Trong pham vi khu vuc, thdi ky dai suy thoai kinh te (giira the the XVI den giiia the ky XVII) da khien cho vi the ciia nudc Phap vdn rat dugc coi trgng d Au chau, ngay cang yeu kem;[r]
(1)LICH SLf - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU
V€ CHU NGHln TRONG THUONG O PHflP TH€ KV XVI-XVII
Ths Nguyen Manh Dung Vien Sd' hoc
Tir cudi the ky XV, chau Au bat dau cdng cudc chinh phuc the gidi nhd vao nhirng cude phat kien dia ly vT dai Cdn dia vuc chau Au, cdng cudc Phuc Hung ciing dang dat den cao trao, dd cdt ldi la de cao tu tudng tu san, de cao ca nhan, tap trung phe phan bdc lot, phe phan va chdng lai che sd hiru phong kien, tu tudng chdng Nha thd eiing phat trien manh
Sau su giam siit dot ngdt ve dan sd ma nguyen nhan chinh la benh dich va chien tranh, tir nira sau the ky XV, dan sd chau Au tang trd lai, cimg vdi dd la boat ddng kinh te cang nhdn nhip Kinh te la nggn ngudn, la niem cam hiing cdng cudc thudc dia hda, nhu cau budn ban va boat ddng khai thac\bdc lot (exploitation) ciia cac cdng ty thuang mai Di cimg vdi dd la rat nhieu cac ITnh vuc phuc vu kinh te dugc thiic day nhanh chdng nhu ITnh vuc ndng nghiep (gidng cay trdng dugc du nhap), nganh cdng nghiep md rdng timg nhat la xuat nhap cac kim loai quy tir ngoai chau Au, boat ddng tai chinh sdi ddng Dac biet, de cd thi du nhap vao boat ddng do, nhirng dang chinh the nha nudc mdi da ddi d cudi thdi Trung dai (lap hien - chuyen che tuyet ddi)
Tir nhirng khia canh khac tren, mdt nhan thiie mdi ve vai trd cua thuang nghiep da hinh Trudc dd, ly thuyet ve
bullionism (chinh sach vang bac nen ddi d
Anh qudc) nhan manh den boat ddng nham chiem doat kim loai quy (vang, bac) rat dugc Tay Ban Nha va mdt sd nudc Tay Au khac coi trgng, tan duong Tren thuc te,
bullionism (bullionisme, cdn dugc ggi la chii nghTa kim ) khdng cbi la chinh sach
thuan tliy ve kinh te, bdi canh ciia nhiing phat kien dia ly, nd cdn mang tinh chat chinh tri, cd mdi quan he tuong ho vdi cac boat ddng quan su^ Liic nay, dl cd the
' Giai doan d^u co cac dai bigu nhu William Stafford (1554-1612), Thomas Gresham (1519-1579) va Gasparo Scaruffi (1519-1584) vol ly thuy§t can d5i tiin te, chu truong tang so huu tiin nhu mot dang cua cai thong qua luat dinh (han chg xuat khdu, lgi tuc cho vay ) Giai doan sau phat triln manh me a thi ky XVII, CO cac dai dien: Thomas Mun (1571-1641), Antonso Serra va Antoine de Montchretien
(1576-1621) vai luan thuyit can d6i thuong mai chu dong (cam xudt nguyen lieu, cho xudt khdu tiin) Chu nghTa trong thuong giai doan dugc ggi la chii nghia thdng du thuang mgi Nhung nha hoat dgng kinh te noi tren s6ng a cac nuac khac va khong co su trao d6i gi vai nhung hg da co nhirng quan dilm trung hgp Truong phai khong chi biiu hien qua ly thuyit, ma la mgt phdn ciia truyin thing van hoa-chinh tri
(2)fDe ehu lujiua trmtg, thuong, 51
dap ling nhu cau cang cao ddi sdng kinh te-xa hdi, yeu cau biic thiet phai cd mdt ly thuyet kinh te dan dat hay giai thich hien tugng dang dien Va chu nghTa trgng thuong (mercantilism)^, mdt ly thuyet kinh te mdi da ddi, mot mat nd la sir tiep ndi ciia ehinh sach bullionism, mat khde, thdi dai mdi, nd ciing la sir phii dinh ly thuyet kinh te dd''
Ve nguyen nhan ddi trudc vdn dugc gidi kinh te bgc ban den nhu la he qua tat yeu ciia mdt bdi canh kinh te-xa hdi mdi, va phan ldn nhiing nha kinh te thdi dd (the ky XVI-giira thi ky XVIII) lai chinh la nhiing nha thuong (mercantilistes) Dudi gdc sir bgc, trudc het dd khdng phai la mdt he tu tudng thuan nhat Chu nghTa trgng thuong khdng phai la mdt trao lun tu tudng (theo diing nghTa) vi dd khdng phai la mdt ly thuyet kinh te thdng nhat Neu nhu Ba tudc Mirabeau la ngudi dau tien sir dung thuat ngii "mercantilisme" nam 1763, thi chinh Adam Smith la ngudi phd bien rdng rai nd nam 1776 trudc thuat ngir dugc eae nha sir hge chap nhan
Mdt quan niem kinh te hay mdt ly thuyit kinh tl mdi da ddi d chau Au (Tay Au) va dugc phd bien rdng rai Ddi vdi nudc
' Trong ngu he Latin mercari co nghTa la buon ban (thuong mai), merx co nghTa la hang hoa Ci day mgt s6 ch6 tiing Viet chung toi co sir dung chii nghia thuang, hay thuang deu nham vao khai niem ciia tir mercantilisme (mercantilism)
•* Tay Ban Nha la nuac ndm tay mgt khoi lugng kim loai quy, chu nghTa trgng thuong dai nhan manh din hoat dgng buon ban, trao doi, can bang thuang mai, phii djnh doc chiem tai nguyen
Phap dudi thdi ciia Louis XIV (cq: 1638-1715), chil nghTa trgng thuong vira cd nhirng net chung khu vuc, vira cd nhiing dac diem rieng biet^ Dudi thdi cam quyen ciia Tdng quan tai ehinh Jean-Baptiste Colbert
(1619-1683)^, chil nghTa thuang mang mau sac "Phap hda", nhu nhieu nha nghien ciiu (sau nay) van hay sir dung da dugc "Colbert hda", hay mang chu nghTa Colbert (Colbertisme)
\ Nguon goc va dac tru'ng ciia quan niem thirotig sc ky 6" Phap
Cac nha nghien cim sir hge va lich sir kinh te Phap deu cho rang tu tudng thuong ddi d Phap nhiing tac ddng rat manh me cua nhirng yeu td ben ngoai hay diing nhiing tac nhan chuyen minh d Tay Au da ddng vai trd quyet dinh cho sir thay ddi d Phap Mat khac, la mdt vuong qudc vdn tu hao ve "trung tam van minh", lai dudi thdi ciia vi vua chuyen che ndi tieng bac nhat d Tay Au (Louis XIV), chii nghTa
Chii nghTa trgng thuang kim tien (metalliste nhu Tay Ban Nha), chu nghTa trgng thuang cong nghiep (industrialiste nhu Phap), chu nghTa trgng thuong thuong nghiep (commercialiste nhu Anh, Ha Lan), chu nghTa trgng thuang tin dung (fiduciaire)
(3)52 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (n8).2010
thuong d Phap vira mang nhirng dac diem khu vuc vira cd nhiing dac trung rieng biet
Ve mat kinh te, nen cdng xa trung dai tren thuc te vao thdi ky da de lai ganh nang cho nha nudc Phap ddi sdng kinh te xa hdi Theo truyen thdng, cac van de xa hdi la Nha nudc ban hanh va xir ly trai ngugc vdi ITnh vuc kinh te Dau the ky XV, pha vd truyen thdng vdn cd, chinh Nha nudc da tham du tich cue vao cac boat ddng budn ban ciia gidi doanh thuang va trd ngudi giam sat cac boat ddng vdi ben ngoai (ngoai thuang) Trong pham vi khu vuc, thdi ky dai suy thoai kinh te (giira the the XVI den giiia the ky XVII) da khien cho vi the ciia nudc Phap vdn rat dugc coi trgng d Au chau, cang yeu kem; ciing vdi viec dan sd giam manh (do nhieu nguyen nhan) da tac ddng rat ldn den san xuat ndng nghiep, theo sau la vd khdi nhirng van de khac ddi sdng van hda-xa hdi Mdt nhung van de dd la cudc dau tranh xung dot tdn giao d Phap, dinh cao la Chi du Nantes da khien cho 15 van den 18 van tin dd Tan giao rdi khdi Phap, rat nhieu ngudi sd hg sau dd la nhirng chii doanh nghiep, chii nha bang rdi sd cdng nhan, nhan vien lam viec cho hg ciing theo sang nude ngoai dau tu,
Q kinh doanh
Ngay sau cudc Chien tranh 100 nam (1337-1453), Phap nhan thay mdt van de het sire quan trgng luc dd chinh la nan chay mau
vang, bac cd the lam buy hoai va lam "sup dd" ca vuang qudc (liic giay bac hay hinh thiic khac nhu cd phieu va trai phieu sau deu chua tdn tai) Trong mdt tuyen cao nam 1456 nhan manh: "Co mot sac chi d
Anh xua Id khong hao gia cho thuang
nhdn mang khoi vuang qudc vdng vd bgc,
cho du it, nhung cd the thodi mdi mang hdng hda ngodi [ ]" Trudc thuc trang dd, vua
Phap luc dd la Louis XI (cq: 1461-1483), mgt mat ban hanh nhieu chinh sach nham kich thich budn ban (td chiic hdi chg d Lyon), mat khac ciing han che tham vieng ban den Tda Qua cac chi du, Nha vua td rd viec khuyen khich khai md, san xuat cac mat hang nhu len da nhd va mdng, ciing vdi dd la han che tdi da mua\nhap cac mat hang xa xi Dgng thai ciia Trieu dinh ma nhieu nha nghien ciiu van thudng ggi la ehii nghTa can thiep
(interventionnisme) nham vao hai muc tieu
duong thdi: Thic nhdt, dap img lgi ich ciia nhiing thuang nhan ldn va nhu cau tai chinh cho Trieu dinh\Nha vua; Thu hai, nang cao y thiic ban din sir doan kit vdn rit "eo hep" giua siic manh ciia the chi chuyen chinh vdi sir thinh qudc giậ
Trong pham vi khu vuc, hiu hit cac nudc Tay Au thi ky XVI diu theo khuynh hudng chil nghTa can thiep kinh tl Theo cac nha sir hge, kinh tl hge, din da hinh
Cugc khung hoang luong thuc, chat lugng cugc sing giam, tieu thu va su ngheo doi nai thj
* Valerie Debrut, Le Mercantilisme a la Francaise L'actualite Poitou-Charentes, No 81-2008, pp 26-30
(4)(J)e ehu ngliiu ti'nng, thiietttq, 53
nen eai ggi la khoa bgc ve sir giau cd
(science des richesses) Tir nam 1515,
Claude Seysel (timg la cd van ciia vua Louis
XII) da tuyen bd rang siic manh ciia dat nudc
dua tren trii lugng vang va bac, vay Nha
nudc phai cam tat ca cac boat ddng xuat
khau nhiing mat hang la tai san qudc gia Vai
thang sau, trudc Nghi vien Phap, Chu tich
A.Duprat (1463-1536) nhan manh lai van de
tren
Ci cac nudc Tay Au, nha nudc rat chii y
den cac hoat ddng lien quan den tien te, khap
noi duge khuyen cao cham diit ehuyen tien
ra nudc ngoai O Phap, ngudi dan ciing nhan
dugc cac chi thi vao cac nam 1506, 1540,
1548, 1574 Thi du, nam 1539, mdt sic lenh
cam nhap len tir Tay Ban Nha, mdt phan tir
Phan Lan; nam 1540 that chat xuat khau
vang Nhirng bien phap bao ve tang len
nhanh chdng sudt the ky XVI Tit cdi
nhin so sdnh, gidi nghien cicu cho rdng
nhiing bien phdp mang tinh can thiep a Phdp
the hien rd nhdt su can thiep true tiep ciia
Trieu dinh , da dgng vd mang tinh he thdng
nhdt dual thai ciia Henry IV, nhdt la Louis
XIV
Nhu vay, ciing vdi nhiing di san ciia
Tay Au Trung dai va chii nghTa can thiep nha
nude tren, tir cudi the ky XV - dau XVI, d
hau het cac nudc chau Au da xuat hien va
ngay cang phd bien tu tudng trgng thuong
Trong sd nhiing nudc chau Au, chi cd Anh
'" Thf du, Francois de nhdt da lap mgt xuong len da cua hoang gia a Fontainebleau , cung nhu viec dau tu vao nhirng cong ty thuong mai
va Phap cd kha nang thuc thi mdt chinh saeh
kinh te chat che va kha hieu qua d the ky
XVII Trong bdi canh canh tranh qudc te gay
gat, Phap sdm chii truong khuyen khich "chu
nghia dan tdc kinh te" Ciing vdi dd, viec
hien dai hda bd may Nha nudc ciing da gdp
phan day manh tu tudng thuong ciing
nhu mdt su "the tuc hda" nhiing tu tudng
ehinh tri
Trong sd nhiing nha tu tudng bieu thi
cho khuynh hudng thuong, can thiep va
bao hd trieu dinh Phap thdi ky cd
ba nhan vat rat dugc trdng dgi va cd vai trd
ldn la Barthelemy Laffemas (1545-1612),
Jean Bodin (1530-1590), Antoine
Montchretien (1575-1621)
Jean Bodin sinh mdt gia dinh tu
san, nhiing nam 1650 bgc luat La Ma tai Dai
hge Toulouse Trong tac pham Reponses aus
paradoxes de M.de Malestroit touchant
I'encherissement de toutes choses, Jean
Bodin de cap den sir lien he giira viec tang
gia va ddng chay kim loai quy (vang, bac)
Jean Bodin cho rang su giau cd cua dat nude
la nhd cd duge mdt lugng tien (mat) ddi dao
Nam 1576, Republique, Jean Bodin
cho rang bien phap can thiep va bao hd la
can thiet de chuyen sang thdi ky thuang
tren ca sd de cao siic manh tuyet ddi ciia nha
nudc, va chi bat budc phai theo nhiing luat le
tu nhien mang tinh than Dugc eoi la
cha de cua kinh te hge chinh tri, Antoine
Montchretien het siic coi trgng nen cdng
(5)54 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (1181.2010
politique (cdng bd nam 1615) , nhiing luan
de ciia Montchretien ve kinh te trd cac luan diem phan anh day du nhat ve chii nghTa trgng thuang hien tdn d Phap
Nhin chung, ngoai nhiing luan de kinh te bgc sa khai vdn da dugc biet den gidi nghien ciiu lich sir kinh tl, d day xin nhan manh den nhirng tu tudng la ca sd, dilu kien cho viec ddi cae cdng ty hang hai ldn d thdi ky (d Phap la cac cdng ty nhu Morbihan, Nouvelle-Franee ) va din diu the ky XVII hinh cac cdng ty Ddng An (East India, hay Indes Orientales) hiing manh va rat ndi tieng nghien ciiu lich sir hang hai thi gidi nhu VOC ciia Ha Lan, EIC ciia Anh qudc, mai sau la CIO eua Phap Tren dai the, ca ba ngudi de xuat chii truong tren deu la nhirng ngudi thudc ting ldp tren hay vdn xuat than tir ting lop tu san, tham chi Barthelemy Laffemas cdn la tdng quan ve thuang mai (nam 1602) dudi trilu vua Henri IV Cho nen, nhiing de xuit cua hg rit nhanh chdng dugc thuc thi, sdm di vao cudc sdng
2 Chu nghia thirong Colbert hay "Chu nghia thuong kiiu Phap"
Jean-Baptiste Colbert vdn la mdt quy tgc ao dai nam quyen ve tai chinh, sau dd trd tdng quan tai chinh nam 1665 thay cho N.Fouquet (1615-1680) Trong nhiing thap nien 60-80 ciia thi ky XVII, Colbert sdm ndi len nhu mdt nha hoach dinh chuong trinh cai td sau rdng d Phap (trong gin thi ky)
Trong chuong trinh cai each thuong mai de trinh len vua Louis XIV nam 1670, theo Colbert, muc tieu cao nhat cua Trieu dinh liic dd la giam ng, tien tdi xda ng, giam thiiu tham hut Nha nudc, chinh ddn ngan sach, bai bd chenh lech cd hiru giiia thu va chi, lam giau cho vuang qudc, "tien md thdn ddn gom
gdp bdng lao dong vd thdnh qud ciia ho thu nhdn duac tic ddt dai vd nen cdng nghiep cita
ho mang lgi cho ho" De lam dugc viec do,
Colbert cho ca cau lai bang each giam thul "true tiep" - thue than, tang thul "gian tiip": thue quan, thue mudi, thue gian thu
Colbert cho rang chi cd mdt lugng tiin luu hanh d chau Au vay nen "cdn phdi tdng
luong tien budn bdn chung, gom vi tic cdc nuoc md nd quay vdng, du trie a nuoc, ngdn khdng cho nd xudt ngodi, vd
cho nguai ddn cdc phuang tien di dgt duoc loi nhudn [ ] Chi cd nhdt vd chi nha co budn bdn mai cd the dgt duac hieu qud to
Ion ndy" Hay don gian y tudng cua
Colbert la lam thu vl tdi da kim loai quy (vang, bac) cho nude Phap va giii chiing nudc 12
Trong qua trinh giam thiiu nhap khiu va thuc thi chii nghTa bao hd, Colbert chu truong "hoang gia hda" cac cdng xudng hay cac xi nghiep dugc Nha nudc bao trg Nha nudc tang cudng san xuit nhung mat hang vdn phai nhap khiu tir ben ngoai, tang san xuat ciing vdi dd la tang chit lugng hang hda Thdi ky ndi len vai cdng trudng
(6)(De ehu ngJiia tmng thuong 55
cdng nghiep nhu Saint-Gobain (san xuat
guong) Gobelin (san xuat dd gd phuc vu cho
hoang gia va len da cho eac lanh chua), cd ca
mdt gian trung bay Glaces d Versailles trung
bay nhirng san pham ciia xudng
Saint-Gobain
Colbert ciing ban hanh nhieu cac quy
dinh lien quan den boat ddng kinh te ndi
chung Tham chi, tinh hang nam ed
khoang 38 quy dinh va 15 sac lenh, dd
chi tiet hda va cu the hda rat nhieu nhirng
mat hang nhu ve chieu dai, rdng ciia tam
da, tam ga Nhan cdng duge tuyen dung
dudi mgi hinh thiic tir ngudi "an khdng ngdi
rdi", tir dam an xin hay nhan cdng nudc
ngoai Ciing vdi dd, mdt ddi ngii nhiing
giam sat vien dugc cir di de kiem tra, ddn
ddc thuc thi cac quy dinh sac lenh dugc ban
hanh Cdng viee dd dugc bao cao can than va
thudng xuyen ve cho Trieu dinh
Chil nghTa trgng thuang kieu Phap cdn
dugc the hien d viec ban hanh bieu thue hai
quan vdi muc dich bao hd, thuc chat la dung
len hang rao thue quan Nam 1664, sac lenh
dau tien dugc ban banh lien quan den mat
hang nhu sap ong, thiec, dau, xa phdng, ta
lua dugc chuyen chd bang tau thuy Anh
quoc, nhit la Ha Lan Nam 1667, bieu thue
mdi dugc ban hanh gap ddi so vdi bieu thue
1664, roi sau dd tang gap lan Mdt ben
Phap tuyen bd "cude chien gia ca" vdi Ha
Lan, thi ben Ha Lan dap tra bang viec
thang tay hon vdi cac san pham nhap tir Phap
nhu mudi, ruau Cudc chien dd keo dai cho
tdi cham diit cudc xung dot quan su nam
1672
Ciing nhu d cac nudc chau Au khac, tir
dau the ky XVII, Phap ciing da lap cac
cdng ty hang hai''' Trong bdi canh mdi hien
tdn, de chinh phuc cac thi trudng tren khap
the gidi, bao ve boat ddng nudc (nhat
la hoang gia) va thu lgi nhuan cao nhat,
Colbert cho lap rat nhieu cac cdng ty
thuang mai va hang hai vao hai thap nien
60-80 vdi quy md cang ldn, mang nd
tham vgng tran tre ciia Colbert: Cdng ty Tay
An (C des Indes occidentales, lap nam
1662, hoat ddng d chau My va chau Phi),
Cdng ty Ddng An (C des Indes orientales,
lap nam 1664, boat ddng d An Do Duong va
Vien Ddng), Cdng ty Phuang Bac (C du
Nord, lap nam 1669, boat ddng d
Bantich, Nga), Cdng ty Senegal (C du
Senegal, lap nam 1673), Cdng ty
Ghine (C du Guinee, lap nam 1685)'^*
Nhin nhan lai hoat ddng thuc te ciia cac cdng ty tren, nhieu nha nghien cim cho rang
hai cdng ty Tay va Ddng An dugc chuyen biet hda boat dgng budn ban nd le
(traite d'esclaves) va duge biet dai rat ldn Theo dd, Nha nude da cung cap gan 42%
(Vua gdp: trieu livres, quy tgc: 1.3 trieu
livres, quan chiic Trieu dinh: 0.8 trieu livres
" Nam 1604, Thugng thu Sully cho lap Cong ty Dong An dau tien, nam 1611 dugc doi Cong ty Mui Hao Vgng
(7)56 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (118}.2010
khac: 5.1 trieu livres) cho Cdng ty Ddng An, 57% cho Cdng ty Tay An'^ va khuyen khich mgi phan nudc dau tu vao nd Ket qua boat ddng ciia ngudi Phap d hai ngoai da hinh nen nhiing thudc dia dau tien ciia Phap dugc hgp tir nhirng thuong diem d hai ngoai nhu Saint Louis d Senegal, Pdngdiseri (An Do), Pho Ddphanh (Madagasca), ciing cac thudc dia ddng dan cu qua trinh khai thac budn ban the ky XVII nhu Louisane, Nouvelle-Franee d Canada, cac dao Ang-ti Trong nhan thiic cua Colbert, "nhung thuang diem d hai ngoai tao su giau cd va sire manh ciia Nha nudc ma nd mang den day", vi vay phai tim mgi each de thiet lap dugc eac thuong diem d khap mgi nai'^ Cdn "thudc dia" ddi vdi Phap liic nay, mdt mat nhu mdt "dai thi trudng ben trong" dap irng nhu cau muc tieu kinh tl'^; mat khac, cac ca sd d thudc dia khdng chi mang lai su giau cd cho nudc Phap ma bdn phan cua nhung nudc "van minh" la phai "khai hda", "ddng hda" nhiing "man dan" d
Pierre H.Boulle, French Mercantilism, Commercial Companies and Colonial Profitability, Jaap R.Bruijn and Femme S.Gaastra eds Ships, Sailors and Spice, East India Compagnies and Their Shipping in the 16, 17and 18th Centuries Amsterdam: Neha,
1977
'* Cac cong ty co dac quyen rat ldn nhu doc quyin vl dia ly va san pham, Nha nuac thuong chiim 20-25% von Hau het nhirng cong ty (trir CIO) dong tru sa tai Lorient, khong bi cuon vao cugc chiin tranh ciia Louis XIV Valerie Debrut, Le Mercantilisme a la Francaise L'actualite Poitou-Charentes, No 81-2008, pp 26-30
" Ddn theo Alain Clement: Les mercantilismes et la question coloniale aia XVIe et XVlIe siecles Outre-mers: revue d'histoire No 348-349, 2005
'^ Antoine de Montchretien: Traite de I'economie politique, Geneve - London, 1999, p 197
day, ciing nhu de canh tranh vdi nhung nudc chau Au khac
Dau vay, ket qua cac boat dgng tren lai khdng nhu mong dgi ciia Colbert Mdt phan nguyen tii' cudc canh tranh quyet liet tren khap the gidi, nhat la cac cudng qude hai thuong chau Au vai nhau, nhien cd le phan ldn nam d chinh ndi bd nudc Phap Dd chinh la mau thuan cd hiru, nhu nghien cuu ve boat ddng cua cac cdng ty sau cho thay , giiia mdt ben la chii nghTa (kinh te) Nha nudc cdng ty vdi met ben la quyen tu ddc lap ciia cac cdng ty Cdng ty Tay An sup nam 1672 (sau 10 nam) hay su lam an yeu kem ciia Cdng ty Ddng An sau la he qua ciia tinh trang tren
Ciing vdi sir giau cd tang len nhanh chdng nhd khai thac thudc dia, Colbert tiin hanh ddi mdi va tai ca cau lai ben vuong qude Mdt phan ciia muc tieu la lam cho cac boat ddng tai chinh khac trd nen minh bach va kiem soat de dang hon Colbert tien hanh tang manh thue luu thdng va tieu thu De kieh thich san xuit va tieu thu, Colbert quyet dinh giam manh thul than (tir
Antoine de Montchretien: Traite de I'economie politique, Geneve - London, 1999, p 196 Xem them Alain Clement: Les mercantilismes et la question coloniale aux XVIe et XVIle siecles Outre-mers: revue d'histoire No 348-349, 2005
(8)(Ve eliu lUfJiia tr^ng thu'dng 57
52 trieu livres dudi thdi Fouquet xudng cdn
ban 33 trieu livres)
O khia canh khac, tren ca sd cua luat
phap, Colbert dugc vua Louis XIV cho soan
lai va ban hanh rat nhieu du nhu Du ve Rieng,
Nude, Thicong mgi, Ddn su, Hinh su Dao
du dau tien dugc ghi nhan nam 1669 ve viec
tai hgp dat dai thudc hoang gia ciing nhu tai
ca cau lai rimg Dao du lien quan den thuong
mai dugc biet den dudi hinh thirc "Luat
Savary" ban hanh nam 1673 vdi rat nhieu
quy dinh eu the nhu ve thuong nhan, vdn,
hgi budn, giao dich, pha san, tranh chap, xet
xir Nhieu nha nghien cim sir hge va lich sir
phap luat sau cho rang dao du trd
thanh dieu kien tien de cho dao luat ve
thuang mai dugc ban banh nam 1807 dudi
thdi ciia Napoleon de Nhat Tuy nhien, thuc
te lich sir cho thay, he thdng thue khda td
ra thieu edng bang va kem hieu qua nhat
ap dung chi tra cho ddi tugng la ndng dan
Muc dich ciia nhiing dao du dd phan ldn
nham den ITnh vuc quan su hay chien tranh
ma thdi^^
3 He qua ciia "he thong thuong
Phap"
Trong thdi gian duong quyen, Colbert
da td rat tao bao nhiing du dinh banh
trudng, dua nudc Phap nhanh chdng trd
Vi du, dao du vl thuong mai, ve hang hai (1681) cho thay thuang mai dam bao cho nuoc Phap xay dung va vu trang cho nhung dgi tau Ion de vugt bien, va diing de tang cudng siic manh quan su tren bg va tren bien, de tri an ninh Yves Charbit, Les coloniesfran(,aises auXVlIe siecle: mercantilisme en enjeiLx imperialistes eiiropeens Revue europeenne des migrations Internationales, vol.22-n0 1-2006 En ligne: 01-4-2009, remi.revues.org
thanh mdt cudng qudc d Au chau Vdi uy
the chinh tri, cac ke hoach ciia Colbert hau
nhu khdng bi phan irng hay chi trich gi tir
phia chdng ddi Tuy vay, sau qua
ddi (1683), Colbert da trd tam bia cho
cac ldi chi trich, cac cudc biit chien tir nhiing
ngudi bat ddng chinh kien, nhirng ldi td cao
tir nhiing ngudi theo thuyet trgng ndng
(physiocrates) va cac nha kinh te tu
Ve dai the, sau nam 1683, nhiing
nguyen tac cua chii nghTa trgng thuang Colbert trd nen xa ciing, dd cau
triic tu ban da trd nen hoan bi va dang d giai doan phat trien manh me Neu nhu san xuat
trong nude dudi thdi Colbert dugc kich thich manh, san pham tang len, du nhap ky thuat
tien tien, tang manh xuat khau thi trd treu la cac cdng ty khai thac thudc dia va thuong
mai lai phan ldn lam an that bat, tham chi ca thdi gian Colbert cdn duong
quyen Cac cdng ty thuc dan mat di trg lire tir gidi doanh thuong^'' nen dan di vao suy thoai
va pha san hang loat
Den cudi thdi ky tri vi cua vua Louis
XIV, nen kinh te Phap, vdn trudc dd da bi chi trich manh me, dang da suy thoai
Nguyen nhan chii yeu, theo nhieu kinh te gia duang thdi, la hieu irng xau tir chii nghTa
~' Dau the ky XVIII, luc lugng hai quan thudng true cua Phap la hai dgi nhat cac nudc chau Au cd the so dugc tau chien cua Anh (Navy) Emmanuel Metais, Pierre-Xavier Meschi, Jacques Colin, La royale ou Textraordinaire renaissance de la marine Fraixaise sous Louis XIV Strategie et politique generale Centrale des Cas et des Media Pedagogiques, Paris, 2004
(9)58 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (118).2O10
Colbert Trong khu vuc, luc mdi lien ket giiia cac nudc chau Au suy yeu tir viec nhap ve vang, bac giam manh, ciing vdi dd la mdt phong trao giam gia cang lam cho nhirng van de cua nudc Phap trd nen cang thang, nhat la khung hoang tai chinh hoang gia, khiing
hoang ndng nghiep Liic Nha nudc khdng the giii dugc can bang he thdng thul thiet lap tir thdi Colbert cd ngudn gde dua vao ng cdng Tdi te hon la tien ng tir hoang gia Phap tang vgt thap nien dau the ky XVIII
So tien no' ciia hoang gia Phdp nhiing nam tie 1643-1715
(dan vi: trieu livre, I livre tuang duang 10,5 USD ciia ndm 1992)
D e b t off t h e R o y a l F a m i l y , ^ -
1 , 0 , 0 l.OOO SOO 0 0 0
1 6 l e e i 3 9 a i ;
A l i v r e ; is e q u a l t o u p p r o x i r r > £ ) t e t y S i n i e U.S d o l U i r s
S o u r c u : Sciriy /Woc/o/-/-» Fr<3ric:ci S GO—J '.^ S
Ngudn: Robin Briggs, Early Modern France, 1560-1715 Oxford University Press (New York), 1977
Hon niia, ddi vdi ke hoach xa hdi, chu nghTa trgng thuong la bieu hien sir "chuyin nhugng sir giau cd" hay lam giau cho nhung ngudi giau Nhiing nha tu san vdn di tir thdi ky Phuc Hung, khao khat kilm dugc nhieu tien, la nhirng ngudi chiu trach nhiem ciia cude each mang kinh te Nhiing thuong gia la nhirng thuang nhan va chii doanh nghiep, mdt ea the thong nhit, cd chung lgi ich va hai bda vdi lgi ich ciia Nha nudc Tuy vay, thue te boat ddng cho thiy, giira gidi thuang nhan vdi chii doanh nghiep ciing cd sir canh tranh Tuy cd cac bien phap nham han che hay ban hanh cac quy tic boat ddng, nhung lgi ich giiia thuang nhan vdi Nha nudc eiing chang liic nao tuong iing dugc vdi
Tren thuc te, chi cd mdt sd it dugc hudng lgi tir sir phat triln kinh tl
quang dai quan chiing khdng kha len bao nhieu Xet cho cimg, nhiing tang ldp\giai cip dugc hudng lgi tir chinh sach thuang lai la cac ddi tugng: tu san\tu ban thuang nghiep, hoang gia, quan lai bd may nha nudc chuyen chi, nhiing ngudi di thue mudn hay ndi rdng la gidi thuong nhan Ldn ddu
tien lgi nhudn tic mot chinh sdch cua Triiu dinh lgi dem lgi lgi nhudn cho gioi tu bdn
(10)(Ve eliu nghiu trmig thu'tfng 59
vua Tay Ban Nha, vdi viec Cdng ty cung cip
cho vuong qude mdi nam gin van nd
le
Tat ca he qua tren lam cho chii nghTa
trgng thuang d Phap chao dao va bit lire
trudc boat ddng ciia hdi mang mau sac ehinh
tri nhan van (societe politique humaine), mgt
hgi chil truang chdng lai khuynh hudng
thuang liic dd
Neu nhu tren day la he qua trai chiiu
cua chil nghTa thuang thi, nhu mdt quy
luat tat yeu, se sinh nhirng nhan thiic kinh
te, tu tudng kinh te mdi, dd chinh la sir ndi
len ciia chii nghTa tu va chii nghTa tu ban
Tieu bieu nhat cho khuynh hudng mdi d
Phap liic la Pierre Le Pesant de
Boisguilbert (1646-1714)" (chau hg ciia
Thdng che Vauban dudi thdi Louis XIV),
dugc coi la mdt sd cha de ciia chu
nghTa tu kinh te ciia Phap (ddng thdi la
mgt nhiing ngudi de khai niem ve
kinh te thi trudng) P.P de Boisguilbert la
mdt nhiing ngudi tien phong phe phan
luan thuyet cua chii nghTa trgng thuang ciia
Colbert
Trong tac pham chinh cua minh: Le
Detail de la France, la cause de la
diminution de ses biens et la facilite du
remede en fournissant en un mois tout
I 'argent dont le Roi a besoin et enriehissant
tout le monde, P.P de Boisguilbert da vach
Sinh tai Rouen mgt gia dinh quy tgc cu d Normandy, Boisguilbert hge tai Rouen va giang day tai Petites ecoles de Port-Roya, trd tham pham d Montivilliers, nam 1690 la chu tich co quan luat phap d Rouen va giiJ vi tri dd cho den qua ddi
rd sir ban ciing hda den tham hai ciia tat ca
mgi tang ldp (lao ddng) cua Phap che
kinh te tdi te duge thuc thi dudi thdi Colbert
Ong phe phan manh nhat sir thd a cua
Colbert ddi vdi ITnh vuc ndng nghiep Sir
giau cd dugc thiic day tir san xuat va trao ddi
budn ban chir khdng quan trgng d khdi lugng
tien te qua luu thdng va viec trich trii tir cac
kim loai quy P.P de Boisguilbert tan duong
tu thuong mai, nhat la budn ban ngii cdc
va cai each thue P.P de Boisguilbert chii
truong cai each he thdng thue, tang san pham
qudc ndi, xda bd thue gian tiep ddi vdi rugu,
quyen hai quan xuat, nhap, md rdng tu
budn ban hon nira Tu tudng ly thuyit ciia
P.P de Boisguilbert dugc tdm luge: tieu thu
Id ngudn gdc cua su phdt trien thinh vugng,
cdn bdi bd thue
Ddi vdi chinh sach tien te, viec dinh gia
khdng can cd sir can thiep eiia Nha nude,
phai de tu nhien; Gia ea khdng bi bd budc;
Nha nudc khdng dugc can thiep vao thi
trudng Nhin chung, ly le cua P.P de
Boisguilbert don gian la: neu Nhd nudc dn
dinh gid qud thdp thi se ldm ndn long ngudi
bdn, ho se kim hdng vi nhic vdy se tdt han la
bdn re, [hay] thua Id Dd se Id su edo chung
ciia hogt ddng budn bdn\thuang mgi vi
chdng cd the tim thdy d thi trudng nhieng
thic ngudi ta cdn
Tuy vay, quan trgng ban ca, theo
Boisguilbert, la dam bao dugc thi trudng tieu thu Mgi nganh nghe nudc suy cho
ciing la phuc vu lan thi trudng
Tdt hon het la tu thuong mai
(11)6 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (118).2010
thi trudng tieu thu nam d budn ban nudc, len an manh me nhirng nguyen ly cua chil nghTa trgng thuang ddi vdi thue khda, tien te va xi nghiep san xuat
Ciing vdi Adam Smith (cha de ciia he thdng ly thuyet chii nghTa tu ban cdng nghiep) va Jean-Baptiste Say, P.P de Boisguilbert la ngudi khdi xudng thuyit trgng ndng Liic nay, nhiing nha ly thuyit tren cd ca hdi phe phan chu nghTa trgng thuong, coi chii nghTa dd la mdt he thdng tu tudng va nen hanh chinh sai lim va "dang ghet", mdt thii chii nghTa trgng thuong cirng nhae va chinh sach thuong mai cd gidi ban
4 Nhan xet
Thuc te lich sir cho thay, chii nghTa trgng thuang la san phim tit yiu cua giai doan tich luy nguyen thuy va chuyin din tir kinh te hang hda gian don sang kinh tl thi trudng Chil nghTa trgng thuang mac dii it mang tinh ly luan (dua nhilu vao kinh nghiem) ciing nhu nhirng ban chi khac, nhung nd la he tu tudng kinh tl sa khai ciia chil nghTa tu ban, la he tu tudng kinh tl diu tien ciia giai cap tu san (} mdi nudc, mdi khu vuc, vdi nhiing hoan canh lich sir khac biet, chii nghTa trgng thuong cd nhirng dac diem tuong ddng va di biet Han niia, ban than mdi nudc d timg giai doan ciing ed nhiing bieu hien khac
Mdt nhirng diem khac biet can ban cua chil nghTa trgng thuong Phap la sir can thiep va bao hd ciia Nha nudc vao boat ddng ngoai thuong, mdt ITnh vuc dugc chinh gidi Phap coi la cudc canh tranh ngoai thuang hay chinh la cudc chien tranh tiin bgc Han
nira, nhiing bieu hien dd da khien nhieu nha nghien ciin cho rang chu nghTa trgng thuong
Phdp mang tinh cdng thiec han nhieu so vdi chil nghTa thuong a Anh, hay nhieng qudc gia Tdy Au duong thai
Thuc te, thdi gian ngan, Phap da trd nudc dirng dau chau Au nhd chinh sach trgng thuang, nhat la dudi thdi Colbert Khdng chi d chinh qudc, boat ddng kinh tl d thudc dia dugc dau tu va td chirc hoan bi phuc vu cho chinh qudc, dap iing muc tieu tdi eao "site mgnh vd sic gidu cd" vdn dugc gidi thuong va hoang gia Phap tan duang mdt thai
Tuy vay, sir sup dd nhanh chdng tu duy thuong kieu Colbert la he qua cua nhirng chinh sach kinh te, he qua ciia viec diu tu qua ldn vao chien tranh, bd qua nhirng ITnh vuc kinh te khac ciing nhu biiu hien ban chat ciia nha nudc Phap dudi thdi vua Louis XIV, de lai he qua lau dai cho kinh tl-xa hgi Phap sau
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