Н В Подгорная Практическая грамматика: МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ English Grammar Practice: MODAL VERBS Учебное пособие для студентов специальности «Современные иностранные языки» учреждений, обеспечивающих получение высшего образования 4-е издание, стереотипное Минск Лексис 2015 УДК 811.111'367(075.8) ББК 81.2Англ-923 П44 П одгорная, Н В П44 Практическая грамматика: Модальные глаголы = English Grammar Practice: Modal Verbs : Уч пособие / H В Подгорная — 4-е изд — М инск: Лексис, 2015 — 168 с ISBN 978-985-6932-55-0 Данное пособие состоит из 10 разделов Каждый раздел включает вводную часть - объяснение формы, значения и употребления одного из модальных глаголов, и практическую часть, представляющую собой систему первичных и вторичных упражнений Предлагаемая система упражнений направлена на развитие и закрепление грамматических знаний, умений и навыков Пособие предназначено для студентов второго курса лингвистических университетов и факультетов иностранных языков УДК 811.111'367(075.8) ББК 81.2Англ-923 ISBN 978-985-6932-55-0 © П одгорная Н В., 2012 © О ф орм ление О О О «Л ексис», 2012 ВВЕДЕНИЕ Данное учебное пособие подготовлено в соответствии с программными требованиями по дис циплине "Практическая грамматика английского языка" и предназначено для студентов второго курса лингвистических университетов и факультетов иностранных языков других учебных заве дений, в которых английский язык изучается как основная специальность В лингвистической науке, пожалуй, нет другой категории, о языковой природе и составе частных значений которой высказывалось бы столько противоречивых точек зрения, как о категории модальности Большинством авторов в ее состав включаются значения, самые разнородные по своей сущности, функциональному назначению и принадлежности к уровням языковой структуры, так что при этом категория модальности лишается какой-либо определенности, а толкование значений отдельных модальных глаголов приобретает многоплановость Цель пособия - помочь студентам эффективно усвоить не только правила, основанные на функциональных особенностях различных модальных глаголов, но и сформировать устойчивые практические навыки их употребления Пособие состоит из 10 разделов: The Modal Verb Can / Could; The Modal Verb May / Might; The Modal Verb Must; The Modal Verb Have to / Have Got to; The Modal Verb Need; The Modal Verb Be to; The Modal Verb Should / Ought to; The Modal Verb Shall; The Modal Verb Will / Would; The Modal Verb Dare Каждый раздел пособия включает вводную часть (For Study) - объяснение формы, значения и употребления одного из модальных глаголов и практическую часть, пред ставляющую собой комплекс упражнений, которые делятся на первичные (PRACTICE ACTIVITIES) и вторичные (COMPARED ТО ), тем самым, обеспечивая повторение преды дущего раздела Упражнения разделов MISCELLANEOUS PRACTICE предназначены, главным образом, для аудиторного повторения предыдущего блока материала или контролируемой ра боты студентов К пособию прилагаются таблицы, в которых систематизируются все значения опре деленного модального глагола по его основным признакам, а также комментарий, который поможет студенту правильно выбрать его форму и определить значение Языковой материал упражнений отобран из современных аутентичных источников, приведенных в списке использованной литературы Предлагаемая система упражнений направлена на развитие и закрепление грамматических знаний, умений и навыков студентов, а именно: дифференциацию значений модальных глаголов и овладение особенностями их употребления в различных речевых ситуациях, а также на соотнесение их лексических эквивалентов в английском и русском языках Предпочтение отдавалось упражнениям с ситуативной направленностью, позволяющим студенту активно исполь зовать изучаемые грамматические структуры в речи Автор будет признателен всем, кто сочтет возможным высказать свои предложения по улучшению содержания и структуры данного пособия English Grammar Practice M O D A L V ER B S Modal verbs, unlike other verbs, not denote actions or states, but only show the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the infinitive in combination with which they form compound verbal modal predicates Compound verbal modal predicate = modal verb + infinitive Thus they may show that the action (or state, or process) is viewed by the speaker as possible, obligatory, doubtful, certain, advisable, etc Modal verbs occur with the infinitive There are 12 modal verbs in English They are: can could may might must have (got) to need be to should/ought to shall will dare Ten of them (except for be to and have (got) to) lack some features characteristic of other verbs, that is: most modal verbs have only one form, they have no aspect, voice and mood with the exception of can, may, will; they not take - s in the third person singular; they have no non-finite forms: no infinitives and participles; they are followed (except for ought to, have to) by a bare infinitive (the infinitive without the marker they need no auxiliary to build the interrogative and negative forms to); Forms of the Infinitive Active Passive as part of a compound verbal modal predicate NON-PERFECT COMMON to refer the action to the present or future (to) (to) be done NON-PERFECT CONTINUOUS to refer the action in progress to the present (to) be doing - PERFECT COMMON to refer the action to the past Note: The action was not carried out: - with the modal verbs: ought to should, might could The planned action was not carried out: - with the modal verb: to be to (to) have done (to) have been done PERFECT CONTINUOUS to denote an action that started in the past and continued over a period of time (to) have been doing - Teaching Unit THE MODAL VERB CAN/COULD Teaching Unit THE M ODAL VERB CAN/COULD For Study The modal verb can is used both in the Indicative Mood and in the Subjunctive Mood It has two forms in the Indicative Mood: can- Present Indefinite and could- Past Indefinite In the Subjunctive Mood this modal verb has the form could The Indicative Mood presupposes the speaker's attitude towards the action as true to fact, as real In the Subjunctive Mood the modal meaning may be considered as contrary to reality When used in the Indicative Mood the modal verb can is followed by the non-perfect infinitive and expresses time reference by itself Compare: She can play the piano (present time reference) / Она умеет играть на пианино She could play the piano (past time reference) / Она умела играть на пианино In the Indicative Mood the modal verb can performs two functions: a) it expresses the attitude of the speaker towards the action or state, denoted by the infinitive, which follows it; b) it expresses time reference In the Subjunctive Mood the modal verb can expresses only the attitude of the speaker Time reference is denoted by the form of the infinitive which follows it: Compare: Could you open the door for me, please? (present time reference)./В ы бы не могли открыть мне дверь? We could go to a concert tonight (present or future time reference) /М ы бы могли сходить на концерт сегодня вечером Не could have been fired (past time reference) / Возможно, его уволили Can has the following meanings: Ability (physical, mental), capability Can is used to describe an ability (a lack of ability) or capability and occurs in all kinds of sentences It is the Indicative Mood form which is followed by the non-perfect infinitive However, if it is necessary to stress that the action refers to the future, will be able to is used Present time reference: She can speak two foreign languages /Она говорит на двух иностранных языках Can you write with your left hand?/ Вы можете писать левой рукой? I can't promise you anything / Я ничего не могу вам обещать Past time reference: Mozart could play the piano at the age of five / Моцарт умел играть на пианино в пять лет Could the boy read before he went to school?/ Мальчик умел читать, перед тем, как идти в школу? After what had happened I couldn't trust him /После того, что случилось, я не могла доверять ему English Grammar Practice Future time reference: He will be able to write to us from Portugal / Он сможет написать нам из Португалии I will be able to earn my own living soon / Скоро я смогу себе сам зарабатывать на жизнь NOTE 1: To describe the successful completion of a specific action or to talk about a specific achievement (particularly if it is difficult, requiring some effort or involves overcoming some difficulty) was (were) able to, managed or succeeded (in ing) are used: He has now recovered from his injury and is able to drive again Jenny was able to leave the hospital only six hours after the baby was born How many documents were you able to sign? I managed to find a really nice dress in the sale Do you think she'll manage to get a visa? After six months climbing, we succeeded in getting to the top of the mountain However, to describe general ability in the past or a specific action not successfully completed, both could and was/were able are used: She could / was able to read when she was four We couldn't / weren't able to get tickets for the match yesterday Can or could are commonly used when we are talking about specific occasions with verbs of sense perception (feel, hear, see, smell, taste) and verbs of mental activity (believe, decide, remember, understand): She could hear a noise coming from the dining-room I can't decide where to go for my holidays Possibility due to circumstances In this meaning can is found in all kinds of sentences It is used in its Indicative Mood form and is followed by the non-perfect infinitive Anybody can make a mistake / Любой человек может ошибаться I couldn't go to the theatre yesterday because I was busy / Я не мог пойти вчера в театр, так как я был занят Can I buy this book at any book store?/ Эту книгу можно купить в любом магазине? Permission Can is used in its Indicative Mood form to give permission only in affirmative sentences or in reported speech (in accordance with the rules of the sequence of tenses): You can go now if you want to /В ы можете идти, если хотите Не said that I could use his car / Он сказал что я могу взять его машину Could in the Subjunctive Mood is not used to give permission as it suggests respect, so it is more natural in asking for permission than in giving it Teaching Unit THE MODAL VERB CAN/COULD Request Can is used in its Indicative Mood form to ask for permission or to request people to things in interrogative sentences and reported questions (in accordance with the rules of the sequence of tenses): Can I have some more cake?/ Можно мне взять еще кусочек пирога? Can you put the children to bed?/Ты бы не могла уложить детей спать? Do you think I can go now? Можно мне уже идти? Не asked те if he could use my car /О н спросил меня, может ли он взять мою машину It is also possible to use could in the Subjunctive Mood combined with the non-perfect infinitive to sound more polite, more formal or less definite: Could I ask you something if you are not too busy? / Можно мне у тебя что-то спросить, если ты не занята? Could you lend те your dictionary until tomorrow?/ Ты бы не могла одолжить мне свой словарь до завтра? Do you think you could help me for a few minutes? /Ты бы не могла мне помочь несколько минут? N0TE2: Very polite ways of asking permission and requesting: Could you possibly me a favour? Do you think you could help me with a problem I've got? I was wondering if you could lend me some money for a few days You couldn't possibly lend me 20 pounds, could you? Could I possibly interrupt you? Do you think I could speak to you f o r a few minutes? I was wondering if I could ask you for a favour I couldn't possibly have another day to finish that work, could I? Can't or couldn't can be used where the answer is expected to be 'no', or where permission has been refused before: Can't/Couldn't we stay just a little bit longer? Please? Prohibition In this meaning can is found only with the negative form of the modal verb can, as it may be understood as the negation of permission (not to be allowed to ) It is used in its Indicative Mood form and corresponds to the Russian нельзя; не надо: You can't cross the street here / Здесь нельзя переходить улицу You can't touch the exhibits in a museum /Нельзя трогать экспонаты в музее She said that we couldn't stay there /О на сказала, что нам здесь нельзя оставаться English Grammar Practice Unreality This meaning is found with the Subjunctive Mood form of can in clauses of unreal condition in which the time reference is expressed by the infinitive: It could be quite frightening if you were alone in our big old house / Вам было бы страшно, если бы Вы остались одни в нашем большом старом доме You could have seen his face if it had not been so dark / Ты бы смогла увидеть его лицо, если бы не было так темно Surprise, astonishment In this meaning can is found only in interrogative sentences (in general questions) Could in its Subjunctive Mood form is also used in this way implying more uncertainty Besides, sentences of this kind are often emotionally coloured and so their application is rather restricted In Russian both variants, with can and could, are rendered in the same way: неужели; может ли быть, чтобы; возможно ли, чтобы Depending on the time reference, can /could in this meaning are used in combination with different forms of the infinitive: Can / Could he really be at work?/Неужели он все еще на работе? Can /Could she be telling lies?/ Может ли быть, что она говорит неправду? Can/Could he have said it?/Неужели он это сказал? Can /Could she have been waiting for us so long?/Может ли быть, что она нас так долго ждет ? The Russian negative questions of the type — неужели он(а) не are expressed in English in different ways: a) by complex sentences: Can / Could it be that she hasn't read this bоок?/Неужели она не прочитала эту книгу? Is it possible that she hasn't read this book?/ Неужели она не прочитала эту книгу? b) by different lexical means: Can / Could you have misunderstood what I said? (negative prefixes)/Неужели ты не понял, что я сказала? Can / Could nobody have stopped him? (negative pronouns) / Неужели никто не остановил его? Саn / Could she have never come to see you ? (negative adverb) / Неужели она никогда не приезжала к тебе? Incredulity, improbability In this meaning can is found only in negative sentences, which are often emotionally coloured Could in its Subjunctive Mood form is also used in this way making the statement less categorical Depending on the time reference, in this meaning can/could are also used with different forms of the infinitive In Teaching Unit THE MODAL VERB CAN/COULD Russian both variants, with can and could, are rendered in the same way: не может быть, чтобы; невероятно, чтобы They can't/couldn't be married (= I am sure they are not married) / He может быть, чтобы они были женаты She can't/couldn't be sleeping now (= I am certain she isn't sleeping now) / Вряд ли она сейчас спит Не can't/couldn't have got into an accident (= I am sure he didn't get into an accident)/Н е может быть, чтобы он попал в аварию She can't/couldn't have been travelling for so long (= I am sure she hasn't been travelling for so long)/Невероятно, чтобы она так долго путешествовала The Russian negative sentences of the type не может быть, чтобы он(а) не are expressed in English in different ways: a) by complex sentences: It can't/couldn't be that she hasn't read this book./Н е может быть, чтобы она не прочитала эту книгу It isn't possible that she hasn't read this book / He может быть, чтобы она не прочитала эту книгу b) by negative prefixes: She can't/couldn't be unaware of the circumstances / He может быть, чтобы она не осознавала обстоятельства You can't/couldn't have misunderstood what I said /Н е может быть, чтобы ты не понял, что я сказала They can't/couldn't have been inattentive /Н е может быть, чтобы они были не внимательны Supposition implying uncertainty, doubt The use of could in affirmative sentences may also acquire the meaning of supposition implying uncertainty, doubt It is the form of the Subjunctive Mood In Russian this meaning is generally rendered by means of the modal words возможно and может быть In English it may also be rendered by means of the modal words maybe, perhaps, possibly, it's possible The time reference is indicated by the form of the infinitive: 'Where is Sarah?' 'She could be at Joe's place' /Возможно, она гостит у Джо I don't know where she works She could odd jobs /Может быть, она подрабатывает I don't know where Tim is He could be working / Возможно, он работает Jim was the last who came home, so he could have left the door open, / может быть, он оставил дверь открытой Не could have been studying for two hours already / Возможно, он занимается уже два часа Meaning Obligation Forms of the modal verb am (is, are) to; was (were) to Forms of the Infinitive Types of sentences non-perfect affirmative common a) arising o u t of an arrangement or plan interrogative Lexical equivalents Russian equivalents The President is to visit Nigeria next month I was to make a speech at the conference What were you to prepare for today? I wasn't to be there at b) arising out of affirmative was (were) to perfect common to mean to expect to hope to intend должен был, но ; планировал; хотел; надеялся He was to have come last Sun day, but he couldn't I was to have phoned her but I failed is (are) to; was (were) to non-perfect affirmative common wasn't carried out Strict order Instruction (applying to some rules and directions) to tell smb.; to order должен; обязан; необходимо; не следует делать ч.-л.; не нужно You are to your homework before you watch TV The exercise is not to be done in writing She could go to the party but she was to be back by nine Strict prohibition isn't (aren't) to; wasn't (weren't) to negative non-perfect negative common to be forbid не должен; den; нельзя to be prohibited You are not to smoke on the plane We were told we were not to be late _ to plan; должен; договориться; to arrange; to decide; планировать to agree; to be supposed; to be expected negative an arrangement or plan which Sentence patterns APPENDIX The Modal Verb Be to 155 am (is, are) to; was (were) to non-perfect affirmative common passive interrogative negative Something thought of (or destined to happen) as unavoidable NOTE: am (is, are) to; was (were) to non-perfect affirmative common to be arranged всегда можно according to an найти что-то; order; to be possible; нельзя to be impossible This book is to be found on this shelf Where is this disc to be bought? He wasn't to be seen anywhere to be destined to happen; to become He was to be my teacher and friend for many years to come She didn't know at that time that she was never to see her family again negative Note the following set phrases with be to: a) Where am I to go? Куда ж е м не деват ься? Куда ж е мне идти? b) What am I to do? Что м не делат ь? Как мне быт ь? c) What is to becom e o f m e? Что со мной будет ? d) Who is to begin? Кому начинат ь? e) Who is to blam e? Кто виноват ? суждено случиться; суждено стать; предстоит 156 _English Grammar Practice Possibility Meaning Obligation with the meaning of a) advisability desirability Forms of the modal verb should shouldn't ought to oughtn't to Forms of the infinitive non-perfect common Types of sentences affirmative perfect com mon (affirma tive sentence: negative a desirable action was not carried out; negative sentence: an undesirable action was car ried out) b) moral duty should and responsibility shouldn't ought to oughtn't to any form of the infinitive affirmative negative Lexical equivalents Russian equivalents I advise you to ; I recommend you to ; It is desirable for you to ; I don't recom mend you ; I wouldn't advise you нужно; следует; следовало бы; не следует it is your moral duty ; it is your responsibili ty ; it is your responsibili ty not to smth следует; обязан; мой (твой) долг; должен; не следует Sentence patterns This soup is too salty, you should/ ought to send it back We should/ought to have taken a taxi when it rained You shouldn't /oughtn't to go to that store; the prices are too high there You shouldn't/ oughtn't to be sit ting in the sun I shouldn't/oughtn't to have bought this car You should /ought to treat your neighbours with more respect You should/ought to be driving more carefully I wonder whether I shouldn't/ oughtn't to speak to my sister about her marriage He should/ought to have phoned his parents APPENDIX The Modal Verb S h o u ld / O u g h t to interrogative Do you re commend ? Do you ad vise ? What is your advice ? Мне это делать? Вы думаете, мне следует ? Как вы думаете, что нам делать? Should I leave these papers on your desk? Do you think we should /ought to send him these documents? Orders and instructions should non-perfect common affirmative my orders for you are ; my instruc tions for you are ; the order is that ; должны; нужно; следует Guests should vacate their rooms by midday The documents should be sent by mail Criticism (reproach) should shouldn't ought to oughtn't to any form of the infinitive affirmative You might (have done); Why don't (didn't) you ? Why (did) you ? (не)следует; надо; могла (бы); нужно (бы) You should /ought to be more reasonable when you deal with your clients! The child shouldn't/oughtn't to be playing with a box of matches You really should/ ought to have registered before term started! You shouldn't/oughtn't to have called him a fool - it really upset him! negative 158 English Grammar Practice Asking for advice should non-perfect ought to or instructions common (in a structure with think ought to) S u p p o s it io n im p ly in g s t r o n g P r o b a b ilit y E m o t io n a l c o lo u r in g should shouldn't ought to oughtn't to should shouldn't non-perfect common affirmative perfect common negative non-perfect common interrogative должно быть; наверное; очевидно; вероятно 'We are spending the winter in Miami.' - 'That should /ought to be nice The train from New York should be arriving about now We needn't get ready yet; the guests shouldn't/oughtn't to come for another hour The Parkers should/ought to have got back from their holidays by now Why you want me to it? How is it pos sible ? С какой стати ? Откуда мне знать ? Why should I go there? How should I know? APPENDIX _ _ probably; evidently; very likely; (unlikely) 159 Meaning Forms of the modal Forms of the Infinitive verb non-perfect common shall shan't (with the 2ndand 3d person singular and plural) non-perfect common shall shan't (with the 2ndand 3d person singular and plural) non-perfect common Suggestion, offer shall (with the 1st person singular and plural) non-perfect common Asking for suggestions or advice non-perfect common Threat, warning Strict orders instructions shall affirmative Lexical equivalents Russian equivalents Sentence patterns to promise; to intend обещаю; намерен сделать (by emphatic intona tion) You shall have my answer tomorrow They shall win this game You shall not see me again, I promise to warn; to threaten серьезно предупреждаю; угрожаю (by emphatic intona tion) He shall as I say Anyone found guilty shall be punished at once You shall not slip through my fingers to make smb smth.; to tell smb.; to order должны (a); перестаньте; прекратите (by emphatic intona tion) You shall stay just as you are The judge's decision shall be final You shall not touch me again interrogative How about ? Why don't we ? Do you want me to it? Am I to it? I suggest Вы хотите чтобы я ? Давай(те) ; Я предлагаю (by emphatic intona tion) Shall I get you some fresh coffee? Let's buy new furniture, shall we? interrogative What is your Как ты думаешь? suggestion? Кто (как) поWhat can you твоему ? advise? negative affirmative negative affirmative negative What on earth shall we do? Who shall answer the tele phone? Grammar Practice shall shan't [with the 2ndand 3d person singular and plural) Promise, strong intention Types of sentences English The Modal Verb S h a ll Meaning Volition (willingness, readiness, strong intention or determination) Forms of the modal verb Forms of the Infinitive will (won't) non-perfect - Present common Indefinite would (wouldn't) Past indefinite will - Present Indefinite typical character- would - past Indefinite istics Types of sentences affirmative negative W ill/ W o u ld Lexical equivalents to intend; to be willing; to wish; to want; to be deter mined Russian equivalents Sentence patterns охотно что-то I will definitely pay you back next week делать; I won't answer your question .(не)желать; The President said he would make an (не)хотеть announcement soon We decided that we wouldn't buy a car this year non-perfect common affirmative usually; обычно; used to do; как обычно; continue (do постоянно; regularly) бывало She will fall in love with the wrong people Dad would always help us with our maths homework will (won't) non-perfect - Present common Indefinite would (wouldn't) Past indefinite affirmative to to to to I ask her to stop talking on the phone but she will We begged him to give up drinking but he would My secretary won't book my flights The shop assistant wouldn't change this coat for me, even though I hadn't worn it Inanimate objects (lifeless things) refuse to perform their immediate function will (won't) non-perfect - Present common Indefinite would (wouldn't) Past indefinite negative to resist никак не ; It's no use trying to open the door; it ни за что не ; won't open совсем не ; так и не ; The car wouldn't start this morning все равно не Requests and offers will - Present non-perfect Indefinite common would - Sub junctive II form (a polite request) interrogative Could you ? May I ask you ? Will you be so kind as ? I offer you Будьте так добры; Не могли бы вы ? Можно вас попросить? Habitual (recur- re n t ) a c t i o n s and Persistance or refusal to Perform an action insist on; keep on; refuse; continue negative упорно продолжать; настаивать; отказываться; не хотеть Will you send me the bill, please? Come this way, will you? Would you lend me your cell phone for a moment? Would you have some more wine? APPENDIX 161 The Modal Verb (with the 2nd and 3d person singular and plural) P r o b a b ilit y NOTE: non-perfect common affirmative probably; вероятно; it's probable; очевидно; it's certain; наверное certainly perfect common N o t e t h e f o llo w in g s e t p h r a s e s w it h This will be just what she wants This will be the school, I believe You will have heard the news, I'm sure will/would: Will not have (won't have) smb smth — He допущу, чтобы b) Would rather ('d rather) / would sooner ('d sooner) smth — Предпочитаю / пожалуй c) Would m in d — Возражать против чего-либо d) Would like / would love - Хотелось бы / Сделаю с удовольствием e) What will be will be / Чему быть того не миновать Boys will be boys / Мальчишки остаются мальчишками Accidents will happen / Несчастные случаи неизбежны a) The Modal Verb Dare Meaning dare(daren't) Present Indefi nite dared - Past Indefinite Supposition based dare on personal courage Forms of the Infinitive Types of sentences Lexical equivalents Russian equivalents Sentence patterns non-perfect interrogative common negative to have the courage to smth; not to have the courage to smth осмеливаться; How dare she come here? иметь смелость; I daren't say what I think не иметь He dared not look at her смелости non-perfect affirmative common to suppose; to assume допускать; предполагать I dare say you are right I dare say he will not come English Grammar Practice To have the courage or impudence to smth Forms of the modal verb _ w ill im p ly in g s t r o n g 16 S u p p o s it io n 163 APPENDIX APPENDIX COMMENTARY ON MODAL VERBS She can dance well Can dance is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb can in its Present Indefinite tense form used to denote ability (capability) and the non-perfect infinitive active dance Can you go shopping for me, please ? Can go is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb can in its Present Indefinite tense form used to denote a request and the non-perfect infinitive active go He could have been Prime Minister if he hadn't decided to leave politics Could have been is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb could in its Subjunctive II form used to denote unreality and the perfect infinitive active have been referring the action to the past Could they be working together? Could be working is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb could in its Subjunctive II form used to denote surprise ( astonishment) and the continuous infinitive be working referring the action to the present He said we might use our dictionaries Might use is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb might in its Past Indefinite tense form used to denote permission and the non-perfect infinitive active use You may not go swimming today May not go is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb may in its Present Indefinite tense form used to denote prohibition and the non-perfect infinitive active go He might have opened the door for me Might have opened is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb might in its Subjunctive II form used to denote criticism and the perfect infinitive active have opened referring the action to the past and showing that it wasn't carried out They might have been practising the language for a year, I guess Might have been practising is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb might in its Subjunctive II form used to denote supposition implying uncertainty, doubt and the perfect continuous infinitive have been practising used to denote an action which started in the past and continued into the moment of speaking A man must stand up for his rights Must stand up is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb must used to denote obligation with no freedom of choice and the non-perfect infinitive active stand up 164 English Grammar Practice 10 They must be moving into a new house Must be moving is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb must used to denote supposition implying strong probability, assurance and the continuous infinitive be moving referring the action to the present 11 I have to get to work by bus Have to get is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb have to in its Present Indefinite tense form used to denote obligation arising out o f circumstances and the non-perfect infinitive active get 12 You don't have to take a jacket It's rather warm Don't have to take is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb have to in its Present Indefinite tense form used to denote absence of necessity and the non-perfect infinitive active take 13 I needn't have cooked dinner Needn't have cooked is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb needn't used to denote absence o f necessity and the perfect infinitive active have cooked referring the action to the past and showing that it was performed though it wasn't necessary 14 He was to have come last Sunday but he couldn't Was to have come is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb was to in its Past Indefinite tense form used to denote obligation arising out o f a plan and the perfect infinitive active have come referring the action to the past and showing that the plan wasn't carried out 15 He was to be my teacher and my friend fo r many years to come Was to be is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb was to in its Past Indefinite tense form used to denote something thought o f as unavoidable and the non perfect infinitive active be 16 This soup is too salty, you should /ought to send it back Should /ought to send is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb should/ought to used to denote advisability and the non-perfect infinitive active send referring the action to the future 17 I shouldn't/ oughtn't to have bought this car Shouldn't/ oughtn't to have bought is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb shouldn't / oughtn't to used to denote advisability and the perfect infinitive active have bought referring the action to the past and showing that an undesirable action was carried out 18 You should /ought to treat your neighbours with more respect Should/ ought to treat is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb sh ould/ought to used to denote moral duty and the non-perfect infinitive active treat referring the action to the present APPENDIX 165 19 You really should/ ought to have registered before term started! Should / ought to have registered is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb should / ought to used to denote reproach and the perfect infinitive active have registered referring the action to the past and showing that it wasn't carried out 20 The train from New York should / ought to be arriving about now Should/ought to be arriving is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb should/ought to used to denote supposition implying strong probability and the continuous infinitive be arriving referring the action to the future 21 Why should I go there? Should go is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb should used to denote emotional colouring and the non-perfect infinitive active go 22 Anyone found guilty shall be punished at once Shall be punished is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb shall used to denote threat (warning) and the non-perfect infinitive passive be punished 23 I will definitely pay you back next week Will pay is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb will in its Present Indefinite tense form used to denote volition and the non-perfect infinitive active pay 24 Dad would always help us with our maths homework Would h e lp is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb would in its Past Indefinite tense form used to denote a habitual or recurrent action and the non-perfect infinitive active help 25 Would you lend me your cell phone fo r a moment? Would lend s a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb would in its Subjunctive II form used to denote a polite request and the non-perfect infinitive active lend referring the action to the present 26 How dare she come here? Dare come is a compound verbal modal predicate which consists of the modal verb dare used to denote impudence and the non-perfect infinitive active come 166 English Grammar Practice REFERENCES Alexander L Longman English Grammar Pearson Education, Ltd, 2005 Alexander L Longman English Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students - Longman, 1990 Collins Cobuild English Grammar, Harper Collins Publisher, 2005 Eastwood J Oxford Practice Grammar Intermediate - Oxford University Press, 2008 Evans V Round-Up English Grammar Practice 5, - Longman, 2001 Evans V FCE Use of English - Express Publishing, 2001 Foley M., Hall D Advanced Learners'Grammar - Longman, 2003 Hashemi L., Murphy R English Grammar in Use Supplementary Exercises - Cambridge University Press, 1995 Hewings M Advanced Grammar in Use - Cambridge University Press, 1999 10 Kaushanskaya V.L et al A Grammar of the English Language - Prosveschenye, 1973 11 Kobrina N.A., Korneeva E.A., Ossovskaya M.N., Guzeeva K.B An English Grammar Morphology Syntax - St Petersburg, 1999 12 Krutikov Y.A., Kuzmina I.S., Rabinovich Kh.V Exercises in Modern English Grammar - Moscow, 1971 13 Krylova I.P., Gordon E.M A Grammar of Present-day English Practical Course - Moscow, 1999 14 Krylova I.P A Grammar of Present-day English Practice Book - Moscow, 1999 15 Murphy R English Grammar in Use A self-Study Reference and Practice Book for Intermediate Students - Cambridge, 1998 16 Prodromou Luke Grammar and Vocabulary for First Certificate - Longman, 2001 17 Quirk R., Greenbaum S., Leech C., Svartvik J A University Grammar of English - Longman, 1973 18 Side R and Wellman G Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge Advanced and Proficiency Longman, 2000 19 Swan M Practical English Usage - Oxford University Press, 1996 20 Swan M., Walker C How English Works A Grammar Practice Book - Oxford University Press, 1997 21 Thomson A.J., Martinet A.V A Practical English Grammar - Oxford University Press, 1997 22 Vince M., Emmerson P Intermediate Language Practice English Grammar and Vocabulary -M ac millan, 2003 23 Vince M., Sunderland P Advanced Language Practice English Grammar and Vocabulary - Macmil lan, 2003 24 Walker E., Elsworth S Grammar Practice for Upper Intermediate Students - Pearson Education Limited, 2000 D IC T IO N A R IES Cambridge International Dictionary of English - Cambridge University Press,1995 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English - Pearson Education Limited, 2003 Webster's Desk Dictionary of the English Language - Portland House, 1990 167 CONT ENTS CONTENTS ВВЕДЕНИЕ Unit THE MODAL VERB CAN/COULD Unit THE MODAL VERB MAY/M IG HT 22 Unit THE MODAL VERB M UST 36 MISCELLANEOUS PRACTICE CAN/M AY/MUST 49 Unit THE MODAL VERB HAVE ТО/HAVE GOT TO 56 Unit THE M ODAL VERB NEED 67 Unit THE MODAL VERB BE TO 81 Unit7.THE MODAL VERB SHOULD/OUGHT TO 91 Unit8 THE MODAL VERB SHALL 104 Unit9.THE MODAL VERB WILL/ WOULD 111 Unit 10 THE MODAL VERB DARE 127 MISCELLANEOUS PRACTICE 132 APPENDIX 145 APPENDIX 163 REFERENCES 166 Учебное издание Подгорная Наталья Владимировна Практическая грамматика: М ОДАЛЬНЫ Е ГЛАГОЛЫ English Grammar Practice: MODAL VERBS Учебное пособие 4-е издание В авторской редакции Оформление обложки А Г Островский Компьютерная верстка А А Ракова Подписано в печать 10.07.2014 Формат 84 х 108 1/16 Бумага офсетная Печать офсетная Усл печ л 17,64 Уч.-изд л 8,63 Тираж 800 Заказ /1 ООО «Лексис» Свидетельство о государственной регистрации № 1/111 от 17.12.2013 Ул Героев 120 дивизии, 15, К.43А, г Минск РИ ООО «РЕПРИНТ» Свидетельство о государственной регистрации изготовителя печатных изданий № 2/78 от 19.03.2014 Ул Ф Скорины, 51, комн 311А, 220141, г Минск ... sentences with the modal verb can/ could Identify its meaning and the synonymous expression as in the model Then translate the sentences into Russian Ex 1 Modal Verb Can / Could Use (Meaning) Synonymous... (to) have done (to) have been done PERFECT CONTINUOUS to denote an action that started in the past and continued over a period of time (to) have been doing - Teaching Unit THE MODAL VERB CAN/COULD... negative in meaning Use different means of expressing negation with the infinitive Ex 12 Model: He can't/couldn't have understood everything you said He can't/couldn't have misunderstood everything