntactic features, as well as the differences and similarities between the prepositions “in” in the novel of “If Tomorrow Comes” of both English and Vietnamese versions 5.4 Suggestions for further research On the other side, prepositions in English consist of one (to/on/at) or two (ahead of) or three words (in front of) The important feature here is that prepositions cannot stand alone, regardless of how many words they are combined with As prepositions are not an independent element, they are always combined with other elements, such as nouns (at noon), verbs (to graduate) and adverbs (forever) 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?IN? ?? in the novel "If tomorrow comes" by Sidney Sheldom and their Vietnamese translation versions Table 4.1: Frequency of the prepositional phrase ? ?IN? ?? in the novel "If tomorrow comes" by Sidney. .. syntactic and semantic features of ? ?IN? ?? prepositional phrases in the novel ? ?If tomorrow comes” by Sidney Sheldom? - What are the similarities and differences between ? ?IN? ?? prepositional phrases in English... novel ? ?If tomorrow comes” by Sidney Sheldom; - To explore semantic features of ? ?IN? ?? prepositional phrases in the novel ? ?If tomorrow comes” by Sidney Sheldom; - To identify similarities and differences