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Lf do la khi nhd, S2 la ngudi cd nang life thuc hien X cao hon SI trong thdi diem hien tai (hien tai phat ngdn). Ngoai ra, nhd cdn dupe diing nhu mot vi tir cd kha nang ngdn hanh {viec[r]
(1)s o SANH MOT SO CACH NOI GAY KHIEN TRONG TIENG ANH, TIENG NHAT Vdl
NHQNG TLf BIEU TH! Y GAY KHIEN TRONG TIENG VIET
Nguyin Thi Hodng Yin Khoa Viet Nam hoc Trudng DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Tp.HCM
Cijng mot thuc tai ddi song, mdi ngdn ngu cd each dien dat khac Ddi vdi ngudi hoc ngoai ngil, gap nhung trudng hop cd the dien dich tir ngdn ngu ngudn sang ngdn ngu dich theo kieu mot ddi mot thi viec hpc kbdng may khd khan (vi du: house la nha, water la nude, v.v ) Nhung ne'u gap nhiJng trudng hpp ma vi nhOtig yeu to van hda, lich str hoac ngdn ngij kbien viec phan doan thuc tai khac xa nhau, nhu trudng hpp you tieng Anh va ca mot chudi dai tir nhan xung tie'ng Viet nhu dng, bd, anh, chi, cd, thdy, em v.v thi viec hpc trd nen kha phiic tap Trong nhung trudng hpp nay, ngudi hpc rit cin su giiip tir pbia ngudi day hay nhung tai lieu tham khao tot cd giai thich can ke nhutig diem khac biet de hp cd the sir dung cho diing
Cach ndi gay kbien (Causative Construction) tieng Anh, the shieki ({S^tSff^) tieng Nhat ddi chieu vdi nhung tir bieu thi y gay kbien tie'ng Viet nhu nhd, thui, bdo, bat Ibudcl bat
huge, epi bugcl ep huge, cho, Idm chOy de cho, v.v la mot
nhihig trudng hpp phik tap tuong tu Chung tdi ebon de tai nhim muc dich giiip ngudi hpc hieu dupe nhung diem khac biet ihupc pham vi ngu nghia (semantics) ma ban than tii chua dung, cung nhu nhung die^m khac ve mat dung phap cua tir (pragmatics), giiip cho ngudi hpc cd the sir dung chinh xac mudn dung chung mot tmh hudng nhat dinb vao mot muc dich nhat dinh
(2)2 PHAN TICH
Ve blnb dien nghla hpc, tieng Anh, each ndi gay khi^n diing de' dien dat y ngudi, su kien, vat gl dd nhu la nguyen nhan, la li do, la duyen cd lam cho mot su viec nao dd xay 11913 Webster]
Trong tie'ng Nhat, each ndi gay kbien dupe vie't bing ba ban lir sir (fiE), dich ( ^ ) , blnb (W) vdi y ngudi/vat nao dd (tac tu gAy khie'n/the causer) lam hay cho phep ngudi/vat nao 66 (ngudi, vat hi gay khie'n/the causee) thuc hien mot viec gi dd [4, tr 390]
Cach ndi gay kbien cd nhung dac diem chung nhu:
- Dich cila cau: SI (the causer) tac dpng/dat S2 (the causee) vao trang thai/trach nhiem thuc hien hanh dpng
- Trang thai tarn If: su mong mudn cua SI (vdi SI la ngudi) ddi vdi viec S2 thuc hien hanh dpng
- Ndi dung menh de: hanh dpng gay khien dupe thuc hien bdi S2 - Ngudi hudng Ipi hay ngudi/vat gay ket qua la SI
2.1 Trong tieng Anh, each ndi gay kbien dupe the' hien chii ye'u qua mdt sd ca'u tnic nhu:
+ To have somebody something/to get somebody to
something: dich sang tieng Viet, ta cd nbihig each ndi tuong duong
nhu: nhaai lam gi cho minh, bdo lam gi cho minh Vi du:
(1) I"I1 have Peter fix my car Tdi nhd Peter sUa xe cho tdi (2) r'll get Peter fix my car Tdi bdo Peter sua xe cho tdi + To have/to get something done: nhd/thui dd idm gi cho minh (3) I have my hair cut Tdi nhd/thui ngudi cat tdc cho minh (4) I have my car wash Tdi nhd/thui ngudi rua xe cho minh + To make somebody something/to force somebody to
something: bdt/budc/bdt biigc, ep/ep bugc, cicang buc lam gi cho minh
(5) My mother made me get a part-time job when I was sixteen, and I think that's right
(3)(6) The bank robbers made the manager give them all the money
Nhung tin cudp nhd bdng bugclcudng bde ngudi qudn li dua tien cho chung
12 Trong ba trudng hpp vira neu tren, chung ta thay day tir cd kha
nang thay the' chuyen dich sang tieng Viet rat phong phii nhu: thui,
nhd, bdo, bat, bugc, bat bugc, ep, ep bugc, cicdng bice Diem quan
Upng la tie'ng Viet, nhihig tir day tir cd cudng dp nghla, npi dung nghla, phin dung phap khac
Theo dinh nghla cua Tir dien tieng Viet [7] chung ta cd:
a) Thui: dimg ngudi bay vat nao dd mot tbdi gian vdi dieu
kien tra mot khoan tien nhit dinh cho thdi gian sir dung dd
b) Nhd yeu eiu ngudi khac lam giup cho viec gl
c) Bdo: ndi dieu gi vdi ngudi dudi hoac ngang hang; ndi de
lam theo hoac phai nghe theo
d) Bdt: A:hie'n phai lam viec gl, khong cho phep lam khac di e) Bugc: lam cho hoac bi lam vao the nhat thiet phai lam dieu gl
dd trai y mudn vl kbdng cd each nao khac
f) Bat bugc: bupc phai lam
g) Ep: tac dpng den, nbam lam cho phai mien cudng nghe theo,
lam theo
h) Ep bugc: dimg quyen luc bat phai lam dieu trai y mudn i) Cudng bice: bit bupc, ep phai lam dij kbdng mudn
Nhu vay, ddi vdi hoc vien, can thiet phai chi ro: 1/ cudng dp tang
Ain ve nghla theo hudng phai (right forward) cua bdo, bdt/bitgc, bdt huge, ep/ep bugc, ciCdng bite, 2/ npi dung nghla cua nhd, time hoan
toan khac vdi bdo, bdt/budc/bdt bugc, ep/ep bugc, cudng bicc va 3/ phin dung phap ciia nhd, bdo cd nhung diem khac biet vdi nhung tir lai
Thir so sanh cac vi du sau:
(7) Hp thui chiing tdi pha buy chiec cau dd (8) Hp nhd chmg tdi pha biiy chiec cau dd
(4)(9) Hp bdo cbiing tdi pha hiiy chie'c c^u dd
(10) Hp bdt/ bdt bugc/ ep/ ip bugc chiing tdi pha biiy chi& eiu 66
(11) Hp cicang bicc chung tdi pha hiiy chiec eiu dd
• Thui (7) thuc chat la su trao doi giila ngudi gay kbien - SI, ngudi dang mudn dung ngudi bay vat nao dd mot tbdi gian va c6 dieu kien (ching han tien, vat dung) de trao ddi vdi kha nang hay vat dung cua ngudi bi gay kbien - S2 Su phan biet ve vi the d day khdng quan Ngudi gay kbien cd the cd vj tri xa hoi, tudi tac ihap hon hoac ngang bing hoac cao hon ngudi bi gay kbien Dieu kien cin y^u la cd tien hoac vat tuong thicb de trao doi vdi thdi gian su dung cua ngudi bi gay kbien ngQ canh giao te'
• Khi diing tir nhd (8), SI dang d tlnh trang irdng cay, mudn c6 dupe su giiip tir phia S2 Su giup dd, yeu cau dua tren mdi quan he lau dai bay tam tbdi giira SI va S2 Khi nhd, vi the tarn thdi tlnh hudng phat ngdn ciia SI chi cd the thdp lum hoac hang S2, cho dii dia vi xa hoi tu6i tac thuc ciia SI cd the cao hon S2 va thudng dupe tac dpng theo hudng tlnh cam Lf la nhd, S2 la ngudi cd nang life thuc hien X cao hon SI thdi diem hien tai (hien tai phat ngdn) Con SI Vl d tlnh trang cbd vao su giiip dd cua S2 nen d the* ye'u [3]
Ngoai ra, nhd cdn dupe diing nhu mot vi tir cd kha nang ngdn hanh {viec sU dung no cung chinh Id cdi hanh ddng dugc no biiu hien [2, CXH, tr.416]), each ndi gay khien vdi nhimg da'u bieu hinh thirc (IFIDs- illoeutionary force indicating devices) de nhan dien nhu:
- thudng cd su xuat hien cua cac dpng tir giiim, giiip, ho eiu tnic: Nhd S2+ V+ O gium SI hoac Nhd S2 +V giiim SI + - thudng sir dung ti^u tir tlnh thai nhe a cudi cau de lam mem dl,
diu di tinh chat sai khien, lenh va to rd mong mudn cd sir ddng thuan, su giup dd cua S2 tir SI
Vidu:
(5)Mdt dac di^m cin luu y niJa la cau cd nhd nhu la mot ddng ti^ ngdn hanh phai dupe dimg d ngdi thii nhit, thdi hien tai (hien tai phat ngon), th^ (voice) chu dpng (active) va tbiJc (mood) thuc thi (indicative), thupe nhdm khuye'n lenh (directive) de tao cau ngdn hanh tucmg minh
• Khi diing bdo (9), cau cho tbiy SI d vi the hoac quyen luc cao hon S2 ngil canh hanh vi gay khien dupe neu Vi tir bdo cd mdt dac di^m la cd the dung nhu mdt vi tir ngdn hanh (vd: Tdi bdo anh di cho) nhung cung cd the diing nhu bdt/budc/bdt bugc, ep/ep bugc/
cudng bicc vdi mot diem chung la chiing deu la nhihig vi tir bieu hien
m6t hanh ddng ngdn tir nhung cai hanh dpng dd lai phai dupe thuc hien bang mdt phat ngdn khdng chiia dung vi tir ay [3]'
• Bdt/budc/bdt bugc, ep/ep bugc (10) dien dat y S2 dang d linh trang thuc hien mdt hanh ddng khdng tu nguyen, ngoai y dinh (non-volition) nhung vin phai thuc hien; hoac hodn todn khdng thich,
khdng mudn thuc hien hanh ddng dd nhung vl d vi the bat Ipi hon danh
phai thuc hien Tiiy tlnh hudng, ngiJ canh, bdt/budc/bdt bugc, ep, ip
bugc va manh hon niia la cUdng bicc (11) ngim the hien y (impli) SI se
si dung mdt bien phap trumg phat nao dd neu S2 khdng chiu thuc hien hanh ddng da duoc sai khien
Ndi tdm lai, mot diem chung diing bdo, bat/bugc, bdt bugc,
ep/budc, ep bugc, cudng bicc la vi the cua SI ludn cao hon S2
thdi di^m phat ngdn hoac ne'u d vi tri ngang bing thi SI phai la ngudi CO thim quyen quyet dinh cho hanh ddng gay khien dd cd dupe xay hay khdng
2.3 Trong tie'ng Nhat, each ndi gay khien duoc dien dat chu yeu qua viec phan xuit thuc tai tbanh hai hudng: 1/ ngudi bi gay khien (the causee) cd y dinh bay khdng cd y dinh thuc hien hanh vi dupe neu ra; bay mot su ton tai, mdt thuc the ngoai y mudn, kbdng tu nguyen
' Chang han <\i B^t/buOc/b^t bade, ^p/^p bu6c lam gi KhGng th^ n6i: Tao 6p bade
m^y ph^i /a/77 W^c ndy ma phSi n6i {thudng k6m theo m6t dieu kien mang tfnh doa nat)
ching han: M^y ph^i lAm cho xong vi&c n^y ndi tmng ngdy h6m neu khdng thi
difng trach
(6)(non-votional entity); 2/ tiiy theo ngu* canh hoac tlnh hudng ma cau dien dat y ngudi gay khien cho phep (permissive) hay bat huge (coercive) ngudi bi gay khien thuc hien hanh vi nao dd
23.1 Vdi tu dpng tir/dpng tir npi ddng ( S U I ^ -jidousha), neu mudn ^
the hien y ngudi bi gay kbien cd y dinh (intentionalli) thuc hien hanh ,| ddng dupe gay khien thi hanh ddng se dupe danh dau bing trp tir ^
\Z (ni) (12) Ngupc lai, trp tir $-(wo) cd the dupe diing ma kbdng tfnh ^
den y mudn cua ngudi bi gay khien (12) Cau cd y "bit bude" hay ,^ "cho phep" la tlnh hudng va ngircanh [xem (13), (14), (15).] j
(14) fk^it t^tm^^Lfz^^tm^tz(DX'^mtm: J
Akiko wa motto benkyo shitai to itta node, watashi wa kanojo wo/ni daigaku ni ikaseru koto ni shita
Akiko da ndi la mudn hpc nira nen tdi quyet dinh cho no di hpc dai hpc
(15) ^'k^{tm^Ltz< ^j:^^tm^tzmLiri&t:^-k'^
Akiko wa benkyo shitakunai to itta ga, watashi wa •
kanojo wo daigaku ni ikaseru koto ni shita i Akiko da ndi la khdng mudn hpc nira nhung tdi quyet
dinh bdt no di hpc dai hpc
(14) mt 7Kr7]c^'^^c^^?ift^ UMS'^'^tt^^^tz ^
Watashi wa suisei ga kiraina kodomo wo muriyari oyogaseta
(Tdi bdt tdi, vd'n kbdng thich boi, phai boi.) (16) mt A ^ - ^ » # ^ J: ( '^l^t^^tz °
Watashi wa musuko wo sukinayou ni oyogaseta (Tdi cho trai toi boi ihoa thich.)
(7)(IJ) - e i ( i ^ ? ( I ^ S ^ t ' - / u ^ t ^ ^ i t / i ^ Ichiro wa Yukiko ni muriyari biiru wo nomaseta (Ichiro bit/ cho Yukiko udng bia.)
Trong trudng hpp (16), ne'u chi qua dien ngdn, rat khd biet Yukiko thich/mudn udng bia bay khdng De the hien rd y ngudi bi gay khifn cd y dinh/cd mudn thuc hien hanh dpng dd hay khdng, hanh (J6ng gay khie'n dupe thuc hien mot each tu nguyen se the hien ro neu d6ng tir each ndi cho va nhan dupe diing (-^-S yarn, fclf-S ageru, < tl-S kureru, t b morau) So sanh cac cau sau se tha'y ro:
(18a) 6Cli %\Z m^ ^ ^ - f r / i o
Chichi wa watashi ni sake wo nomaseta Cha toi cho?/ bit? tdi udng sake
(18b) ^{t mz m^ ^t^x < tifz
Chichi wa watashi ni sake wo nomasete kureta Cha tdi cho tdi udng sake
Y bi bit lam gl va thay liing tiing hay mien cudng lam, dupe the hien rd qua eiu tnic gay kbien bi dpng {^^S.^^^^ -shieki ukemi kei/causative-passive construction)*
h (19) W:t^^T^^J:(Dlztty:t^x:i^hW:i^^i^tzo H Uta ga beta na noni karaoke de nido mo utawasareta
Tdi hat dd the ma bi bdt hat karaoke hai Ian
(20) M^W^tz<^£^^(D\Z^ m^^^tvXL^^fZo Tosbi wo kakitakunai noni, kakasarete shimaUa
Toi khdng mudn viet tuoi ciia minh the ma bi bdt viet
' CSu trOc gay khi^n bj dOng dupe c^u tgo bang each th6m dudi b t i ^ vao than ilOng tif th^ gay khl^n bi dOng (causative-passtve verbs) Vi dg:
t i t i m ^ t i ^ i t ^ ::> ti^it^^S (hanasaserareru -bi bat n6.)
ftK^(an)=>:t^^ti:'5=>^^^1^^^^(tabesaserareru-b!batan)
(8)(non-votional entity); 2/ theo ngu* canh hoac tlnh hudng ma cau dien dat y ngudi gay khien cho phep (permissive) hay bdt bugc (coercive) ngudi bj gay khien thuc hien hanh vi nao dd
23.1 Vdi tu ddng tir/dpng tir npi dpng ( S l f i l ^ -jidousha), ne'u mudn
the hien y ngudi bi gay khien cd y dinh (intentionalli) thuc hien hanh dpng dupe gay khien thi hanh ddng se dupe danh dau bing trp tir
\Z (ni) (12) Ngupc lai, trp tir ^ ( w o ) cd the dupe diing ma khdng tmh
den y mudn cua ngudi bi gay khien (12) Cau c6 y "bit bupc" hay "cho phep" la tlnh hudng va ngdcanh [xem (13) (14), (15).]
(14) fX^ii to tm^L fz^^ t m orzO)X ^mt'i&-k
Akiko wa motto benkyo shitai to itta node, watashi wa kanojo wo/ni daigaku ni ikaseru koto ni shita
Akiko da ndi la mudn hpc nila nen tdi quyet dinb cho no di hoc dai hpc
(15) ^'X^ummLfzi ^j:^^tmorzmiiim-it:i:^^
im^^it6:Lti:.Ltz ^
Akiko wa benkyo shitakunai to itta ga, watashi wa kanojo wo daigaku ni ikaseru koto ni shita
Akiko da ndi la khdng mudn hpc nira nhung tdi quyet dinh hat no di hpc dai hpc
(14) mi yi^i7W'm^^^j:^i^.^ mms" opu'^-^fz °
Watashi wa suisei ga kiraina kodomo wo muriyari oyogaseta
(Toi bdt tdi, vd'n kbdng thich boi, phai boi.) (16) mi & ^ ^ $ ? ^ ^ J : l C m^'^itfz °
Watashi wa musuko wo sukinayou ni oyogaseta (Tdi cho eon trai tdi boi thoa thich.)
(9)(17) -mim'Fizmm'^'0 iz-^i^^mtz^
Ichiro wa Yukiko ni muriyari biiru wo nomaseta (Ichiro bit/ cho Yukiko udng bia.)
Trong trudng hop (16), neu chi qua dien ngdn, rat khd biet Yukiko thich/mud'n udng bia bay kbdng De the hien rd y ngudi bi gay khi^n cd y dinb/cd mudn thuc hien hanh dpng dd bay khong, hanh ddng gay khien dupe thuc hien mot each tu nguyen se the hien ro neu dong tir each ndi cho va nhan dupe diing (•^'5 yarn, fcif'5 ageru, < ti-S) kureru, t b morau) So sanh cac cau sau se thay rd:
(18a) 'J:{imz.m^^1^^fz
Chichi wa watashi ni sake wo nomaseta Cha tdi cho?/ bit? tdi udng sake
(18b) ym mz m^ ^t-ttx < titz
Chichi wa watashi ni sake wo nomasete kureta Cha toi cho tdi udng sake
Y bi bit lam gl va thay liing tiing hay mien cudng lam, dupe the' hien ro qua eiu tnic gay khien bi dpng ({^tS^#ft^ -shieki ukemi kei/causative-passive construction)'
(19) W:t^^T^^J:(D\z.tty:t^X^mhW:i^^titZo Uta ga beta na noni karaoke de nido mo utawasareta Tdi hat dd the ma bi bdt bat karaoke hai Ian
(20) M^W^fz<fj:\^^(Dl^^ mt^^tiXLt^tZo Tosbi wo kakitakunai noni, kakasarete shimatta
Tdi kbdng mudn viet tuoi ciia minh the ma bi bdt viet
• Ctfu triic gay khi^n bj ddng du-pc c4u tgo bang each th6m dufli ^ t i ^ vao than dOng tCf th^ gay khl^n bi dOng (causative-passive verbs) Vi du
IS1-(n6i) z ^ l i ^ t ^ - S ^ ti^^t^nS (hanasaserareru -bj bat n6i)
ft-<^(an) => ^-<^i^^^ ; t ^ ? i ^ ^^^(tabesaserareru-b! bat an)
(10)Can luu y ring each ndi gay khie'n bi ddng ludn dien ta y: "bi bat lam cai gi dd" (be made to something) chu kbdng dien t i "dupe cho phep lam cai gl 66" (be allowed to something.)
Do 66, cd the tu tin dich cac cau sau sang tieng Viet:
(21) fUi'jtHz m^x mh^htzo
Watashi wa chichi ni aruite kaerasareta Tdi bi cha bdt di bd ve nha
(22) fu^li K^\z m^ ^t^htitz
Kazuo wa Natsuko ni sake wo nomaserareta Kazuo bi Natsuko bdt udng sake
2.3.2 Ngoai ra, the' shieki cdn diing de dien dat y dial/ cdi gi
do lam/ trd thdnh dieu minh mudn, khdng ngdn cdn /^A^ S S iZ'f'^
S S l ^ L T l h i ^ / ^ l ' ' - b i t o ga jiyuu ni suumamani shite tomenai) ma trong tieng Viet cd the chuyen dich bing cac tir nhu cho/de/de cho
{cho vdi y cho phep, di/dicho vdi y khdng ngan can.)
(23) Uli^/^mfUX i/i-^^zish^ttzo
Watashi wa reizoko de miruko wo kooraseta Tdi de/decho sira ddng lai tu lanh
(24) m^-^-^ii "T-m^-B^ <i^mx mt-^xi'
Wakai mama wa kodomo wo ichinichiju koen de asobaseteiru ^
Ba me tre cho/de/de cho minh tu no diia d cdng vien sudt
(25) '^-kiimmi-^tz^^h tz< ^/u^^^titzo
Kanojo wa sake ga suki dakara takusan nomasareta VI cd ay thich udng sa ke nen tdi da cho/de/de cho cd iy udng nhieu
(26) "T-mzhiz $f#/^i9fwr-r;^^ y i ^ ^-<^ /Co
Kodomotaebi ni sukinayo ni aisukurimu wo tabesaseta Tdi cho bpn tre tha bd an kem
482
6o\
1
(11)i;27) Z(DV-J^ii i^^Mcmtz'^i: tS^Oo Kono gemu wa Jimu ni kataseyou to omcu Tdi nghl la se cho/de/de cho Jim thing tran (28) Kmt %{^=f-y y^ ^i^b-fr/Co
Tomodachi wa watashi ni chippu wo harawaseta Ban toi cho/de/de cho toi tra tien tip
Diem khac biet cin luu y tieng Viet la sic thai nghla ciia
cho va dec6 khac Cho luon mang sic thai nghla tich cue,
trong deco la cho phep, dong thuan, nhung cung cd diing dien dat y chii the de mac cho ddi tupng lam hanh dpng gi dd khong mudn can thiep hay giiip vdi sic thai nghla tieu cue
2.3.3 The shieki cung diing de dien dat y Idm/ldm cho cd cam giac the nao (A(D%i^h- hito no kimochi)
(29) mi^mi^^Ay^A^^M'SLfj:^^(DX\ W^'bUi^ Kare wa kazoku ni zenzen renraku shinai node, mina wo shinpai sasemashita
Anh ay khdng lien lac gl vdi gia dinh nen Idm/ldm clw mpi ngudi lo ling
(30) '^mifltzh^mLi^X<il^o
Ongaku wa watashitachi wo tanoshimasetc kureru Am nbac Idm/ldm cho chiing toi vui
(31)' ^^itfi^mh^tzo
Hirako wa watashi wo komaraseta Hirako Idm/ldm cho tdi bdi rdi
2.3.4 The shieki cdn dupe diing each ndi lich su, dien dat y xin phep {T^^J^ism^^- tei nei na onegai) Tuong duong, tieng Viet CO the diing tir, to hpp tir xin hay cho, de, de cho)
(32) 0^0{i^*-ti:ri^/'c/-c#/cl^cD^-r;)^ Ashita wa yasumasete itadakitai no desu ga Neay mai xin cho tdi nghi
(12)(33) ^(Dit^n -tfi> mz ^^."frT < ff ^ i \
Sono shigoto wa zebi watashi ni yarasete kudasai Cdng viec thi xin cho tdi dupe lam
(34) M^.^M^ $ - a - T < ff $ I \ Tokyo e annai sasete kudasai
Xin bay de tdi dupe hudng din den Tokyo
Trong nhimg tlnh hudng cd tfnh each than mat, thong tuc, dich sang tieng Viet, cd the thay xin cho/xin hay decho tbanh di:
(35) %\Z^f^^X<fz^\\ Watashi bi utawasete kudasai,
£>i tdi bat
(36) mz^^^^^x
Watashi ni kangaesasete kudasai De tdi suy nghl
3 K ^ T LUAN
Neu mudn hie'u ngdn ngir vdi tu each la mpl boat dpng giao le', mpl hinh ihurc hanh dpng cd muc dich thuc tien sinh boat ngudi, vice hpc nghla tir vung, hpc cu phap thdi van chua du Chiing la cdn phai hi^u each boat ddng ciia tir he tbdng ngdn ngu tir thuc hien nhiem vu cua no Thudng thi vice hpc bdi mot ngdn ngO cd the giup nhln nhirng van de ciia ngdn ngu khac mpl each sang to hon Ddi chieu cac each ndi cua tieng Viet vdi the shieki tieng Nhat hay each ndi gay khien tieng Anh thong qua vice lim hie'u npi dung nghla, nghla ngdn trung, dung phap cua timg tir irong day tir gSn nghla nhu nluy, thui, bdo, bat/bat hiidc, ep ep bugc, cicdng bicc,
cho, di/de cho, Idm cho, v.v nhu da phan lich d tren, ngudi viet hi
vpng se giiip hoc vien tuong minh hon, lay dd lam co sd giiip hoc vien chuyen dich hoac sir dung tir chinh xac hon nhiirng boat ddng giao le
(13)T A I L I E U THAM K H A O CHINH
1 Austin J.L (1962), How to things with words, Cambridge, Haward University Press
2 Cao Xuan Hao (2004), Tiihg Viet, sa thdo ngic phdp chiec ndng, tai ban lin 3, NXB KHXH, Tp.HCM
3 Nguyen Thi Thanh Ngan, ''Nhd " vd "Yiu cau'' tiihg Viet, Ngdn ngir & Ddi song, sd 4/ 2007."
4 Nguyen Van Hue, Doan Le Giang (dich) (1999), Td dien ngiC
phdp tiihg Nhat, NXB Tre
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