Практическая г р а м м а т и к а ИНФИНИТИВ English G r a mma r Practi ce: T HE I N F I N I T I V E Учебное пособие для студентов специальности «Современные иностранные языки» учреждений, обеспечивающих получение высшего образования 2-е издание, исправленное и дополненное Минск Лексис 2013 УДК 811.111/367(075.8) ББК 81.2Англ-923 П69 Авторы: старший преподаватель кафедры ТиПАР МГЛУ М Е Бендецкая, старший преподаватель кафедры ТиПАР МГЛУ Т В Рахунок, старший преподаватель кафедры ТиПАР МГЛУ Н В Федосеева, преподаватель кафедры ТиПАР МГЛУ С А Лысенко, преподаватель кафедры ТиПАР МГЛУ Ю В Кривко Бендецкая, М Е П69 Практическая грамматика: Инфинитив = English Grammar Practice: The Infinitive : учебное пособие / М Е Бендецкая [и др.] — 2-е изд — Минск : Лексис, 2013 — 136 с ISBN 978-985-6932-30-7 Цель данного пособия - развитие и совершенствование грамматических знаний, навыков и умений студентов, предусмотренных типовой учебной программой для ВУЗов по специальности «Современные иностранные языки» в рам ках изучения темы «Инфинитив» Пособие состоит из взаимосвязанных «разделов описательного и практического характера Предназначено для студентов языковых ВУЗов й факультетов, изучающих английский язык на продвинутом уровне, а также может быть использовано широким кругом лиц, изучающих английский язык на курсах или самостоятельно УДК 811.111’367(075.8) ББК 81.2Англ-923 ISBN 978-985-69-30-7 © Оформление ООО "Лексис", 2013 The Morphological Categories of the infinitive THE INFINITIVE To be, or not to be: that is the question William Shakespeare The infinitive is a non-finite form of the verb which names a process in a most general way It is treated as the initial form of the verb and represents it in dictionaries The infinitive is also defined as the most basic form of the verb: be, do, know It gives a name to an event, describes a state or a fact irrespective of a person, number, a factual moment of speaking and mood The infinitive has the properties of the noun and the verb In other words, it has a double nature, verbal and nominal verbal characteristics nominal characteristics morphological categories • Infinitives have the category of time correlation • Infinitives have the category of aspect • Infinitives of transitive verbs have the category of voice syntactic features • Infinitives can be modified by adverbials • Infinitives can take prepositional objects • Infinitives of transitive verbs can take direct objects Infinitives can be used as subjects, predicatives, objects.1 THE MORPHOLOGICAL CATEGORIES OF THE INFINITIVE The six forms of the infinitive reveal its morphological categories ACTIVE NON-PERFECT COMMON (to) NON-PERFECT CONTINUOUS (to) be doing PERFECT COMMON (to) have done PERFECT CONTINUOUS (to) have been doing PASSIVE (to) be done (to) have been done - THE CATEGORY OF TIME CORRELATION Unlike finite forms of the verb infinitives have no tense category; they usually not refer the action to the present, past or future2 The examples below show that the infinitive does not have direct time reference The time of the action is indicated by the finite verb It is exciting It was exciting It will be exciting to study languages For details and examples see THE INFINITIVE AS A SUBJECT, THE INFINITIVE AS A PREDICATIVE and THE INFINITIVE AS AN OBJECT For cases when the infinitive refers an action to a particular time see THE INFINITIVE AS PART OF A COMPOUND VERBAL MODAL PREDICATE English Grammar Practice The time reference of the infinitive is relative: it can be understood only through its reference to the time of the finite verb Infinitives express the time of the action as prior to, simultaneous with or posterior to the action expressed by the finite verb The relative time reference is expressed through the category of time correlation which reveals itself in the opposition of non-perfect and perfect forms NON-PERFECT PERFECT (to) have done (to) have been doing (to) have been done (to) (to) be doing (to) be done NON-PERFECT INFINITIVES The actions of non-perfect infinitives may take place at the same time with the actions of the finite verb In other words, the actions of non perfect infinitives and those of finite verbs are simultaneous He was happy to see us to be doing it without any help to be shown the new picture follow the actions of the finite verbs Such infinitives denote posterior actions; they show succession He is studying to become a dentist one day I did everything to be invited to the coming event precede the actions of the finite verb In such contexts actions of the infinitive and the finite verb closely follow each other and there is no time lapse between the events The infinitive describing a prior action follows a verb denoting an emotional state: astonish, like, relieve, shock, surprise, wonder, etc I was surprised to learn that he was no longer in London He was shocked to be scolded for something he had never done PERFECT INFINITIVES The actions of perfect infinitives precede the actions of the finite verbs In other words, perfect infinitives denote actions that were carried out prior to those expressed by the finite verbs He claims He claimed He will claim to have written the essay to have been writing the essay for days to have been given the task earlier that month The Morphological Categories of the infinitive Perfect infinitives can be used to denote actions which were not carried out They follow the past tense-forms of the verbs expect, mean, intend, hope, etc The same idea can be expressed by non-perfect infinitives used after finite verbs in the past perfect tense I hoped to have written the essay by noon = I had hoped to write the essay by noon THE CATEGORY OF ASPECT The category of aspect is revealed in the opposition of the common and continuous aspect forms that express the manner in which the action is performed A common infinitive normally does not describe the character of the action A continuous infinitive expresses a longer action in progress IMPORTANT! The passive voice has no aspect opposition COMMON Active (to) (to) have done Passive (to) be done (to) have been done CONTINUOUS (to) be doing (to) have been doing - - Non-perfect continuous infinitives denote actions in progress which are simultaneous with those of the finite verbs It is fun It was fun It will be fun to be staving with you at the campsite Perfect continuous infinitives are used to express actions that precede those of the finite verbs Their continuous forms stress that the actions have lasted for some time They pretend They pretended They will pretend to have been waiting for hours ! Non-perfect common infinitives are often called indefinite English Grammar Practice THE CATEGORY OF VOICE The opposition of the active and passive forms reveals the category of voice | Only transitive verbs have passive voice forms They are found in the common aspect exclusively ACTIVE Common Continuous (to) (to) have done (to) be doing (to) have been doing PASSIVE (to) be done (to) have been done Active infinitives denote that the action is performed by the subject; passive infinitives show that the subject is acted upon Compare: I still not know which is better, to love or to be loved? He could not have managed the job; it could not have been done yet Active |nd passive infinitives can have a similar passive meaning In such cases the infinitive is active in form but passive in meaning.3 Speakers use active forms when they think about the person or the object that performs the action rather than the action itself There are two essays to write/to be written I am not to blame / to be blamed She is easy to deal with /to be dealt with ! If the subject of the sentence is the person who does the action, active infinitives are used to denote passive actions He had an essay to write (NOT lie-had an essay to be written) I have something to tell you ('NOT I have something to tell you:) For details see: THE INFINITIVE AS A PREDICATIVE and THE INFINITIVE AS AN ATTRIBUTE The Morphological Categories of the Infinitive PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT Complete the charts ACTIVE PASSIVE COMMON to catch CONTINUOUS to have been talking to be lit to have risen to have made to be leaving to have been tried to ski to strike to be tying NON-PERFECT PERFECT to hold to be selling to have been spending to be spoken of to have shrunk to burst Build the form of the infinitive according to the description The Indefinite Infinitive Passive — drive, wear, raise, lay The Perfect Continuous Infinitive — deal, lie, stay The Continuous Infinitive — study, buy, feel The Perfect Infinitive Passive — build, hang, hurt The Perfect Infinitive Active — arise, fall, shine, sit, win State the form of the infinitive and explain why it is used It is pure luck to have been born into this family Gold and love are hard to hide He bought an alarm clock not to oversleep Judging from the books and papers on the writing-table he must have been working since they left him in the morning He seemed to be weighing something in his mind People don't like to be told what to She seems to have grown taller It ought to have been done long ago; at least before their leaving London English Grammar Practice 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 I meant to have helped him, no offence was meant When in Paris, we went to a wonderful restaurant to enjoy an open-air meal I don't know what Mark's doing He may be studying in his room He pretended to have forgotten her name The Rolex company are the first to have developed the idea of a modern watch He claims to have worked here before They seem to have been fighting all their lives He's a slow worker! I could have done the job twice in the time he's taken An intelligence test sometimes shows a man how smart he would have been not to have taken it Underline the correct forms Ex 4 10 11 12 13 14 Helen can't have been trying /to have tried to call us all day The phone hasn't rung once I like fo give/to be given presents to friends, but even more I like to give/to be given gifts He was sorry not to notice/not to have noticed the fax on the secretary's table The third key remained fo have been tested/to be tested That woman is still sitting She seems to be waiting/to have been waiting over an hour I intended to have been reminded/ to have reminded you of it earlier Jack appears to overtake/ to have overtaken John on the last lap — Yes, let's go and congratulate him! How can she work/be working in the garden now? It is already dark This meeting, Edwina realized, must have planned/ have been planned several hours ago The man seemed to study/to be studying me and I felt uneasy in his presence Progress might be/have been all right once, but it has gone on too long Many buildings were reported fo have damaged/to have been damaged by the fire I'd rather walk/have walked a little before going to bed later tonight If happiness could buy / be bought, few of us could pay / be paid the price Fill in the correct forms of the infinitives Ex 5 Everybody is going (to give) a rise How fortunate he is (to travel) all over the world and (to see) so much of it He kept late hours last night, he may still (to sleep) She seems (to work) at her course paper since spring and says she has still a lot (to do) She must (to be) very beautiful years ago The manuscript appears (to write) in Greek This book is likely (to publish) and (to appear) on sale pretty soon He was seen (to disappear) in the distance The Morphological Categories of the Infinitive 10 11 12 13 14 15 The book was believed (to lose) until the librarian found it during the inventory It turned out (to misplace) It was (to be) a non-stop flight, but the plane had to make a forced landing I'd sooner (to stay) at home than see this play Office affairs are easy (to begin) and difficult (to finish) In the morning he was nowhere (to see) Half of the modern medicines could well (to throw) out of the window except that the birds might (to eat) them She seemed (to pay) no attention to what was going round her Translate into English 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Я рад, что дал вам эту книгу Я рад, что мне дали эту книгу Мы хотим проинформировать вас об этом Мы хотим, чтобы нас проинформировали об этом Мы рады, что встретили его на станции Мы рады, что нас встретили на станции Они очень довольны, что их пригласили на конференцию Они очень довольны, что пригласили вас на конференцию Я не думал прерывать ее Я не предполагал, что меня прервут Мне неловко, что я причинил вам столько беспокойства Он будет счастлив, что повидался с вами Он, казалось, подыскивал нужные слова Ему повезло, что он побывал в такой интересной поездке Он терпеть не может, когда над ним шутят Дети любят, когда им рассказывают сказки Вы, кажется, уже давно здесь сидите Посмотрите на него! Он, очевидно, решает какую-то важную задачу Вряд ли они запомнили мой адрес Не может быть, чтобы он сидел в читальном зале с самого утра Наверное, он уже ушел English Grammar Practice 118 17 They are supposed (to experiment) in this field for about a year and are believed (to achieve) good results a) to have been experimented, to achieve c) to experiment, to be achieving b) have been experimenting, to have d) to have been experimenting, to have achieved achieved 18 There were so many things (to do), so many experiments (to try) a) to do, to try c) to have done, to have tried b) do, try d) to be doing, to be trying 19 This man must (to sit) here for about an hour Who can he (to wait) for? a) be sitting, be waiting c) have been sitting, be waiting b) to sit, to be waited d) have sat, be waiting 20 Her mood seems (to change) for the worse We had better not (to speak) to her now a) to have changed, speak c) to change, to speak b) to have been changed, have spoken d) have been changing, speak 21 The first thing (to do) was (to get) somebody (to take) the luggage to the station a) to do, to get, take c) to have been doing, to get, to take b) to be done, to get, to take d) be done, to get, take 22 The box was (to handle) with care You should (to ask) someone (to help) you This might not (to happen) a) to be handled, ask, to help, c) to have handled, have asked, help, have happened happen b) to have been handled, have asked, d) to handle, ask, to help, happen to help, have happened Ex 138 10 11 12 Replace what is given in bold type by infinitive phrases The house which will be built here is designed for the workers of our plant 1am glad that 1was able to assist you He was so astonished that he could not speak 1left the window open that 1might hear the music How thoughtful it was of him that he had sent me the souvenirs She looked quickly at him as though she wanted to ask him for an explanation He came there and was told that he might as well not have come at all The lecture was interesting, and the students kept quiet lest they should miss a word My idea is that we should make a stop there for one or two days on our way back There was nothing in the article that might interest him She read her composition a third time for fear that she might overlook a mistake It made me feel sad when 1saw him in distress ■са:сп:->уе Complexes with the Infinitive _ 119 13 14 1went back to the stern and showed her how she should hold the oar My younger sister is the kind of person who makes a party go with a swing! Translate the fragments into English using infinitives 10 11 12 13 14 1am glad (что узнал правду) This question was too complicated (чтобы она могла решить) it by herself He is not such a person (от которого можно ожидать помощи) Children (кажется, уже забыли) about that sad event You (следовало бы предупредить) me beforehand Now 1am in an awkward situation Do you remember who (первый вошел в) the room? You heard (как он сказал) that He knew that his presence was obligatory but he couldn't (заставить себя войти) 1kept silent as 1(нечего было сказать) He (должно быть, читал) this novel not long ago He remembers a lot of details 1would rather (сделала) Christmas shopping last week, now 1don't have time We pretended (что не заметили) his mistake (чтобы не смущать) him Не turned to me (как будто хотел попросить меня) to repeat my question Helen reached the hospital (и нашла) her brother a little better than when she had last seen him Ex 140 A Translate into English and state the function of the infinitives 10 11 12 13 14 15 Я буду счастлива путешествовать Она собрала недостаточно денег, чтобы поехать в путешествие Эту страну было бы интересно посетить Я, пожалуй, поеду в эту страну Она отправилась путешествовать и вскоре поняла, что не может долго жить без родных мест Я хочу путешествовать Путешествовать по разным странам интересно У меня есть мечта путешествовать каждый год По правде говоря, она собирала деньги, чтобы поехать в путешествие Мы надеялись поехать в путешествие, но не смогли себе это позволить Моя мечта — путешествовать каждый год по разным странам Она бы предпочла путешествовать, чем жить на даче все лето Он начал путешествовать с 15 лет Она взяла с собой четыре чемодана, словно хотела остаться в Вене на все лето Он первым прочитал эти книги English Grammar Practice 120 [T B T T jT * Translate into English and state the function of the infinitive predicative constructions 10 11 12 13 14 Я хочу, чтобы ты зашел к нам сегодня вечером Я видел, как ты вернулся Видели, что он вернулся домой Сообщают, что он уже вернулся в страну Кажется, он не вернется сегодня Мы случайно встретили его на вокзале Он сделал все, для того чтобы она была счастлива Его единственное желание — чтобы она была счастлива Самое лучшее было бы вам не видеться некоторое время Я был рад, что ты пришел Он заставил меня пойти с ним Он не такой человек, на которого ты можешь положиться Практически не было ничего, что бы я мог сделать, чтобы помочь им Было невероятно, что мы смогли увидеться перед его отъездом *** ПгЯГСУЯ Translate the following sentences into Russian Comment on the use of the infinitives Б 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 A problem is a chance for you to your best To live long, it is necessary to live slowly I would rather not know how to write and have something to say than know how to write and have nothing to say To two things at once is to neither Old wood is the best to burn, old wine is the best to drink, old friends are the best to trust, and old authors are the best to read People may forget what you said, but they will never forget how you made them feel Blessed is the person who is too busy to worry in the daytime and too sleepy to worry at night It usually takes a long time to find a shorter way Many things have fallen only to rise higher As if to put the icing on the cake, the bank announced about bonuses to employees If you make it plain you like people, it's hard for them to resist liking you back In a world where there is so much to be done, I felt strongly impressed that there must be something for me to The spoken word has ceased to be a vehicle, only to become an obstacle In order for people to be happy, sometimes they have to take risks Any fool can tell the truth, but it requires a man of some sense to know how to lie well The sun, the moon and the stars would have disappeared long ago, had they happened to be within reach of predatory human hands ■■'cdtcarive Complexes with the Infinitive _ 121 Ex 142 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Ex 143 A Complete the sentences by using an infinitive in the appropriate form trouble with his car Why don't you give him a push? That man seems climbing like he used to Mr Roberts is much too old an aoDlication form Before the interview 1was required you shouldn't have called vou so late 1am sorry vou on vour remarkable success Let me be the first bv train to London than He savs he would rather his mother's old car It broke down on the highway as a child 1always used to the highest score bv the officials Harrv oueht He got offended that his freestyle programme had been underestimated a holiday But she had to work for another months She hoDed not under too much stress It is imoortant for This exercise isn't easy on a Mediterranean The Milsons planned cruise but it was not to be That is whv all the airports The hiiackers are said in the area are on the alert hiding in an emotv building The robbers are uoset to learn about their attitude The oarents felt her inspiration from that kind of music He found it a lot harder off the light and to bed Mr Burton had his son Paraphrase the following sentences using infinitives Passing by a shop he suddenly remembered that he should buy some CDs He waved his hands as if he wanted to express his intense distaste The man was not the one who could think rapidly He prefers enjoying the delights of the parks to covering obvious attractions in the crowd of people Later in the evening they went to the club and were joined by the young artist they had met at the studio I rose so that I could receive my guests If you saw the town, you would never believe that it was raised from ruins It made our mouths water when we heard him talk about such tasty things There are a great many things which should be taken into consideration 10 He didn't allude to a mystery in his past — he was careful that way 11 He must have been very tired if he came and fell asleep like that 122 English Grammar Practice Ex 143 В Paraphrase the following sentences using predicative constructions with the infinitive 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 People believe aromatherapy can relieve stress Lanny watched how Mabel went away 1want that you should tell me what you know of the East End He waited till she would speak but it seemed that her answer would never come The best thing Lanny could was clear: he should get out of there It seems that he is satisfied to be doing nothing The expedition was too much long; 1wasn't able to it He saw how it fell, he heard how it struck the pavement Everybody believes that the burglar entered the house through an open window It was not unusual that dinner parties would end in that way It was supposed that 1should be working towards my A-levels It turns out that Mr Major's political judgment is faulty The wind was so strong that we could not go outside It is certain that the Tories will win every future election They report that four people have been injured Experts think that the polar ice caps are melting Ш Paraphrase the underlined parts using infinitives or the predicative constructions with infinitives The first is done for you a) When people sav that tourism is a major threat to the environment, this is no exaggeration -> To sav that tourism is a major threat to the environment is no exaggeration Nobody nowadays can hope that they can visit a famous 'sight' without being part of a huge crowd It is a rare pleasure indeed if you find a deserted beach And when you see the enormous crowds of tourists who come to Venice because they want to see the most romantic place in the world, you wonder how that great city has not already sunk into the sea It would be foolish if anv of us imagined that we can stop people wanting to travel If we nothing about this, there will soon be nothing left that we can preserve But we urgently need measures that will protect both historic buildings and the countryside One possible solution is that governments should set up new bureaucracies with armies of officials who could direct visitors to 'suitable' sights Another possibility, that we should rely on the price mechanism, would probably be simpler, People will just have to pay more if they want to see the more popular tourist attractions, Already some English cathedrals charge tourists admission — so that they can repair some of the damage caused by trampling feet and wet breath Serious tourists would not be the only ones who would benefit from smaller crowds, The local people who live in or near these places would be happier if their towns were not overrun If we not act soon, we shall wake up one day and find it is too late b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) I) m) n) aiexes with the infinitive 123 Find and correct the mistakes if there are any 10 11 12 13 14 It was raining hard, we had no umbrellas, and, to things worse, we missed the last bus and had to walk home Man spent years solving the jigsaw puzzle — only to have found one piece missing! A man does not have to be an angel so that to be a saint Even sheep should have such brains not to follow the wolf Gifts allow us demonstrate exactly how little we know about a person The important thing is to know when to smile He hoped to win the trophy back but his rival was much stronger Mr Hutton found very difficult to distinguish what she was saying "Get someone put all these things back in their places", Lord Badgery commanded Why not to invite him to some reviewing? She leaned forward, aimed, so to speak, like a gun, and fired her words The secretary was to remind them of our departure time but she didn't He saw his son to leap over the net and shake hands with the American champion whom he had just defeated A badly-paid job is always easy to give it up Translate the fragments into English, using infinitives 10 11 12 13 14 I (не мог не рассказать) him everything about the past two months An onion can (заставить людей плакать), but there isn't s a vegetable (чтобы заставить их смеяться) Не (казалось, что пробежал) all the way Не was completely out of breath They (кажется, еще не уехали) Look, there's light on in the house His telephone number (легко запомнить) I (случайно повернул) the wrong turn and, (нет нужды говорить), I got lost There was (нечего делать, как только ждать) for the next express, which was due at four Tom who lived farthest of all (ушел первым) Every time you open your mouth you (позволяешь людям взглянуть) into your mind He (думал в его власти нанимать) the employees he wanted (Слышали, как она сказала) that none of them can be trusted He (не мог себе позволить купить) this rare book The railway (которая будет открыта) this year will connect distant regions with many industrious centres (Послушать, как он рассуждает), you can think that he has lived a long life 124 English Grammar Practice У И Translate into English 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Известно, что Британия полна волнующих мест, которые стоит посетить, и великолепных замков, где историю можно проследить вплоть до норманнских времен Я хочу, чтобы мы побродили по сонным деревушкам и насладились сельским ландшафтом Дувр с его белыми утесами, несомненно, прослужит воротами в Англию еще 2000 лет Городская жизнь меня слишком мало привлекает, чтобы я захотел жить в столице Кажется, что маленькие, изящные деревушки и оживленные города соревнуются за внимание туристов Сообщается, что союзные войска захватили более 300 солдат противника Я была сильно впечатлена, когда увидела Озерный край, с его ошеломляющим сочетанием гор и озер Посещение Стоунхенджа было одним из самых ярких моментов поездки Быть в Глазго — это значит быть в культурной столице Шотландии с его полными веселья фестивалями, пользующимися мировой известностью Валлийцы взяли себе за правило создавать хор в каждой деревушке Я был пленен, увидев этот захватывающий дух вид Он был единственным, кто посетил Эмпайр Стейт Билдинг — известную достопримечательность (исторический памятник) на нью-йоркском небосклоне Мы остановились, чтобы полюбоваться видом У меня мечта посетить Кардиф, столицу Уэльса, и насладиться богатой палитрой культуры и истории Говорят, этот город был построен как римское поселение и с ранних времен служил торговым центром для близлежащих районов Мы намеревались посетить военный парад в Эдинбурге, но мы приехали слишком поздно, чтобы купить билеты В Лондоне так многое нужно увидеть, что необходимо тщательно спланировать свой день 125 Predicative Complexes with the infinitive Choose the right variants What forms of the infinitive show that the action is postferior to that of the predicate? a) the indefinite infinitive b) the perfect infinitive c);the continuous infinitive What forms of the infinitive show that the action refers to no particular time? a) non-perfect forms b) perfect forms The category of aspect is revealed in the opposition of a) common and continuous forms b) non-perfect and perfect forms c) active and passive forms What forms of the infinitive show that the subject is acted upon? a) active forms b) passive forms In which of the following examples is the active infinitive used in its passive meaning? a) He is difficult to persuade, b) He is brave to say this In what function the infinitive is always active in form but passive in its meaning? a) object b) part of a predicative c) predicative The infinitive without TO is called a) the split infinitive b) the bare infinitive Which sentence pattern with the infinitive in the function of a subject is characteristic of everyday language? a) the infinitive subject is introduced by a formal subject IT b) the infinitive subject is placed first The predicate of an infinitive subject takes the form of a) the third person singular b) the third person plural 126 English Grammar Practice 10 A predicative is part of a a) compound verbal modal predicate b) compound verbal aspect predicate c) compound nominal predicate 11 The infinitive in the function of part of a predicative follows: a) adjectives and nouns b) link verbs c) modal verbs 12 In compound verbal modal predicates the structural part can be expressed by a) link verbs b) aspect verbs c) modal verbs and modal expressions 13 In compound verbal aspect predicates the structural part can be expressed by a) link verbs b) aspect verbs c) modal verbs and modal expressions 14 In compound nominal predicates the structural part can be expressed by a) link verbs b) aspect verbs c) modal verbs and modal expressions 15 Perfect infinitives in the function of an object express unfulfilled action^ after a) attempt, expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, try b) claim, fail, hate, like, omit, swear 16 In which of the following sentences is the infinitive used in the function of an object? a) It is difficult to believe her b) He thought it difficult to believe her c) He is difficult to persuade d) He is brave to say this 17 The infinitive can NOT be used in the function of an attribute after a) class or abstract nouns b) pronouns c) adverbs d) verbs e) ordinal numerals f) expressions of quantity 18 In which of the following sentences is the infinitive used in the function of an object? a) I advised him to read more b) Here is a book to read on your way back с) I like to read books d) He reads books to become clever 19 What forms of the infinitive are mainly used in the function of adverbials? a) indefinite forms b) continuous forms c) perfect forms d) perfect continuous forms 20 In which of the following sentence is the infinitive used in the function of an adverbial of purpose? a) He is so clever as to follow their advice b) He did everything so as to follow their advice 21 The objective infinitive construction is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to the nominal element expressed by a) a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case b) a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case 22 The subjective infinitive construction is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to the nominal element expressed by a) a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case b) a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case 23 The for-to-infinitive construction is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to the nominal element expressed by a) a noun in thetommon case or a pronoun in the objective case introduced by the preposition FOR b) a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case introduced by the preposition FOR 24 In which of the following sentences is the infinitive used in the for-to-infinitive construction? a) To speak about this was impossible for her b) It was impossible for her to speak about this c) The impossible thing for her was to speak about this English Grammar Practice 128 THE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE, SHORT AND EASY FUNCTION SUBJECT SENTENCE PATTERN Pattern FORM PECULIARITIES In pattern the infinitive subject is placed first To love and be loved is to feel the any form In pattern the infinitive subject is in troduced by a formal subject IT of the infinitive Affirmative and negative sentences sun from both sides Pattern It is Dossible to store the m ind with a million facts and still be entirely PREDICATIVE uneducated Was it fu n to skate? Her dream is to love and to be loved The problem was w hat to tell Alice and w here to ao PART OF A PREDICATIVE follow either pattern or pattern Interrogative sentences follow pattern non-perfect Infinitives follow link verbs - mainly the verb BE - within compound nomi common active/passive nal predicates I l l M v aoal is easv to achieve non-perfect Infinitives follow (1) adjectives or (2) 121 Mv arannv is fun to talk to common nouns Infinitives are active in form active (1) He said he might it PART OF (21 He mav have done it A COMPOUND VERBAL MODAL It should have been done PREDICATE Ted beaan to it reaularlv PART OF 1continued to dream about it A COMPOUND We discussed the news and w ent VERBAL on to oiav aolf ASPECT used to Diav cricket as a boy PREDICATE OBJECT any form of the infinitive non-perfect common active IT a He m ade • lunch He did not know what to sav and rule to ioin us at any form of the infinitive • • fi There was a lo t to sav / be said Infinitives can be introduce by IT After som e verbs infinitives are used in conjunctive phrases Infinitives modify: class and abstract nouns noun-substitute one This paper is the one to have He had now here to ao Who is the next to be fired? adjectives/participles II after link verbs be, seem , feel, etc + a noun / adjective 1 had a desire to be sittina alone been edited We all need som eone to love (=begin), u sed to, cease, continue, go on (=start doing smt after verbs that take objects how to act ATTRIBUTE be shown by (1) the modal verb or (2) the form of the infinitive Infinitives are used after aspect verbs: begin, start, com m ence, come Infinitives are used after verbs/phrases that take object the Zoo We Dersuaded him to leave • Infinitives follow modal verbs or expressions The time reference can com pleting smt else) He hoDed to have been taken to w as haoDV to have visited vou but passive in meaning any form of the infinitive pronouns adverbs now here, som ew here ordinal num erals and the words the last, the next expressions o f quantity: a great d e a l of, enough, few , little, plenty, no m ore, m any, m uch Predicative Complexes with the Infinitive ADVERBIAL OF purpose We SDorts to relax She arrived In o r d e r / s o as to be with us I'm leavina in o rd er / s o as not to m iss the train result / consequence (1) / was too tired to dance work too slow lv to h e b vou (2) I'm strona enough to it He runs fast enough to win He reads enough books to learn it He's m an enough to h e b her (3) He is so weak as to be unable to speak (4) 1am not such a fo o l as to believe him comparison He looked at us a s i f / as though to say something They were m ore willing to discuss things than (to) act subsequent events 129 Infinitives may be introduced by SO or IN ORD ER The conjunctions are common with • stative verbs [be, have, know ) • negative infinitives Infinitives follow (1) adjectives and adverbs modified by TOO (2) adjectives, adverbs or nouns modified by ENO U GH (3) adjectives modified by SO Infinitives are introduced by AS (4) nouns modified by SUCH, Infinitives are introduced by AS AS mainly non-perfect Infinitives are introduced by AS IF, A S common THOUGH, THAN active/passive The marker TO is optional after THAN He returned hom e (o n ly / m e re ly Infinitives may be introduced by / sim o lv / never) to learn that she ONLY, M ERELY, SIM PLY, NEVER had aot married time 1shudder to think about it M v arandDa lived to be a hundred condition To look at Jess, vou w ill / w ould never think that she is still in her teens w ill/ w o u ld believe him a brave person to touch a snake exception W hat could b u t / e x c e p t turn back? We did nothinq b u t relax PARENTHESIS To sum up we failed To beqin with never knew about it Infinitives mark out the time at which or up to which the action of the predicate is performed Infinitives of verbs of sense perception (see, look, watch, hear, listen, fe e l, touch, etc.) precede or follow the predicates in the future tense or conditional mood form Bare infinitives after B U T or EXCEPT are found in negative / interrogative sentences non-perfect The infinitives are used in set phrase common and form syntactically independent elements active 130 English Grammar Practice REFERENCES Аракин В.Д Практический курс английского языка - Москва: Владос, 2003 Блох М.Ю., Лебедева А.Я., Денисова B.C Практикум по английскому языку: Грамматика Сборник упражнений - Москва: Астрель ACT, 2003 Гордон Е.М., Крылова И.П Грамматика современного английского языка - Книжный Дом "Университет", 2009 Гузеева К.А., Костыгина С.И Инфинитив Грамматика английского языка Серия: Изучаем иностранные языки - Спб: "Издательство Союз", 2000 Дроздова Т.Ю., Берестова А.И., Маилова В.Г English Grammar Reference and practice Санкт-Петербург, 2006 Каушанская В.Л., Ковнер Р.Л., Кожевникова О.Н., Прокофьева Е.В., Райнес З.М., Сквирская С.Е., Цырлина Ф.Я Грамматика английского языка - СПб: Айрис-пресс, 2008 Кобрина Н.А., Корнеева Е.А., Оссовская М.И., Гузеева К А Грамматика английского языка Морфология - М.: Просвещение, 1985 Крутиков Ю.А., Кузьмина И.С., Рабинович Х.В Упражнения по грамматике современного английского языка - Москва: «Высшая школа», 1971 Лещева Л.М., Бахтадзе Е.А., Симанович О.С Практическая грамматика английского языка Мн.: Акад упр при през Респ Беларусь, 2008 10 Петрашкевич Н.П., Шелег Л.А., Дмитриева И.В Функциональная грамматика английского языка - Мн ООО "Лексис", 2009 11 Саакян А.С Exercises in Modern English Grammar - СПб: Айрис-пресс, 2006 12 Alexander L Longman English Grammar Pearson Education, Ltd, 2005 13 Azar B Fundamentals of English Grammar - Pearson Education, 2003 14 Collins Cobuild English Grammar, Harper Collins Publisher, 2005 15 Dooley J., Evans V Grammarway - Express Publishing, 1999 16 Eastwood J Oxford Practice Grammar Intermediate - Oxford University Press, 2008 17 Evans V Round-Up English Grammar Practice - Longman, 2001 18 Evans V FCE Use of English - Express Publishing, 2001 19 Foley М., Hall D Advanced Learners' Grammar - Longman, 2003 20 George Y Oxford Practice Grammar - Oxford University Press, 2008 21 Gordon I Practical Punctuation Heinemann Educational, 1978 22 Haines S., Nettle M - Advanced Grammar in Use - Cambridge University Press, 2007 23 Hewings M Advanced Grammar in Use - Cambridge University Press, 1999 24 Hult Ch., Huckin Th The New Century Handbook - Utah, 1999 25 Leech G., Svartik J A Communicative Grammar of English - Moscow, Prosvescheniye, 1983 26 Side R and Wellman G Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge Advanced and Proficiency Longman, 2000 131 Predicative Complexes with the Infinitive 27 Swan M Practical English Usage - Oxford University Press, 1997 28 Swan М., Walker C How English Works A Grammar Practice Book - Oxford University Press, 1997 29 Thomson A.J., Martinet A.V A Practical English Grammar - Oxford University Press, 1988 30 Vince M Macmillan English Grammar in Context Advanced - 2008 31 Vince М., Sunderland P Advanced Language Practice English Grammar and Vocabulary - Mac millan, 2003 32 Walker E., Elsworth S Grammar Practice for Upper Intermidiate Students - Pearson Education Limited, 2000 33 Yule G Oxford Practice Grammar Advanced - Oxford University Press, 2006 DICTIONARIES Cambridge International Dictionary of English - Cambridge University Press, 1995 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 3rd edition Longman Dictionaries, 1995 Longman Essential Activator Longman, 1999 Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 7th edition Oxford University Press, 2007 Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English Oxford University Press, 2002 135 Contents CONTENTS THE MORPHOLOGICAL CATEGORIES OF THE INFINITIVE THE BARE INFINITIVE AND THE TO-INFINITIVE 10 THE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE 17 THE INFINITIVE AS A SUBJECT THE INFINITIVE AS PART OF A PREDICATE THE INFINITIVE AS A PREDICATIVE THE INFINITIVE AS PART OF A PREDICATIVE THE INFINITIVE AS PART OF A COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE THE INFINITIVE AS PART OF A COMPOUND VERBAL MODAL PREDICATE THE INFINITIVE AS PART OF A COMPOUND VERBAL ASPECT PREDICATE THE INFINITIVE AS AN OBJECT THE INFINITIVE AS AN ATTRIBUTE THE INFINITIVE AS AN ADVERBIAL THE INFINITIVE AS A PARENTHESIS MISCELLANEOUS PRACTICE 18 25 25 27 34 34 41 46 60 69 81 83 PREDICATIVE COMPLEXES WITH THE INFINITIVE 85 THE FOR-TO-INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION THE OBJECTIVE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION THE SUBJECTIVE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION MISCELLANEOUS PRACTICE , THE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE, SHORT AND EASY REFERENCES 85 96 108 116 128 130 ... consent demand deserve determine endeavour expect fail fear guarantee hate hesitate hope like long love manage mean need neglect offer omit plan prepare pretend proceed promise refuse resolve swear... borrow my bicycle IMPORTANT! The infinitive to be after feel is used with the marker TO I felt it to be the truth after the verb let Let me go,! after the verb make in the active voice in the meaning... take two objects Some of them are: advise bribe command compel direct enable encourage entitle forbid impel implore induce instruct invite leave oblige permit persuade recommend remind require