Effect of biochar on greenhouse gas emissions and the growth of paddy rice masters thesis major sciences and management of the environment

T THE JOIINT ACADEMIC P PROGRA AM OF EXECUTIIVE MAS STER IN SCIENCES AN ND MAN NAGEMENT OF THE T ENV VIRONME ENT EEN INDUSTRIAL ERSITY OF O HOCH HIMINH CITY BETWE L UNIVE AND L LIÈGE UNIVERS U SITY LE E THI MIN NH CHAU EFFE ECT OF O BIO OCHAR R ON GREE G ENHOU USE GA AS EM MISSIO ONS AN ND TH HE GR ROWTH H OF PADD DY RIC CE M Major: EXECUTIVE E MASTE ER IN SC CIENCES AND MA ANAGEM MENT OF F THE ENVIIRONMEN NT MASTER’S S THESIS S M HOCH HIMINH CIT TY, YEAR 2018 The project was completed at The Industrial University of Hochiminh City Supervisor’s name: Dr Nguyen Thanh Binh The thesis was taken at The Industrial University of Hochiminh City date 23 month 06 year 2018 Committee members (name): - Committee Chair - Commissioner - Secretary COMMITTEE CHAIR DEAN OF INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to send my sincere thanks to the professors of University of Liege and IESEM, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, who have imparted knowledge to me in recent years It is very important for me to be able to successfully complete my dissertation I am highly indebted to my supervisors Dr Nguyen Thanh Binh for his persistent effort in guiding, supervising and encouraging me throughout the course of study I would like to thank Prof HAUGLUSTAINE Jean-Marie, Dr Dinh Dai Gai, Dr Luong Van Viet, Dr Le Hoang Anh for their advice and encouragement I would like to thank Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City for securing funds for this study Finally, thanks a lot! AUTHOR LE THI MINH CHAU   ABSTRACT Agricultural practices affect the growth of rice and emission of methane (CH4) from the paddy field The increased CH4 concentration in the atmosphere could be contributed from the flooded regime The release of CH4 from soil is the largest source of carbon to the atmosphere In order to examine the effect of biochar on rice growth and CH4 emission from paddy soil, an experiment was conducted with treatments and replicates Six treatments include (1) no manure – no biochar, (2) no manure – rice husk biochar, (3) no manure – rice straw biochar, (4) cow manure – no biochar, (5) cow manure – rice husk biochar, (6) cow manure – rice straw biochar The experiment was conducted over three months at the Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City Gas samples were collected and analysed with CH4 weekly The biomass of rice crop and soil properties were determined at the end of the experiment The results showed that: − Application of cow manure increased CH4 emission from the paddy rice Biochar reduced CH4 emissions from the treatments applied with cow manure Specifically, CH4 emissions decreased by 58% with the addition of rice straw biochar, decreased by 17% with the addition of rice husk biochar − Addition of biochar alone (no cow manure) on saline soil increased aboveground biomass of paddy rice and the influence level depending on the type of biochar In the current study, aboveground biomass increased to 346% with straw biochar, and to 174% with husk biochar The addition of biochar and cow manure into saline soils also affected the nutrient content of the soil   TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 4  LIST OF FIGURES 5  LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 6  INTRODUCTION 7  The reason for choosing the topic 7  Objectives of the study 9  Subjects and scope of the study 9  The methodology 10  CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 11  1.1 Paddy rice production in Vietnam 11  1.2 Soils for paddy rice production 13  1.3 Greenhouse gas emission from paddy fields 15  1.4 Biochar with crop production 17  1.5 Biochar with paddy rice production 17  1.6 Current problems of paddy rice production in Vietnam and biochar solutions 18  CHAPTER MATERIALS AND METHODS 19  2.1 Research Content 19  2.2 Materials and methods 19  2.2.1 Experimental procedure 19  2.2.2 Experimental layout 22  2.2.3 Measurements and analyses 25  2.2.4 Statistical analysis: 27  CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 30  3.1 Basic characteristics of experimental materials 30  3.2 Variations in CH4 effluxes during experiment 31  3.3 Rice growth 40  3.4 Soil properties of six treatments after experiments 41  3.4.1 Exchangeable concentrations of PO43-, NH4+, NO3-, and Cl- 41  3.4.2 Soil pH and EC 43  4.4.3 Soil exchangeable concentrations of Ca, K, and Mg 44  3.4.4 Soil CEC, Na, and non-Na, exchangeable Na 45  CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS 48  4.1 For CH4 emissions: 48  4.2 For the growth of paddy rice 48  4.3 For soil nutrients 48  REFERENCES 50    LIST OF TABLES Table 1 The paddy rice cultivated area and yield of Vietnam from 2000 to 2013 11  Table Details of treatments 23  Table Basic properties of experimental materials The numbers in the parenthesis are the standard deviation of the mean 30  Table Average CH4 emission of each treatment through observations SD = standard deviation of the mean In the same column of data, different letters indicated statistically significance with probability P 500 mg CH4/m2/90 day) and was the same among the treatments added with no manure In manure treatment, CH4 emission was high (974,75 – 5632,77 mg CH4/m2/90 day) The combination of rice husks biochar and rice straw biochar with cow manure resulted in significantly lower CH4 emissions than cow manure application alone CH4 emission from the treatment applied with manure and rice husk biochar was 1,73 times and those from treatment applied with manure and rice straw biochar was 5.78 39   tim mes lowerr than thaat from m manure ap pplication alone Thhese differrences werre sttatistically significantt above 95% % 3 Rice groowth Figure 3.6 Abovegrou A und biomasss of paddy y rice after 90 days froom sowing g Error barrs are the staandard deviiation of thhe mean Bars B attacheed with thee same letteers are not significcantly diffeerent from tthe others at P ≤ 0.05 (DWT = dry weigh ht) [30] mass of inndividual trreatments was signifficantly diffferent from m Thhe abovegground biom thhe others There is the t interacttive effectt of biochaar and cow w manure on the ricce biiomass, as follows: − In no maanure treatm ments: the biochar in ncreased th he abovegrround biom mass of ricee Rice straaw biochaar increaseed 278% and rice husk biocchar increeased 346% % 40   compared to treatment – no biochar – no manure These differences were statistically significant above 95% − In treatments applied with cow manure, aboveground biomass of rice was the same in all three treatments (these differences weren’t statistically significant); biomass of rice in no biochar was 4.8975; the biomass of rice in rice straw biochar was 8.5075; and biomass of rice in rice husk biochar was 5.2325 3.4 Soil properties of six treatments after experiments 3.4.1 Exchangeable concentrations of PO43-, NH4+, NO3-, and ClTable 3.3 Soil concentration of PO43-, NH4+, NO3-, and Cl- of treatments after the experiment SD = standard deviation of the mean [30] PO43- NH4+ NO3- Cl- No biochar 239.77ad 55.70 13.33 4289.61 SD 47.05 18.61 8.90 921.99 Rice husk biochar 372.25ac 36.84 14.79 4686.05 SD 33.43 13.15 7.40 428.29 Rice straw biochar 274.97ad 53.32 12.36 4287.23 SD 72.91 26.76 7.65 198.58 No biochar 419.22bd 64.77 19.39 4580.80 SD 137.90 17.73 17.54 636.36 578.56bc 50.17 17.94 4447.87 SD 127.99 32.95 14.74 795.24 Rice straw 457.96bd 55.02 9.94 4004.19 Biochar Cow Manure No Rice husk biochar Yes 41   Biochar Cow Manure PO43- NH4+ NO3- Cl- 144.72 17.83 7.18 370.68 biochar SD PO43- concentration in the soil after the experiment was higher than before the experiment, from 239.77 – 578.56 mg/kg For no-cow manure treatments, PO43concentration in the soil of no- biochar treatment waslower than biochar treatment and rice husk biochar and rice straw biochar treatments had PO43- concentration 1.55 and 1.15 times, respectively, higher than no biochar treatment For cow manure treatment, PO43- concentration in the soil of no-biochar treatment was lower than biochar treatments PO43- concentration of Rice husk biochar and rice straw biochar treatments was 1.38 and 1.09 times, respectively, higher than no biochar treatment Statistical results showed that PO43- concentration was affected by the main factors (with and without cow manure addition, with and without biochar addition) but not by the interaction of the two factors NH4+ concentration in the soil after the experiment was higher than before the experiment, from 36.84 to 64.77 mg/kg For the no-manure treatments, NH4+ concentration in the soil of no biochar treatment was higher than biochar treatments, equal 1,5 times compared to rice husk biochar treatment and 1.04 times compared to rice straw biochar treatment For the cow manure treatments, NH4+ concentration in the soil of no biochar treatment was higher than biochar treatment, equal 1,29 times compared to rice husk biochar treatment, and 1.17 times compared to rice straw biochar treatment However, the differences were not statistically significant NO3- concentration was from 12.36 – 19.39 mg/kg The NO3- concentration of rice straw biochar treatment was lowest in the treatments applied with and without cow manure Similarly, the Cl- concentration of rice straw biochar was lowest in the treatments applied with and without cow manure and application of manure However, these differences were not statistically significant 42   3.4.2 Soil pH and EC Table 3.4 Soil pH of six treatments after the experiment [30] Biochar Cow manure Average SD 6.85 0.70 6.93 0.26 Rice straw biochar 6.99 0.27 No biochar 6.98 0.32 6.90 0.22 7.05 0.23 No biochar Rice husk biochar No Rice husk biochar Yes Rice straw biochar pH of the soil from the six treatments varied from 6.85 to 9.66, which are within the neutral level Addition of cow manure and biochar did not significantly affect soil pH after the experiment Table 3.5 Soil EC of six treatments after the experiment [30] Biochar Cow manure Average SD 4.70 -0.27 4.65 -0.47 Rice straw biochar 4.27 -0.30 No biochar 4.35 -0.91 4.10 -1.08 4.61 -0.48 No biochar Rice husk biochar Rice husk biochar No Yes Rice straw biochar Soil EC of the six treatments varied from 4.10 to 4.7 soil EC was not significantly affected by the addition of biochar and cow manure after the experiment 43   4.4.3 Soil exchangeable concentrations of Ca, K, and Mg Table 3.6 Ca, K, Mg concentration of the six treatments after the experiment Bold numbers are the standard deviations Within a column data attached with the same letter were not significantly different from each other [30] Biochar Cow manure Ca K (cmol (c) kg Mg (cmole(c) kg/ (cmole(c)/kg 4.09 2.88ad 1.82 0.60 0.19 0.25 4.33 4.84ac 1.82 0.54 0.52 0.38 3.97 3.21ad 1.66 0.83 0.27 0.43 3.98 3.52bd 1.89 0.80 0.27 0.47 4.95 6.22bc 1.74 1.37 1.19 0.78 4.33 3.94bd 1.87 1.52 0.57 1.24 No biochar Rice husk biochar No Rice straw biochar No biochar Rice husk biochar Rice straw biochar Yes Exchangeable concentration of Ca was from 3.97 – 4.95 cmole(c)/kg This concentration was not significantly affected by the addition of biochar and cow manure Exchangeable K concentration of the soil varied from 3.21 to 6.22 cmole(c)/kg In the treatments applied without cow manure, exchangeable K concentration in the soil-applied with no biochar was lower than biochar treatments The treatment applied with rice husk biochar and with rice straw biochar had exchangeable K 44   concentration of 1.68 times and1.11 times, respectively, higher than the no-biochar treatment For the treatments applied with cow manure, exchangeable K concentration in the soil of treatment applied with no biochar was lower than the biochar treatments, that is, the treatments applied with rice husk biochar and rice straw biochar had exchangeable K concentration of 1.77 times and 1.12 times, respectively, higher than that applied without biochar Biochar addition resulted in exchangeable K concentration significantly higher than that applied without biochar and cow manure application gave higher exchangeable K concentration than treatment applied without biochar However, the interactive effect of the two factors was not significant Exchangeable Mg concentration of the soil varied from 1.66 – 1.89 cmole(c)/kg For the treatments applied without manure, exchangeable Mg concentration in the soilapplied without biochar was equal that in the treatment applied with rice husk biochar and was higher than that applied with rice straw biochar treatment For the treatment applied with cow manure, exchangeable Mg concentration in the soil added without biochar was higher than biochar treatments However, these differences were not statistically significant 3.4.4 Soil CEC, Na, and non-Na, exchangeable Na Table 3.7 Soil CEC of six treatments after the experiment Data attached with the same letter were not significantly different from each other SD = standard deviation of the mean [30] Biochar Cow manure No biochar Rice husk biochar No Rice straw biochar No biochar Yes 45   Average SD 24.57b 1.97 28.03a 0.71 28.44a 0.68 26.68b 2.36 Rice husk biochar 29.89a 4.67 Rice straw biochar 29.24a 0.73 Soil CEC varied from 24.57 – 29.89 cmole(c)/kg For the treatments applied without cow manure, soil CEC of the treatments applied with biochar (28.03 for rice husk biochar and 28.4 cmole(c)/kg for rice straw biochar) was significantly higher than that applied without biochar (24.57 cmole(c)/kg) Similarly, for the treatments applied with cow manure, treatments applied with biochar had CEC significantly higher that applied without biochar Application of manure did not result in significantly higher soil CEC than no biochar application Table 3.8 Na and non-Na cation concentration of the six treatments after the experiment Data attached with the same letter were not significantly different from each other SD = standard deviation of the mean [30] Biochar Cow manure Na SD ECE - Na SD 8.59 0.38 15.98b 1.91 9.84 0.66 18.19a 1.02 Rice straw biochar 9.19 0.33 19.25a 0.77 No biochar 9.96 1.55 16.72b 1.07 9.36 1.68 20.53a 3.06 8.83 1.18 20.41a 1.22 No biochar Rice husk biochar Rice husk biochar No Yes Rice straw biochar Exchangeable Na concentration of the soil was from 8.59 – 9.96 cmole(c)/kg and was not significantly different among the six treatments The concentration of non-Na cations was from 15.98 – 20.53 cmole(c)/kg For the treatments applied without cow manure, the concentrations of non-Na cations was significantly lower in no-biochar treatment (15.98 cmole(c)/kg) than rice husk biochar (18.19 cmole(c)/kg) and rice straw biochar (19.25 cmole(c)/kg) treatments 46   For the treatments applied with manure, the concentration of non-Na cations was higher in biochar treatments than no-biochar treatment, equal 1.22 times for rice husk biochar treatment, and 1.2 times for rice straw biochar treatment higher than the no-biochar treatment Biochar addition resulted in higher CEC and concentration of available P, exchangeable K, and non-Na cations Those may be the reason to explain the higher aboveground biomass of the biochar treatments in the absence of cow manure Biochar also reduced CH4 emissions in the presence of cow manure The reason for this could be related to the microbial community in the amended soils that need more research to clarify 47   CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 4.1 For CH4 emissions Application of cow manure significantly increased CH4 emission compared to the no cow manure application on paddy rice Biochar reduced CH4 emissions on the treatments applied with manure Specifically, the CH4 emissions decreased by 58% with the addition of rice straw biochar, and by 17% with the addition of rice husk biochar 4.2 For the growth of paddy rice Addition of biochar alone on saline soil resulted in better rice growth, but the effect much depended on biochar types The rice growth increased to 346% when applying rice straw biochar, and to 174% when applying rice husk biochar 4.3 For soil nutrients The addition of biochar on saline soil significantly affected soil nutrient content in the presence of manure, as followings: − PO43- concentration increased with biochar addition Rice straw biochar increased PO43- concentration to 109%, and rice husk biochar increased PO43- concentration to 133% − K concentration increased when applying biochar Rice straw biochar increased K concentration to 112%, and rice husk biochar increased K concentration increased to 176% − CEC of the soil increased when applying biochar Without cow manure, biochar addition to saline-sodic soil improved rice growth significantly than no-biochar addition, whereas a combination of biochar and cow manure through pre-incubation did not show an expected positive synergistic effect Blocking and/or exchangeable-site occupancy could be the mechanisms involved in the non-synergistic effect Improved soil P availability, exchangeable K, and CEC, 48   especially the concentration of ECE - Na could be potentially responsible for the increased rice growth with biochar The current study did not observe a reduced exchangeable Na concentration in the amended soil as a result of biochar and manure addition To assess the effectiveness of biochar as a soil amendment to improve crop growths and to identify the related mechanism of biochar, we need to conduct more research both on the field and in net house At the same time, it is important to research on biochar production technology as it is one of the key determinants of the economic and environmental performance of biochar 49   REFERENCES [1] IPCC, Climate change 2007: The physical science 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