Практическая г ра м ма т ик а ПРИЧАСТИЕ English Grammar Practice: THE PARTICIPLE Учебное пособие для студентов специальности «Современные иностранные языки» учреждений, обеспечивающ их получение высшего образования 2-е издание, исправленное и дополненное Минск Лексис 2013 УДК 811.111'367(075.8) ББК81.2АНГЛ-923 П69 Авторы: старший преподаватель кафедры ТиПАР МГЛУ М Е Бендецкая, преподаватель кафедры ТиПАР МГЛУ С А Лысенко, преподаватель кафедры ТиПАР МГЛУ Ю В Кривко, старший преподаватель кафедры ТиПАР МГЛУ Т В Рахунок, старший преподаватель кафедры ТиПАР МГЛУ Н В Федосеева Бендецкая, М Е П69 Практическая грамматика: Причастие = English Grammar Practice: The Participle / М E Бен децкая [и др.] — 2-е изд — Минск : Лексис, 2013 — 120 с ISBN 978-985-6932-32-1 Цель данного пособия - развитие и совершенствование грамматических знаний, навыков и умений студентов, предусмотренных типовой учебной программой для ВУЗов по специальности "Современные иностранные языки" в рам ках изучения темы "Причастие" Пособие состоит из взаимосвязанных разделов описательного и практического характера Предназначено для студентов языковых ВУЗов и факультетов, изучающих английский язык на продвинутом уровне, а также может быть использовано широким кругом лиц, изучающих английский язык на курсах или самостоятельно УДК ISBN 978-985-6932-32-1 811 111'367{075 8) ББК 81 2АНГЛ-923 © Оформление ООО "Лексис", 2013 The Participle THE PARTICIPLE Loving and being loved, you feel the sun from both sides Unknown A book is like a dream borrowed from a friend Dave Kellett The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which also has an adjectival or adverbial character Participles are words that are formed from verbs but also act as adjectives or adverbs j adjectival characteristics Participles have • the category of time correlation • the category of voice morphological categories syntactic features verbal characteristics adverbial characteristics • Participles can be modified by Participles can function Participles can function as adverbials adverbials • as attributes • Participles of transitive verbs can • as predicatives take direct objects Like adjectives certain participles can form adverbs with the help of the su ffix- ly: admittedly, advisedly, deservedly, jokingly, feelingly, pleadingly, screamingly, smilingly, sneeringly, wittingly, wcderingly, etc Sarah looked pleadingly at her aunt = Capa умоляюще взглянула на свою тетю She gazed at him wonderinalv = Она смотрела на него с удивлением There are two participles in English-participle I and participle II Participles I - doing, rising, opening, breaking, etc -a re often called present participles Participles II-opened, played, done, risen, broken, etc - are often called past participles The terms 'present participles' and 'past participles' are not used in this book since both participles I and participles II can be employed to talk about the present, past, future and no particular time SPELLING RULES FOR FORMING PARTICIPLES Participle I is formed by adding -ing to the stem of the verb Participle II of a regular verb is formed by adding -ed to the stem of the verb Participle II of an irregular verb should be memorized When forming a participle, we observe the following spelling rules • The mute -e at the end of a verb is dropped BUT invite inviting/ invited argue arguing / argued dye dyeing / dyed live living /lived rescue rescuing / rescued English Grammar Practice The final consonant is doubled if it is preceded by a vowel rendering a short stressed sound stop -> stopping / stopped plan -> planning / planned The final -r is doubled when preceded by a stressed vowel prefer preferring / preferred star -> starring/starred stir -> stirring / stirred occur -> occurring / occurred There is no doubling the final -r in an unstressed syllable alter altering / altered answer -> answering / answered differ -> differing / differed There is no doubling the final -r when it is preceded by a diphthong appear-> appearing/appeared wear -> wearing The final -/c changes to -ick mimic -> mimicking / mimicked panic -> panicking / panicked picnic picnicking / picnicked The final -/ and -p are doubled in British English when preceded by a vowel rendering a short unstressed sound British English American English travel travelling / travelled quarrel quarrelling / quarelled worship -> worshipping / worshipped travel traveling / traveled quarrel -> quarreling / quarreled worship worshiping / worshiped Special cases Forming participle I, we change the final -ie to -y die dying ('BUT died) tie -> tying (BUT tied) lie -> lying (BUT lied) vie -> vying (BUTvied) Forming participle II, we change the final -y to -/ when it is preceded by a consonant carry -> carried (BUT carrying) worry -> worried (BUT worrying) deny denied (BUT denying) rely -> re//ed (BUT relying) The Participle PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT Ex Provide the forms of participle I and participle II for the following verbs agree _ begin _ _ _ buy _ _ develop _ drop _ forget ; guarantee _ hurry _ jog _ knit _ marry _ _ omit _ Play _ _ pursue _ realize _ refer _ say _ slam _ study _ sue swim _ tidy _ win _ write English Grammar Practice THE MORPHOLOGICAL CATEGORIES OF THE PARTICIPLE The verbal character of participles is revealed through their morphological categories Participle I has the categories of time correlation and voice, thus appearing in four forms Though participle II has only one form, it possesses the potential meaning of voice and correlation that depend on the meaning of the verb it is formed from THE PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE II done NON-PERFECT doing being done PERFECT having done having been done THE CATEGORY OF TIME CORRELATION f f l Participles have no tense category; they not refer the action directly to the present, past or future The time of the action in the sentence is indicated by the finite verb The time reference of the participle is relative: it can be understood through its reference to the finite verb The relative time reference is expressed through the category of time correlation which reveals itself in the opposition of non-perfect and perfect forms N O N -PERFECT1 PERFECT doing having done being done having been done NON-PERFECT PARTICIPLE I The action of non-perfect participle I may take place at the same time with the actions of the finite verb In other words, the action of non-perfect participle I and that of the finite verb are simultaneous Watching a soap opera, she always feels stupid and sad he felt stupid and sad you will feel stupid and sad Being stared at she feels confused, she felt confused, she will feel confused Non-perfect participles I are often called indefinite The Morphological Categories o f the Participle The action of non-perfect participle I may follow the action of the finite verb either (a) immediately or (b) within some time Such participles denote posterior actions, they show succession (a) I fell, hurting my knee = Я упал и повредил ногу (b) Не left for Leeds in April, returning late in May - Он уехал в Лидс в апреле, а вернулся в последних числах мая Non-perfect participle I of certain verbs can denote an action that precedes the action of the finite verb In such contexts the action of the finite verb closely follows the action of non-perfect participle I, and there is no time lapse between the events These are non-perfect participles of the verbs • of sense perception: feel, find, hear, notice, see, etc; • of motion: arrive, approach, come, enter, turn, leave, reach, etc • associated with motion: close, grasp, pick up, push, put (on), seize, open, take, etc Perfect participles of these verbs emphasise prior actions when (a) there is a lapse of time between the actions of the participle and the finite verb (b) the action of the participle is durative Compare: Hearing the noise, the dog pricked its ears = Услышав шум, собака насторожилась Having heard about your achievement, I came to London to say 'bravo' = Услышав о вашем достижении, я приехал в Лондон, чтобы сказать "браво'' Descending the stairs, he found us ready to set off = Спустившись, он обнаружил, что мы готовы отправиться в путь Having descended the stairs of the skyscraper, I feel tired - Спустившись по лестнице небоскреба, я чувствую усталость Pulling the door open, he saluted everybody with a cheerful smile - Распахнув дверь, он приветствовал всех радостной улыбкой Having pulled the cart for hours, the pony is starving = После того как пони вез тележку несколько часов, он голоден PERFECT PARTICIPLE I The action expressed by perfect participle I precedes the action of the finite verb In other words, perfect participle I denotes an action that was carried out prior to that of the finite verb Having done all the chores, a real Cinderella rushes to a ball = Сделав всю работу по дому, настоящая золушка мчится на бал I didn't sleep a wink having been informed about their arrival = Я глаз не сомкнула после того, как мне сообщили об их приезде English Grammar Practice PARTICIPLE II Participle II often has a meaning of completion; it denotes a state that is a result of a prior action Though the action of participle II precedes that of the finite verb, the resultant state can be simultaneous with it Everybody admired the decorated tree = Все восхищались украшенным деревом We passed by the newly painted houses and orchards in bloom = Мы шли мимо свежевыкрашенных домов и цветущих садов My husband looked proudly at the repaired roof - Мой муж с гордостью смотрел на починенную крышу Ш Participles can refer actions to по particular time We followed the road leading to Manchester = Мы шли по дороге, ведущей в Манчестер I have never believed stories told by fishermen - Я никогда не верил сказкам, которые рассказывают рыбаки THE CATEGORY OF VOICE Щ Participle I of transitive verbs has voice distinctions The opposition of the active and passive forms reveals the category of voice ACTIVE PASSIVE doing having done being done having been done Active participles denote that the action is performed by the subject; passive participles show that the subject is acted upon Compare: Shooting a film, they spent a month in the desert = Снимая фильм, они провели месяц в пустыне Being shot on location, the film will be exciting to watch = Поскольку фильм снимается на натуре, его будет интересно смотреть Having shot the film, the director presented it to the public = Сняв фильм, режиссер представил его публике Having been shot on location, the film is exciting to watch = Поскольку фильм сняли на натуре, его интересно смотреть Ш The subject of the participle does not necessarily coincide with the grammatical subject of the sentence, as in the examples above A word modified by the participle can act as its subject The Morphological Categories o f the Participle I not know the man playing the violin = Я не знаю человека, который играет на скрипке Не knew little about anything being discussed by the group = Он мало знал о чем-либо, что обсуждалось группой The nominal element of a predicative construction serves as the subject of the participle2 I heard the bov olavina a wonderful piece = Я слышал, как мальчик играл на скрипке I heard a sona being played with no emotion = Я слышал, как песню исполняли без всякого чувства Ш Participles II of transitive verbs are always passive in their meaning: drawn, discussed, done etc | There are intransitive verbs that can be used to form participles II which are always active in • meaning Participle II of an intransitive verb denotes passing into a new state arrived guests - прибывшие гости faded picture = поблекшая фотография risen sun = поднявшееся солнце vanished civilization = исчезнувшая цивилизация withered flowers = завядшие цветы As some verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively, their participles II can have both active and passive meanings: closed, diminished, hidden, returned, etc Compare: The letter had some hidden meaning [The meaning is passive.] = У письма есть некоторый скрытый смысл Не lav hidden in the leaves [The meaning is active.] - Он лежал, спрятавшись в листве NOTE Participle I non-perfect passive is used to show the process, which differs it from participle II that often has a meaning of completion and result Compare: The story told by grandpa amused everybody = История, рассказанная дедушкой, всех позабавила The story being told by grandpa seems to be exciting to his listeners = История, которую рассказывает дедушка, кажется его слушателям увлекательной For details and exam ples see PR ED IC A TIVE C O M P LE X E S W ITH TH E PARTIC IPLE English Grammar Practice 102 follow the action of th e succession [examples] verb Such participles denote posterior actions, they show precede the action of th e the events verb In such contexts there is no _between Non-perfect participles I of certain verbs can denote actions th at the action of the finite verb In such contexts the action of the finite verb closely the action of participle I, and there is no time lapse between the events Non-perfect participle I describing a prior action follows a verb • of '-feel, find, hear, notice, see, etc; [examples] • of : arrive, approach, come, descend, enter, leave, reach, turn, etc; [examples] • associated with : close, grasp, open, push, put, put on, seize, take, take off, etc [examples] However, we use participles I of these verbs to show and emphasise prior actions (a) when there is a lapse of time between the action of the participle and that of the finite verb Compare: [examples] (b) when the action denoted by the participle is durative Compare: [examples] Perfect participle I denotes an action that the action of the finite verb It denotes an action that was carried out to that of the finite verb [examples] Participle II denotes a state of being finished and complete: this condition is a result of a prior action In other words, though the action of participle II precedes that of the finite verb, the resultant state can be simultaneous with it [examples] Non-perfect participles and [examples] can refer actions or states to no particular time THE CATEGORY OF VOICE Participle I o f verbs has voice distinctions ACTIVE PASSIVE [example] [example] [example] [example] 103 Predicative Complexes with Participles Active participles denote that the action is performed by th e the is acted upon Compare: [examples] ; passive participles show that The subject of the participle does not necessarily coincide with the modified by the participle can act as its _ [examples] of the The nominal element of a predicative construction can also serve as th e [examples] Participles II of transitive verbs are always [examples] of the participle in their meaning There are intransitive verbs that can be used to form participles II which are always Participle II of a n verb denotes [examples] As some verbs can be used both meanings [examples] Ex and A word — in meaning , their participles II can have both active and passive Complete the following Provide examples THE SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF PARTICIPLES Syntactic functions refer to in a sentence - , , , etc - and relationships between them The ways in which participles function in sentences reflect their _ , and character Syntactically, the verbal character of the participle is expressed in its combinability o f Participles have the Participles can be modified by [examples] Participles I of transitive verbs can take direct objects [examples] The adjectival character of participles is manifested in their • Participles can function a s [examples] • Participles can function a s [examples] functions The adverbial character of the participle also reveals itself of different types [examples] Participles can function a s English Grammar Practice 104 In sentences participles may form: • participle that operate as one syntactic whole Thus, we find attributes, _ predicatives and adverbials [examples] • predicative _ that operate as one syntactic whole We find subjects, objects and adverbials [examples] Complete the following Provide examples PARTICIPLES AS ATTRIBUTES participles I and participles II can function as attributes They are used to modify THE PARTICIPLE AS AN ATTRIBUTE PARTICIPLE II [examples] PARTICIPLE I NON-PERFECT ACTIVE [examples] having done PASSIVE [examples] There are restrictions on the use of participles I as attributes We use attribute beginning w ith _ , o r to describe the actions that come [examples] to speak about [examples] the actions of the finite verbs Compare: actions or habits Compare: when the clause contains a verb that describes a like, hate, etc [examples] The participle attribute can either precede or follow the the latter is known as a state o r - know, believe, word The former is called a or 105 Predicative Complexes with Participles A premodifier can be expressed by • a participle [examples] • participle II in a short participle phrase containing an [examples] A postmodifier can be expressed by: • a participle [examples] • a participle within a phrase [examples] While a premodifier functions like an occupation, a postmodifier stresses the [examples] describing a state, appearance or permanent Compare: Attributes change the meaning according to their position Compare: [examples] Unlike participles II of transitive verbs, participles II of some intransitive verbs are They denote _ [examples] in meaning As some verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively, their participles II can have both and meanings: [examples] etc Compare: [examples] Structurally, there are • simple participle attributes - expressed by [examples] participles • phrasal participle attributes - expressed by participle [examples] Participles in combination w ith / adverbs o r function a s and can be used a s Adjective / adverb + participle: [examples] Noun + participle: [examples] can form compound modifiers that English Grammar Practice 106 Complete the following Provide examples PARTICIPLES IN PREDICATES The predicate is the second part of the sentence and its organizing centre Structurally, it can be either or There are compound and compound predicates PARTICIPLES IN SIMPLE VERBAL PREDICATES Non-perfect participle I active after the auxiliary 'be' is used in [examples] Participle II after the auxiliary 'be' is used in [examples] tense forms tense forms Participle II after the auxiliary verb 'have' is used in [examples] tense forms PARTICIPLES IN COMPOUND PREDICATES THE PARTICIPLE AS A PREDICATIVE A predicative is a part of a compound nominal predicate The structural part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed by a verb Non-perfect participle I and participle II can function as predicatives [examples] _ participle I (doing, reading, washing, etc.) is used as a predicative after link verbs / / [examples] * With the link-verb be participle I becomes adjectivized and loses its character Participle II (done, read, washed, etc.) is used as a predicative after a wider range o f verbs Besides look, remain, seem we can employ , , get, , fe e l, and _ [examples] Participle II of a transitive verb denotes a [examples] which is usually the result of a prior action Occasionally participles II of intransitive verbs can also be used predicatively These participles are in form, but in meaning [examples] 107 Predicative Complexes with Participles THE PARTICIPLE AS PART OF A COM POUND VERBAL PREDICATE Some scholars believe that non-perfect participle I or participle II (rarely) can act as part of a compound verbal predicate of double orientation Others suppose that it is used within a subjective participial construction that acts as a complex subject [examples] What you think? Ex Complete the following Provide examples PARTICIPLES AS ADVERBIALS Participles can be used as adverbials of (1) , (2) reason, (3) , (4) concession, (5) , (6) ,(7) circumstances, (8) subsequent events ! The action or state expressed by a participle adverbial refers to the of the sentence, [example] To make the meaning of the sentence clearer, we can use : as if, as though, if, once, though, unless, until, when, while They explicitly indicate the semantic type of th e Adverbials of time expressed by participles denote • actions or states that take place at th e time with the action of the finite verb To stress the idea of simultaneity, the speaker may introduce participles by WHEN o r [examples] • actions or states that precede the action of the [examples] verb IMPORTANT! After conjunctions UNTIL and ONCE only [examples] is used It expresses a is used Compare: Participle 1of the verb 'be' - B E IN G - can not be used as an adverbial of or an elliptical To denote the time of the action either a [examples] participle can be used as an adverbial of reason Participles may be placed before or after the predicate [examples] Participle I used as an adverbial of reason often combines with a [examples] English Grammar Practice 108 Participles used as adverbials of condition may be introduced by _ o r The predicates of such sentences are often used either in th e tense forms or in th e mood forms Participles may be placed either before or after the predicates [examples] Participles used as adverbials of concession are introduced by be placed either before or after the predicates [examples] Participles used as adverbials of comparison are introduced by [examples] or Participles may o r _ Non-perfect participle I can be used as an adverbial of manner characterizing the action or state of the predicate [examples] Non-perfect participle I as an adverbial of attendant circumstances and the predicate of the sentence denote _actions We can use conjunctions or, seldom, but to paraphrase such sentences The participle is placed after the predicate [examples] Non-perfect active participle I used as an adverbial of subsequent events denotes the action of the finite verb [examples] anaction that The following examples reveal the differences between the adverbials of manner (6), attendant circumstances (7), and subsequent events (8) Compare: [examples] Structurally, a participle adverbial can be • - expressed by a single participle [examples] • - expressed by a participle phrase [examples] • - expressed by a participial construction [examples] Predicative Complexes with Participles 109 Complete the following Give the Russian equivalents of the parentheses PARTICIPLES AS PARENTHESES Non-perfect participle I o r can be used within a syntactically element parenthesis In this function we always find a participle , never a single participle A parenthesis is added to a speech or piece of writing - • to give extra , • to show the way the speaker or writer thinks and feels about somebody or something, • to provide a n or comment upon the content of the whole sentence Some examples of participles in parentheses are: broadly/generally speaking = ? legally speaking = ? properly speaking = ? roughly speaking = ? strictly speaking = ? speaking for myself - ? speaking personally = personally speaking = ? speaking/ talking of the devil - ? putting it mildly = ? putting it crudely = ? stated curt - ? stated sharply = ? simply stated - ? stated bluntly = bluntly stated = put bluntly = ? stated crudely = crudely stated = ? as mentioned above = ? In writing parentheses are separated from the rest of the text by [examples] Ex , dashes or brackets Complete the following Provide examples THE OBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION The objective participial construction consists o f The element can be expressed by • a noun in th e case • a personal pronoun in th e case [examples] • some other pronoun [examples] The either elements element describes the action or state of the nominal element It can be expressed by participle I or participle II The elements of the construction are in form a complex - a complex object subject-predicate relation Functionally, the elements Objective participial constructions are found after verbs o f - hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, watch — and semantically related verbs - catch [= see, hear], discover, find [examples] English Grammar Practice 110 verbs o f [examples] and - desire, like, prefer, want and wish verbs o f - have, get, keep, leave, start and set [examples] The construction with participle II after verbs have and can also show that the subject of the sentence a) requested the action expressed by the participle [examples] b) experienced the action expressed by the participle [examples] verbs o f -believe, consider, understand IMPORTANT! Only in the objective participial constructions after the verbs of mental activity [examples] is used AN INFINITIVE OR A PARTICIPLE? A participle is preferable when the speaker emphasises th e the _ of an action being complete Compare: [examples] Two or more participles I express of actions Compare: [examples] Ex Employing an infinitive, we state actions, whereas two or more infinitives express a Complete the following Provide examples THE SUBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION The subjective participial construction consists o f elements The _ element denotes the agent of the action expressed by the participle It is also an agent of the action expressed by th e verb The _element can be expressed by • a noun in th e case • a personal pronoun in th e case [examples] • some other pronoun [examples] The element describes the action or state of the nominal element It can be expressed by either participle I or, seldom , The elements of the construction are in secondary subject-predicate relation [examples] The construction is rendered into Russian either with the help of a [examples] or an infinitive Predicative Complexes with Participles 111 The subjective participial construction is used after th e voice forms of verbs o f _ and semantically related verbs: , watch, , catch [= see, hear], , find, etc [examples] th e [examples] voice forms of some causative verbs: , leave, , etc Constructions with participle II can also be found after th e voice forms of the verbs o f activity: believe, consider and think [examples] th e voice form of the verb 'report' [examples] Some grammarians consider that the construction functions as a complex of a sentence Others would argue that the nominal element is the of the sentence, whereas the participle is part of a compound verbal predicate of double orientation What you think? Ex 10 Complete the following Provide examples ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS There a re types of absolute participial constructions: the nominative absolute participial construction and th e absolute participial construction The nominative absolute participial construction consists o f elements T h e element denotes the agent of the action expressed by the participle It is not the subject of the sentence It can be expressed by • a noun in th e case • a personal pronoun in th e case [examples] • some other pronoun [examples] • the adverb The element describes the action or state of the nominal element, hese elements are in secondary relation [examples] Any participle can be used in the construction [examples] English Grammar Practice 112 Functionally, the elements of the construction form a syntactic participial construction can be used as a complex adverbial of The nominative absolute [examples] • reason [examples] • attendant circumstances / manner [examples] [examples] The construction is typical o f o r style The prepositional absolute participial construction is introduced by the preposition The element of the construction denotes the agent of the action expressed by the element It is usually a noun in the case, a personal pronoun in the case [examples] or some other pronoun (everybody, no one, something, etc.) The element of the construction describes the action or state of th e participle can be used within the construction element The elements of the construction form a complex The construction can function as a complex adverbial o f , attendant circumstances, or Its interpretation depends on the context [examples] Ex 11 Complete the following Provide examples ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTIONS WITHOUT A PARTICIPLE There are two types of absolute constructions without a participle: (1) the absolute construction and (2) t h e absolute construction There are n o elements in these constructions, they are used to describe The nominal elements in the constructions are followed by (a) , (b) prepositions or prepositional phrases, (c) The nominative absolute construction can be used as (a) a adverbial of attendant circumstances [examples] (b) a adverbial of manner [examples] Predicative Complexes with Participles (c) a 113 adverbial of time [examples] Similar patterns with the participle being have a [examples] meaning The prepositional absolute construction can be used as a complex adverbial of attendant or The interpretation depends on the context [examples] The constructions are separated from the rest of the sentence by The exam in grammar is a nuisance, once passed 114 APPENDIX PA R TIC IP LES IN PRO VERBS AND SAYIN G S &anреи think afecfuipalentsinpourmothertongue? A barking dog is often more useful than a sleeping lion A burnt child dreads the fire A creaking door hangs long on its hinges A danger foreseen is half avoided A drowning man will catch at a straw A fault confessed is half redressed A house divided in itself cannot stand A penny saved is a penny gained A problem shared is a problem halved A rising tide lifts all boats A rolling stone gathers no moss A smiling face is half the meal A trouble shared is a trouble halved A watched pot never boils All lay load on the willing horse An honest tale speeds best, being plainly told Art is long, and time is fleeting Barking dogs seldom bite Better die standing than live kneeling Beware of Greeks bearing gifts Don't swap horses when crossing the stream Easier said than done First come, first served Forewarned is forearmed Honest tale speeds best, being plainly told If you want a thing well done, it yourself In the kingdom of the blind the one-eyed man is king It's easier said than done Let sleeping dogs lie! Look before you leap, but having leapt never look back Lost time is never found again No living man all things can Nothing is impossible to a willing heart Rats desert a sinking ship The bread always falls buttered side down The camel going to seek horns lost his ears The cat shuts its eyes when stealing cream The squeaking wheel gets the grease There's many a good tune played on an old fiddle To know the road ahead, ask those coming back Well begun is half done References 115 REFERENCES Аракин В.Д Практический курс английского языка - Москва: Владос, 2003 Блох М.Ю., Лебедева А.Я., Денисова B.C Практикум по английскому языку: Грамматика.Сборник упражнений - Москва: Астрель ACT, 2003 Гордон Е.М., Крылова И.П Грамматика современного английского языка - Книжный Дом "Универ ситет", 2009 Гузеева К.А., Костыгина С.И Инфинитив Грамматика английского языка Серия: Изучаем иностранные языки - Спб: "Издательство Союз", 2000 Дроздова Т.Ю., Берестова А.И., Маилова В.Г English Grammar Reference and practice - СанктПетербург, 2006 Каушанская В.Л., Ковнер Р.Л., Кожевникова О.Н., Прокофьева Е.В., Райнес З.М.,Сквирская С Е., Цырлина Ф.Я Грамматика английского языка - СПб: Айрис-пресс, 2008 Кобрина Н.А., Корнеева Е.А., Оссовская М.И., Гузеева К А Грамматика английского языка Морфология -М : Просвещение, 1985 Крутиков Ю.А., Кузьмина И.С., Рабинович Х.В Упражнения по грамматике современного английского языка - Москва: «Высшая школа», 1971 Лещева Л.М., Бахтадзе Е.А., Симанович О.С Практическая грамматика английского языка - Мн.: Акад упр при през Респ Беларусь, 2008 10 Петрашкевич Н.П., Шелег Л.А., Дмитриева И.В Функциональная грамматика английского языка Мн ООО "Лексис", 2009 11 Саакян А.С Exercises in Modern English Grammar - СПб: Айрис-пресс, 2006 12 Alexander L Longman English Grammar Pearson Education, Ltd, 2005 13 Burchfield R.W The New Fowler's Modern English Usage.- Clarendon Press: Oxford, England 1996 14 Collins Cobuild English Grammar, Harper Collins Publisher, 2005 15 Dooley J., Evans V Grammarway - Express Publishing, 1999 16 Eastwood J Oxford Practice Grammar Intermediate - Oxford University Press, 2008 17 Evans V Round-Up English Grammar Practice - Longman, 2001 18 Evans V FCE Use of English - Express Publishing, 2001 19 Foley М., Hall D Advanced Learners' Grammar - Longman, 2003 20 Fowler R., Aaron, J., Limburg K The Little, Brown Handbook 6th ed - HarperCollins: New York 1995 21 Gordon I Practical Punctuation Heinemann Educational, 1978 22 Haug D The semantics and pragmatics of predicative participles - University of Oslo, 2008 23 Hewings M Advanced Grammar in Use - Cambridge University Press, 1999 24 Leech G., Svartik J A Communicative Grammar of English - Moscow, Prosvescheniye, 1983 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Quirk R, Greenbaum S A University Grammar of English - Longman Group: Essex, England 1993 Side R and Wellman G Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge Advanced and Proficiency Longman, 2000 Swan M Practical English Usage - Oxford University Press, 1997 Swan М., Walker C How English Works A Grammar Practice Book - Oxford University Press, 1997 Thomson A.J., Martinet A.V A Practical English Grammar - Oxford University Press, 1988 Vince M Macmillan English Grammar in Context Advanced - 2008 Vince М., Sunderland P Advanced Language Practice English Grammar and Vocabulary - Macmillan, 2003 Walker E., Elsworth S Grammar Practice for Upper Intermidiate Students - Pearson Education Limited, 2000 Yule G Oxford Practice Grammar Advanced - Oxford University Press, 2006 Cambridge International Dictionary of English - Cambridge University Press, 1995 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 3rd edition Longman Dictionaries, 1995 Longman Essential Activator Longman, 1999 Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 7th edition Oxford University Press, 2007 Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English Oxford University Press, 2002 Dictionaries Contents 119 CONTENTS THE PARTICIPLE THE MORPHOLOGICAL CATEGORIES OF THE PARTICIPLE THE SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF PARTICIPLES 14 THE PARTICIPLE AS AN ATTRIBUTE 16 THE PARTICIPLE IN PREDICATE 29 PARTICIPLES IN COMPOUND PREDICATES 30 THE PARTICIPLE AS A PREDICATIVE 30 THE PARTICIPLE AS PART OF A COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE 31 PARTICIPLES AS ADVERBIALS 37 PARTICIPLES AS PARENTHESES 51 PREDICATIVE COMPLEXES WITH THE PARTICIPLE 56 THE OBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION 56 THE SUBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION 68 ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS 73 THE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF THE PARTICIPLE, SHORT AND EASY 94 PREDICATIVE COMPLEXES WITH PARTICIPLES, SHORT AND EASY 94 HOW TO COMMENT ON THE USE OF PARTICIPLES 98 RULES ARE GOOD WHEN OBEYED AND UNDERSTOOD 101 APPENDIX 114 REFERENCES 117 ... When the huge animals came into the arena, the audience cheered The elephants were very well-trained and their tricks were entertaining / entertained Some children from the audience were invited... indicated by the finite verb The time reference of the participle is relative: it can be understood through its reference to the finite verb The relative time reference is expressed through the category... distracted and when I get distracted, I become depressed Sometimes small weaknesses seem charming and engaging We discussed the attempts being made to correct the situation Her achievements remained