The thesis was designed as a comparative and exploratory study of the use of pause in American and Vietnamese political speeches with two major purposes: (1) to investigate the ways discourse pause used in political speeches, (2) to demonstrate the effects of pause in the politician‘s presentations, (3) to explain briefly and subjectively the reasons why there were differences in using pause in two political culture. The selected subject who is representative to the U.S was the president Barack Obama while the Vietnamese one was the prime minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng. Data for this study were collected from two videos recording the two politician‘s inaugural ceremonies. The main method applied to conduct this thesis was observation. To draw on the major similarities and differences between two politicians in using pause, the researcher observed the videos and counted the numbers of pauses and their durations. The durations were divided into three groups: short (13 seconds), medium (47 seconds), long ( >8 seconds). The collected data were analyzed in terms of the frequency of pauses, the durations of pause, and the effects of pauses. The results show that Barack Obama used pause more frequently than Nguyễn Tấn Dũng did. The amount of time he paused was also longer than that of Nguyễn Tấn Dũng. The reactions of the audiences in each case were also different. Yelling and, clapping hands were generally common reactions the audiences had each time Obama used silence while quietness and handclapping at the end of the speech were the responses of the Vietnamsese audiences. The reasons why two politicians used pauses so differently were subjectively concluded to be the atmosphere, the cultural norms: highcontext culture and lowcontext culture, and the supported technology by the reseacher.
VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION GRADUATION PAPER A CASE STUDY OF DISCOURSE PAUSE USED IN 2013 INAUGURAL SPEECH BY THE U.S PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA AND IN 2011 INAUGURAL SPEECH BY THE VIETNAMESE PRIME MINISTER NGUYEN TAN DUNG (FROM A PERSPECTIVE OF CROSS-CULTURAL PRAGMATICS) Supervisor: Ngơ Hữu Hồng, PhD Student: Bùi Thị Hằng Nga Course: QH2010.F1.E15 HÀ NỘI - 2014 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP MỘT ĐIỂN CỨU VỀ SỰ NGỪNG NGHỈ DIỄN NGÔN TRONG HAI BÀI DIỄN VĂN NHẬM CHỨC NĂM 2013 CỦA TỔNG THỐNG BARACK OBAMA VÀ 2011 CỦA THỦ TƯỚNG NGUYỄN TẤN DŨNG (XÉT TỪ GÓC ĐỘ DỤNG HỌC GIAO VĂN HÓA) Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Ts Ngơ Hữu Hồng Sinh viên: Bùi Thị Hằng Nga Khóa: QH2010.F1.E15 HÀ NỘI - 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express a special thanks to all of my teachers who gave me a general background knowledge about walk of life, researching method and cross-culture, especially PhD Ngơ Hữu Hồng who is adviser, for helping and coaching me by answering all my questions concerning my topic Second, I would also like to thanks to all of my friends who are always standing by my side no matter what happen, especially Ms Trường- ―my granddaughter in brackets‖ and Ms Lan who gave me her reliability and encouragement Finally, I want to thank my family members who were always my supports in the moment when there was no one to answer my queries No word can express my deepest gratefulness to my dad and my mom who have brought me up with love and affections I also want to thank to my sister, and brother who helped me with housework and encouraged me in studying Bùi Thị Hằng Nga i ABSTRACT The thesis was designed as a comparative and exploratory study of the use of pause in American and Vietnamese political speeches with two major purposes: (1) to investigate the ways discourse pause used in political speeches, (2) to demonstrate the effects of pause in the politician‘s presentations, (3) to explain briefly and subjectively the reasons why there were differences in using pause in two political culture The selected subject who is representative to the U.S was the president Barack Obama while the Vietnamese one was the prime minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng Data for this study were collected from two videos recording the two politician‘s inaugural ceremonies The main method applied to conduct this thesis was observation To draw on the major similarities and differences between two politicians in using pause, the researcher observed the videos and counted the numbers of pauses and their durations The durations were divided into three groups: short (1-3 seconds), medium (4-7 seconds), long ( >8 seconds) The collected data were analyzed in terms of the frequency of pauses, the durations of pause, and the effects of pauses The results show that Barack Obama used pause more frequently than Nguyễn Tấn Dũng did The amount of time he paused was also longer than that of Nguyễn Tấn Dũng The reactions of the audiences in each case were also different Yelling and, clapping hands were generally common reactions the audiences had each time Obama used silence while quietness and hand-clapping at the end of the speech were the responses of the Vietnamsese audiences The reasons why two politicians used pauses so differently were subjectively concluded to be the atmosphere, the cultural norms: high-context culture and low-context culture, and the supported technology by the reseacher ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT .ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES v INTRODUCTION I Rationale for the study II Aims and objectives .2 III Significance of the study IV Scope of the study V Organization DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .5 1.1 Discourse .5 1.2 Non-verbal communication 1.2.1 Paralanguage 1.2.2 Pause/Silence in Discourse 10 1.2.2.1 Definition and classification .10 1.2.2.2 Pause functions 11 1.2.3 Pauses situations in monologue 13 1.3 Low context culture and high context culture 15 1.3.1 Definition and comparisons 15 1.3.2 High-context and low-context culture in relationship with pauses in discourse 20 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY .22 2.1 Selection of subject 22 2.2 Research instrument 23 2.3 Procedures of data collection 23 2.4 Procedures of data analysis 24 CHAPTER 3: THE STUDY 26 iii 3.1 Frequency of pauses and its duration 26 3.2 Pause effects 30 3.3 The reasons of the difference in using pauses of two politicians .35 3.3.1 The difference in atmosphere 35 3.3.2 Cultural norm 37 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION .39 I Summary of findings 39 II Limitation 40 III Suggestions for further study 40 REFERENCES 41 APPENDIX 45 iv LIST OF TABLES AND IMAGES List of tables Table 2 Name Frequency of pauses and its duration Summarized effects of pause in each case Page number 27 31 List of images Image Name The reactions of audiences during the time Obama used pause Page number 33 Obama‘s emotion 35 The overall view of Obama‘s ceremony 36 The Vietnamese parliamentary auditorium 37 Teleprompter- a display device that prompts the 38 person speaking with an electronic visual text of a speech or script v INTRODUCTION I RATIONALE Pause in discourse across cultures is catalogued as one of the branches of paralanguage which play an important role in communication It is undoubted that there is strong power in pausing in communication Thus, everyone should pay more attendance to discourse pause For example, someone else may not have finished their thought and you may not want to cut them off Cutting someone off too soon may cause you to miss some important information to be shared Another reason to pause is to avoid making mistakes during speaking that are not fully formulated in your mind When in a heated discussion, pausing can help avoid overreacting or exacerbating a situation Pausing can give you an opportunity in person to consider the body language and other signals being given by those around you If you are giving a presentation, providing training or an explanation of important information, pausing can help your audience keep up with you and have time to absorb important details Pause exists in all social interactions in any culture; however, the way people use pauses is not the same in different language and cultures The thesis is conducted to make this clearer Besides, the globalization brings us a chance to communicate more widely not only in such fields as economics, society and culture but also in politics Many conferences are now being held with the participants of politicians from many countries-different cultures What will happen if a politician from a country uses pause in his/ her speech? The other politicians will be surprised meaninglessly or understand that they need to make some responses to the speaker showing their emotions or their willingness of listening Moreover, the relationships between Vietnam and the western countries are enhanced There are now more official visits from the delegates of these countries to our country, particularly the United States Moreover, the selected subjects are famous people, particularly Barack Obama- the first black president of the United States With his background, Barack Obama is considered as a multi-cultural person Furthermore, Barack Obama is believed as ―a gifted speaker who has something to teach all leaders in business and politics, regardless of their political opinions‖ by the contributor Carmine Gallo in his 2012 essay in Forbes Magazine named ― Barack Obama-A master class in public speaking‖ Carmine Gallo also commented that Obama was an expert in using voice He slowed it down, lowered or loudened it, and especially paused for impact (Gallo, 2012) After watching several speeches conducted by Barack Obama, the researcher recognized that one of the special features of his all speeches, particularly in the 2013 inaugural speech, was the use of pause with clear purposes This, to some extents, illustrated the specific features of American culture and society Additionally, learning from the famous people like Barack Obama and Nguyễn Tấn Dũng is much easier than learning from a book All in all, considering the benefits of using pause effectively as well as anticipating the consequences of lacking understanding of it in communication in general, and in politics in particular, the researcher wants to conduct a study about this field not only to help people, particularly students, seize the benefits of using pause in communicating and avoid the misunderstanding, but also to bring about the differences of using discourse pause in two culture and political background II AIMS OF THE STUDY As stated in the above part, the researcher conducts this study to illustrate the similarities and differences regarding political culture in using discourse pauses by Barack Obama in comparison with Nguyễn Tấn Dũng From this main purposes, the author has had these research questions: - What is the way Barack Obama used discourse pause in his 2013 inaugural speech? - What is the way Nguyễn Tấn Dũng used discourse pause in his 2011 inaugural speech? - To what extents their discourse pauses affect the audiences? - What can cause the differences in using discourse pause of two politicians? III SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This thesis helps the researcher gain more knowledge about not only culture but also the use of discourse in cultures The study also evokes the desire of learning and experiencing from the researcher Since then, the researcher has an opportunity to broaden her knowledge about cultures in the world, especially American and Vietnamese cultures which will definitely be a vital knowledge for her in the future when globalization is more and more prevalent The recognition of similarities and differences between discourse and culture will help the researcher find out the way of communicating properly and appropriately to improve her communication skills As to students, the thesis may provide a fresh and unique approach about culture in general, and discourse pause in particular Students will find it as an interesting way to absorb the knowledge as well as achieve the extra information which is out of the text book Regarding the politicians, the study may bring about a new view about presentation Politicians may have a different opinion about the way to deliver a speech as well as be aware of the effects of non-verbal communication and discourse pauses IV SCOPE OF THE STUDY The thesis only focuses on pause which is one of the branches of paralanguage and its surrounding issues in the political culture, not on all the categories of non-verbal communication The researcher just concentrates on analyzing the two inaugural speeches of the two politicians: Barack Obama and Nguyễn Tấn Dũng as objects of the study The researcher bases on the perspective of cross-cultural pragmatics to evaluate the similarities and differences regarding political culture in using discourse pauses by Barack Obama in comparison with Nguyễn Tấn Dũng The duration of pauses Besides, the duration of the speech and the technical assistance also affect the ways two politicians used discourse pause There is an interminglement between the high-context culture and low-context culture It means that while Barack Obama shows some features of high-context culture, Nguyễn Tấn Dũng indicates some of low-context culture II Limitation In spite of the fact that, the thesis has been conducted by its author‘s greatest attempt, the shortcomings are definitely unavoidable and undeniable It can be seen that observing two videos recording the ceremonies of two politicians provides an one-sided and subjective view about the usage of pauses and their effects Moreover, the researcher also lacks knowledge about the political issues and the personality of two politicians which prevent her from have an overall evaluation about the way they used pauses in their speeches Additionally, being a trainee linguistics researcher, the author has limited knowledge and experience in not only researching but also the related issues to culture and pauses in political speeches One more things the researcher cannot conduct to make this thesis persuasive is that the researcher cannot a survey to test the reactions of the audience in Nguyễn Tấn Dũng‘s case because of difficulties of time and space III Suggestions for further study Many dimensions still remain ambiguous, some of below suggestions may be interesting topics: - Discourse pauses used at work by the employees and employers - Discourse pauses used in movies - The influence of communicating partner‘s parameters on the use of Discourse pauses - Etc 45 REFERENCES A English Reference: Albert, M (1972), Nonverbal communication Transaction publishers Andrew Dlugan "Speech Pauses: 12 Techniques to Speak Volumes with Your Silence” Six Minutes RSS N.p Nov 2012 Retrieved from http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/pathos-definition/ Bachman, L (1990), Fundamental considerations in language testing Oxford University Press Brad Harrub, Ph.D., Bert Thompson, Ph.D., and Dave Miller, Ph.D (2013) The Origin Of Language And Communication Retrieved from http://www.trueorigin.org/language01.asp Brown, P and Levinson, S.C (1987), Politeness Some universals in Language Usage Cambridge University Press Canale, M and Swain, M (1980), Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to 2nd language teaching and testing, Oxford University Press: 1-47 Carmine Gallo, November 2012 Forbes Magazine: Barack Obama: A master class in public speaking Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2012/11/20/barack-obama-amaster-class-in-public-speaking/ Clark, H H (1996), Using language, Cambridge University Press Crystal, D (1997) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, Oxford, Basil Blackwell Fairclough, N (1992) Discourse and Social Change, Cambridge, Polity Press Foucault, M (1980) Power/Knowledge: selected interviews and other writings 1972–1977, Brighton, Harvester 46 Francis Nolan, 2006 Intonation Retrieved from http://www.ling.cam.ac.uk/francis/fn_inton_prepub.pdf Goldman–Eisler, F (1968) Psycholinguistics: Experiments in spontaneous speech New York: Academic Press Goldman–Eisler, F (1972) Pauses, clauses, sentences Language and Speech, 15, 103-113 Gudykunst, W B & TingToomey, S (1988) Culture and interpersonal communica-tion Newbury Park, CA: Sage Hall, E (1959) The silent language New York: Doubleday Hall, E (1966) The hidden dimension New York: Doubleday Hall, E (1976) Beyond culture New York: Doubleday Hall, E (1983) The dance of life: The other dimension of time New York: Doubleday Hall, E & Hall, M (1990) Understanding cultural differences: Germans, French and Americans Yarmouth: Intercultural Press High context and low context culture Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-_and_low-context_cultures Hymes, D H (1996), two types of linguistic relativity, W Bright Edition: 114-158 Intercultural Communication Theory and Practice Retrieved from http://jpkc.ecnu.edu.cn/kwh/Course%20Reading%202.htm Jiang Yanwen, 2003 Functions of Pause in Communication Retrieved from sfs.scnu.edu.cn/hhzhang/blog/uploadfiles/200613123716460.doc Jones, S, Martin, R, and Pilbeam, D (1990), Cambridge Encyclopedia Evolution, Cambridge University Press: 128 47 Kim, D., Pan, Y & Park, H S (1998) High- versus low-context culture: A comparison of Chinese, Korean and American cultures Psychology & Marketing, 15(6), 507–521 Knapp, 1972 Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction The United States: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc Mercer, N (1995) The Guided Construction of Knowledge: talk amongst teachers and learners, Clevedon, Multilingual Matters Martin Luther King Junior, (1963), I have a dream, at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington D.C Retrieved from: http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm Michael, D L (March, 1994), Time magazine: How man began Retrieved from http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,980307,00.html Nonverbal communication (n.d.) The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Retrieved May 02, 2014, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication, 2006 Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication Rochester, S R.,1973 The Significance of Pauses in Spontaneous Speech In Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, Vol 2, No Stephen P Robbins (1998), Organization Behavior: Concepts, Controversies, Applications ; 8th edition Prentice Hall Susan Dugale, ? Quick and Easy Tips for Using Pauses Retrieved from http://www.write-out-loud.com/quick-and-easy-effective-tips-for-usingpauses.html 48 Terrance, W D (1997) The Symbolic Species: The Co- Evolution of Language and the Brain Library of Congress Cataloging-in- publishcation data:25 Van Donzel, M.E., and Koopmans-van Beinum, F.J, 1999 Pausing strategies in discourse in Dutch Retrieved from http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/IFApublications/ICSLP96/Monique_van_Donzel/a505.html Zellner B (1994) ―Pauses and the temporal structure of speech,‖ in Fundamentals of Speech Synthesis and Speech Recognition, edited by Keller E (Wiley, Chichester: ), pp 41–62 B Vietnamese references Nguyễn Quang (2001), Một số vấn đề giao tiếp giao văn hóa, NXB Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội Nguyễn Quang (2008), Giao tiếp phi ngôn từ qua văn hóa NXB Khoa học- xã hội C Some websites http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobson's_functions_of_language http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language http://www.globaldialoguefoundation.org/cultures.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture#cite_note-1 http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/advice/our-planningrole/charter/the-role-of-english-heritage/ http://petrotimes.vn/news/vn/anh-clips/anh-video-toan-canh-le-nhamchuc-tong-thong-my.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CWciOekOO4 http://clip.vn/watch/Phat-bieu-nham-chuc-cua-Thu-tuong,h1Pm/ 49 http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/01/21/inauguraladdress-president-barack-obama http://thutuong.chinhphu.vn/Home/Thu-tuong-phat-bieu-nham-chuc-truocQuoc-hoi/20118/12627.vgp http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/projects/transcription/A02asymbols.pdf http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/pause-speech/ 50 APPENDIX The transcripts of the two inaugural speeches Barack Obama’s 2013 inaugural speech Each time we gather to inaugurate a President we bear witness to the enduring strength of our Constitution We affirm the promise of our democracy We recall that what binds this nation together is not the colors of our skin or the tenets of our faith or the origins of our names What makes us exceptional what makes us American is our allegiance to an idea articulated in a declaration made more than two centuries ago: ―We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.‖ Today we continue a never-ending journey to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time For history tells us that while these truths may be self-evident, they‘ve never been self-executing; that while freedom is a gift from God, it must be secured by His people here on Earth (Applause.) The patriots of 1776 did not fight to replace the tyranny of a king with the privileges of a few or the rule of a mob They gave to us a republic, a government of, and by, and for the people, entrusting each generation to keep safe our founding creed And for more than two hundred years, we have Through blood drawn by lash and blood drawn by sword, we learned that no union founded on the principles of liberty and equality could survive halfslave and half-free We made ourselves anew, and vowed to move forward together Together, we determined that a modern economy requires railroads and highways to speed travel and commerce, schools and colleges to train our workers 51 Together, we discovered that a free market only thrives when there are rules to ensure competition and fair play Together, we resolved that a great nation must care for the vulnerable, and protect its people from life‘s worst hazards and misfortune Through it all, we have never relinquished our skepticism of central authority, nor have we succumbed to the fiction that all society‘s ills can be cured through government alone Our celebration of initiative and enterprise, our insistence on hard work and personal responsibility, these are constants in our character But we have always understood that when times change, so must we; that fidelity to our founding principles requires new responses to new challenges; that preserving our individual freedoms ultimately requires collective action For the American people can no more meet the demands of today‘s world by acting alone than American soldiers could have met the forces of fascism or communism with muskets and militias No single person can train all the math and science teachers we‘ll need to equip our children for the future, or build the roads and networks and research labs that will bring new jobs and businesses to our shores Now, more than ever, we must these things together, as one nation and one people (Applause.) This generation of Americans has been tested by crises that steeled our resolve and proved our resilience A decade of war is now ending (Applause.) An economic recovery has begun (Applause.) America‘s possibilities are limitless, for we possess all the qualities that this world without boundaries demands: youth and drive; diversity and openness; an endless capacity for risk and a gift for reinvention My fellow Americans, we are made for this moment, and we will seize it so long as we seize it together (Applause.) For we, the people, understand that our country cannot succeed when a shrinking few very well and a growing many barely make it (Applause.) We believe that America‘s prosperity must rest upon the broad shoulders of a rising 52 middle class We know that America thrives when every person can find independence and pride in their work; when the wages of honest labor liberate families from the brink of hardship We are true to our creed when a little girl born into the bleakest poverty knows that she has the same chance to succeed as anybody else, because she is an American; she is free, and she is equal, not just in the eyes of God but also in our own (Applause.) We understand that outworn programs are inadequate to the needs of our time So we must harness new ideas and technology to remake our government, revamp our tax code, reform our schools, and empower our citizens with the skills they need to work harder, learn more, reach higher But while the means will change, our purpose endures: a nation that rewards the effort and determination of every single American That is what this moment requires That is what will give real meaning to our creed We, the people, still believe that every citizen deserves a basic measure of security and dignity We must make the hard choices to reduce the cost of health care and the size of our deficit But we reject the belief that America must choose between caring for the generation that built this country and investing in the generation that will build its future (Applause.) For we remember the lessons of our past, when twilight years were spent in poverty and parents of a child with a disability had nowhere to turn We not believe that in this country freedom is reserved for the lucky, or happiness for the few We recognize that no matter how responsibly we live our lives, any one of us at any time may face a job loss, or a sudden illness, or a home swept away in a terrible storm The commitments we make to each other through Medicare and Medicaid and Social Security, these things not sap our initiative, they strengthen us (Applause.) They not make us a nation of takers; they free us to take the risks that make this country great (Applause.) We, the people, still believe that our obligations as Americans are not just to ourselves, but to all posterity We will respond to the threat of climate change, knowing that the failure to so would betray our children and future 53 generations (Applause.) Some may still deny the overwhelming judgment of science, but none can avoid the devastating impact of raging fires and crippling drought and more powerful storms The path towards sustainable energy sources will be long and sometimes difficult But America cannot resist this transition, we must lead it We cannot cede to other nations the technology that will power new jobs and new industries, we must claim its promise That‘s how we will maintain our economic vitality and our national treasure - our forests and waterways, our crop lands and snowcapped peaks That is how we will preserve our planet, commanded to our care by God That‘s what will lend meaning to the creed our fathers once declared We, the people, still believe that enduring security and lasting peace not require perpetual war (Applause.) Our brave men and women in uniform, tempered by the flames of battle, are unmatched in skill and courage (Applause.) Our citizens, seared by the memory of those we have lost, know too well the price that is paid for liberty The knowledge of their sacrifice will keep us forever vigilant against those who would us harm But we are also heirs to those who won the peace and not just the war; who turned sworn enemies into the surest of friends and we must carry those lessons into this time as well We will defend our people and uphold our values through strength of arms and rule of law We will show the courage to try and resolve our differences with other nations peacefully –- not because we are naïve about the dangers we face, but because engagement can more durably lift suspicion and fear (Applause.) America will remain the anchor of strong alliances in every corner of the globe And we will renew those institutions that extend our capacity to manage crisis abroad, for no one has a greater stake in a peaceful world than its most powerful nation We will support democracy from Asia to Africa, from the Americas to the Middle East, because our interests and our conscience compel us to act on behalf of those who long for freedom And we must be a source of 54 hope to the poor, the sick, the marginalized, the victims of prejudice –- not out of mere charity, but because peace in our time requires the constant advance of those principles that our common creed describes: tolerance and opportunity, human dignity and justice We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths –- that all of us are created equal –- is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls, and Selma, and Stonewall; just as it guided all those men and women, sung and unsung, who left footprints along this great Mall, to hear a preacher say that we cannot walk alone; to hear a King proclaim that our individual freedom is inextricably bound to the freedom of every soul on Earth (Applause.) It is now our generation‘s task to carry on what those pioneers began For our journey is not complete until our wives, our mothers and daughters can earn a living equal to their efforts (Applause.) Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law –- (applause) - for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well (Applause.) Our journey is not complete until no citizen is forced to wait for hours to exercise the right to vote (Applause.) Our journey is not complete until we find a better way to welcome the striving, hopeful immigrants who still see America as a land of opportunity (applause) until bright young students and engineers are enlisted in our workforce rather than expelled from our country (Applause.) Our journey is not complete until all our children, from the streets of Detroit to the hills of Appalachia, to the quiet lanes of Newtown, know that they are cared for and cherished and always safe from harm That is our generation‘s task to make these words, these rights, these values of life and liberty and the pursuit of happiness real for every American Being true to our founding documents does not require us to agree on every contour of life It does not mean we all define liberty in exactly the same way or follow the same precise path to happiness Progress does not compel us 55 to settle centuries-long debates about the role of government for all time, but it does require us to act in our time (Applause.) For now decisions are upon us and we cannot afford delay We cannot mistake absolutism for principle, or substitute spectacle for politics, or treat name-calling as reasoned debate (Applause.) We must act, knowing that our work will be imperfect We must act, knowing that today‘s victories will be only partial and that it will be up to those who stand here in four years and 40 years and 400 years hence to advance the timeless spirit once conferred to us in a spare Philadelphia hall My fellow Americans, the oath I have sworn before you today, like the one recited by others who serve in this Capitol, was an oath to God and country, not party or faction And we must faithfully execute that pledge during the duration of our service But the words I spoke today are not so different from the oath that is taken each time a soldier signs up for duty or an immigrant realizes her dream My oath is not so different from the pledge we all make to the flag that waves above and that fills our hearts with pride They are the words of citizens and they represent our greatest hope You and I, as citizens, have the power to set this country‘s course You and I, as citizens, have the obligation to shape the debates of our time not only with the votes we cast, but with the voices we lift in defense of our most ancient values and enduring ideals (Applause.) Let us, each of us, now embrace with solemn duty and awesome joy what is our lasting birthright With common effort and common purpose, with passion and dedication, let us answer the call of history and carry into an uncertain future that precious light of freedom Thank you God bless you, and may He forever bless these United States of America (Applause.) Nguyễn Tấn Dũng’s 2011 inaugural speech Thưa đồng chí lãnh đạo Đảng, Nhà nước, Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam 56 Thưa vị đại biểu Quốc hội Thưa đồng chí lão thành cách mạng vị khách Thưa đồng chí, đồng bào Trước hết, xin cám n Quốc hội b u tiếp t c đảm nhận trọng trách Thủ tướng Chính phủ nước Cộng hịa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam Tơi xin thay mặt thành viên Chính phủ trân trọng cám n Quốc hội phê chuẩn đề nghị Thủ tướng Chính phủ việc bổ nhiệm chức v Chính phủ nhiệm kỳ khóa XIII (2011-2016) Chúng nhận thức sâu sắc rằng, vinh dự lớn đồng thời trách nhiệm nặng nề mà Đảng, Nhà nước nhân dân tin cậy giao phó Chính phủ-Thủ tướng Chính phủ nguyện trung thành với Tổ quốc, với dân tộc, với Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam, với Hiến pháp nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam; nỗ lực phấn đấu thực tốt chức năng, nhiệm v c quan chấp hành Quốc hội, c quan hành nhà nước cao nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam; tất m c tiêu xây dựng nước Việt Nam xã hội chủ nghĩa dân giàu, nước mạnh, dân chủ, công bằng, văn minh Chúng tơi ln xem trách nhiệm trị cao nghĩa v thiêng liêng Chính phủ-Thủ tướng Chính phủ nhận rõ nhiệm v trọng tâm, xuyên suốt nhiệm kỳ phải tranh thủ tối đa thời c thuận lợi, sức vượt qua khó khăn thách thức, phát huy thành tựu đạt được, nghiêm túc khắc ph c hạn chế, yếu k m; nỗ lực cao để toàn Đảng, toàn dân, toàn quân phát huy sức mạnh toàn dân tộc, đẩy mạnh tồn diện cơng đổi mới, thực thắng lợi m c tiêu, nhiệm v phát triển kinh tế-xã hội kế hoạch năm 20112015, đặc biệt khâu đột phá Chiến lược đổi mơ hình tăng trưởng, c cấu lại kinh tế mà Đại hội XI Đảng đề Trước mắt phải tập trung sức thực liệt có hiệu nhiệm v kiềm chế lạm phát, ổn định kinh tế vĩ mô, tháo gỡ khó khăn cho sản xuất kinh 57 doanh, bảo đảm an sinh phúc lợi xã hội, chăm lo giảm bớt khó khăn cho người nghèo, người có thu nhập thấp cải thiện đời sống nhân dân Đồng thời triển khai thực kiên định đồng giải pháp để bảo vệ vững độc lập, chủ quyền, thống toàn vẹn lãnh thổ Tổ quốc; bảo vệ Đảng, Nhà nước, nhân dân chế độ xã hội chủ nghĩa; bảo đảm an ninh quốc gia trật tự an toàn xã hội; chủ động ngăn chặn, làm thất bại âm mưu hành động chống phá lực thù địch Thực quán đường lối đối ngoại độc lập, tự chủ, hịa bình, hợp tác phát triển; đa phư ng hóa, đa dạng hóa quan hệ, chủ động tích cực hội nhập quốc tế; nâng cao vị đất nước; lợi ích quốc gia, dân tộc; hợp tác bình đẳng có lợi với tất nước; bạn, đối tác tin cậy thành viên có trách nhiệm cộng đồng quốc tế phồn vinh cho quốc gia, hịa bình, độc lập dân tộc, dân chủ tiến xã hội giới Để hoàn thành trọng trách mà Đảng, Nhà nước nhân dân tin cậy giao phó, Chính phủ-Thủ tướng Chính phủ xin nghiêm túc chấp hành lãnh đạo Bộ Chính trị, Ban Chấp hành Trung ng Đảng Tập trung sức xây dựng hệ thống hành nhà nước, trước hết Chính phủ sạch, vững mạnh, bảo đảm quản lý thống nhất, thông suốt, hiệu lực hiệu quả; góp ph n thiết thực xây dựng Nhà nước pháp quyền xã hội chủ nghĩa nhân dân, nhân dân nhân dân Kiên quyết, kiên trì thực đồng giải pháp, pháp luật có hiệu đấu tranh phịng chống tham nhũng, lãng phí ngăn ngừa, khắc ph c quan liêu Chính phủ-Thủ tướng Chính phủ xin chân thành cảm n mong tiếp t c nhận giám sát, hợp tác, ủng hộ giúp đỡ quý báu Chủ tịch nước, Quốc hội, c quan tư pháp, Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam, đoàn thể nhân dân, tổ chức xã hội, c quan thơng tin báo chí, cộng đồng doanh nghiệp đồng chí đồng bào nước, đồng bào ta nước ngồi Chúng tơi ln xem nhân tố có ý nghĩa định để Chính phủ hồn thành trọng trách 58 Chính phủ-Thủ tướng Chính phủ đánh giá cao đóng góp quan trọng có hiệu Chính phủ khố XII Trong thực thi chức nhiệm v mình, chúng tơi kế thừa kinh nghiệm quý báu truyền thống tốt đẹp Chính phủ tiền nhiệm Nghiêm túc thực nguyên tắc tập trung dân chủ, giữ vững kỷ luật, kỷ cư ng, chung sức xây dựng Chính phủ đồn kết trí, phát huy tốt vai trị tập thể Chính phủ, đề cao trách nhiệm Thủ tướng Chính phủ thành viên Chính phủ; hành động kiên sáng tạo, hợp tác hỗ trợ lẫn nhau, phấn đấu hoàn thành nhiệm v Mỗi thành viên Chính phủ ln tâm niệm có thành ngày hơm tất nhờ có dân có Đảng Chúng nguyện sống làm việc theo Hiến pháp pháp luật, thường xuyên học tập làm theo gư ng đạo đức Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh, thực c n kiệm, liêm chính, chí cơng vô tư, thực công bộc dân, việc có lợi cho dân phải làm, việc có hại cho dân phải tránh, hết lòng ph c v nhân dân, ph c v đất nước Thưa Quốc hội Nhận nhiệm v nhiệm kỳ Chính phủ mới, thay mặt thành viên Chính phủ, tơi xin phát biểu suy nghĩ tâm huyết lời hứa mà Chính phủ, Thủ tướng Chính phủ tâm thực để xứng đáng với niềm tin tín nhiệm Đảng, Nhà nước nhân dân Xin có lời chúc tốt đẹp đến vị đại biểu Quốc hội, vị khách quý, đồng bào chiến sĩ nước Chúc kỳ họp đ u tiên Quốc hội khóa XIII thành cơng tốt đẹp Xin trân trọng cám n 59 ... NGHIỆP MỘT ĐIỂN CỨU VỀ SỰ NGỪNG NGHỈ DIỄN NGÔN TRONG HAI BÀI DIỄN VĂN NHẬM CHỨC NĂM 2013 CỦA TỔNG THỐNG BARACK OBAMA VÀ 2011 CỦA THỦ TƯỚNG NGUYỄN TẤN DŨNG (XÉT TỪ GÓC ĐỘ DỤNG HỌC GIAO VĂN HÓA)... the speech Barack Obama spoke was much longer than Nguyễn Tấn Dũng did While Obama? ??s is 1082 seconds (=20.02 minutes), Nguyễn Tấn Dũng ‗s is 487 seconds (=08.07 minutes) There is strong possibility... pauses by Barack Obama in comparison with Nguyễn Tấn Dũng From this main purposes, the author has had these research questions: - What is the way Barack Obama used discourse pause in his 2013 inaugural