Roi t\X sU ung hp cua Dong Minh vdi sU ung ho ciia toan dan, Viet Minh, do Dang Cpng san lanh dao, da giAnh dUdc chinh quyen toAn quoc chi trong 10 ngAy, vA thong nhat dAt nUdc trong [r]
(1)T H i r N H I N LAI N H O GIAO V I E T N A M T H E O T H i r C N H A N
* PHAN NGOC* Cac cong trinh, cac bai viet ve Nho giao d Viet Nam 1^ nhieu khong the ke bet Nhung nhin chung, cac bai chi x6t d hien tUdng, khong xet ci chinh cai nguyen nhan triet hoc tai no lai la the, khong xet tai thuc te hanh dong mot nh^ Nho Viet Nam lai khac mot nh^ Nho Trung Quoc den nhu vky Neu nhu muc dich cua triet hoc la de thay doi xa hoi, thi nhijtng each nhin ay khong giiip ich cho ta hoan canh hien the gidi da chuyen t\X doi d^u sang doi thoai, chung song hoa binh, chskp nhan de cung phat trien
Khi noi den triet hoc, thi cau hoi d^u tien l^ tai tin ngUdng h^u nhU c6 tif \oki ngUdi,song b^y, mi triet hoc lai ddi muon den nhu vay? The ky ddi cua triet hoc la vao khoang the ky thii VI tr CN d Hy Lap, roi ih^nh triet hoc phUdng Tay, triet hoc Trung Hoa ddi v6i Khong Tu vao khoang the ky V tr CN Con d An Do kho tim hdn vi anb hudng ton giao qua rong khap, nhung den kinh Vedanta cung dai khai vao thdi gian thi triet hoc da ddi D6 U
(2)ba nguon goc chinh cua triet hoc the gidi Nhin chung, chi n^o xa hoi dat den mot trinh san xuat kha cao, d i n tdi mot each to chiic xa hoi phan t i n g hkc kha ro rang, can den mot che dp chinh tri benh vuc sU phan chia t i n g bac nay, do doi hoi mot he thong ly luan it nhieu chat che va c6 tac dung quat khien moi ngUdi c6 the theo, luc triet hoc m6i ddi Roi lai c6 nhiJtng nha triet hoc khac chong lai, tao nen sif t r a n h lu^n triet hoc Den the ky XVII, d phUdng Tay vdi sU thay doi ciia lao dong thu cong sang lao dong cd khi, mot Idp tri thijfc mdi ddi chong lai cai triet hoc cu va tu than ho dUng len nhOng he thong triet hoc m6i nhU chung ta deu biet
Mot triet hoc c6 nhieu phan, nhUng cai phan khien no la triet hoc la phan nhan sinh quan, noi len each song nhU the nao mdi la diing Nhieu nha triet hoc, de bien ho cho each ly giai ciia minh them phan noi ve vu tru hay nguon goc loai ngUdi, lay no de benh vUc p h a n nhan sinh quan NhUng cho den nay, van de khoa hoc dang giai quyet, cho nen p h i n the gidi quan d moi triet hoc chi la phan gia thuye't Neu danh gia Nho giao theo quan diem the gidi hau cong nghiep - ma chung ta cd quyen lam the vi nhiem vu nghien cxlu la de doi mdi xa hoi vi quyen Idi cua ngUdi lao dong - thi dao Nho cd nhiJtng khuyet diem dudi day khong the nao bac bo dudc
(3)Hai la, no khong may may nghl den ky thuAt san xui't, ngUdi lao dong ky thuat la ke se gop p h i n thay doi xa hoi, liic muon la ngUdi cua thdi dai nay, thdi dai ky thuat, minh phai chon mot llnh vUc khong chi cong nghiep, ma ca thUdng nghiep, nong nghiep, van hoa, nghe thuat de tu doi mdi minh Trong cong vi^c n^y, phai nhin the gidi de hieu tinh binh nUdc minh, va nhin tinh hinh nUdc minh van de cu the minh ebon de doi mdi n6, ma khong de Viet Nam bi le thuoc Cd hai kha nftng: hoSc \k nhin tinh hinh biet phai lam gi va kha n^ng chinh minh lam dUdc dieu can lam Kha nang thii nhat la can thiet cho ngUdi lanh dao Kha nang thU hai \k cong viec cua chuyen gia De khoi noi chuyen xa xoi, chinh tri, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh cd ca hai kha n^ng va quan sU Dai tudng V6 Nguyen Giap cung vay Nhin chung cai hoc ngan xUa thien ve vSn chUdng de lam quan, cac tri ihxlc c6 chii y den y hoc, phong tuc nen vSn hoa Viet Nam cac loai sach ve vSn chudng, y hoc, ton giao, te le, phong tuc kha phong phii Con khong cd sach day nghe, ca nghe l^m ruong, thu cong, chSn nuoi, d^c biet ve nghe buon Day chinh la nguyen nhan cua sU ngheo ddi NhUr^g ca hai dieu n^y chi cd the ddi cd cong nghiep la cai tU nd thay doi the gidi tao nen khai niem tien bo va tac dung to Idn cua ky thu^t
Mot nen vkn hoa phai chap nh^n cai "Idi" chung cua moi ngUdi Con ngUdi phai cd nhOng cai Idi chung khong tudc bo dUde anh lam diing trach nhiem cua minh Cai l<?i Ay phai la cu the: cdm An, ao mac, nha d, c6 vd cd chong, nudi dudc cai Roi sau mdi ban den chuyen cao xa Nho giao Trung Hoa lay cai "le" lam then chot Nhung tu cai le Ay dkn
(4)tdi bA't binh dAng qua dang Mot ong quan cd tren chuc ba vd, nuoi hAng tram thuc khach, v6 so toi td Tren cd sd cai goi la pKap luat chi la de benh vUc ton ty Mot nude nhu vay luc nAo Cling chiia dUng sU noi day cua nhan dan lao dong va nhiing cuoc dan ap, t a n sat
Nhung mot van hoa chiu anh hucing Nho giao lai cd nhiing Uu the rieng:
Do thdi quen hoc tAp tren ngan nAm va bien, nhan dan hoc rA't gioi Chi c i n chuyen cai hoc cho dung vdi xu hudng la ho khong thua kem bA't cd nude nao Ngay d My so' cac hoc gia cua My thi theo tho'ng ke so' ngUdi go'c Trung Hoa nhap quoc tich My da chiem qua niia Chuyen nAm rong chau A theo van hoa Nho giao (Nhat Ban, Dai Loan, Singapore, Hudng Cang, Malaysia) dUdc noi den nhieu Con rong thii sau phai la Viet Nam
Con ngUdi theo Nho giao lA'y cuoc song tran the lam muc dich nen tU tUdng xa hoi chu nghia xam nhap d l dang Khong phai ngAu nhien ma Trung Quoc va Viet Nam da tU minh pha vd vdng vay cua chu nghia de quoc bAt chap bao khd khAn, trd lUc
(5)hai cha lay d Dao diCc Kinh, Kinh Dich nhUng each trinh bay lai dua vao Phat giao Do la dieu khong cd Khdng tU, Manh tu Nhung khong phai ngAu nhien mA Td'ng Nho gAn nhu lA hinh thUc Nho giao nhat d Trung Hoa tir ddi Td'ng vA d Viet Nam tU Le Thanh Tong Theo Td'ng Nho, moi vat deu cd Am va cd Dudng Xet rieng thi Trdi lA Dudng, Dat la Am, trai la Dudng gai la Am Vua lA Duong, DAn la Am vA d nhiJng linh vUc nAy khong cd chuyen Am hay Dudng chuyen hoa cho NhUng Tong Nho lai dUa cai thuyet mot hai cai Am hoac Dudng qua manh thi nd se chuyen sang cai BAng chUng lay d hAu \k nang qua lAu vA qua manh (Dudng) thi se cd mUa to, lyt bao (Am), mot che chinh tri qua chuyen chinh (Dudng) thi dan se noi len sinh loan lac (Am) Roi cxi the vii tru, xa hoi d mot chu ky Am-DUdng, khong cd tien bo da dAnh, cung khong cd chuyen boa, vudt buc, thUc sU Khong the nAo cd chuyen A vUdt qua mot gidi ban thi B
(6)kinh te, hoc thuAt Trung Hoa diing dau the gidi, roi sau dd te li^t de trd thAnh mot ban thuoc dia Ve chinh tri, chi ke giai doan nhiJtng ngoai toe chiem ca Trung Hoa (Mong Co, Man Thanh) ttt nhA Td'ng thAnh lap (960) den each mang Tan Hdi nAm 1911 tA't ca 990 nam da cd 365 nam toan qudic bi nhiing ngUdi nUdc ngoai cai tri ma so' dan dung bAng mot phAn hai mUdi ngUdi Han: Nguyen (1271-1368, 87 nam), Thanh (1644-1919, 268 nam)
(7)y cac cuoc hop lang, hop ho te le Chu nghia yeu nUdc Viet Nam khdng he thien ve kinh te, chung toe mA lay tinh nghia lAm then chdt
Gid tdi thu xet nhiing dac diem cua tarn ly lAng nUdc nAy qua nhiing tiep xuc van boa quan vAo niia dau the ky XX
1 P h o n g t r a o T a n ThU Vao dau the ky XX cd the n6i cuoc xam lUdc cua Phap dA cong Nam 1901 ToAn quyen Paul Doumer mot bao cao tuyen bd' khdng mot ngUdi Phap nao tif 1897 den 1901 bi giet Trong tang Idp tri thUc, long tin tUdng vao Dao Nha ctia Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Phan Van Tri dA nhUdng cho cho mot bAn khoAn, tU thA'y minh thua kem, bat lUc mA ta thay d Nguyen Khuyen, Tr^n Te Xudng TrUdc dd, ngUdi ta chi thA'y Phap manh lA nhd Sling dan NhUng gid dAy ngUdi ta bAt d i u thA'y ngoAi sung dan ra, cd ca vAn boa niia
Ke ra, khdng phai den thdi Tan thu mdi cd hien tUdng nAy Cd the ndi vao the ky XIX, Nguyen TrUdng To mot ngUdi chinh nhd theo Cong giao mA hieu dUdc phUdng TAy, cung da thA'y dieu vA da de nghi nhiing siia ddi NhUng cac bAi dieu trAn tam huyet cua ong vdi Tu Dilc qua dUdng TrAn Tien ThAnh ngUdi benh vUc chii trUdng boa hieu vdi Phap vd vi vay mA chet (ong lA bd' vd Nguyen Lo Trach, mot ngUdi theo Nguyen TrUdng To) lA tai lieu tuyet mAt MAt khac each nhin cua Nguyen TrUdng To da nhin thay nguy cd cua vi?c phUdng Tay xAm ludc chau Phi, Can Dong, An Dp nhUng vAn theo Kinh Dich, Am Dudng, Ngu hAnh
(8)cUdng quoc phUdng Tay, dac biet ve van hoa, khoa hoc phUdng Tay Cac ban dich cua Nghiem Phuc bAt ho phai thiia nhAn rAng siic manh cua phUdng Tay la xuA't phat txX khoa hoc, ky thuAt, va tii mot nen vAn hoa cao hdn phudng Dong, him dau tien, cac nhA Nho Viet Nam trUdc doc sach de di thi, gid biet chu nghia de qud'c, ly thuyet ly cua Descartes, thuyet xa hoi lAm hong cai ban tinh thien cua ngUdi cua Rousseau, thuye't tien hoa cua Huxley, thuyet tam quyen phan lap (chinh quyen, giao due, luat phap) cua Montesquieu, thuyet nguon goc cac loai dd cd loAi ngUdi ciia Darwin v.v Ho tha'y ro nhiing nhUdc diem cua Nho giao, dAc biet vi ho lA ngUdi To qud'c luAn, cho nen ho nghi den each truyen ba hoc vA'n de thoat khoi ach nd dich cua Phap Day lA diem phan biet ho vdi cac hoc gia Trung Hoa theo xu hudng doi mdi Cac hoc gia ho quy nhu Nghiem Phuc, Khang Hiiu Vi, Ludng Khai Sieu muon dUa vao nhA Man Thanh, mot trieu dinh ngoai toe de ddi mdi da't nude Con ho thi tim each doi mdi da't nUdc de cd dieu kien gianh lA'y doc lAp dan toe Nha van Trung Hoa anh hUcing sau sac nhA't den Viet Nam la Ludng Khai Sieu Ta chi can doc van cua Nguyen Thudng Hien, Huynh Thuc Khang, Phan Bgi Chau lA thA'y anh hUdng Ludng Khai Sieu ra't rd Cha tdi vAo khoang 1915-1916 lAm dd'c hoc Phii Yen che khoa c\i vAn con, ndi bAi van ong cu doc deu viet theo vAn Ludng Khai Sieu
(9)cUdng quoc nen sang N h a t t l e tim hieu Ong gAp Ludng Khai Sieu nam 1905, vA LUdng de tUa tac phAm "Viet Nam vong quoc sit' cua Phan Ludng anh hUdng den Phan ve che dan chu, dan quyen, each td chuc mot nen quan chii lap hien, vai trd cua Quoc hoi vA chinh phu nhUng Phan gat bo chu nghia cai ludng cua Ludng Sau dd, ong trd ve nUdc tuyen mp nhiing chi si sang Nhat de tU minh phan doan ve dudng phai di Trong so'nAy, cd Cudng De hoAng than mA ong djnh dung lAm ong vua lap hien tUdng lai sau gianh dUdc dpc lAp NgUdi thu hai lA Phan Chau Trinh, dd phd bang nAm 1900 cung mot khoa vdi cu Nguyen Sinh Sac than phu Ho Chi Minh Nhung Phan Chau Trinh du cd dUdc hudng dAn di tham cac dieu "ky dieu" cua Nhat Ban, vAn chong lai dUdng loi bao dong cua Phan Boi Chau, chu trUdng cai each md rong dan quyen, phat trien dan tri, lam cuoc song dan no du, chong lai che quan chu du lA lAp hien, benh vUc che dp dan chu So' ngUdi tham gia phong trao Dong Du len den hai trAm vA dieu dang chu y lA ho song nhd trd cA'p ciia tAng Idp budn ban nUdc Dieu nAy chUng minh khdng the choi cAi truyen thong yeu nude cua moi ngUdi dan Viet Nam
Phong trAo Dong Du chi ton tai den nAm 1909 Theo yeu cau cua Phap cung vdi viec Phap thua nhan nhiing ke hoach thue dan cua Nhat, Nhat dung len mot cuoc vAn dong chong sinh vien Viet Nam d Nhat vA roi dai da so phai rdi bo NhAt Chinh Phan Boi Chau ciing tinh ngo trUdc anh chang Nh<it "buoi sang cUdi hi hi, buoi toi mAi dao loang xoang"
3 Tri/dfng D o n g Kinh n g h i a t h u c md vAo nAm 1907 theo de nghi cua Phan Chau Trinh TrUdng la mot diln dAn de phd bien van hoa phUdng Tay nhAm vUdt khoi tinh
(10)trang be tAc cua van hoa Viet Nam Nhiing ngUdi chu chot nhdm ngoai Phan Chau Trinh cd Nguyen Quyen, hieu trUcing, LUdng Van Can, Hoang Tang Bi, DAo Nguyen Pho, toAn lA nhiing nha Nho cd tieng, theo gUdng Khanh Uhg nghia thuc, mot trung tam quan cua Nhat thdi tAn TrUdng nhAn hoc vien khdng lA'y tien ma trd cA'p cua cong chttc, thUdng nhan Giao vien day khong lA'y tien Cac bAi giang dUdc in nhd mot may in tho sd roi truyen ba khAp ndi TrUdng nhAn hoc vien khdng phan biet nam nii, giAu ngheo, trinh hoc van Mdi t h a n g vao mong mot vA ngAy rAm am lich cd nhiJtng cuoc ndi chuyen vdi tren ngan ngUdi nghe, chu yeu ndi ve ddi mdi dat nude Nhin chung de giiip nhan dan cAt biii td, Phan Chau Trinh ndi ngAy xUa nhAn dan cAt tdc, viec de biii td lA nhA Minh cai tri b i t nam gidi phai de biii td de t h a n h ngudi Han Con gid day trdi da md mAt cho ta Ta khdng the de "bon An bam thuc dan hut mau tren dau chiing ta" Sau dd, dam dong lao dudng cAt moi bui td va vAi nam sau, cai biii td bien mat khoi dau dAn ong ThUc dan Phap chi cd the khoanh tay vi day lA mot viec lAm cung ciia chinh ho
(11)Anh-cat-ldi, Phap-lan-tAy, Bi-ldi-thi DAc biet ten ngUdi thi trong mot thdi gian dAi vAn the; Rousseau lA Lu Thoa, Montesquieu la Manh-dUc-tU-cUu, Darwin la Dat-nhi-vAn, Ngay tdi vao hoc tieu hoc nam 1932 thay sach ndi "ngudi Phap cai tri nudc ta", tdi khdng hieu Phap lA gi, chu tdi phai giang Phap lA *TAy", vi moi ngUdi deu goi the Chii "Phap" lA phien am chu France thAnh "Phap-lAng-sa" roi nit gOD Phap
Tuy thdi gian phong trAo Dong Du cham dxit nAm 1909 vA Dong Kinh nghia thuc tdn tai khdng dAy mot nAm nhung anh hUdng cua hai cuoc van dong la vd ciing to Idn N6 da giiip ngUdi Viet Nam cd mot dieu mdi me lA dc phe phan 6c phe phan chinh lA cho manh cua tU tUdng phudng Tay, nen tang ciia vAn boa, khoa hoc phudng TAy Nhung c6 hai cAch phe phan CAch thii nhA't lA dua vAo mot he thong tU tUdng khac, ddi lAp, thi du he tu tUdng phUdng Tay vA chtrng minh nd lA Uu viet ve moi mAt hdn he tU tudng cii Dd lA each phe phan de phe phan CAch nAy lA c^n thiet nhUng khong du de thay doi xA hdi, nhA't lA xa hoi lA mot nUdc lhu6c dia khdng ddi nAo thuc dan Phap de yen mA khdng trirng tri Do dd, cac nhA Nho Idi lac ciia thdi dai hai cuoc v^n tren day phan Idn deu bi dAy Con Dab Tinh trang nAy len den miic dp triet de den ndi cu DAng Van Thuy, hoAng giap, te tUu thdi Khai Dinh bao cha tdi: "Nhiing thAng hay chii di Cdn Dao ca roi, d day chAng biet chii nghia gi nda"
Paul Doumer, sau tuyen bo da binh dinh Viet Nam, hOa se dem vAn hoa vA ky thuAt cua Phap den di khai hoa Viet Nam, lAm cho Viet Nam giAu cd Dieu nAy thUc te da lito dudc mot so ngUdi sau nAy goi lA nhiing "dng Tay An Nam"
(12)Cdn thUe te thi nd bieu hien bAng ba dpc quyen chua he thay ca ct Viet Nam xUa, cung nhu d cac thuoc dia khdng phai ciia Phap: dpc quyen thuoc phien, rudu, mud'i cung che dp lao dich bAt bupc Doumer tien hAnh mot loat cong trinh xay dung theo quy md Idn ve cAu (thi du cAu Thang Long), dudng xe liia (thi du dudng xe lua xuyen Dong Dudng), dudng sa ndi lien cac trung tam Ket qua lA thie'u tien De bu dAp vAo Id hong tai chinh, dng dua ba dpc quyen ay Mot lA dpc quyen thuoc phien Mac dau viec tAng trii thuoc phien d Phap lA bi luat phap tritng tri, nhUng thUc dan Phap lai mua thuoc phien sd'ng d An Dp, che bien lai d SAi Gdn roi ban Hai la dpc quyen rUdu Rudu ne'p vd'n lA thutc ud'ng quen thuoc ciia ngUdi Viet cac bi3a tiec, gid chap bi cA'm, nhA nude nam dpc quyen dUdc gpi la "rUdu ty" Ba lA dpc quyen mud'i NgUdi lam mud'i phai ban lai mud'i ciia minh cho nhA nude de roi mua lai Vdi tiing mdn hAng nhu vay chinh phii lai tii nAm den mUdi Ian gia thUc te Neu nhU viec hiit thuoc phien dUdc khuyen khich, viec mua rUdu bi bAt bupc Mdi buyen mdi nam phai mua mot so' lUdng chai Idn neu khdng thi bi phat vi tdi thao tiing viec nA'u rUdu lAu Bon nhan vien nha doan sue titng nhA, bat bd, gay mot canh tUdng Idn xdn lich sU chua tiXng thay Da the vAi thang lai thay bpn li'nh den liing sue bAt ngUdi di lAm don dien, ham mo, cAu cong, dudng xe liia Moi Ian nhU vay ndng thdn day tieng than khdc vi ra't nhieu ngUdi di bo xac que ngUdi hay ve nhA mang thUdng tAt cudi ddi
(13)thAnh hi giam d Cdn Dao sU can thiep cua nhUng ngUdi Phap dAn chu
6 tren tdi da ndi nen tang cua tU tUdng Viet Nam la tu tUdng lang-nudc Cai lAng Viet Nam tu quan khdng he c6 b Trung Quoc Cai quan niem nUdc Viet Nam lA ciia dan lAng cung khdng cd d Trung Quoc Chinh tri Trung Quoc trUdc Tdn Trung Sdn chu trUdng nUdc la vAt sd hiiu cua trieu dai, cho nen ngUdi Trung Quoc trUdc 1911 khdng cd ten nUdc nhu Viet Nam Neu trieu dai lA Han thi nude lA nUdc Han ngUdi la ngUdi Han Du lA ngUdi ngoai tdc cai tri (nhA Nguyen, nhA Thanh) thi ciing the Cdn d Viet Nam, ten nUdc Dai Viet lA chung cho may trieu dai (Tien Le, Ly cho den Nguyen) Trieu dinh chi lA ngudi quan ly Cai tieu chuan de quan ly lA chong dUdc ngoai xam, dd lA tieu chuAn tif Tien Le den Nguyen Cdn nhA vua, trieu dinh khdng lAm dudc nhiem vu n^y thi nhan dan tu dong ndi len nhu cii nhAn Phan VAn Tri ndi: "Chem d i u Tu DUc, moi gan Tu DUc, ud'ng mau Tu Dac" Nho giao chi lA mot each td diem ben ngoAi, mot tht( ao khoac
Cho nen den nAm 1919 che dp khoa cii hi bo thi cai ao khoac A'y ciing mat ludn Cac nhA Nho Viet Nam hAnh dong theo tam ly lAng nUdc nhUng each dien dat c6 hinh thiic Nho giao He tU tUdng khdng the tU nd ddi dUdc, di^u nAy chinh Mac da thita nhan Cho nen nd phai vay mUdn hinh ihxlc hoAc tit Phat giao, nhu cud'i thdi BAc thuoc den nhA Le, hoac txl Td'ng Nho nhu tif Le Thanh Tong den dAu thdi Phap thuoc Nhung ca cai hinh thUc ben ngoAi thi den nam 1919, che dp khoa cU bi bd, cai hinh ihxic Ay cung mat ludn Dao Nho da chet, ciing nhu nhieu tnet hoc
(14)khac liing lAy mot thdi cung da chet Nhung nd chet de gdp phAn vAo mot dao diic mdi da dUdc Bac Ho day ndi ve svf dong gdp ciia nd vao dao dij£c each mang
(15)thdi khdng phai nhiing bai viet cua dng mA sU cong tac dAc luc cua mot nhdm tAn hpc nhu Pham Duy Ton, md dAu Idi truyen ngAn theo Phap, phe phan xa hdi theo Idl Alphonse Daudet, the ky XIX, nhUng ngdn ngii thi vAn cdn theo Idl doi chpi cua vAn chUdng trUdng 6c; TrAn Trpng Kim gdp nhiing bAi ve giao due hpc Lai cd nhiing nhA Nho nhU Phan Ke Binh viet ve lich sU vA van hoa nen dA ndi tieng mot thdi NhUng td Nam Phong ddi nam 1917 thi nd bi lu md Quan diem ciia Pham Quynh (1892-1945) chong lai ly thuyet ban tinh ngUdi lA thien, khang dinh tinh trang hien lA tinh trang moi ngUdi chdng lai mpi ngudi, vAn hoa Trung Quoc hay phudng TAy deu suy doi, khdng viec gi phai bAt chudc nd Qua khii chAng hoAn bao nhUng cdn hdn nhieu cai Id lAng hien dang xay Dac biet giiia Quynh vA Vinh dien mot cuoc tranh luan Vinh mudn che dp cai tri trvic tiep cua Phap d Bac Bd vA Trung Bp Cdn Quynh muon quay \r' hiep udc 1884 de giO nhiing quyen cdn sdt l^i cua nen quan chii Viet Nam Di nhien, mpi Idi ban cua hai dng deu lA chuyen vAn chUdng
Quan diem tu tUdng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc bpc Id ro rAng nhat bAi ''Bao cao ve Bac Ky, Trying vd Nam Ky", viet bang tieng Phap nam 1924 d Matxcdva (Ho Chi Minh To^n tap tap I, tr 464-469) Vi ndi dung dai, tdi chi cd the neu len nhiing luan diem ma gid day nhin lai cAng diing
1 "Mac da xay dung hpc thuye't cua minh tren mot triet ly nhat dinh ciia lich sU, nhUng lich sU nao? Lich sU chau Au MA chau Au la gi? Dd chUa phai lA toan the nhan loai" Va nhiem vu ciia Dang Cong san lA "xem xet lai chu nghia Mac ve cd sd lich su cua nd ciing co nd bAng dan tdc hpc phUdng Ddng"
(16)2 "Chii nghia dan tdc lA ddng lUc Idn ciia da't nude" Do dd cong viec lA "Phat ddng chii nghia dan tdc ban xU nhan danh Quoc te Cong san"
Dd'i vdi ngUdi Viet Nam, quen sd'ng dpc lAp mot ngan nAm, danh bai mpi ke xam lUdc, dieu gan nhu la nhA't lich sii cac dan tdc, thi mpi ly luan deu chi cd the thu hiit hp thUc sU khi, qua dd, hp hy vpng nhin tha'y dUdng giai phdng dan tdc Con dudng sau Xd Viet Nghe Tinh hp da thA'y dUdc, mac dau ci dd cd mot vai nhUdc diem giao dieu, ta khuynh Khdng phai ngAu nhien ma nhdm "Phong Hoa -NgAy Nay" che rieu mpi ngUdi, nhUng t r a n h nhiing ngUdi cong san NhUng de thuoc vao Qud'c te Cong san, trUdc he't Dang Cong san phai dUdc Quoc te Cong san chA'p nhAn ve dudng Idi mat tran toan dan, khac dUdng Idi mot minh Dang Cong san dpc quyen lanh dao Sau Hitler len nAm quyen d Diic, Stalin nhan thay nguy cd chien t r a n h vdi phat-xi't lA khdng the t r a n h khoi, vA chap n h a n viec Dang Cong san d cac nudc lap Mat tran binh dan dd cd nhieu ngUdi khdng cong san, de chd'ng nguy cd ciia chu nghia phat-xit MAt tran Binh dan Phap ddi t h a n g nam 1936 da anh hUdng den each cai tri ciia Phap d Viet Nam Nhieu ngudi cong san khoi tii, vA mot sU doi mdi ro rang van hoa Viet Nam dien ra't m a n h me
(17)Tong bi thu Dudng loi mdi cua Quoc te Cong san la the hien dudng loi sang tao cua Nguyen Ai Quoc ngUdi thAnh lap MAt tran chd'ng de quoc thuc dan Phap cdn d Paris, nen uy tin cua Nguyen Ai Quoc thuc te la vd song
Nguyin Ai Quoc tim mpi each ve nUdc, nhUng mAi den 1938 mdi dUdc phep ve Trung Hoa vA phai den cudi 1940 hay dAu 1941 Nguyen Ai Quoc, liic nAy mang ten mdi lA Ho Chi Minh mdi dAt chan len manh dat thieng lieng cua Td quoc DAu thang nAm 1941, Ban chap hAnh Trung Udng Dang Cong san Ddng Dudng vdi vi Tong bi thU mdi lA TrUdng Chinh hop cuoc hop thU Tam, lAp Viet Nam Dpc lAp Dong minh hdi, gpi tat lA Viet Minh
VA tix dd lA dudng buyen thoai ciia Bac Ho vA Dang Cong san: lAm the nAo de bang chinh ddng gdp cua minh chdng Nhat xam lUdc mA vAn dUdc chinh chinh quyen Tudng Gidi Thach chap nhan ben canh Viet Nam CAch mang Dong minh bpi (gpi tAt lA Viet CAch), ndi cd nhieu phAn tu chong cong san Sau dd, bAng chinh thAnh tich chd'ng phat xit cua minh, Viet Minh giAnh dUdc sU iing bd ciia My, lUc IU(?ng dong minh chinh chdng Nhat Roi t\X sU ung hp cua Dong Minh vdi sU ung ho ciia toan dan, Viet Minh, Dang Cpng san lanh dao, da giAnh dUdc chinh quyen toAn quoc chi 10 ngAy, vA thong nhat dAt nUdc mot cuoc each mang gan nhu khdng dd mau, khdng gay xao trdn, dieu chUa c6 lich sU loAi ngUdi
Chua het Cdn bao khd khan, thAng dUdc giAc ddi, giAc dot, tri dudc mot chinh quyen on dinh suot mot nAm bon thang, mot chinh quyen xAy dung tren tinh nghia, khong phai tren bao luc, ddng thdi lai theo diing mpi yeu cAu cua
(18)mot chinh the cpng hoa hien dai Cd Qud'c hdi bau cii toan dan, tu do, cd chinh phii da nguyen Roi den cuoc tii chien, dd Viet Nam ket hdp chien t r a n h vdi bd dpi chii lUc vA moi hinh thiic chien t r a n h nhan dan (chien t r a n h ham bao, bom min, ndi cong ngoai kich, tam ly chien di vdi tran dia chien v.v ) Ket qua lA sau chien dich Cao Bac Lang, toan bp viing ThUdng du Bac bd trd nen bat kha xam pham