Nhin ehung, sU khdi dong d^u tien ciia triet hpc Viet Nam da dien ra trong dieu kien, hoan canh r a t dac biet, ket qua tuy con rat khiem ton, nhUng no da dat nen mong can thiet la x[r]
Trang 1BIEN CHlTNG CUA QUA TRINH TIEP THU, TRUYEN BA CHU NGHIA MAC-LENIN VAO VIET NAM CUA HO CHI MINH VA SlJ RA DOl
NEN TRIET HOC MAC XIT 6 NlSOc TA
NGUYEN BA DUONG
Ho Chi Minh la nha yeu na6c Viet Nam dau tien den v6i chu nghia Lenin, chu nghia Mac - Lenin va eung la ngUdi Viet Nam d^u tien trd t h a n h ngUdi cong san chan ehfnh, da tham gia sang lap Dang Cong san Phap va trd t han h t ha nh vien cua Quoc te Cong san Cung v6i vice truyen ba chu nghia Mac-Lenin vao phong trao cong nhan quoc te va phong trao dau tranh giai phong cac dan toe thuoc dia, Ho Chi
Minh con la ngUdi c6 cong dku tien trong truyen ba ehii
nghia Mac - Lenin vao Viet Nam, gieo hat gio'ng cong san va true tiep chuan bi cac dieu kien can thiet cho thang Idi ciia each mang Viet Nam
1 Hoat d o n g t r u y e n ba c h u n g h i a Mac- L e n i n vao Viet N a m c u a l a n h tu N g u y e n Ai Quoc Trudc sU suy yeu
cua che do phong kien nha Nguyin, thue dan Phap da dem quan xam lucfc nudc ta Bon vua quan phong kien Udn hen da dau hang, ban nu6c cho thUc dan Phap, phan boi truyen
* Ph6 giao sir Tien si Hoc vi^n Chi'nh tri Quan sU
407
Trang 2thong yeu nUdc va phong trao d&'u t r a n h chong quan xam lUdc cua nhan dan ta
Ngay sau khi thUc dan Phap dat chan len dat nUdc Vi^t Nam, nhan dan ta da anh dung dCtng len chong quan xam lUdc Cac phong trao yeu nUdc cac cuoc khdi nghia cua nhan dan ta lien tiep no ra song deu that bai, bi dim trong bien mau Co the thay, cho den d^u the ky XX nUdc ta da lam v^o tinh canh khung hoang dudng loi chinh tri, phong trao dA'u tranh chong thUc dan, phong kien cua nhan dan ta da di den dUdng cung, be tac Tinh hinh den toi khong c6 dUdng ra Seng trong canh nu6c mat, nha tan, lai dudc t&n m4t chiing kien sU that bai cua phong trao yeu nUdc dau the ky
XX, ngUdi thanh nien Nguyen Tat Thanh tuy rat kham phuc cac b£ic tien boi, song Anh quyet dinh di tim con dudng cUu nu6c m6i Anh da sang chau Au, den cac nUdc Anh, Phap ndi chu nghia tU ban tu coi minh la c6 nen van minh nhat de xem ho "lam Sn" the nao roi ve cung dong bao dau tranh giai phong dan toe,
Trai qua 10 nSm bon ba tim dudng ciiu nu6c, thUc tiln hoat dong each mang da dUa den cho Nguyen T§'t Thanh nhflng nhan thiic mdi, Anh da rut ra iUdc nhOng nhan x6t, danh gia, tim thay nhOng "tinh hoa" tot dep can tiep thu v^
ca nhQng gi con han che can phai khac phuc Vi the tinh cam
va y thiic giai cap d Anh tiTng budc dudc nay nd, y thuc qu^
te d Anh cung dUdc hinh thanh Do la hanh trang e^n thiet
de NgUdi tim toi va den v6i chu nghia Lenin Ndm 1920 NgUdi da doe dUdc Luan cUdng cua Lenin ve cac van de dan toe va thuoc dia, dang tren bao LHumanite Ban luan cUdng
la Idi giai dap day du va thuyet phuc nhat doi vdi nhQng cau
Trang 3hoi, nhutng thSc mSc ma bay lau NgUdi tran trd, tim toi NgUcJi viet: "Luan cUdng cua Lenin lam cho toi rat cam dong, pha'n khcii, sang to, tin tUdng biet bao! Toi vui m t o g den phat khoc len! Ngoi mot minh trong buong ma toi noi to len nhu dang noi trU6e quan ehiing dong dao: Hdi dong bao bi doa d^y dau kho, d^y la cai can thiet cho chiing ta, day la con dUdng giai phong chung ta"^
Tir d6, Ho Chf Minh da tim t h a y eon dUdng cijtu nude, giai phong dan toe, do la eon dUdng each mang v6 san Day 1^ ket qua t a t yeu cua 10 n a m trdi bon ba tim kiem, phat hien chiJt khong phai la sU t i n h cd, sU may m^n "hoan toan mang tinh ngau nhien" n h u mot so' ngUdi da noi Tin va di theo chu nghia Lenin la bu6c n h a y vot ve chat trong n h a n thiic cua NgUdi, la mot sU kien dae biet quan trong c6 y
nghia quyet dinh con dxibng di eua lanh tu Nguyen Ai
Quoc va ciia each m a n g Viet N a m
Vdi CUdng vi la TrUdng tieu ban Dong Dudng trong Ban nghien eiiu thuoc dia cua Dang Cong san Phap, trong nhieu hoi nghi, moi liie, moi ndi, c6 dieu kien la NgUdi cong khai phat bieu y kien de k h a n g dinh vai tro tien phong cua ly luan Mac - Lenin va su can thiet phai tuyen truyen sau rong ly lu^n khoa hoc cua chu nghia Mac-Lenin vao phong trao cong nhan va qu^n ehung n h a n dan lao dong; dong thdi keu goi Dang Cong san Phap va Quoc te III Cong san can quan tam
diing mxlc den v^'n de thuoc dia Khong dijtng lai d do, NgUdi
da ti'ch cue cung mot so' n h a hoat dong each mang cua cac
1 H6 Chi Minh Todn tap, xuS't ban Ian thiif 2 Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia,
Hd Noi 1996, tap 10 tr 127
409
Trang 4nucic thupe dia Phap thanh lap "Hoi lien hiep thuoc dia" vk
xuat ban bao La Paria (NgUdi cung kho) do NgUdi trUc tiep
\km chu nhiem kiem chu but Vdi sU ra ddi cua td bao cong
viec truyen ba sau rong chu nghia Mac - Lenin v^o phong tr^o cong nhan va cac dan tpc thuoc dia cua NgUdi dUdc the
hien b^ng mot to chdc, c6 nhieu ngUdi tham gia sU Ian tea
va anh hUdng cua td bao d pham vi r^'t rong rai Ten vk noi
dung cua td bao chiing to tu tUdng giai phong con ngUdi d Ho Chi Minh xuat hien tit rat s6m va sau sac dudc cac t^ng Idp nhan dan, nhd't la nhan dan cac nu6c thuoc dia don nh^n tin tudng va di theo
Trong thdi gian cong tac d Lien X6 (1923-1924), Ho Chi
Minh da tham dU Hoi nghi Quoc te nong dan, Dai hoi Quoc
te thanh nien, Quoc te Ciiru quoc do, Quoc te Cong hoi do , sau do vao hoe 16p boi du3ng tai TrUdng Dai hoc PhUdng Dong Tiong cac Hoi nghj NgUdi da phat bieu y kien ca ngdi Lenin va cong cuoc xay dung chu nghia xa hoi d Lien Xd
Dong thdi, NgUdi da de tam nghien et(u Chinh sdch kinh t(
mdi cua Lenin va nhijtng bai hoc kinh nghiem ve tien hAnh
each mang xa hoi chu nghia, xay dung Nha nUdc X6 Vi^t
Sau do, NgUdi da viet tac phslm Nhat ky chim tdu de tuyen
truyen gia tri va y nghia cua cua nghia Mae-Lenin va khfing dinh tinh uu viet cua che do xa hoi chu nghia d Lien X6 Tac pham nay da dude tai ban va truyen ba rong rai d Anh Phap, Nga va mot so' nUde thuoc dia cua Phap Cung thdi gian d6»
Ho Chi Minh da viet Ban an che do thUc dan Phap, tac phAm
chiia dung nhieu quan diem duy vat lieh su, xuat ban d Phap nam 1925, de to cao toi ac cua chii nghia thuc dan Phap, neu
ro noi thong kho cua nhan dan cac thuoc dia; qua do keu goi
Trang 5Quoc te Cong san giup dd ho, chi cho ho eon dUdng di t6i each
mang va giai phong Ngay sau do, tac pham nay da dudc cac thuy thu cua ta phuc vu tren cac tau buon eua Phap chuyen
ve Viet Nam Rat nhieu t h a n h nien Viet Nam biet tieng Phap da doc tac pham nay va pho bien cho nhieu ngUdi biet toi ac cua thuc dan Phap
Nam 1924, Nguyen Ai Quo'c t6i Quang Chau (Trung
Qu6c), CI do NgUdi da sang lap "Viet Nam thanh nien each
mang dong chi hoi", ra bao Thanh nien va rad 16p trUc tiep
dao tao can bo cho each mang Viet Nam Doc cuon Dudng
Kdch minh eua NgUdi (1927), chiing ta thay toat len tu tUdng
triet hoc duy vat lieh sii r a t sau s i c vdi hai noi dung cd ban: Mdt 1^, khAng dinh gia tri, y nghia va sU c^n thiet phai nghien ciiu, hoc tap ly luan khoa hoc cua chu nghia Mac-Lenin Ve dieu nay, NgUdi viet: "Bay gid hoc thuyet nhieu, chu nghia nhieu, nhUng chu nghia chan chinh nhat, chac chan nhat, each mang n h a t la chu nghia Lenin"'; Hai la, eon dUdng di cua each mang Viet Nam va nhiem vu cua ngUdi lam each mang Do la nhiing ket luan quan trong, khang dinh mot hudng di hoan toan dung dan
Co the noi rang the gidi quan va phUdng phap luan
Mae-Lenin da giup Ho Chi Minh nhin nha n , danh gia, p h a n ti'ch tong ket kinh nghiem each mang the gi6i va tim ra eon dudng giai phong dan toe Viet Nam
Trong cac Van kien t h a n h lap D a n g Cong san Viet Nam,
Ho Chi Minh da c6' ging truyen ba nhiing noi dung cot loi
1 Ho Chi Minh Toan tap, tdp 2 Nxb Chinh trj Qnoc gia Ha Noi 1995,
tr 268
411
Trang 6cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin vao phong trao cong nhan vi nhan dan lao dong Viet Nam Cac van kien do da trd thanh Cudng linh dau tien ciia Dang ta
Ngoai y nghia la truyen ba chu nghia Mac - Lenin vko
Viet Nam, cac bai noi, bai viet cua NgUdi deu the hien ro sU
vkn dung va phat trien sang tao chu nghia Mac - Lenin vao
thuc tien each mang Viet Nam
Tong ket kinh nghiem, thang Idi cua each mang Viet Nam,
Ho Chi Minh chi ro, thang Idi cua chung ta, trudc het \k nhd
cai vu khi khong gi thay the dUdc la chu nghia Mac-Lenin NgUdi coi chu nghia Mac-Lenin khong chi la "cai cam nang"
t h i n ky, la kim chi nam cho hanh dong, ma eon 1^ m^t trdi soi sang con dUdng chiing ta di den thSng Idi cuoi cung, di tdi chu nghia xa hoi va chu nghia cong san Vi le do, NgUdi danh gia rat cao cong lao cua Lenin do^i vdi sU nghiep giai phong cac dan toe thuoc dia: NgUdi viet: "Lenin la ngUdi d^u tien da hieu va danh gia het t^m quan trong idn lao cua viec loi cuon nhan dan cac dan toe thuoc dia v^ phong trao each mang
Lenin la ngUdi dku tien da chi ro rSng, neu khong c6 sU tham
gia cua cac dan toe thuoc dia, thi each mang xa hoi chu nghia
khong the c6 dUdc" Trong bai "Lenir\ vd cac dan tpc thuoc
dia", Ho Chi Minh viet: "Khi con song, NgUdi la ngUdi cha,
thay hoc, dong chi va co van cua chiing ta Ngay nay, NgUdi
la ngoi sao sang chi dUdng cho chiing ta di tdi cuoc each mang xa hoi Lenin bat diet se song mai trong sU nghiep cua chiing ta" NgUdi khang dinh: Muo'n sU nghiep each mang
t h a n h cong noi torn lai la phai lam theo chu nghia Ma Khac Tu va Lenin
NhOng dieu NgUdi neu tren cung la sU kh^ng dinh gia trj
Trang 7v^ y nghia khoa hoc, each mang cua ehu nghia Mac-Lenin va
sU cin thiet phai nghien etru, hoc tap chu nghia Mac-Lenin den miic nao Tai sao sU truyen ba chu nghia Mac-Lenin vao Viet Nam eua NgUdi lai dat hieu qua dang kinh trong nhU
vky? Nghien cijfu phUdng thiic truyen ba chu nghia
Mac-L^nin, cac bai noi, bai viet eua NgUdi, chiing ta thay it khi
NgUdi trich dkn nguyen van cau viet, Idi noi cua C.Mae, cua V.LLenin ma thudng dien dat ngin gon, d l hieu, luon phii
hdp vdi trinh dp n h a n thiic, hieu biet eua dong bao Day la diem dac s i c trong phUdng phap giao due, tuyen truyen ly lufin Mac-Lenin cua NgUdi Dieu nay khong phai ai cung c6 dUde nhOng phSm eh^'t dac biet nhu lanh tu Ho Chi Minh Cai tinh tuy ma NgUdi c6 dUdc la ket qua cua mot qua trinh rdn dua cong phu, nghiem tiie Co le Ho Chi Minh la ngUdi duy nhat den vdi chu nghia Mae-Lenin vdi muc dich ro rang nhat "di sang cac nU6e PhUdng Tay, ndi eo nen van minh phat trien de xem ho "lam an" nhu the nao, hoc tap kinh nghiem eua ho de dem ve nu6e giiip dong bao dau t r a n h giai phong dan toe"
Hanh trang Ngudi den vdi chu nghia Mac-Lenin la ph^m chat v^ tri tue ma ngUdi da t h a u thai tit tinh hoa van hoa phudng Dong va phUdng Tay sau nhieu nam trai nghiem va tich luy Den vdi chu nghia Mac-Lenin, NgUdi da thong thao tieng Han, tieng P h a p , tieng Anh lam cho NgUdi d l dang giao tiep, quan he va llnh hoi tri thiic n h a n loai, nhd do
NgUdi da viet bao, viet sach, lam thd hang tieng Han, tieng
Anh, tieng Phap Phai chang do chinh la coi nguon SLTC manh cua viec tuyen truyen, siic Ian toa n h a n h nhay va sau r6ng tu tUdng cua NgUdi den cac t^ng 16p n h a n dan d cac
41.?
Trang 8nudc thuoc dia Theo logic cua no, cac nguon thong tin nky
khong bat dong ma theo nhieu con dUdng khac nhau hodc 1^
true tiep, hoac Ik gian tiep, da dudc Ian truyen sang Vi^t
Nam Co the khang dinh rang Ho Chi Minh la bieu tu^ng cua sU ket hdp nhuan nhuyen giOa van hoa tU tUdng phUdng Dong va phudng Tay nhuan nhuyen giOa tiep thu truyen
ba, van dung va phat trien chu nghia Mac-Lenin trong dieu kien mdi; phu hdp vdi hoan canh, dieu kien lieh su cu the Chu nghia Mac-Lenin da tham sau vao tU tUdng cua NgUdi nhuan nhuyen den miie khien cho sU truyen ba chu nghia Mae -Lenin dUde the hien nhu la sU ket tinh tat ca nhiitnggi
la tinh tuy nhat cua 2 nen van hoa phUdng Dong va phUdng Tay Co le vi the ma siic manh truyen ba chu nghia Mac-Lenin ciia NgUdi dat hieu qua cao, de di vao long ngUdi; dU(?c nhan dan don nhan, tin tUdng va lam theo
2 T a c d o n g c u a viec t r u y e n ba c h u n g h i a Mac-Lenin
doi vdi sU h i n h t h a n h va p h a t t r i e n ixi ixidng triet hpc
Viet N a m nufa d a u t h e k y XX
Chu nghia Mac-Lenin chinh la nguon goc ly luAn quyfit dinh budc phat trien mdi ve ehfk't trong tU tUdng Ho Chi Minh Neu khong c6 chu nghia Mac<4_,enin Ho Chi Minh cung chi la mot nha yeu nude nhU bao nha yeu nUdc khac d Viet Nam dau the ky XX: chung mot khat vong giai phong dong bao gianh tU do, doe lap Neu khong doc dudc Lu^n CUdng eua Lenin, chua den dUdc vdi chu nghia Lenin thi Ho Chi Minh khong the tiep thu va truyen ba ly luan khoa hoc Mac-Lenin vao Viet Nam va do do khong the ddt nen mong cho tu tUdng triet hoc macxit dam choi nay Ipc va ddm hoa ket trai d Viet Nam Chinh ly luan Mac - Lenin da trang bi
Trang 9cho Ho Chi Minh the gidi quan va phudng phap luan duy vat bien chiing de NgUdi tim ra con dUdng eiiu nude mdi, dua NgUdi vUdt han len phia trude so vdi nhiJtng ngUdi yeu nUde cung thdi, k h i c phuc can ban sU khung hoang ve chinh tri va
sU be tac ve dUdng loi dau t r a n h giai phong dan toe, "gieo mim cong san" d Viet Nam d^u the ky XX
Ro rang, chii nghia Mac - Lenin la the gidi quan, nhan sinh quan va phUdng phap luan khoa hoc, each mang, giiip
NgUdi tong ket lieh sit va kinh nghiem thUe tien, chon loc
nhOng gi la tinh tuy nhat, can thiet nhat de truyen ba vao Viet Nam; khdi nguon, d i p mong cho tU tUdng Triet hoc dau theky XX phat trien; khac phuc quan diem duy tam, ton giao thong tri xa hoi ta thdi do
NgUdi Viet Nam tiep thu chu nghia Mac-Lenin, lam theo phUdng phap lusln macxit, dung n h u Ho Chi Minh ran day: ndm lay cai tinh than, cai ban chat "cot loi", "linh hon song" cua no la phudng phap bien chiing va van dung lap trUdng, quan diem duy vat bien chiing, duy vat lieh sii vao cuoc song
de tim ra nhiing chu trUdng, giai phap, bien phap phu hdp cho titng hoan canh cu the de thUc hien mue dich each mang, chtt khong phai tiep thu chii nghia Mac-Lenin de t h a n h lap trUdng phai triet hoe no, mon phai triet hoe kia va dUng len cac van de triet hoc de ban luan xa rdi thuc tien Su phat trien tu tUdng triet hoe macxit d Viet Nam dau the ky XX la ket qua tat yeu ciia qua trinh xam n h a p va tham thau chu nghia Mae - Lenin d Viet Nam; nhd do ma tU tUdng triet hoc Viet Nam d^u the ky XX "lot xac", triit bo "bg quan ao thay tu" kho hanh cua chu nghia duy tam, ton giao, di vao thUe tiln each mang dong vai tro kim chi nam cho h a n h dong cua
415
Trang 10Dang, soi sang dUdng cho quan chiing nhan dan dau tranh vi muc tieu giai phong dan tpc, gianh doc lap tu do, am no, hanh phiic Co the khang dinh r^ng, su xam nhAp va Ian tea manh me eua chu nghia Mac - Lenin d Viet Nam nhCitng nfim d^u the ky XX la yeu to dong vai tro quyet dinh sU hinh thanh va phat trien tU tUdng triet hoc macxit - hat nhan cua
he tu tUdng cua giai cap v6 san d nUde ta
Cong lao to Idn cua Ho Chi Minh trong viec dAt nen m6ng xay dung nen triet hoc macxit d Viet Nam con the hien d cho NgUdi da g i n nhiing nguy§n ly pho bien ciia chu nghia Mac-I^nin vdi tinh hoa t u tUdng, van hoa cua dan tpc Viet Nam
v^ tu tUdng, vkn hoa phudng Dong lam triet ly nhan sinh chi
dao hanh dong Ro rang, viec trang hi the gidi quan, phUdng phap luan khoa hoe, each mang cua chu nghia Mac-Lenin cho dpi ngu can bo cot can d Viet Nam dau the ky XX Ho Chi Minh da giiip ho vUdt len tren cac nha yeu nude tien boi mpt each CO y thiic, de hp vUdt qua bien gidi cua nUdc minh ho^
nhap vko each mang the gidi, sang \kp ra Dang
macxit-leninnit, dpi tien phong cua giai cap cong nhan, bo tham muu chien dau eo to chUe va la to ehiic cao nhat cua giai cap cong nhan va nhan dan lao dong Viet Na|n Viec truyen ba chu nghia Mac - Lenin vao Viet Nam trong nhOng nAm 20, 30 eua the ky XX va anh hudng cua no den su hinh thanh tU tUdng triet hoc macxit thdi ky nay chu yeu la xac lap the gidi quan khoa hpc, nhan sinh quan each mang Tinh th^n "bien
chiing phap" da the hien sau s i c trong cac v^n kien, nghj quyet chu trUdng, chinh sach cua Dang Nghien ciiu cac Vftn
kien thanh lap Dang nhu Chinh cUcfng van tat, Sdch lU0c
van tat, Dieu le Dang vdn tdt do Ho Chi Minh khdi thao v4