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NFL Project 2020 addressed Vietnam‟s compelling need for improving communication in English that, as a consequence, has transformed the country as a destination for “selfinitiated expatriate (SIE)” English teachers. They are the people who choose to set out to work in a foreign country without the assignment or the help of a home company. Analyzing the content of transcripts and field notes from six semistructured individual interviews with six selfinitiated expatriate teachers of English who have spent from about 9 months to 7 years in Hanoi about their process of adjusting to culture in the Vietnamese workplace, this study provides researchers, HRM practitioners, and policy makers an insight into the selfinitiated expatriate work life in this SouthEast Asian country. Participants exhibited a passive approach to cultural adjustment, a lack of preparation, tendency to display ethnocentrism, and reported a critical need for better training, job descriptions and organizational support. The findings suggest that further research and certain HRM practices should be conducted to encourage integration between Vietnamese teachers and managers and this diverse group of foreign teachers, not only to foster a work environment that embraces support and diversity, but also to ensure the quality of the English training programs they are directly involved with as teachers.
VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION GRADUATION PAPER ADJUSTMENT STRATEGIES IN WORKING ENVIRONMENT OF SELF-INITIATED EXPATRIATE TEACHERS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN HANOI: A QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION Supervisor: Hoàng Thị Hạnh, PhD Student: Nguyễn Xuân Hạnh Course: QH2010.F1.E2 HÀ NỘI - 2014 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP CHIẾN LƯỢC THÍCH NGHI VĂN HĨA TRONG MƠI TRƯỜNG LÀM VIỆC CỦA GIÁO VIÊN TIẾNG ANH NGOẠI QUỐC TẠI HÀ NỘI, VIỆT NAM: MỘT NGHIÊN CỨU ĐỊNH TÍNH Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Hoàng Thị Hạnh, PhD Sinh viên: Nguyễn Xuân Hạnh Khóa: QH2010.F1.E2 HÀ NỘI – 2014 ACCEPTANCE PAGE I hereby state that I: Nguyễn Xuân Hạnh, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor‟s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Signature Date i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the contributions of many people I would like to express my gratitude for: My supervisor, Dr Hoang Thi Hanh I have been and will always be thankful for her unfailing support, professionally and personally Dr Hanh has been there constantly from the beginning to provide me with knowledge, advice, and comments with strict academic integrity and respect to my autonomy She is the person I feel indebted to the most, for her loving, positive, and responsible outlook on life has been my constant inspiration to carry on with this thesis, even in the face of illness and desperation But for her supervision, I would not have been able to successfully complete this study I learned so much from her, and owed so much to her The expatriate teachers who have devoted their precious time to take part in this study The two anonymous expatriate teachers of English that inspired this study My lecturers at University of Languages and International Studies, who have taught and inspired me in the last four years Especially, I would like to thank Ms Dinh Hai Yen, my lecturer, for being the wonderful teacher who always showed great patience and perseverance that I strive to resemble My friends at class QH.2010.E2, my friend Nguyen Lan Phuong and Tran Ngoc Viet Hoai, for the emotional support and constructive comments Phuong and Hoai inspired me the most with their care and encouragements Michael “Aki” Atkinson, whose independence and integrity has inspired me every step of the way My family, including my Mother and Father, whose love I cannot even describe, who have always encouraged and inspired me to move forward and be the person I can be ii ABSTRACT NFL Project 2020 addressed Vietnam‟s compelling need for improving communication in English that, as a consequence, has transformed the country as a destination for “self-initiated expatriate (SIE)” English teachers They are the people who choose to set out to work in a foreign country without the assignment or the help of a home company Analyzing the content of transcripts and field notes from six semi-structured individual interviews with six selfinitiated expatriate teachers of English who have spent from about months to years in Hanoi about their process of adjusting to culture in the Vietnamese workplace, this study provides researchers, HRM practitioners, and policy makers an insight into the self-initiated expatriate work life in this South-East Asian country Participants exhibited a passive approach to cultural adjustment, a lack of preparation, tendency to display ethnocentrism, and reported a critical need for better training, job descriptions and organizational support The findings suggest that further research and certain HRM practices should be conducted to encourage integration between Vietnamese teachers and managers and this diverse group of foreign teachers, not only to foster a work environment that embraces support and diversity, but also to ensure the quality of the English training programs they are directly involved with as teachers Key words: Self-initiated expatriate; expatriate adjustment; intercultural communication; Vietnam; NFL Project 2020; Human resource management iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACCEPTANCE PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii LISTS OF FIGURES .vii LIST OF TABLES viii Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Statement of the problem and rationale for the study 1.2 Research questions 1.3 Significance of the study 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Organization Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Expatriate Adjustment at individual level 2.2 Black et al (1991)‟s model of expatriate adjustment 2.2.1 Degrees of adjustment 2.2.2 Modes of adjustment 2.2.3 Facets of adjustment 2.2.4 Adtecedents of expatriate adjustment at work 10 2.3 Self-initiated expatriates 13 2.3.1 Definition and overview 13 2.3.2 Self-initiated expatriates versus international assignees 14 2.4 An overview of studies concerning self-initiated expatriates adjustment 16 iv Chapter 3: Methodology 18 3.1 Selection of participants 19 3.1.1 Method of sampling 19 3.1.2 Descriptions of the participants 20 3.2 Data Collection Instrument 22 3.3 Procedures of Data Collection 22 3.4 Procedures of Data Analysis 23 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 25 4.1 The self-initiated expatriate teachers of English‟s perception of the importance of cultural adjustment at work 25 4.1.1 Lack of pre-arrival preparation 25 4.1.2 Lack of initiative to adjust to the culture 27 4.1.3 Existence of negative attitude towards adjustment 30 4.2 The problems faced by self-initiated expatriate teachers of English at work and their adjustment strategies 32 4.2.1 Problems regarding individual skills 37 4.2.2 Problems concerning job factors 38 4.2.3 Problems concerning organizational factors 50 4.3 Summary 55 4.4 Implications and applications 55 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 57 5.1 Summary of findings 57 5.2 Limitations and suggestion for future studies 59 5.2.1 Methodological limitations 59 v 5.2.2 The researcher‟s own limitations 59 REFERENCES 61 APPENDIX A 71 APPENDIX B 72 vi LISTS OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Berry (1997)‟s model of acculturation strategies vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Modes of work adjustment Table 2.2 Overview of differences between self-initiated expatriates and international assignees 15 Table 2.3 Overview of differences between self-initiated expatriates and international employees organisational culture 16 Table 1.1 Descriptions of the participants .21 Table 4.1 Modes of work adjustment adopted by participants 33 Table 4.2 List of job related and organization-related problems 34 Table 4.3 Frequency of negative emotions recorded from interviews 35 Table 4.4 Frequency of positive reactions recorded from interviews 36 Table 4.5 Type of support received by participants 41 Table 4.6 The paticipants‟ values vs what they perceived to be their employers‟ values 44 viii REFERENCES Adler, N J., Doktor, R., & Redding, S G (1986) From the Atlantic to the Pacific century: Cross-cultural management reviewed Journal of Management,12(2), 295-318 Al-Waqfi, M (2013, April) The Antecedents and Outcomes of Expatriate Adjustment of Self-initiated Expatriates In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol 1, No 1, pp aomafr-2012) Academy of Management Austin E.K (1981) Guidelines for the Developing of Continuing Education merings for Nurses Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York Aycan, Z (1997) Expatriate adjustment as a multifaceted phenomenon: Individual and organizational level predictors International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(4), 434-456 Bandura, A (1977) Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.Psychological review, 84(2), 191 Berry, J W (2001) A Psychology of Immigration Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 615–631 doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00231 Biemann, T., & Andresen, M (2010) Self-initiated foreign expatriates versus assigned expatriates: two distinct types of international careers? 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Why did you decide to go to Vietnam and how did you prepare youself for the new working environment? Can you describe you experience teaching in Vietnam so far? How you perceive the importance of familiarizing yourself with Vietnam‟s culture? Do you receive any kind of support, such as teaching materials, housing, or health care? How would you describe your relationship with your co-workers? What has helped you become better at interacting with people and carrying on with your work in Vietnam? What has hindered you become better at interacting with people and carrying on with your work in Vietnam and what you think you‟d to those obstacles? To what extend you feel you have control over the outcomes of work situations you encounter in VN? What you attribute control to in these situations? 10.How does your experience working in Vietnam impact the way you feel about yourself? (how have you changed as a result of living in Vietnam?) (*) Additional questions were added during the interview 71 APPENDIX B Information sheet and consent form University of Languages and International Studies Nguyễn Xuân Hạnh BA Student Tel: +84 167-678-8309 Email: hanhnxk44@vnu.edu.vn hanhxuannguyenvnu@gmail.com Vietnam National University Hanoi, Vietnam Telephone (84-4) 37547269 Facsimile (84-4)37548057 Email dhnn@vnu.edu.vn Website http://ulis.vnu.edu.vn/english/ INFORMATION SHEET Cultural Adjustment Strategies in Working Environment of Expatriate Teachers of English Language in Hanoi: A Qualitative Investigation Dear potential participants, My name is Nguyễn Xuân Hạnh and I am a BA student in the Faculty of English Language Teacher Education at ULIS, VNU You are invited to participate in a research study to investigate adjustment strategies in the context of acculturation for expatriate English language teachers living in Hanoi, Vietnam These prospective participants will also take part in the interview This is a study for a BA thesis at Vietnam National under the supervision of Dr Hoàng Thị Hạnh (hanh.hoang@uqconnect.edu.au) Why is the research being done? The purpose of this study is to find out the adjustment strategies that expatriate English language teachers use to adapt to culture of the Vietnamese work place The result of the study will (1) Help institutions, educational organizations, such as universities, schools, English training centers, develop more detailed job descriptions and training guidelines (2) Help develop culture and human resource researching in Vietnam Who can participate in the research? I would be interested to hear from any native English speakers What choice you have? 72 Participation in this research is entirely your choice Only those people who give their informed consent will be included in the project Whether or not you decide to participate, your decision will not disadvantage you If you decide to participate, you may withdraw from the project at any time without giving a reason and without consequence You have the option of withdrawing any data which identifies you What would you be asked to do? If you decide to participate, you will be asked to: participate in an interview with the researcher discussing your cultural experience in Hanoi, Vietnam How much time will it take? The interview will take you around 30-45 minutes What are the risks and benefits of participating? The information obtained from the research will be used to better develop culture and human resource researching in Vietnam There are no apparent risks of participating beyond those of everyday life Participation can be terminated at any time If the participant feels uncomfortable about the procedure, they are welcome to discuss it with the researcher How will your privacy be protected? The recording will be transcribed and checked for accuracy by the researcher Only the researcher will have access to the data During the analysis phase, any names will be removed and replaced by a pseudonym Any quotes used in subsequent publications will be anonymous and individual participants will not be identified in any report arising from the project Potentially identifiable data will be kept in password protected files, and any further analysis or re-use of the data will be properly referenced The researcher and the supervisors involved will maintain confidentiality of the data analysis and discussion and not divulge the identifiable data to outside parties How will the information collected be used? 73 The results of the study will be presented in the researcher‟s BA thesis at the University of Languages and International Studies How can participants get access to the results? On request, participants will have access to the results of the research when these documents are cleared for public distribution What you need to to participate? Please read this Information Statement and be sure you understand its contents before you consent to participate If there is anything you not understand, or you have questions, please contact the researcher Further Information If you would like further information, please contact Ms Nguyễn Xuân Hạnh by email hanhxuannguyenvnu@gmail.com, phone number: +84 167-678-8309 Thank you for considering this invitation Nguyễn Xuân Hạnh BA student University of Languages and International Studies Vietnam National University 74 University of Languages and International Studies Nguyễn Xuân Hạnh BA Student Tel: +84 167-678-8309 Email: hanhnxk44@vnu.edu.vn hanhxuannguyenvnu@gmail.com Vietnam National University Hanoi, Vietnam Telephone (84-4) 37547269 Facsimile (84-4)37548057 Email dhnn@vnu.edu.vn Website http://ulis.vnu.edu.vn/english/ CONSENT FORM Cultural Adjustment Strategies in Working Environment of Expatriate Teachers of English Language in Hanoi: A Qualitative Investigation The Researcher Nguyễn Xuân Hạnh, BA student of ULIS Vietnam National University I agree to participate in the above research project and give my consent freely I understand that the project will be conducted as described in the Information Statement, a copy of which I have retained I understand I can withdraw from the project at any time and not have to give any reason for withdrawing I consent to participate in a 30-45 minutes interview I understand that my personal information will remain confidential to the researcher I understand that my participation is voluntary and unpaid I have had the opportunity to have questions answered to my satisfaction Print Name: Signature: (not essential if sent electronically) Date: 75 ... HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHI? ??P CHIẾN LƯỢC THÍCH NGHI VĂN HĨA TRONG MƠI TRƯỜNG LÀM VIỆC CỦA GIÁO VIÊN TIẾNG ANH NGOẠI QUỐC TẠI HÀ NỘI, VIỆT... TIẾNG ANH NGOẠI QUỐC TẠI HÀ NỘI, VIỆT NAM: MỘT NGHI? ?N CỨU ĐỊNH TÍNH Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Hoàng Thị Hạnh, PhD Sinh viên: Nguyễn Xuân Hạnh Khóa: QH2010.F1.E2 HÀ NỘI – 2014 ACCEPTANCE PAGE I hereby... Andrew, who came to Vietnam with the strongest motivation, seeing the country as fitting to his personal plan and a good teaching opportunity, even stressed his interest in Vietnamese food and history