Simulation and evaluation of odor pollution from da phuoc landfills in ho chi minh city masters thesis major sciences and management of the environment

THE JOINT ACADEMIC PROGRAM OF EXECUTIVE MASTER IN SCIENCES AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ENVIROMENT BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY OF HOCHIMINH CITY AND LIÈGE UNIVERSITY TA QUANG SIMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ODOR POLLUTION FROM DA PHUOC LANDFILLS IN HO CHI MINH CITY Major: EXECUTIVE MASTER IN SCIENCES AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT MASTER’S THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY, YEAR 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To complete the master thesis topic, I would like to thank the school board, Graduate School of Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry, teachers Institute of Environment, together Teachers in various disciplines have enthusiastically taught and equipped me with knowledge during my studies I would like to thank my advisor, Dr Luong Van Viet for his support and advice throughout this thesis I would also like to thank professor of university de liege for taught and supported me during my studies Lastly but most importantly I would like to thank my parents for bringing me into this world and supporting me in every way possible Without them I would not be the man I am today Although there are many attempts to complete the topic But due to the early learning in scientific research, access to reality as well as knowledge is limited and lack of experience should not be avoided shortcomings I look forward to the comments of teachers and friends to complete the thesis Author Ta Quang ABSTRACT Odor,which refers to unpleasant smells, is nowadays considered an inportant enviroment pollution issue Odor pollution abatement has involves a number of bodies In this thesis, odor pollution in the inviroment will be reviewed, including its sources and dispersion, the plysical and chemical properties of odor, odor emission from Da Phuoc landfill in Ho Chi Minh city Determining the pollutant load from which the intensity of the odor gas is calculated Simulate the spread of odor pollution and evaluate to give the measures of reduction Keyword: odor, odor pollution, olfactometry, pollution load (NH3, H2S,CH3SH), EGauss,Arcgis TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10 INTRODUCTION 11 The reason for choosing the topic 11 Objectives of the study 12 Object and area of the study 12 The methodology 13 The meaning of the topic 13 CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF THE FIELD OF THE STUDY 14 1.1 Overview of Ho Chi Minh City 14 1.1.1 Natural condition 14 1.1.1.1 Geography 14 1.1.1.2 Hydrogeology 14 1.1.1.3 Climate, weather 15 1.1.2 Social and economic conditions 15 1.1.2.1 Economic growth 15 1.1.2.2 Characteristics of population, society 15 1.2 Overview of domestic solid waste and solid waste management in HCM city 16 1.2.1 Situation of domestic solid waste generation 16 1.2.2 Volume and composition of the domestic solid waste 16 1.2.3 Current status of collection and transportation of the domestic solid waste 20 1.2.3.1 Collection time 20 1.2.3.2 Means of collection 20 1.2.3.3 Save at source 20 1.2.3.4 Collector at source 21 1.2.3.5 Collected at intended destinations (on the street) 22 1.2.3.6 Commercial Transfer Station 22 1.2.3.7 Transportation network 23 1.2.4 Purchasing and recycling of the solid waste 24 1.2.4.1 Reusing and recycling 24 1.2.4.2 Scrap collection facalities 24 1.2.4.3 Purchasing activity 25 1.2.5 Treating and landfilling of the domestic solid waste 26 1.3 Overview of Da Phuoc Solid Waste Treatment Complex 27 1.4 Components and process of forming foul odor gases from landfill sites 33 1.4.1 Components of odor gases from landfill sites 33 1.4.2 Process of forming gases from landfill site 34 1.4.3 Source causing foul odor from landfill sites 38 1.5 Method of assessment and odor meter 38 1.5.1 The nature of the odor 39 1.5.2 Measurement of odor by the olfactory sensitivity method 43 1.5.3 Measurement of odor by Electronic nose (E-nose) 45 1.5.4 Relationship between odor intensity and odor concentration 45 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHOD AND CONTENTS 49 2.1 Situation of research on the spread of odor pollution 49 2.1.1 Abroad research situation 49 2.1.2 Domestic research situation 50 2.2 Research contents 51 2.3 Research methods 53 2.3.1 Statistical methods 53 2.3.2 GIS-RS method 53 2.3.3 Method of determining the intensity of odor 54 2.2.4 Method of determining the amount of odor pollutant load 55 2.3.5 Process of simulating odor pollution 62 CHAPTER CHARACTERISTICS OF CLIMATE AND CIRCULATION IN HO CHI MINH CITY 65 3.1 Characteristics of climate in studied area 65 3.1.1 Rainfall 65 3.1.2 Temperature 68 3.1.3 Relative humidity 70 3.2 Wind speed and direction 72 CHAPTER RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 76 4.1 Analysis of opinion survey 76 4.2 Garbage formula in Da Phuoc landfill site 80 4.3 The results determine the amount of odor gas 82 4.3.1 Loading of NH3 83 4.3.2 Loading of H2S and MER 87 4.4 Results of the odor intensity equation 92 4.5 The level of odor pollution around the landfill site through simulation results 93 4.3.1 The level of odor pollution through the dry season 93 4.3.2 The level of odor pollution through the rainy season 96 4.3.3 The level of odor pollution during the transition from dry to rainy season 99 4.4.4 The level of odor pollution during the transition from rainy to dry season 102 4.5 Proposing a plan to reduce odor pollution from the landfill site 105 4.5.1 Proposed scenarios 105 4.5.2 Analysis of pollution mitigation through scenarios 108 4.5.2.1 Scenarios (Reduce 50% of the pollutant load) 108 4.5.2.2 Scenarios (Reduce 50% of the pollutant load) 110 4.5.2.3 Scenarios (Reduce 70% of the pollutant load) 111 4.5.3 Suggestions for reduction of pollution load 113 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION 117 REFERENCES 118 APPENDIX 120 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Composition of solid wastefrom households, schools, restaurants and hotels in Ho Chi Minh City 17 Table 1.2 Compsition of solid waste at Đa Phuoc and Phuoc Hiep landfill site 19 Table 1.3 Composition and volume of solid waste at purchasing and recycling facilities 25 Table 1.4 Domestic solid waste disposal and treatment plants are in operation 26 Table 1.5 Volume of solid waste collected at Da Phuoc landfill 31 Table 1.6 Componentsof gases from landfill sites by percentage by dry volume 33 Table 1.7 The effect of hydro sulfua gas on humans 39 Table 1.8 The effect of SO2 gas on humans 40 Table 1.9 The effect of NH3 gas on humans 41 Table 1.10 Scale of on assessment of odor intensity 43 Table 1.11 Scale of on assessment of odor intensity 43 Table 1.12 Odor threshold of H2S 46 Table 2.1 The value of k for tropical regions 59 Table 3.1 Average monthly rainfall in Tan Son Hoa station (mm) 65 Table 3.2 Monthly statistics of Tan Son Hoa station (0C) 68 Table 3.3 Monthly humidityof Tan Son Hoa station (%) 71 Table 3.4 Frequency of wind direction of Tan Son Hoa station (%) 73 Table 3.5 Average wind speed of Tan Son Hoa station (m/s) 74 Table 3.6 Average wind speed and standard deviation of Tan Son Nhat station 75 Table 4.1 Odor sign in the questionnaire 76 Table 4.2 Frequency of occurrence of odors over time in Nhon Duc commune (%) 79 Table 4.3 Frequency of occurrence of odors over time in Đa Phuoc commune (%) 79 Table 4.4 Composition of solid waste is capable of decomposing at Da Phuoc landfillsites 80 Table 4.5 The composition of domestic solid waste 81 Table 4.6 The composition of domestic solid waste in Da Phuoc landfill sites 81 Table 4.7 Data on NH3, H2S and MER emissions of Da Phuoc landfill site on average dry season and rainy season (tons/month) 83 Table 4.8 Coefficient k in calculated emissions of NH3 85 Table 4.9 The result of monthly and seasonal NH3 emission in Da Phuoc landfill site (ton/month) 87 Table 4.10 Coefficient k in calculated emissions H2S and CH3SH 88 Table 4.11 The results of average monthly and seasonal H2S emission at Da Phuoc landfill site (tons /month) 90 Table 4.12 The results of average monthly and seasonal CH3SH emission at Da Phuoc landfill site (tons /month) 91 Table 4.13 The results of H2S and CH3SH emission at Da Phuoc landfill in 2016 (mg/m2.h) 92 Table 4.14 Data on the concentration of odors and odor levels 92 Table 4.15 Frequency of occurrence of odors at the ward level during the dry season(%) 96 Table 4.16 Frequency of occurrence of odors at the ward level during the rainseason(%) 99 Table 4.17 Frequency of odors occurring at commune and ward levels during transitionfrom dry to rainy season (%) 102 Table 4.18 Frequency of odors occurring at commune and ward levels during transition from rainy to dry season (%) 105 Table 4.19 Frequency ofl odor in communes with Scenario (%) 108 Table 4.20 Frequency of level odor with KB and the decrease compared to KB (%) 109 Table 4.21 Frequency of level odor with KB and the decrease compared to KB (%) 111 Table 4.22 Frequency of level odor with KB3 and the decrease compared to KB (%) 112 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Da Phuoc Solid Waste Treatment Complex 27 Figure 1.2 The system of reservoirs and leachate treatment 30 Figure 1.3 Olfactometry 42 Figure 1.4 Relationship between odor concentration and odor intensity of Butanol and Hydrogen Sulphide 47 Figure 3.1 Average surface temperature of Tan Son Hoa station (oC) 69 Figure 3.2 High temperature on Tan Son Hoa station (oC) 70 Figure 3.3 Average humidity of Tan Son Hoa station, m height (%) 71 Figure 3.4 Wind at 10m in Tan Son Hoa station 72 Figure 3.5 The prevailing wind speed and average wind speed of Tan Son Nhat station 74 Figure 3.6 Wind direction and average wind speed on the elevation of Tan Son Hoa station 75 Figure 4.1 Percentage of time people live in their current place of residence 76 Figure 4.2 Odor sensitivity level 77 Figure 4.3 Feel about the characteristic odors 79 Figure 4.4 Relationship between monitoring data and NH3 emission calculation 86 Figure 4.5 Relationship between monitoring data and calculation of H2S emission 89 Figure 4.6 Relationship between monitoring data and calculation of CH3SH emission 90 Figure 4.7 Frequency of first class odor in dry months 94 Figure 4.8 Frequency of third level odor in dry months 94 Figure 4.9 Frequency of secondary level odor in dry months 95 Figure 4.10 Frequency of fourth level odor in dry months 95 Figure 4.11 Frequency of first class odor in the rainy season (%) 97 Figure 4.12 Frequency of third class odor in the rainy season (%) 97 Figure 4.13 Frequency of secondary class odor in rainy season (%) 98 Figure 4.14 Frequency of fourth class odor in the rainy season (%) 98 Figure 4.15 Frequency of first level odor in the transition months from dry to rainy season (%) 100 Figure 4.16 Frequency of first level odor in the transition months from dry to rainy season (%) 100 Figure 4.17 Frequency of third level odor in the transition months from dry to rainy season (%) 101 Figure 4.18 Frequency of fourth level odor in the transition months from dry to rainy season (%) 101 Figure 4.19 Frequency of first level odor in the transition months from rain to dry season (%) 103 Figure 4.20 Frequency of second level odor in the transition months from rain to dry season 103 Figure 4.21 Frequency of third level odor in the transition months from rain to dry season (%) 104 Figure 4.22 Frequency of foutth level odor in the transition months from rain to dry season (%) 104 Figure 4.23 Frequency of second level odor with Scenario (%) 107 Figure 4.24 Frequency of third level odor with Scenario (%) 107 Figure 4.25 Frequency of second level odor with Scenario (%) 108 Figure 4.26 Frequency of third level odor with Scenario (%) 109 Figure 4.27 Frequency of second level odor with Scenario (%) 110 Figure 4.28 Frequency of third level odor with Scenario (%) 110 Figure 4.29 Frequency of third level odor with Scenario (%) 111 Figure 4.30 Frequency of third level odor with Scenario (%) 112 Figure 4.31 Vertical wells 116 Figure 4.32 Horizontal wells 116 Figure 4.23 Frequency of second level odor with Scenario (%) [23] Figure 4.24 Frequency of third level odor with Scenario (%) [23] According to table 4.15 the statistics on the level of odor appearance in wards and communes show that Da Phuoc, Nhon Duc and Phong Phu communes are the most affected by odor pollution 107 Table 4.19 Frequency ofl odor in communes with Scenario (%) [23] Name Level Level Name Level Level Đa Phước 11.4 7.6 Phước Kiển 0.6 0.6 Nhơn Đức 5.7 3.1 Hưng Long 0.6 0.4 Phong Phú 3.7 1.9 Long Hậu 0.6 0.3 Phước Lộc 1.5 1.3 Long Thới 0.4 0.2 Tân Kim 1.0 0.8 Bình Hưng 0.2 0.1 Quy Đức 0.6 0.5 Phú Mỹ 0.1 0.1 4.5.2 Analysis of pollution mitigation through scenarios 4.5.2.1 Scenarios (Reduce 50% of the pollutant load) Figure 4.25 Frequency of second level odor with Scenario (%) [23] The results of the simulation of odor levels and are presented in Figures 4.25 and 4.26 108 Figure 4.26 Frequency of third level odor with Scenario (%) [23] According to Table 4.20, the percentage of average odor emissions in communes according to KB1 and the decrease compared to KB0 also shows that the reduction in pollutant load when reducing 30% of pollutant discharge load is quite significant In terms of level 2, level of recognition, the area in the affected area is 3460 hectares, down 34.90% in area compared to KB0 Table 4.20 Frequency of level odor with KB and the decrease compared to KB (%) [23] Name Level Level Decrease compared to KB0 Level Level Đa Phước 9.8 6.1 1.6 1.4 Nhơn Đức 3.8 1.7 1.9 1.4 Phong Phú 2.5 1.0 1.2 0.9 Phước Lộc 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.6 Tân Kim 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 Quy Đức 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Phước Kiển 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 Hưng Long 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.4 Long Hậu 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 Long Thới 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 109 Name Bình Hưng Level 0.1 Level 0.0 Decrease compared to KB0 Level Level 0.1 0.1 4.5.2.2 Scenarios (Reduce 50% of the pollutant load) Figure 4.27 Frequency of second level odor with Scenario (%) [23] The results of the simulation of odor levels and are presented in Figures 4.27 and 4.28 Figure 4.28 Frequency of third level odor with Scenario (%) [23] According to Table 4.21, the percentage of average odor emissions in communes according to KB1 and the decrease compared to KB0 also shows that the reduction in 110 pollutant load when reducing 30% of pollutant discharge load is quite significant In terms of level 2, level of recognition, the area in the affected area is 2272 hectares, down 57,26% in area compared to KB0 Table 4.21 Frequency of level odor with KB and the decrease compared to KB (%) [23] Name Level Level Decrease compared to KB0 Level Level Đa Phước 8.4 4.9 3.0 2.7 Nhơn Đức 2.2 0.7 3.5 2.5 Phong Phú 1.8 0.4 1.9 1.5 Phước Lộc 0.3 0.3 1.2 1.0 Tân Kim 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.7 Quy Đức 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.4 Phước Kiển 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 Hưng Long 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 Long Hậu 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 Long Thới 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 Bình Hưng 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 4.5.2.3 Scenarios (Reduce 70% of the pollutant load) Figure 4.29 Frequency of third level odor with Scenario (%) [23] 111 The results of the simulation of odor levels and are presented in Figures 4.29 and 4.30 Figure 4.30 Frequency of third level odor with Scenario (%) [23] According to Table 4.22, the percentage of average odor emissions in communes according to KB3 and the decrease compared to KB0 also shows that the reduction in pollutant load when reducing 30% of pollutant discharge load is quite significant In terms of level 2, level of recognition, the area in the affected area is 1185 hectares, down 77,71% in area compared to KB0 Table 4.22 Frequency of level odor with KB3 and the decrease compared to KB (%) [23] Decrease compared to KB0 Name Level Level Level Level Đa Phước 6.3 3.3 5.0 4.3 Nhơn Đức 0.0 0.0 5.7 3.1 Phong Phú 0.0 0.0 3.7 1.9 Phước Lộc 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.3 Tân Kim 1.0 0.0 0.8 Quy Đức 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 Phước Kiển 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 Hưng Long 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 112 Decrease compared to KB0 Name Level Level Level Level Long Hậu 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 Long Thới 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 Bình Hưng 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 4.5.3 Suggestions for reduction of pollution load Based on the simulation results of the above scenarios, the level of pollution reduction is summarized as follows: - In Scenario 2, 30% reduction in odorant load, area affected landfill sites decrease but not clear, most of residential areas of Da Phuoc and Nhon Duc is still in the affected area of smell level - Scenario 3, 50% reduction in the amount of odorant gas, the impact of the landfill site decreased significantly, however, most of the population of Da Phuoc commune and part of the residential area of Nhon Duc still lies in the affected area of odor level With odor level 3, the strong smell, still a part of the population of Da Phuoc affected - With Scenario 4, a decrease of 70% of the odorant load, the area of influence of landfill decreased markedly and only a small part of inhabitants of Da Phuoc and Nhon Duc communes were in the affected area odor smell 3, strong smell, almost all residents around the Da Phuoc landfill not affected The problem of odor arising from landfill activities is becoming more complex, difficult to handle and widespread This issue needs attention from all levels of government and the support of the community The main principles of minimizing odor should be to minimize the number of sources of odor that exist and exist in HCMC The state should directly monitor and manage burial sites that may have a negative impact on the natural environment In addition, reducing the odor can be done in some of the following ways: The material is covered every day Currently, the most commonly used coatings are wood-based materials and soil 113 mixtures of 50% by weight This material can penetrate some impurities, which can hold water, are resistant to high pressure, are difficult to burn, are difficult to corrode and can prevent some odor problems (Ex: This material can act as a biofilter on odor with an odor reduction of 50-70%) Minimize the amount of fresh garbage in landfill sites Once the garbage is collected to the landfill, it is necessary to carry out the waste sorting Use mechanized means of gathering concentrate and squeezing the waste in the smallest possible area In this process, odor gas is generated from chemical reactions, which can be done by adding a mixture of wood / soil material to the garbage (once at the beginning of the day, once in the end day) In this way, we have created a biological filter, which does not affect the compacting of garbage on the ground but can reduce the odor Use odor absorber Odor absorbers are highly effective in cleaning air in industrial and commercial establishments Odor absorbers like SMELLEZE granules naturally deodorize by directly absorbing odors instead of camouflage odors These substances are effective in controlling and eliminating the odor caused by hookworm, chemicals, sewage, biodegradable, paint, smoke and maintenance-free Odor absorbers can be safely used in transfer stations, garbage machines, landfills,… Camouflage smells bad In cases where the concentration of odorant in the exhaust gas is very low, its odor still affects the area around the source of ignition, which means that the combustion measures will not be highly efficient or economically viable Camouflage smells bad are simple, easy to carry, economical and highly effective Therefore, this measure is commonly applied to overcome the odor in life It does not change the composition of the exhaust gas and requires the use of certain chemicals but if the emissions not cause harmful odors and the chemicals used not cause chemical reactions with substances present in the odorant need to reduce To produce toxic or odorous 114 compounds difficult to accept, this method is still the best solution Exploitation of gas from landfill Leachate breakouts are a strong source of odor and stressed vegetation indicates landfill gas migration Odor released from both these sources can be efficiently controlled using active gas extraction A final cover also needs to be installed once the final placement of the waste is completed Gas extraction has become the gold standard for odor control This activity is usually used for parts of closed landfill where the waste reception space has run out Air vents are installed to collect gas from landfill compartments The vents are structured like the vertical wells or transverse grooves, or a combination of both Vertical wells are the most common type (Figure 4.16) Horizontal wells shall be provided using a horizontal pipe in the grooves of the burial compartment (Figure 4.17) Both types of venting are highly effective for deep burial compartments as well as for landfill sites as well as for landfill sites 115 Figure 4.31 Vertical wells [25] Figure 4.32 Horizontal wells [25] The gases collected from vertical collecting wells and transverse grooves will follow the pipeline to the final receiver Useful gases can be used to produce crazy energy (eg methane), whereas non-convertible gases can be used to remove by high-temperature flashes Use plant extracts to reduce odor Scientists have demonstrated a feature in Zingiberales' botanical structure that has the potential to reduce odor Another odoriferous extract is the extract of banana from Musa In addition, it is possible to use ODOREZE ™ as a deodorant designed 116 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION To minimize the incidence of odor from landfill sites, the location of burial sites is most important It is necessary to analyze clearly the relevant factors such as weather conditions, surrounding population, waste receptor sources, daily receipts and scale of burial sites The management of the state should be more strict and comprehensive Between the state and the garbage disposal company, there is a need for consistency in the reception, proper handling procedures, and systems for dealing with environmental issues that need to be addressed Technology, productivity and efficiency It is necessary to promulgate regulations and standards on odor pollution for landfills Promote community dissemination of awareness of watershed classification, recycling and reuse of wastewater 117 REFERENCES [1] General Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO) “Thành phố với 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KHCN An tồn- Sức khỏe & Mơi trường lao động, 2013, số 1,2&3 [25] Bougeault, P and Lacarrere, P., “Parameterisation of Orography-Induced Turbulence in a Mesobeta-Scale Model”, Mon Wea Rev 117, 1872–1890 119 Appendix SURVEY THE INFLUENCE OF THE ODOR ON THE POPULATION SURROUNDING THE DA PHUOC LANDFILL Hi Mr/Ms/Mss! We are working on odor pollution around the Da Phuoc landfill in Ho Chi Minh City and want to collect your opinion about the smell that arises here Looking forward to receiving your help, we can implement this topic Thank you!! Number: … Day … Month … Year …… 1.Full name: Age: Career Address: How long does live there?  Less than months  month -1 year  1-3 year  More than year Whether or not the living area is polluted?  No polluted  Less polluted  Polluted  Heavy polluted The time period of the smell causes the most unpleasant feeling in the day: Period of day 0h – 4h Months 120 10 11 12 4h – 8h 8h – 12h 12h – 16h 16h – 18h 18h – 24h Select a b c d in the above fields A: Extremely smell B: Very smell C: Smell D: Less smell E: No smell With that pollution, is your family affected to health?  No effect  Less effect  Effect  More effect Did you had reflect on the local authorities about pollution?  No  Yes  Yes but no resolve Which smell is most smelling?  Smell of rotten eggs (H2S)  Urine smell (NH3)  Both 10 If you, you think that the smell arises from Da Phuoc landfill, you think Da Phuoc solid waste treatment complex should continue to handle garbage?  No  Yes Why: 121 ... sources and dispersion, the plysical and chemical properties of odor, odor emission from Da Phuoc landfill in Ho Chi Minh city Determining the pollutant load from which the intensity of the odor. .. in terms of location In the planning, Ho Chi Minh City is developing urban to the southeastin District 7, Nha Be but placing a large landfill site at the beginning of the wind direction HCM city. .. methods - Method of determining the intensity of odor - Method of determining the amount of odor pollutant load The meaning of the topic 5.1 Scientific significance The research was based on the