thay may dang than Ran chit yeu sau day: Dang thfl nhat Id bd me (pham tuc) bj ran hay rdng phO rdi cd mang, sinh ra mot bpc, thfldng Id hai trflng, nd thanh hai eon trai; eha me mat [r]
(1)Le Tam Oac Hdn dang gaia Phat giio va
- s\^ H6N DUNG GILTA PHAT GIAO VA 3 TIN NGirCfNG THUY THAN QUA NGHlfiN CCtJ
^: TRU^dNG HOP CHtJA YEN P H C
n^'S^
T&.IITAMDAC
J-Dot vdn de
Hiln nay, tren Phdt dien chiia Yen Phu, t i n chfl td Thanh Van eo tU (xa Lien Ninb, huyln Thanh Tri, thdnh phd Ha Npi), ben eanh thP Phat cdn thd Ni su Phuong Dung vd hai vj nuoi eua bd la Trung Vu vdDai Lieu Chila Yin PhO h i l n eon luu gifldupc mot sd di vdn Hdn - Ndm, ed b i n Yen Phu fU(do Hdn ldm vien Bdng eie Bai hpc sT Nguyen Bfnh soan nam 1572 va dupe c h i p lai vdo ndm Thanh Thai thfl 17-1905) de cap mpt cdch kha ehi t i l t ve eong tieh vd viee thd phung ede vj
Viee mpt ngdi ehOa Viet truyen thong khdng nhflng thP Phat chfl vj hp tri Phat phap, ma thd n h i l u than linh cua cdc tdn giao khde va cac tfn ngfldng b i n dja dien k h i phd bien d vung ddng bang Bac Bp Tflu chung tai, cd t h i quy eae ddi tflpng thd ngodi Phat giao vao may nhom chO y l u sau day: Than tU nhien vd than ndng nghiep, tieu bieu la he thong Tfl Phap Than eOa eae ton gido, b'n ngfldng khae nhfl Nho gido, t l l u b i l u Id Khdng Tfl vd cdc vj A Thanh; Bao g i i o , t i l u bleu l i bp ba Ngpc Hodng - Nam Tao - Bac Bau; than linh cOa ngudi Chdm, vdi than Po Riyak, than Po Yan Dari Than linh he thdng tin ngUdng t h d M l u hay dupe gpi Id thd Chu vi, cdc dng Hodng, ba ChOa Hhiing vj nhdn than co cdng vcri dat nude Thd H i u Phit vd nhflng ngUPl ed cdng xdy dUng hay tdn tao ngoi ehiia ' Nhung, vpi v i l e Ni sU Phuong Dung eOng hai ngudi eon nudi Id hai vj ThOy than, dupc thd khdng ehi P Phdt d i l n chOa Yen PhO ma dupc thd P hau eung dinh ldng Yen
* Ven Nghien ciru Ton giio
PbO, da ddt them mpt sd van kha thu vj nfla v l mat khoa hpc De gdp p h i n lam rd hien tflpng nlu tren, trflde h i t xin dflpe trinh bay mpt each khdi q u i t ve than b'ch cua cac vj than ndy qua mpt so tU Hlu h l l n tdn, d i e biet Id bdn Yin Phd tu
2- Thdn tich Idng Yen Phu
Theo truyen thuyet vdo cudi thPi HOng VflOng thfl 18, d Idng Lflu Xd, h u y l n ThUpng Hien, phii NghTa HUng, dao Son Nam Ha, cd cap vp chdng TrUOng Cong B i l u vd PhOng Thj Hue da sinh miy ngUdi eon trai, sau sinh them dUpc nguPi gai, ddt t i n la Phuong Dung Nang cd sac dep ehim sa ea lan, mat hoa da phan, dang ye yeu d i l u t h U ^ tha, khong sdnh bang Ndm 16 tudi, Phuong Dung nguyen khdng iay ehdng, mpt long m l Phdt Sau do, bd xuat gia tu h i n h tai chOa Thanh Vdn, trang Y i n Phu, h u y l n Thanh Ddm, phii Thupng Phuc (chua Yin PhO ngdy nay) Mpt hom, vdo gifla gid Mui, ba tam d ben song Kim NgUu (sdng Td Lieh?), ngUde trdng l l n t h i y mpt dim m i y ldnh sd xuong quan lay thdn the Kinh hai, ba vpi ehay ve chOa Dem do, bd nam mpng thay mpt vj tfldng qudn mac i o g i m , deo ngpc chdu, than the ky dj tfldfldi nfldc di l l n , t f l xflng Id quan ThOy than va ndi vdi bd rang: "Lang nk^diic
day, trdi dd soi to, lenh eho hai vj ThOy than gidng
(2)5o (44) - 2013 - PI sin vSn Hoa phi vitth^ \^.l Ba b i l t ban day Id ThOy than x u i t t h i Od Id ngdy
22 thdng nam QuyTy
Biet s u v i l c ky la, ddn ldng Yen Phii cOng keo d i n chua Hai vi ndi vdi moi ngUPi rang, hp von l i ThOy than, duac ddn Idng thd phung Idu nay, mpt ngupi t^n Id Trung Vu, mpt ngudi ten Id Ddi Lieu Nay, hp phung menh Thien dinh gidng sinh de giup nude Thay vay, nhin ddn d i u sp hai vd lam le tdu ring: Ddn Idng Y^n PhO ebOng toi xin phung sUThOy t h i n theo hieu md NguPi da day, xin Idm ie mflng v i xin lam edi Ngudi
Trung Vu vd Bdi Lieu dUpc ba Phuong Dung nuoi dudng Ho hpc gidi vdn chuong, tinh thdng vd lupc Mpt nam no, trdi lam dai ban hdn, cay cdi d i u chit kho Hai dng truyin ddn Idng lap dan keu cau trPi dit Vfla k l u c i u dupe mpt lat mUa to k h i p ca mpt vOng, rupng ddng day nudc, ciy ed hdi sinh Nam dp, dupe mua Idn, dan l i n g an eU lac nghilp Co ndm, di ldn vd nudc, lii trdn v l , ddn ldng lo so cau cflu, hai dng bien thdnh hai eon de ngan lu Dan ho di khdng b i l t nen vd tinh cuoc dflt dudi mpt chang, n i n ed t i n Id "chang Cut" Truyen thuyet "Chang Cut ehdng Dai" duoc luu truyin t f l day
Khi TP Djnh dem quan sang xam lupc nude ta, Hai Bd Trflng d i y blnh, truyen hjch k h i p noi, mPi ngudl tai gidi anh minh giiip sflc dep gide, eflu nude Hfldng flng IPi h l l u t r i l u eua Hai Bd Trflng, me bd Phuong Dung t r i l u tap dupe hang nghin ngUPi, nhat Id 25 trai trdng khde manh lang Yen Phu, tham gia ddnh giae gifl nude Khi d i n noi d6ng quin, t h i y hai ngudi nudi eOa ba Phuong Dung v i n vd todn tdi, Hal Ba Trung ben phong eho hai ong l i T i TUdng q u i n va HiJu Tudng qudn, ehia qudn di ddnh Td Djnh Giae tan, TrUng Nfl len ngoi vua, md tile mflng phong chflc cho cde tfldng sT, ban cho me bd Phflcmg Dung dupc ve thdm que Yin Phu vd dupc huPng nhuhg Ipi tflc ap Thanh Tri Nhd vua eon ban ba trdm mau rupng, miln phu phen, tap dich cho ddn ldng Yin PhO
Ta on nhd vua, me eon ba Phflong Dung len thuyin t r d v l q u i buefng Yen PhO Thuyen rdng v l den gifla sdng Kim NgUu thi thay mpt ddm m i y ving nhfl d i i lua bay xudng Thiy vdy, ba me v6 cOng so hdi, chay len dflng is bai d i t dau sdng bin lang Yen Phu Bong ehde, trdi dat tdi x i m , mfla to gio ldn ndi len, roi t h i y ba Phuong Dung minh mac So g i m , ngdi tren kieu hoa cudl mdy ma di Hai vi eon nudi tU bay len, rdi lao xudng ddng sdng m i t hut Hdm Id ngdy mimg thdng 11 Trong
khodnh khie, sdng nude vut cao, giao long, xa g i i i (binh linh cOa cdc vi ThOy thin) cung sap hang dan Idi Quan si v i n h i n dan deu vd cOng kinh hdi b i n Idm b i l u tau len t r i l u dinh Trung Nfl vuong sai quan d i n noi t l leva truyin r i n g , d i y Id noi d a t t d t ddt ten Id xfl Dong Lang, chuan cho nhan d i n lang Y i n Phu thd phung ba vj
D i n nam Thien Phuc, ddi L l Dai Hanh, ke cflu b i c h than, thay ba vj ed cdng IPn vdi dat nude, ben phong t i n g ba Phflong Dung Id Hoang Thdi hau Tue TTnh Phu nhin, hai vj Trung Vu vd Dai Lilu Id Bdn eanh Thanh hodng Linh phu ehi than Dong thPi, nha vua eung phong my tUcho Thinh M i u Phuong Dung Id Trinh thuc Chi dflc Doan trang Can t i l t Hodng Thdi hau; phong eho Trung Vu vd Ddi Lieu la Ho qudc Khang ddn PhO v i n Duong vu Bai VflOng
Tfl cdc thdi Tien L l , Ly, Tran trd v l sau, ede than thudng t h i n thdng b i l n hda, h i l n hflu anh linh giOp d i n giflp nfldc, n i n thfldng xuyen dUpc ban sac phong, chuan cho nhan d i n Idng Yen PhO thP phung Ngdy sinh cOa cic than Id ngdy 22 t h i n g 4; ngay hda Id ngdy t h i n g 11 \
3- Mgt sd suy nghi budc ddu ve cdc vi thdn duac thd didng Yen Phu
Tich truyin v l cac vj than dupc thd P chiia v i dinh l i n g Yen PhO dUpc cho la x i y vao thdi Hai B i Trung Cu the Id, Ni sU Phuong Dung cimg hai vi eon nudi huy dpng nhan dan, nhat la 25 nien ldng Yen PhO, tham gia khdi nghTa d i n h tan quan H i n Uen quan d i n vile Ni sU tu t i p P ehiia Yin PhO tham gia khdi nghTa Hal B i TrUng', d d i y can nhae lai mpt dieu da dupc nhllu nguPl biet den, vd thuc te vflng chau thd Bie Bd eho thay rd, tudng ITnh cOa Hai Bd phan IPn la nfl Cd nhieu y kiln khae xung quanh vile giai thich ve v i n de Tuu chung lat, phan dong y kiln cho rang, la tan tich cOa e h l dp M l u he nudc ta hdi dau Cdng nguyen Bin canh do, d i y eung la sU p h i n i n h vai tro quan trpng cUa phu nii'Viet khdng nhflng eupc sdng md cd sfl nghiep d i n h gide ngoai xdm Do cd le Id mdt nhflng ly g i i i thieh tai thd nfl than la mpt dde diem nol trpi tin ngudng ban dja cOa ngfldi Viet t f l truyen thong d i n h i l n tat
Mpt nhflng ddc diem chlnh cua tin nguPng bach than ndi chung, cOa tin ngudng Thanh hoang d ngudl Viet ndi rieng Id xu hudng phdm hoa, nghia Id lieh sfl hoa, nhan hda, edng tich
(3)li Xam Bic: Hon dung giOa Phat giao va
^^'
(D
hoa, dja phuong hda cac hien tupng thieng Nam trong xu the dd, mac dO ede su kten dugc neu t h i n tich l i n g Yen Phu la khd ro rang v l khong gian va thdi gian, thi chung ta van c6 the thay rang, dang sau yeu td Phdt gido la tin ngudng ThOy t h i n , cu the d ddy Id tin ngudng thP Ran
Thin Ran dugc thP phd bien dvOng dong bang Bae Bp, t i l u bieu nhat va dam net n h i t la tinh H i B6ng^ Than Ran dupc cung eip nhflng ly ljeh cu t h i khic nhau, mang t i n ngfldi, ten d i t khic nhau Cae than tieh ve than Ran dugc ghi lai cd le bat dau tflthdi Ly -Tran, eu the Viitdienulinh
vd Dgi VietsCtky todn thu' Qua cac than tieh ed the
thay may dang than Ran chit yeu sau day: Dang thfl nhat Id bd me (pham tuc) bj ran hay rdng phO rdi cd mang, sinh mot bpc, thfldng Id hai trflng, nd hai eon trai; eha me mat sPm, trd thdnh md cdi; co tdi danh giac ngoai xdm, giac cd t h i t hoie giae khong cd that (gide MiJi B6, giae Ma Na, giie Vinh Trinh, giac Chiem Thdnh, gide Ai Lao, q u i n Nam Han, quan Tdng, qudn LUOng, qudn Nguyen, ), d i n h giac true tiep hoac am phO,giac tan dupc vua trpng dung, roi sau hoa xudng nude Thupe dang thfl nhat n i y cd t h i n tieh cae xd Dieh Vpng Tiln, xd Thupng Cung (tinh Hd Ddng); xa Sdi Thj, xd Cd Le (tinh HUng Yen),xd Dudng Mdng (tinh Hil Duong), ^
Dang thfl hai la bd me (pham tue) nam mo t h i y r i n hay Long than, sau ed mang, trflc tiep sinh eon trai, hoac sinh trflng rdi nd t h i n h eon trai; cOng md eol eha me, tham gia d i n h dO thfl giac ngoai x i m ed that hoac khdng ed t h d t ddnh giac trflc t i l p bode dm phii, lap nhieu ehiln cdng hien hach, dflpc vua trpng thfldng, roi hda Thupe dang thfl hai ed t h i n tich xd DflOng Khi (tinh Thdi Binh), xa Linh Khe (tinh Hal DflOng), xa Du NghTa, xa Thfly Tu (tinh Kiln An), xa L i m HP (tlnhPhOcYIn), ^
Dang thfl ba Id bd me (phdm tiJc) nhdt dflpc triifng, sau nd eon ran, trd thdnh nudi; bode nhat dflpe trflng, mang ve, trutig vd ban nudc vdo bung bd me, rdi mang thai, sinh bpc trflng, nd thdnh ran; d i u eo edng giup ddn ehong ban hdn, hoie ehdng 10 l u t Ddy ehu yeu la md hinh "ehdng (hodc dng) Cut (hodc Cpc), chdng (hoac ong) Ddi" Thupe dang thfl ba ndy co than tieh Idng Kim Bai (tinh H i Tdy), xa Thong Quyet (tinh BaeNinh), * Theo Nguyen Duy Hinh, du than tieh thP Ran bat efl d dang thfle nao thi md hinh chung v i n Id:
ran - ngucri - r i n Dd la mdt md hinh hodi todn Viet khae vdi mo hinh: ran - ngUPi - t h i i than thoai Trung Qude hay An Dp'
Trd lai than tieh lang Yen Phu, de nhdn t h i y , dd; Id mdt md htnh dae biet nidt md hinh tdng hpi cOa cae dang thfle than tich thP Ran dd n l u trir Trong dang thflc nay, sudac biet chO y l u xuat pha t f l viee bd me nudi eOa cap ran l i mpt tu sT Phd giao Chinh vi vdy, nhilu tinh tiet cua than tieh 6: khong the dien t i l n theo cac each thflc thdn; thuPng ba me Id mpt ngUdi pham tuc Ndi dunt than tich ldng Yen PhO da dugc dan gian va Nh( than cua cdc chinh quyen phong kien Viet Nan sing tao theo mpt each thflc vfla ed nhflng dai diem rieng vfla eo nhflng diem ehung mang tinI t r u y i n thdng
Theo do, vi Phuong Dung Id mpt nha su nin bi khdng the sinh cic ngudi eon theo cieh thfli cOa ngudi p h i m t r i n dupe (dang thfle thfl nhat v< t h f l hai) Ba chi Id me nudi, nhat dflpc hai trflng trflng nd thdnh hai chang trai (sfl k i t hpp cOa mp phan dang thfle thfl ba vPi hai dang thflc diu) Cong tieh eua bd ehu yeu Id sfl gido dfldng, nhat li cOng hai vj tham gia ehdng giac ngoai xdm, mot ch tiet ma chung ta khong thiy, hay ndi dOng hdn It h i l n ehua thay di edp d i n cae t h i n tich the Ran thudc ca ba dang thfle neu tren Bin canh dd tflOng t f l Id viec ba dflpe phong t h i n , dflpe phdi the cOng vdi hai vi Ban canh Thanh h o i n g l i Trung Vi va Bai Lieu d dinh ldng Yin PhO Tuy nhien, mdt sc diem k i t cau cOa cdc dang thflc than tich tht Ran phd bien van edn dupe gifl lal nhfl viec bd d t i m d sdng Kim Ngflu, gap m i y linh s i xudng (tha) vi bj ran hoac rdng) quan lay thdn t h i , rdi n i m mc thay Long than bdo mpng cd hai vj ThOy t h i n dai thai de giflp nfldc giup dan, sau IPn l l n hai vj eunc ed cdng ddnh gide ngoai xam, dupe vua trpnc dung, rdi hda
(4)^^(^)-20\Z-p,9dnvinhdaphivittl^
Chi t i l t giup ddn lang Yen PhO chdng lu lut ctia "ehang Cut chdng Ddi" ban than tfeh ndy eOng ed net neng dang liAj y Phii chang, Id eon nudi va dupe mpt vj tu sT Phat giio giao dUdng, nen ro ring ehung ta chua thay d hai vjTrung Vu vd Ddi Ueu ede bdn tinh dfltpn, ngang ngUpc, hdo sac nhu h i u h i t than tich thd Ran cua dang thflc ndy'" Net rieng cdn the hien P chi ttet sau t h i n g giac vd dugc vua trpng thflcffig trd v l , ba PhUOng Dung dd hda eOng mpt ngdy vdi hai ngudi eon nuPL Nhung edeh thflc hda gifla hp co khae Ba Phuong Dung, mac dit Id mdt tu sT Phit g i i o , nhung cieh thfle hda lai mang mdu sac Dao giao than tien, eu t h i Id ngdi kieu hoa, eUdi mdy md di Con hai v| Trung VO vd Ddi Lieu thi van gifl theo cdch thflc tmyen thdng cOa cdc vi Thuy than Id b i l n mit xudng ddng sdng
Tdm lal, than tieh l i n g Yin Phu p h i n anh mpt cieh ro n i t su hon dung gifla Phdt gido vdl tin ngUdng thd Ran, mpt nhflng tin ngudng bin dja truyin thdng eiJa ngfldi Viet vOng chau thd Bic Bp SU hon dung ndy cd nhCfng diem tuong ddng vdi sfl hon dUng gifla Phit g i i o vdi tin ngudng Tfl Phip, v6n rat phd b i l n cung khu vue dia ly ndy Trong ed hai hinh thfle hon dung dd, ede tfn ngfldng b i n dja, nhfl tin ngfldng Thuy than, cu the d day tieu bleu l i tuc t h d Ran v i t i n ngfldng g i n vdl nong nghilp, cij t h i d d i y tleu bleu l i tue thPTfl Phip, eo le Id nhiihg yeu t d t i n tai trflde ed sudu nhdp cua Pbdtgido vao Viet Nam Ndi edeh khae, nhu Hd Vdn T i n tflng phat b i l u , n h i l u ngdi chOa Viet dau tien cd the von l i nhflng ngdi d i n t h d cac vi than t r u y i n thdng Khdng p h i l ngfldi ta da dat tflpng vj t h i n truyin thdng vao eae ngdi chOa t h d Phdt md da dit bdn thP Phdt vdo cic d i n t h d cac vj than b i n dja" Cho n i n , nhflng trfldng hpp nhfl viy, theo chung toi, bieu hien cOa yeu t d Phdt giao thudng Id khd md nhat trudc su noi trpi cOa yeu to tin ngudng t r u y i n thdng
Trong trudng hpp l i n g Yin Phu, sU ndi trpi cOa tin ngudng ThOy t h i n the h l l n khdng ehl nhilu tinh t i l t eOa b i n Yin Phu tU, ma cdn dupe the hiln khd ddm net d nhilu phuong d i l n khae ddi sdng tdn gido, tin ngUdng cua cfl dan dja phuong ndy Ching ban, cdc sac phong hien cdn luu gifl d dinh lang Yen Phu deu ehl phong bd Phuong Dung la t h i n (Cdng chua hoae Hodng hau), dd, hai vj Trung VO vd Ddi Lieu lai
d i u dugc phong Id Bdn cdnh Thdnh hoang Suthd phung ede vj t h i n d ngdi dinh ve mat tUpng phap eung nhu mpt sd nghi thflc le hpi lang Yin Phu cung p h i n i n h ro net dieu Ben eanh dd, cdn phai ke d i n nen chOa Yen PhO eu nam sat song Td Ljch - Khio sat thuc te bfldc dau cho thiy, no vdn cd mat bang k i l n trOc hinh vudng B i l u cho phep chOng ta ngd rang, ddy chinh Id nen cOa mpt ngdi den N l u dOng nbu vdy, thi ddy la ngoi den thd hai vjThuy t h i n trudc nd d i n dupc chuyen hoa thdnh mdt ngdi ehua./
LTD
Chij thich:
I - Xem Le Tam c Ta Quoc Khanh,'Tinh hon dung cua n g U d i V J e t t h e h i e n q u a d o i t u a n g t h d c u n g cac ngoi chua d Ha N o i ' Tgp chi Nghien cOu Tdn gido, so nam 2003, T r -
2- Xem: Thdn tich chiia Yin Phu, Ban phien am va dich nghia cua Ho^ng Thj Thu Hudng, Vien Nghien cdu Ton giao; Mai Hong, 'Chila Yen Phu: Bieu tu'dng yeu nu'dc truyen thong cCia nhan dan Yen PhO" in trong: Thich DiJlc Nghiep, Dgo Phdt VietNam, Thanh hoi Phat g i i o Thinh Ho Chi Minti, 1995, Tr, 38 - 8; 'Ghi chep lai t r i ^ dai Trong Nd Vumg', in trong: Thich DUc Nghidp, Dgo Phdt Viit Nam, Thinh hoi Phat giao Thinh Ho Chi Minh, 1995, it 49 - 59; Ban Quin ly Di tich v i Danh thSng t h i n h H i N6i, Ho saxip hang di tich tich sO chiia Yen PhO
3- Mdt (ti^m dang luU y la, khdi nghia Hai Ba Trung dien v i o nam 40 dau Cong nguyen NhUng vi&c Hai Ba TrUng cung c i c tUdng linh cua Hai Ba xuat hien sCl sach nudc ta k h i muon, mai t h ^ ky XV, b6 Bai Vi&t sd ky loan t h u cua Ngo Si Lien
4-Thdi Nguyen, l i n g Yen Phu thuoc tinh H i Dong 5- Xem: Nguyen Duy Hinh, Tfn ngUdng Thanh hoing Viet Nam Nxb Khoa h o c x i hdi, H 1996, Tr 351
6- Xem: Nguyen Duy Hinh, Tin ngUdng Thdnh hodng Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hocxa hdi, H, 1996,Tr.221 -228 Xin luuy rSng, ten cac lang xa thd than Ran dUcfc neu d day l i nhdng dia danh dau the ley XX
7- Xem: Nguyen Duy Hinh, Tin ngUdng Thdnh hodng Viit Nam, Nxb Khoa hocxa hoi, H, 1996.Tr, 221 - 228
8- Xem: Nguyen Dong Chi, "Kho t i n g truyen cd tfch ViH Uam'in tmng: Nguyen Dong Chi.Tdc pham dugc gidi thi^g Ho Ow'Alinh fquyen W, Nxb Khoa hoc x i hdl, H, 2003; Chi Oy, Chi bd l i n g Kim Bai, Hdi Cao tuoi l i n g Kim Bai (thi tran Kim Bii), Lich sOldng Kim Bdi, thi trdn Kim Bdi, huyin Thanh Oai, linh Hd Tdy, 2006; Nguyen Duy Hinh, Tin ngUdng Thdnh hodng Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hocxa hdl,H, 1996,
9- Xem: Nguyen Duy Hinh, Tin ngUdng Thdnh hodng Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, H, 1996, Tr 352
10- Xem: Nguyen Dong Chi, "Ong Dai dng Cdc hay la sU tich than song Ky Cung", in trong: Nguyin Bong Chi Tdc phdm dugc gidi thudng Hd ChiMinh (quyen II: Kho tang truyen cd lich Viet Nam), Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi H, 2003, Tr 534 - 545
I I - Xem them: H i Van Tan Nguyen Van KU, C/iilo Wef Nom, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hdi H, 1993,Tr 27