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1 Yeu cau chung 1.1 Can cir vao hoan cdnh lich sit- cu the, vdo tam the vd y sang tdc cua tdc gid de hieu dung, hieu sdu tdc phdm Tac pham van chuang dugc sinh mot moi truong lich su, xa hoi, van ho^ nhat dinh, dong thai mang dau an tinh than cua ca nhan nha van Neu tach no khoi moi truong chang khac nao dua ca khoi nuac Bai th6, de hieu dung, hieu sau tac pham, nguoi phan tich cSn tra no ve voi hoan canh sinh cu the, cSn van dung nhung hieu biet ve Ijch six, xa hoi, van hoa, can can cu vao tam the, y sang tac cu the ciia nha van Phan tich cac bai tho viet ve nguoi chien sT ve quoc nhu Tdy Tien ciia Quang Dung, Dong chi ciia Chinh Huu, ta khong the khong dat chiing vao hoan canh dat nuoc thicu thon, gian kho a nhung nam dau cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap, vao dong tha viet ve anh bg dgi liic bay gia vdd nhiing cong va han che nhSt dinh Khi hieu Tdy Tien dugc viet "noi nha choi vai" cua Quang Diing, chiing ta mai c6 the phan tich ki dac sac cua nhieu hinh anh, cua gigng dieu trS tinh bai tha Dat Viet Bdc vao thai diem dac biet, buac ngoat Ian lao ciia dai s6ng dan tgc (thang 10/1954), chiing ta mai hilu diing gia tri ciia bai tho Ra dai a budc ngoat nay, Viet Bdc c6 y nghia t6ng kSt cac chang duong lich sii cua dan toe gan bo ciing can cir dja each mang, chien khu khang chien, 1^ ban anh ca ve each mang va khang chien, ban tinh ca ve dai song tam hon phong phii, cao dep ciia nguai Viet Nam Mat khac, d6i vdi cac tac ph2m ciing de tai, chiing ta cung rat can su hieu biet ve dac diem phong each moi nha van, nha tha, but phap ciia tung tac gia de lam sang to cai hay rieng a tung tac pham 1.2 Phdi dam bdo tinh thong nhdt hiiri cogiim noi dung vd hinh thiiv cua tdc pham Khi phan tich, binh giang tac pham van chuang can tranh hai khuynh huang: - Chi giang giai qua noi dung cu the ciia van ban roi lay lam cai cd de tan duong, ca nggi mot each chung chung Khuynh hudng bien tdc pham van chuang mot tac pham tuyen truyen, chinh trj va de lam cho bai nghi luan tro th^nh rong - Qua sa da v^o nhirng chi tiet nghe thuat vun vat, cham chiit vao tia tot cau ehii ma khong neu dugc gia tn bieu dat ciia cac yeu to hinh thiic Khuynh hudng kho di den phat hien nghia li ciia van ban tac pham, chi cac tSng Idp y nghia dugc ham chiia Khi nghi luan ve mot tac pham van hoc, can xem xet noi dung phan anh, tinh cam, tu tudng cua nha van da dugc the hien qua phuang thuc, biit phap nhu the nao; ngugc lai, cac yeu to hinh thuc c6 gia tri gi viec bieu dat noi dung Phan tich noi dung tuc la giang giai, danh gia mot noi dung dang dugc bieu hien qua mot hinh thiic cu the Phan tich hinh thuc chinh la phan tich qua trinh xam nhap cua hinh thuc iy vao noi dung, danh gia sue manh bieu dat noi dung ciia hinh thuc §y Bai nghj luan van hoc toi ki loi phat bieu y kien mot each chung chung hoac chi "dien n5m" noi dung Muon binh diing, binh hay, trade tien phai phan tich diing, giang sau Giang c6 nghia la kham pha, giai thich noi dung, y nghia cua tac pham, la phan tich, khSng dinh 96 nghia If ciia van ban N o c6 nhiem v u c h i cac t§ng l o p n o i dung va chung m i n h mot each thuyet phuc r^ng noi dung ay tat phai dugc the hien qua hinh thijrc nghe thuat ay, hinh thiic nghe thuat ky "hop le thuan t i n h " , c6 tinh doc dao hon ca viec the hien noi dung T r o n g qua trinh phan tich, chiing m i n h tinh doc dao cua sir thong nhat giua noi dung va hinh thiic a van ban tdc pham, n g u o i nghj luan can t i m trung nhiing ch6 hay, ch6 la ciia cac phuong thiic, thu phap the hien va khang djnh dugc rang hinh thiJrc nghe thuat ay la "phuong an t i u u " d^ th6 hien sinh dong n o i dung, bat k i su doi thay nao (dii rk nho) cung c6 the pha v nghia l i , pha v a tinh chinh the cua tac phSm Chang han, k h i binh giang kh6 d§u bai tha Day thon Vi Dg ciia Han Mac T i i , ta khong th6 khong chii y den chir muat cau "Vuan mu&t qua xanh nhu ngoc" Chi chu niuo-t i y m d i dien ta diing va het siic g g i cam mau xanh non, xanh m o mang dang \kp lanh phan chi8u anh ning bain mai ciia " v u a n a i " n a i thon V i V a o t h o i diem sirang dem d i m tren cac nggn cay, la cay v^ ^nh mat t r o i m a i 16 dang chieu r o i thi mai c6 mir&t K h o n g thS thay vao mot c h u bat k i nao khac de dung, g g i cam dirge nhu the 1.3 Bai van nghi luan can c6 he thong luan diem ro rang, much lac, nhOng luan cir diing din, sinh dong vd lap luan thuyet phuc Bai van nghi luan phai nhu mot nam xoi: tung hat deo, kho nhung l a i vat dugc nam No khae v a i chao cam rang: tung hat san det, rod rac Cac y bai van can ro rang nhumg lai dugc lien ket mot he thong M o t bai van nghi luan hay thuang c6 he thong luan diem r5 rang dugc ket dinh mot each t u nhien, lien mach, y no ggi y N o khong phai la mot phep cgng ca hoe cac y ma la ket qua ciia sir to ehiic, sap xep c6 dinh hudmg, CO nghe thuat ' ' ' Khong chi doi hoi su mach lac he thong luan diem, mau sac ca nhan cua cac nhan xet, d^nh g i i , bM van nghi luan yeu cau tinh cu the, thuyet phuc cua nhiing luan cii Neu c i i sa da v&o dan chiing, phan tich cu the m ^ khong nang len dugc tam k h ^ i qu^t, khong due ket dugc ede nhan dinh, bai van se nhat tinh t u tuang, kho gay an tugng Mat khac, neu eii neu nhan dinh, ca nggi hay phe phan mot each chung chung ma khong qua cac can c i i cu the, dan chiing sinh dpng t h i bai van ciing yeu sue thuyet phuc, de tra nen rong Ket hgp l i n h boat, t u nhien giiia phan tich, chiing m i n h cu the v a i nhan xet, danh gia khai quat vira la phuang phap t u duy, vua la k i nang lam bai ma nguoi viet van nghj luan can ren luyen Chang han, k h i nghi luan ve mot tac pham truyen, nhimg nhan xet, danh gia phai xu4t phat tir chu de, y nghia ciia c6t truyen, t u tinh each, s6 phan ciia nhan vat, t u ket cau, ngon ngii cua tac phSm K h i nghi luan v l mot nhan vat can phan tich, danh gia tung phuang dien ca ban cua nhan vat dugc nha van phan anh (lai lich, ngoai hinh, noi tam, cu chi, hanh dong ) g j n lien v d i nhirng chi tiet nghe thuat dae sac 1.4 Lai van ciia mot bai nghi luan c&n chudn xdc, sang, the hien rung cam chan thanh, tu-nhien ciia nguoi viet K h i viet mot bai van, mot tieu luan, han khong chi a ch6 viet cai gi ma quan la viet n h u the nao, bang thai do, tinh cam Can can nhac t u each diing t u 97 I den each ngat cau Ngon tir phai lam dien ta sat, trung ban chat ciia d6i tugng, dieu minh muon noi Gipng van lam phai hop vdi van de, vdi noi dung, nhieu nhu c6 hinh CO khoi, giau nhip dieu Viet van cung nhu giao tiep ddi s6ng, khong nen hai hudc can trii tinh cam thuong va ngugc lai Giong dieu lai van phan U'ch than phan tui nhuc cimg sue song tiem tang ciia nhan vat M i (Va chong A Phu) tk nhien can khac voi phan ti'ch cac nhan vat So chang han Phan tich cau tha cu6i cua bai Day thon Vi Dg (Ai biet tinh co dam da?) c6 the viet ring la mot Idi hoi ck len day khac khoai Trong chu khac khodi c6 udc mong tha thi6t tan cung nhung cung ngam ngui, xa xot den tan cung No khan thi^t ma dau ddn No dung vdi canh ngo Han Mac Tii ay Nhan day, chiing toi thSy can luu y mot dieu: khong nen ikm rung cam noi Idi van qua cac cau cam than, qua nhung Idi "ho to gpi giat" kieu "chao di ", "dep lam ", "hay biet bao nhieu " Neu lam dung mot each tho, neu "nguy trang" cho tam hon ngheo n ^ ciia minh theo kieu ay, bki van se trd nen rong, nhieu bu6n cudi Rung cam phai that su xuat phat tu day long, tu su "va le" ciia chinh minh Khi 4y, no tir toat len y tir, gipng dieu bai van ma ngudi doc khong kho nhan Tren day la cac yeu cau ca ban ve kien thuc, ki nang ciia mot b^i van nghi luan van hoc Tuy theo van de, doi tugng nghi luan, dac biet theo the loai tac ph§m ma moi dang bai lai c6 cac yeu ckx, doi hoi cdc phuong phdp rieng Yeu cau, ki nang cff ban vol timg dang nghi luan van hoc 2.1 Nghi luan ve tdc pham thof trie fink (doan tha, bai tha) a) Can thdm nhap, phan tich tdc phdm tha tnr tinh bang tat cd torn hon, tinh cam cua minh Thoat nghe, chac c6 ngudi khong khoi nghi rang nguyen tac "chung chung", "giao dieu" qua K I thirc, day chinh la cai goc, diem khdi dau de c6 the den vdi mot tac pham van chuong, dac biet la tho ca Tdc pham van chuong cd gid tri 1^ mot hien tugng tham mi dpc ddo, dugc s^g tao theo quy luat rieng cua tinh cam No tiem an kha nang khoi ggi d ngudi dpc nhung rung dpng sau xa V i the, nguyen tac trudc tien doi vdi ngudi tim hieu, ddnh giS tdc phim van hpc la phai den vdi no bang tat ca tam hon, tinh cam ciia minh Khong phai ngau nhien ma cac tu "cam thu", "thudng thiic" dugc dimg thudng xuyen hoat dpng sang tao, tiep nhan, phe binh van hpc nghe thuat va hau nhu chi diing d linh vuc Le Quy Don tung chi ba loai ngudi tiep xuc vdi tho van: "Van Tii noi: Bac thugng hpc lay than ma nghe, bac trung hpc lay tam ma nghe, bac hpc lay tai ma nghe; tai nghe thi hpc d bi phu, tam nghe thi hpc d ca nhuc, than nghe thi hpc d cot tuy" Mot ngudi hpc van c6 y thiic la ngudi c6 gang thoat khdi bac hpc, cang vuan den bac trung hpc rdi thugng hpc .1 Doi vdi ngudi lam bai nghi luan ve tdc pham tha, cang can phai nhan manh vai tro ciia tinh cam, ciia sir rung cam Tha la tieng noi hon nhien nhat cua mot dieu hon di tim nhung tam hon dong dieu Trong phuong thiic tru tinh nay, nhiing cam xiic, rung dpng ciia ngudi trudc cupc song dugc bpc 16 true tiep, chan tinh va tu nhien Mot bai tho 98 hay thi tu ban than no tinh cam va If tri da ket hop nhuan nhuyen Dac tnmg the loai nhu vay doi hoi nguoi nghj luan ve tac pham tha phai biet dong cam voi noi long nha tha, phai tiep nhan bai tho bang ca trai tim dang xiic dong The nao la tham nhap, phan tich tac pham tha bang tat ca tam hon, tinh cam? Truac het, la biet song vdi khong cam xiic ciia bai tha Mot bai tho cong thaong toa xung quanh minh mot tu truang cam ling, thuang tao nen mot "kenh" tham ml rieng Muon hieu sau bai tho, phai tham nhap dugc vao tu truong cam ling ay, phai "dieu chinh" suy nghi, tinh cam ciia minh hoa cai "kenh" ay De tim y ma phan tich, binh giang, hay gat bo nhihig dinh kien, nguyen li c6 san ma doc bai tha len de tu lang nghe nhung rung dong ciia long minh Bai tho hay thuang Ian dan cam xiic, tao niem dong cam nhanh chong va tu nhien chii it can moi giai, moi lai La mot hinh thiic to chiic ngon tu dac biet, tho tac dong toi nguoi doc mot each tong hop va dong thai vdi nhieu yeu to: nghia ciia ngon tu; khoang lang giiia cac tu ciing sue ngan vang ciia chiing tuang tac; van; nhip dieu, gigng bong tram qua phoi Ngudi ta thudng noi "thi trung hiiu hoa", "thi trung huu nhac" Mot kinh nghiem de nam bat dugc cai hay, cai dep cua tha la khong nen chi dgc no bang mat Nen dgc Idi, doc to de tu lang nghe am vang ciia loi tha long minh Co the mdi tiep nhan dugc siic ngan cua ngon tu, ciia hinh anh va nhip, gigng dieu Chang han, hay dgc diing de cam nhan gigng tho nhu troi dai, nhd dan hoai niem, mong moi thiet tha ma v6 vgng (khi cum tu "khdch duang xa " dugc lap lai), hay cam nhan chiit ngam ngui bat luc (khi Idi tha mang gigng dieu cam than) d hai cau sau thugc kho ket bai Day thon ViDa: Ma khdch ducmg xa, khdch duang xa Ao em trdng qua nhin khong Biet song vdi khong khf cam xuc cua bai tha chinh la tien de de nhap than vko cai toi trii tinh cua nh^ tha hay the gidi nhan vat Day \k mot bieu hien niia cua sir phan tich, binh giang t^c pham tho ca bang tat ca tam hon, tinh cam Khi binh tho, HoM Thanh thudng dua v^o nguyen tac "dem long ta vak hieu long ngudi" 1^ vay Trong nghi luan ve tac pham tho, giua "ta" va "ngudi" cang gan gui thi cai nghia If, cai hay ciia tho cang de sang to va su danh gia khen, che mdi than tinh dat If Ngudi nghi luan nen c6 gang dat minh vao cho nha tho, cho nhan vat tru tinh bai tha de c6 the cat nghia dung tam trang, each the hien Phai tham thfa cai quan quanh, be tac cua mot Idp nien tieu tu san xa hgi thuc dan nua phong kien trade Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 thi mdi phan U'ch dugc noi c6 don, sir be nhd den dang trach, den tgi nghiep cua hg, mdi hieu het dugc cai nhin tir kiSm diem sau s4c cua Che Lan Vien d kho tho n^y: ' Lu chiing ta ngu giu&ng chieu hep Gidc ma de ndt cuoc dai ^ i.^ ,> Hanh phuc dung mot ta dep Mot mdi nhd yen ru bong xuong tam hon (Nguoi di tim hinh cua nuac) 99 Nha phe binh Hoai Thanh Mot doi dieu tdm su tren cdu chuyen binh tha da viet: "Tnrdc het, phai lo tir boi duong cho minh ve mat tinh cam D§u hi§u hik c6 sau rpng den dau ma khong c6 tinh cam diing, khong the c6 su danh gia dung vg van tha Nhung chi c6 tinh cam diing van chua dii Tinh cam ma khong manh, khong sau thi cau chuyen tha se nhat, khong dii sue di vao tam tri nguoi doc, nguai nghe."' b) Trong qua trinh nghi lugn phdi dam bdo tinh chinh thi, toon ven cm tdc phdm Nha tha Xuan Dieu c6 dan truang hop hieu mot bai tha vui cua nguoi xua: "Khi di hoc, toi dugc doc mot bai tha tii tuyet (tha dich) rat la If thu, d nhi Neu dem chat tung cau thi: Song the mimg ma thu phong Cau tha cung binh thuang thoi Mdnh gidy doi be thdy trdng khong Cau tha chi 1^ mot nhan xet dan gian ve mot to giay hai mat deu khong c6 chu vi^t, CO gi la sang tao? Han y chcing khong chi khdc cd Mot cau tha dien y, chang c6 hinh tugng gi Yeu em co noi cung khong cung Cau tuong doi dung mot minh dugc Nhung chua phai 1^ mot cau tuyet dieu Do la dem nit buam lam bon phan thi nhu the! Nhung neu nguai doc dung lam cai viec rut bai tha tu tuyet nhu vay thi ca bon cau tha nhat thong dang yeu biet bao Nguai phu nir xua ngong dgi tin chong di rat xa, giao thong cham chap, duong s^ muon phan kho khan, dugc mot la thu chong gui ve mung rat Ian Khong ngo ong chong dang tri den cai miic thu da viet thi bo a ngoai ma to giay trang chua viet lai gap bo vao Thknh vg mimg hut Neu vg ban tinh thi se lam tha c^u vai ch6ng Tuy nhien bang cdi hinh thiic yeu thuang ma nguai vg chi tinh, thong minh, hien hau ky da diing: chi cam but viet len cdi ta thu dang tri ciia chong b^i tha tir tuyet sau day v^ lai nha giao thong thien son van thuy danh duong dua den tay ch6ng: Song the mimg ma thu phong Mdnh gidy doi be thdy trdng khong Han y chang khong chi khdc cd Yeu em c6 noi cUng khong ciing Chang phai la sang tao cao hay sao? Chuyen cai dang tri dang gian cua ch6ng mot su dung y, tham thuy ciia chong Chao 6i, lai c6 dugc mot nguai vg dang yeu den nhu the! Nguoi chong nhan dugc bai tha phuc dap tren chinh cai to gi§y CO toi ciia minh lai chang thuang vg, cam an vg den chay nuac m§t hay sao? Bai tha ' Hodi Thanh tuyin tap, tap 2, NXB Van hoc, 1982, tr 207 100 la mot tuong quan cua ngon ngii, nhung tnrac la ngon ngu, no la mot tuong quan ciia tinh cam."' Nhu vay, nghi luan ve mot tac pham can c6 cai nhin bao quat, toan cue Tac pham van hoc la mot ca the song, la mot chinh the toan ven, moi bp phan chi la no t6n tai, tuang tac vai cac bo phan, y^u to khac Nguai phan tich, binh giang phai tranh tinh trang thdy cay ma khong thSy rung, sa ngap vao tung chi tiet, tung bo phan ma quen m4t di cai nhin toan thk, t6ng hop Yeu ckn hen he chat che vai nguyen tac dam bao U'nh thong nhat giua npi dung va hinh thirc Vay lam the nao de dam bao duac tinh chinh the, toan ven ciia mot tac pham tha tru tinh nghj luan? Truac tien, phan tich tung chi tiet (tir, cau, hinh anh) phai xem xet, danh gia no cic moi quan he, phai dat no chinh the tac pham Nhieu hoc sinh to thich thii vai hinh anh "siing ngui trai" cau tha "Heo hut may sung ngici trai" a Tay Tien ciia Quang Dung Nhung yeu cau chi cai hay ciia hinh anh a dau thi cac em lai liing tdng Muon the, ta thir dat vao day nhung tu gan nghia c6 the dupe de so sanh Neu vi^t "siing dung trai" hay "siing cham trai" thi ciing dien ta dupe tam cao song diu la su dung cham lanh lung ve mat ca hpc Chir "ngui" da chuyen sang trang thai cam nhan c6 cam giac, c6 phan ung va linh hon ciia sinh vat hpc Chi mot chii thoi, hinh anh tha sinh dpng han len Bang thii phap nhan each hoa, Quang Dung mupn siing ma noi nguai thoi Dang sau hinh anh "siing ngiii trai" chung ta nhan ve tinh nghich, ngang tang cua nhung chkng trai Tay Tien Hp dang treu diia, ngao nghe thach thuc vai gian kho Mat khac, dat hinh anh toan bp bai tha, dac diem tam h6n va but phap tha Quang Dung, cang hieu ro them cam hiing lang man ciia nha tho Mot nguai tha nhu the, ca ngpi mot doan binh nhu the at tu nhien viet "siing ngui trai" Ban linh va y chi, hao hoa va lang man ciia "siing ngui trai" nam he thong vai: Anh ban ddi ddu khong buac nira Guc len sung mu bo quen d&i ; , ^z- , hay: Tay Tien doan binh khong moc toe Quan xanh mdu Id die oai hum " • - " ' Rdi rdc bien cuang mo vien xic Chien tru&ng di chdng tiec d&i xanh Nhu the, mot cau tha, mot hinh anh, mot tir c6 th^ dupe hieu diing v^ sau hon dat cac m6i lien he truac, sau, khong chung ciia toan bai tha Xuan Dieu, Trd chuyen vai cac ban lam tha tre, Bao Van nghe, so 224, nam 1965 101 De dam bao ti'nh chinh the, toan ven cua tac pham can ket hop hai hoa giua phan tich, giang giai voi khai quat, tong hop Tach phan tich ti mi timg chi tilt, bo phan nhung roi rat can su tong hop, khdi qu^t tren c^c kk qua da phan tich day, can khac phuc loi hieu hep hoi, sai lech ve thao tac tong hgp, khai quat lam mot bai van nghi luan Thao tac hoan toan khong phai la phep cpng lai mot each gian don nhCrng gi da phan tich No phai nham nang qua trinh nhan thiic tac pham len mot cap dp mai No vagt len nhung cau chu, hinh anh duac the hien true tiep tac pham ma nam bat tang cao y nghia, ling nghe tieng noi tri am ciia tdc gia, tii tac c^i than, cai hon ciia tac pham Yeu cau dam bao u'nh chinh the, toan ven ciia tac pham cang dang duac luu y lam bai phan U'ch, binh giang mot kho, mot doan nao bai tho Trong thitc t% lam van, thi cii, trucmg hgp chiem da so (so voi phan tich, binh giang ca bai) Liic n^y, nguoi lam bai nhat thiet phai nam vung dugc vi tri ciia doan trich, xac dinh dugc y nghia ciia doan trich ay dong mach cam cua toan bai tha De hieu diing, hieu sau mot tir, mot cau tha c6 can nam vung ca bai, tham chi can hieu dac diem tam hon, phong each ciia nha tha ay Chang han binh giang kho tha ket thiic b ^ Trdng giang (Huy Can) can thay day la cho don tu xiic cam ciia nhan vat trii tinh Noi bu6n tr6ng v§ng truac trai nuac menh mong, hiu quanh den day ket dong lai th^nh nilm nha que, nho nh^ da diet ciia mot ca nhan ba va long xa hoi, dang tiii hon truac canh mat nuac, "h6n dan chiec nhu dao rai dam bien" Mot vi du nira: Phan tich kho tha dac sac quen thuoc bai Tieng hat tau cua ChS Lan Vien: Nha ban suong giang, nha deo may phu Nai nao qua, long lai chang yeu thuang? Khi ta a, chi la nai ddt a Khi ta di, ddt da hod tam hon! Neu khong x^c dinh ro vi tri cua kho tha nky se kho hieu het noi dung cam xiic vk y nghia ciia no Sau cat len iikng goi len duong (hai kh6 d§u), Che Lan Vien dinh phan dai nhat ciia Tieng hat tau de nhac lai bao ki niem am long tren Tay Bac nhiing nam dai khang chien, boc 16 niem vui gap lai nhan dan tinh nghia Kh6 tho nam dong cam xiic ay va thuoc phan sau Nhu vay, sau nhd ve nhiing nguai Tay Bac cu the tirng gan bo vdi nguoi can bp khing chien (nguoi anh du kich, thang em lien lac, ba me lua hong soi toe bac), nha tha di din tnnh hhy n6i nho chung tat ca nhihig gi thuoc ve Tay Bac dong thai due ket, triet li vk tinh nghia d ddi Nha tdt ca nhiing ban, nhung deo mang hon thien nhien va cupc song Tay B5c Hon niia, c6 nai nao minh da tirng qua, timg song tren dat nuac than yeu nay, vdi nhan dan nghia tinh ma long lai chang yeu thuang Kho tho da khai qu^t xuc dong mot quy luat ciia tinh cam, mot chan If cua tr^i tim: dat d hoa tam hdn - mot vat v6 tri v6 gidc trd mot phan mau thit, tam linh cua ngudi Do khong chi la chuyen tinh cam vdi Tay Bac nhu mot dia danh cu the niia ma chuyen nghia tinh vdi qua khir 102 vdd nhan dan tram nai, khong chi la chuyen cua mot ca nhan ma chuyen ciia moi nguoi, moi thai dai c) Bam sat cdc yiu to hinh thuc, tic cam nhan dac sac hinh thitc nghe thuat ma soi sang, hieu sau them noi dung cam xiic D I tranh dien nom npi dung van ban, c§n di vao giang giai, binh gia nhung dac sac ve hinh thuc nghe thuat Chinh day la noi bpc 16 ro nhat nang lire cam thu van hoc ciia nguai lam bai Vay cac y6u to hinh thuc nghe thuat tho ca can phan tich, danh gia gom nhirng gi? * Ngon tie r Ngon tir la phuang tien hihu dat ciia tic pham van chuang Trong mot doan, mot bai tho hay thuong c6 nhung tir loe sang Nhieu chi vai chu thoi ma c6 dong biet bao su s6ng, hik bao y tinh ciia nha tho Nguai phan tich, binh giang phai "bat triing" diem sang iy Chu ngui cau tho "Heo hut may sung ngiri trai" da noi a tren la mot vi du Mot van ban tho hay la ket qua cua qua trinh lira chon ngon tu Nha tha bo tir nay, diing tir kia, thoi vao cho m6i tu nghia li, siic s6ng rieng ciia no Dien ta sir cha dgi moi mon cua non d6i vdd nuac Tan Da chi chira c6 mot tir thoi ma y tha tra nen hay va sau han: Nan cao nhung ngong cung Suoi tudn dong li cha mong thdng ngdy ' • thanh: Non cao nhimg ngong Cling '" Suoi kho dong li cha mong thdng ngdy ' (The non nuac) Tudn la suoi dang nuac ma chay Con kho la suoi da chay, da khoc den kho kiet ca dong le Khi phan u'ch bai Kinh gui Cu Nguyin Du cua T6 Huu, kh^ nhieu nguai khong de y hoac khong hieu duoc nghia li ciia tir te tdi cau: Hoi long te tdi thuong yen >: • Giua dong due cdnh beo lenh denh Tai khong diing cac tir tha thiet, thdm thiet, triu nang ma lai te tail Phai tham thia bi kich ciia nang KiSu, bi kich cua cuoc dai Nguyen Du ay den chirng nao mod viSt nhu the Ki§u ""giua duang dut gdnh tuang tu", danh 16i lai the nguyen, tinh duyen chom no voi Kim Trong ma ban minh chuoc cha "Cay em, em cd chiu lai", trao duyen cho Thuy Van r6i ma nang dau nguoi day diit, te tai Nguyen Du ay cung ngon ngang moi mau thuan giira If tri vai tinh cam, nghia vu vai tarn long (la bac dai quan huorng b6ng 16c trieu dinh nhung ong lai nang long thuong nhirng nguai bi ap hue, ngheo kh6) Ong yeu dai, thuong nguai den quan that ma lam dugc gi dau Hoi Nguyen Du bi^t lam gi cho nhirng nguod ong yeu thua ay? "Te tdi thuang yen" la yeu thuong thim thih ma dan dau hk lire, yeu thuang ma danh nuot nude mat vao 103 Cung vai tu ay, bieu 16 noi long cua nguod duac ve tham que huong sau bao nam dat nuac bi chia cat, sau ma dau Bai ca que huong, To Hiru viet: Hai muoi chin nam dang dac xa que Nay lai ve tham, mimg tdi te Dang dac hai muoi chin nam xa mod dugc ve tham que huang lai khong mimg? Nhung la noi mimg khong de dang, khong trpn ven, xen Ian vui va buon, suang va tui, mimg khong tran day, khong han ma ngam, ma sau Ngot ba muoi nam vdd bao bien canh cua thod chien tranh li loan, gia day ke mat nguod con, chuyen day nguod dau? Mot kinh nghiem de cam nhan ve dep cua ngon tu tac pham tha la thu thay vao vi tn' mot tu dong nghia, gan nghia khac nham so sanh, cung la nhSm nhan su khong the thay the Neu khong tu nao hay bang van canh ay nua thi c6 nghia nha tho da tim dugc "phuang an toi uu", c6 nghia ngoi biit da dat den tinh luyen nhSt Cac ban CO the thuc hien nhu the chang han binh giang chu che ngang cau tha "Ld triic che ngang mat chit dien" (Day thon VT Da), chu dan don cau "Ldng que dan dan vol nuac" (Trdng giang), chu ngui cau "Heo hiit may siing ngiri trai" {Tdy Tien), chu viii cau ''Song cat, chit vui cat" (Me Tom) * Hinh anh Tuy truang hgp, muc dp cu the, hinh anh tha dugc ggi len tu mot tir, mot cum tu, mot cau tha hay mot kho, doan tha Hinh anh tha thuang gan vai cac phuang thiic tu tu dugc nha tha sii dung V i the, muon phan tich, binh giang tho hay rat can tri thuc ve cac phuang thirc tu tu tieng Viet nhu diep ngu, dao ngu, so sanh, hoan du, hn du, nhan hoa, Khi nghi luan ve tac pham tha, hoc sinh can bam vao cac phuang thirc tu tir ma nha tha su dung, can tuang tugng, tai hien nhung hinh anh dSng sau cSc cau chii Tu t ^ hien, dung ta dugc hinh anh tha dau 6c minh vai hinh kh6i, duong net, mku sSc thi cang nhan ve dep ciia lod tha, tam long va tai nghe cua nguod l^m tho Chang han, phan tich kho dau hhi tha Day miia thu tai can chii y bien phap nghe thuat nhan hoa cua Xuan Dieu Rang lieu diu hiu dugc nha tha cam nhan nhu nhirng thilu nir dang cui dku diing chiu tang "Toe buon buong xuong le ngan hang" Da toe lai le, noi bu6n ch6ng len n6i buon Su chong xep hai tang hinh anh nhan hoa vira dung ta voc dang ghy go bu6n ba lai vira bieu hien chieu sau tam trang nod rang Ueu Phuang thuc nhan hoa cung dugc Nguyen Dinh Thi su dung rat cong mifiu ta bau trod thu dk nuac tren niii rung Viet Bac tu do: Trai thu thay mat Trong biee not cuai thiet tha (Dat nuac) Ta bau trai biec, Nguyen Dinh Thi da tiep n6i mot net biit quen thugc ciia nhieu nguod xua truac mot ve dep dac trung ciia mua thu Nhung qua niem vui ciia nguod dugc lam chii mot phan giang son dk nuac dep giau, hhu trod thu §y hien len nhu mot nguod c6 dang hinh, sac mau, c6 ca giong cuai tiSng noi Ian tam trang tam h6n 104 Dac biet, it ta trai thu biet noi cuai nhu Nguyin Dinh Thi Hinh anh tha dam tham ma thoat, bay bong Cac thu phap nghe thuat ma tha ca su dung thuang rk phong phu, bien hoa, gan voi phong each rieng ciia nha tha Dieu ay doi hoi nguai phan ti'ch, binh giang khong chi can CO tri thuc phong phii, chinh xac, ma phai c6 y thiic tim toi, suy nghi Cam nhan hai cau tha ta doan binh Tay Tien cua Quang Dung 'Tay Tien doan binh khong moc toe/ Qudn xanh man Id die oai hiim", kha nhieu hoc sinh lung tiing tim y, danh di vac noi len noi kho, ca nggi tinh than dung cam cua nguoi h'nh mot each chung chung Can chii y biit phap tuang phan dugc Quang Dung sir dung a day kha kin va rat cong Doi lap vai ngoai hinh gay go, tieu tuy, vai hien thuc khac nghict {khong moc toe, qudn xanh mm Id) lai la sire manh tinh than ben trong, phach day chat lang man (dit oai hdm) Sir tuang phan, net but vira gan gu6e, hien thuc den tran trui vira bay bong, lang man da to dam tu the hien ngang khac thuang ciia doan binh Tay Tien Co khi, qua hinh anh tha ma thay dugc mot each nhin, mot thai do, tham chi ca mot phong each Chang han, chiing ta c6 the so sanh loi xay dung hinh anh ciia To Huru va Che Lan Vien - hai nha tha Cling mot the he To Hixu la nha tha hay sir dung chat heu dan gian, thuang van dung van hoc dan gian de xay dung hinh anh tha Anh Giai phong quan - nguai dep nhat cua thai dai danh Mi - dugc To Huu ca nggi "Nhu Thach Sanh cua the ki hai muoi/Mot day nd, mot cay chong cUng tien cong giac Mi" (Bdi ca Xuan 68) Ca nggi chu nghia anh hiing cua dan tgc Viet Nam, pham gia cao dep cua nguai Viet Nam cugc duang dau vai de quoc MT tan bao, ong viet: Chung muon dot ta tro bui, Ta hod vdng nhdn pham, lucmg tarn Chung muon ta bdn minh nhtic, Ta lam sen thorn ngdt giua dam (Viet Nam - mdu va hoa) Ckng ve sau, T6 Hiiu ckng xay dung nhieu hinh anh tha c6 y nghia bieu tugng, mang tinh khai quat va dam da chSt truyen thong Chang han, ong ca nggi su hi sinh lan lac ciia To quoc ta tren tuyen dau chong Mi: Viet Nam, di To quoc thuomg yeu! ' " Trong kho dau, Nguai dep hon nhieu Nhu bd me s&m chieu gdnh ndng, Nhdn ngi nudi con, sudt dad im lang (Chdo Xuan 67) Gan muai nam sau, nhin lai han niia the ki each mang, khang chien dau thuang, hao cua dan toe To Htru lai viet: Dau phdi duang xanh Duong qua mdu chdy, Nam muai nam mdu hoa 105 - Y kien c6 hai khia canh: Thii nhat, coi la phuorng cham s6ng tich cue ciia nguai hien dai; thii hai, coi phuang cham ay luon phu hop vai moi hoan canh Ban loan (7,5 diem) - Thi sinh can 1km ro: Phuang cham song tren c6 h o ^ iokn tich cue khong? Co luon phu hop vai mpi hoan canh khong? - Thi sinh c6 the dong tinh, khong dong tinh hoac chi dong tinh phan nho vai y kien Dii theo khuynh huang nao thi cung phai c6 If le, can cu xac dang va c6 thai ban luan nghiem tiic, thien chi Bay to quan diem cua ban than (1,0 diem) Tu nhan thuc va trai nghiem rieng, thi sinh can bay to quan diSm ciia chinh minh ve cong hien - huang thu, ve su hop li cua moi quan he c6ng hi8n - huang thu d6i vai nguod hien dai a hokn canh binh thuong vk s6ng hoan canh bat thuong, nhat la a thai diem can c6 su hi sinh, cong hien Cau III (5,0 diSm) Yeu cau chung: - Cau kiem tra nang luc viet bai nghi luan van hoc ciia thi sinh; doi hoi thi sinh phai huy dong kien thiic ve tac pham van hoc If luan van hoc, ki nang tao lap van ban va kha nang cam thu van chuong ciia minh de lam bai - Thf sinh c6 the cam nhan va kien giai theo nhung c^ch khac nhau, nhung phai c6 \i le, CO can cu xac dang, khong dugc thoat h van ban tac pham Yeu cau cu the: Vai net ve tac gia, tac pham (0,5 diem) - Thanh Thao la mot guang mat tieu bieu ciia tho chong Mi; cung la cay biit luon no lire cdch tan sau nam 1975, noi bat Ih su tim kiem nhirng c^ch bi^u dat mdi tha - Dan ghi ta ciia Lorca Ih hhi tha lay cam tu c^i chet bi phan ciia nhh tha Ian nguai Tay Ban Nha bi bon doc tid Phrangco giet hai nam 1936; Ih mot nhung tdc pham tieu bieu cho sang tao nghe thuat cua Thanh Thao Giai thfch cac y kiln (0,5 diem) - Y kien thu nhat: nghe sT- chien silk nguai vua hoat dong nghe thuat vua tranh diu cho doc lap, tu do, dan chii va tien bo xa hoi; y kien da nhin nhan Lorca g§n vai dSu truang chfnh tri, vai cuoc dau tranh cua nhan dan chong lai che doc tai - Y kien thii hai: nghe si thudn tiiy la nguai chi hoat dong linh vuc nghe thuat, dam me va chuyen chii sang tao cai dep; y kien da nhan dinh Lorca dai s6ng nghe SI, truac sau chi thuoc ve niem dam me cai dep va sang tao nghe thuat, nhung da bi gilt hai bi tham, oan khuat Cam nhan ve hinh tugng Lorca (3^0 diim) Thf sinh c6 the cam nhan theo nhirng huong khac nhau, nhung c§n ^ ro cdc phuang dien chfnh cua hinh tugng Lorca: 186 - Noi dung hinh tuong: chan dung nguoi nghe si tai hoa, lang tu, don doc; so phan oan khuat, bi tham; sir bat tu ctia Lorca ciing nghe thuat ciia ong - Nghe thuat khSc hoa: but phdp tugng tnmg, sieu thirc; loi tha giau nhac tinh; nghe thuat doi lap, nhan hoa, an du chuyen doi cam giac, Binh luan ve cac y kien (1,0 diem) - Hai y ki§n tren Ik hai each danh gia, cam nhan ve hinh tugng Lorca Y kien thii nhat xuat phat tu nguoi Lorca ngoai doi d8 hikn hinh tugng Lorca tac pham; y kien thii hai xuat phat tu van ban tac pham de hieu hinh tugng Lorca - Thi sinh c6 the bay to quan diSm rieng ciia minh ve cac y kien; can nhan thuc dugc viec tham khao nhung tai lieu ngoai van ban la can thiet, nhung can cu cuoi cung vk quan nhk cam thu nghe thuat noi chung, cam nhan hinh tugng Lorca noi rieng, van la van ban tac pham D E THI T U Y E N S I N H DAI H O C KHOI C - MON N G Q VAN - NAM 2014 Thai gian lam bai: 180 phut, khong ke thai gian phat de Cau I {2,0 diim) Thua nhd toi cong Na cau cd niu vdy ba di cha Binh Lam bat chim se a vanh tai tuang Phat vd doi an trom nhan chua Trdn Thua nhd toi len chai den Cay Thi chdn ddt di dem xem le den Sdng mui hue trdng quyen khoi trdm thorn Idm dieu hat van Ido ddo bong cd dong ^ ^ Toi ddu biet bd toi cacue the •h'.n-A i • • \ • ftbd mo cua xuc tep a dong Quan bd di gdnh che xanh Ba Trqi Quan Chdo, Dong Giao thdp thimg nhung dem hdn {Do Len - Nguyin Duy, Ngit vdn 12, tap mot, NXB Gi^o due Viet Nam, 2013, tr 148) 187 Doc doan tho tren va thirc hien cac yeu c§u sau: Xac dinh nhCrng phuong thuc bieu dat dugc su dung doan tho (0,5 diem) Cac tu "Ido ddo ", "thgp thirng " c6 vai tro gi viec the hien hinh anh c6 dong va nguori ba? (0,5 diem) Su v6 tarn ciia chau va n6i ca cue ciia ba hien len qua nhiing h6i lie nko? Nguoi chau da bay to noi niem gi qua nhimg hoi uc do? {1,0 diem) Caull {3,0 diim) « Ke manh khong phdi la ke gidm len vai ke khdc de thod man Idng ich ki Ke mgnh chinh Id ke giup da ke khdc tren doi vai minh {Dad thica - Nam Cao, Ngir van 11 Nang cao, tap mot, NXB Giao due Viet Nam, 2013, tr 203 - 204) Y kien tren ggi cho anh/chj suy nghi gi ve dieu lam nen sire manh chan chinh ciia moi nguoi cung nhu ciia mot quoc gia (bai viet khoang 600 tu)? Cau III (5,0 ^i^m) Ve hinh tugng song Huong biit kiAi dd dat ten cho dong song? cua Hoang Phu Nggc Tuong (sach Ngir van 12), c6 y kien cho rang: Ve dep noi bat ciia song Huong la cdnh sac thien nhien tha mong, tinh tic Y kien khac thi nhan manh: Ve dep be sdu cua song Huorig Id nhimg tram tich van hod, lich sir Bang cam nhan ve hinh tugng song Huong, anh/chi hay binh luan cac y kiln tren Huong ddn chdm''': Cau I (2,0 diim) Yeu cau chung: - Cau n^y kiem tra nang luc doc hieu van ban ciia thi sinh; doi hoi thi sinh phai huy dgng kien thuc va ki nang doc hieu mot van ban van hgc thugc thi tho trii tinh dl l^m bai - De khong yeu cau dgc hieu mgi phuong dien ciia doan trich, chi kilm tra mot s6 khia canh Cam nhan ciia thi sinh c6 the phong phu nhung c§n n4m bat dugc tarn tinh ciia tac gia, hieu dugc ve dep cua tieng Viet, nhan dugc cac phuong thiic bilu dat dugc dung doan trich Yeu cau cii the: Nhirng phuong thiic bieu dat dugc su dung doan tho: bilu cam, tu su, mieu ta (0,5 diem) - Tir "Ido ddo": khac hoa song dgng hinh anh c6 dong liic hanh ll cai nhin thich thu ciia chau Theo Huang dan cham - Dap an - Thang diem D€ thi tuyin sinh dai hoc nam 2014 mon Ngix van - Khoi C cua Bo Giao due va Dao tao 188 - Tir "thdp thitng": kh4c hoa chan thirc hinh anh nguoi ba buom chai kiem song noi xot xacua chau nho lai i i s i K j nsu;) -na': v A? y -jifi ^' • V (0,5 diem) - Sir v6 tam cua chau va n6i co cue cua ba hien len qua hai the giai khac nhau: chau thi mai me vdi nhung tro vui (cau ca, bat chim, an trgm nhan, xem le, ), ba thi vat va kiem song dem (mo cua, xiic tep, ganh che xanh) - Qua nhung hoi uc v^ tuoi tho v6 tu, nguoi chau da b^y to noi an han, day dut ciia minh: chua biet yeu thuong, chia se voi ba (1,0 diem) n MJU Cau I I (3,0 diim) Yeu cau chung: - Cau kiem tra nang lyc viet bai nghi luan xa hoi cua thi sinh; doi hoi thi sinh phai huy dong nhung hieu biet ve doi song xa hoi, k i nang tao lap van ban va kha nang bay to quan diem rieng cua minh de lam bai - Thi sinh c6 the trien khai van de theo nhieu each khde nhau, nhung phai c6 l i le v^ can cu xae dang; dugc tu bay to quan diem eiia minh, nhung phai c6 t h ^ chan thanh, nghiem tiic, phu hgp voi chuan muc dao due xa hoi va luat phap quoe te Yeu cau cu the: Giai thich y kien (0,5 ^/emj Y kien neu len quan niem vd ke manh; y kien khong nhin nhan ke manh o vi the hay uy lue ma a tu each, cu the la a each hanh xii Quan niem dugc the hien triet de bai hai ve tuong ho Ve phii dinh: uc hi8p nguoi khac de thoa man long tham, long ich ki khong phai la ke manh Ve khang dinh: sin sang nang da, ho trg nguoi khac moi diing 1^ ke manh Banluanf2,0^/em; Thi sinh c6 thi mo rgng su ban luan cAc hudng kh^c nhau; dudd day 1^ nhijng y tham khao: - Dieu tao nen sue manh chan ehinh cua moi nguoi eugc song eiing nhu eiia mot qu6c gia tren truang quoe te khong chi la uu the tu than ma la each hanh xu Voi m6i ca nhan, la su quan tam, nang da, tuang trg de ciing chung song xuat phat tu tinh thuong, long vi tha; voi mot quoc gia, la hanh dong ton trong, hgp tac, ho trg de Cling t5n tai, phat triin xu4t phat tu tinh than quoc te - Khang dinh tinh dung din ciia luan de: tu each moi eon nguoi ciing nhu mot quoe gia bao gid ciing dugc nhin nhan quan he voi cong dong, tuan theo nhiing chuan muc nhan van quat Ci dau va thai nao, long leh ki va loi hanh xu bao lire ciing la phan nhan van, phi nhan dao Trong thod dai van minh, cae gia tri nhan van, cae quy uac quoe te dugc de cao, thi cang phai cue lue len an va loai bo nhirng dieu trai voi dao If Bai hgc nhan thiic va hanh dong (0,5 diem) • ' Tir nhung suy nghi va lien he cua minh, thi sinh c6 the nit nhiing bai hgc khac nhau; dual day la nhirng y tham khao: • : 189 - Trong quan he giua nguai va nguai: xay dung loi song tinh nguai, hanh vi ung xu CO van hoa; luon c6 y thuc quan tam, bao ve, nang da nguai kh^c; phe phan loi hanh xu bao lire, y the ue hilp, eha dap nguai khae - Trong quan he giua cae quoe gia: de cao su ton trong, hap tac, tuomg trg; phe p h ^ nhung quoe gia y the la ke manh de gay han, ap dat, xam chiem cae quoc gia khac Cau III (5,0 diSm) Yeu cau chung: * • - Cau kiem tra nang lire viet bai nghi luan van hoc eua thi sinh; doi hoi thi sinh phai huy dong kien thuc ve t^c pham van hoc, li luan van hoc, ki nang tao lap van ban va kha nang cam nhan van ehuang eua minh de l^m b^i - Thi sinh c6 the cam nhan va kien giai theo nhung each khac nhau, nhung phai c6 li le, CO can cu xac dang, khong dugc thoat li van ban tac pham Yeu cau cu the: Vki net ve tac gia, tac pharn (0,5 diem) - Hoang Phu Ngpe Tuang 1^ nh^ van ehuyen ve but ki, c6 van phong giku chat tri tue v^ tai hoa - Ai da dat ten cho ddng song? la tac pham xuat sac the hi en tinh yeu eua tac gia danh cho xir Hue va eung la cho dat nuac Hinh tugng song Huang dugc khac hoa vai nhieu ve dep khac Giai thieh y kien (0,5 diim) - Ve dep noi bat la ve dep hien tren be noi, gay an tugng vugt trgi, de nhan thay bang true cam Y kien thu nhat coi canh sac thien nhien tha mong, tinh tu la ve dep noi bat eiia song Huang - Ve dep be sau 1^ ve dep an ehim, doi hoi phai c6 tri thuc sau rpng v& chiem nghiem cong phu mai khdm phd dugc Y kien thu hai coi nhung tram tich van ho^, lieh sir 1^ ve dep be sau ciia song Huang Cam nhan ve hinh tugng song Huang (3,0 diem) Thi sinh c6 the cam nhan ve cac ve dep khde ciia hinh tugng song Huang, nhung cin bam sat eae y kien neu de Duai day la nhirng y tham khao: - Ve dep ciia canh s§c thien nhien tha mong, tinh tir: nhung canh tri, s4e mau ciia song nuac, niii doi, bai bien, cay eo, giau chat tha, day ggi cam; nhiing dang net cua khiic uon, duang cong, dieu chay, nhip troi, ggi nhieu lien tuong ve mi nhan, ve tinh tir lua doi day quyen ru va say dam - Ve dep cua nhirng tram tich van ho^, lich sii: song Huang la "nguai me phii sa cm mot viing van hod xu sa", va bao dod van dugc to diem bai v6 van cong trinh thi ca, am nhac, hoi hoa, kien tnic, dieu khae; song Huang gan vdd biet bao v6 cong oanh liet qua cac thai dai Ijch sir 190 - Nghe thuat: phoi hop ke va ta; bien phap an du, nhan hoa, so sanh; ngon ngu giau chat trii tinh, chat triet luan ;, j^Vn Binh luan ve y kien (1,0 diem) Thi sinh c6 the dong tinh vdi mot hai, hoac vai ca hai y kien tren; cung c6 the dua nhan dinh khac ciia rieng minh Dual day la nhiing y tham khao: - Ca hai y kien d^u c6 tinh khai quat, sau sac, nhan manh nhung ve dep khac cua hinh tugng song Huomg: canh sac thien nhien tha mong, tinh tu la ve dep noi bat; nhung trSm tich van hoa, lich su la ve dep be sau - Hai y kien khac nhung khong d6i lap ma bo sung cho nhau, hop sir nhin nhan toan dien va thong nhat ve ve dep ciia song Huang D E THI T H A M K H A O S O Thai gian lam bdi: J 80 phut, khong he thai gian phdt de Caul: Doc van ban sau: - 911 xin nghe Co chuyin gi vdy a? - Day la so nhd 123 du&ng Main Street - Vang, hien gia quy vi dang gapphdi tinh huong khan cap gi a? - Toi muon goi Pizza - Thua ba bd dang goi dien den so dien thoai khan cap 911 - Vang, toi biet Toi c6 thi goi mot bdnh Pizza ca L dugc khong Mot nica la pizza thit hun khoi, mot nua Id pizza khoai tay - Xin iSi bd, hien gia bd biet la minh dang goi den so 911 day chug? - Vang, se mat khodng bao Idu g? - Chung toi ro roi thua bd Hien gia bd khong chic g? Bd dang a tinh huong khan cap dung khong g ? - Vang, dimg roi - Va hien gia vi co a ben cgnh nen bd khong the gidi thich cu the dugc dung khong g? - Vang, dung vdy Se mat khodne bao Idu g? - Dgi ciru trg cua chiing toi hien dang co mat each noi bd a khodng dam Trong nhd bd co vgt gi dang de Idm vu khigay thuang tich hay khong? - Khong a 191 - Vay c6 the lien tuc noi chuyen qua dien thoai cho den hie doi cicu trg den nai duac khong? - Khong q Toi hi vong la ong se mang den bay gia Xin cam on 6ng v (Theo Internet) Tra lai cac cau hoi sau day: Van ban tren dugc viet theo phong each ngon ngu nao va sir dung phuong thuc bieu dat chinh nao? Theo van ban tren, ngucri phu nu a vao tinh hu6ng nhu th§ nao? Cach lam cho thay dieu gi a ngudi phu nu nay? iy da lam gi? Nguai nghe dien thoai la ai? Nguoi da lam viec nhu thS nao? Theo anh/chi, neu nguai phu nu dugc giai thoSt khoi tinh hu6ng thi dieu gi la nguyen nhan dan toi ket qua do? Anh/chi riit dugc bai hoc gi cho minh va nhung nguai xung quanh d vao nhung tinh huong nhu nguai phu nu dugc noi d^n van ban tren? Cau I I Hay viet mot bai van (khoang 600 tu) vk mot bai hoc sau sSc nhSt ma anh/chj da hoc dugc a truang thong ' Cau I I I Phan ti'ch cam nhan ve dat nuac, y thuc trach nhiem trudc van menh dit nuac doan tha sau ciia Nguyen Khoa Diem: Trong anh va em horn Deu CO mot phan Dat Nuac Khi hai dica cam tay Dat Nuac chung ta hai hoa nong thim Khi chung ta cam tay moi nguai Dat Nuac ven tron, to Ian Mai ta Ian len Con se mang Dat Nuac di xa Den nhung thdng ma mong Em em Dat Nuac la mdu xuang ciia minh Phdi biet gdn bo va san se Phdi biet hod than cho ddng hinh xu sa Lam nen Dat Nuac muon dai (Trich Dat Nuac - Truang ca Mat duang khdt vong - Nguyen Khoa Diem, Ngif van 12, tap mot, NXB Giao due Viet Nam, 2014, tr 119 - 120) 192 Gai y lambai: • , : u \ : ^ ' ! - ^ o i i ± t Caul: • r ' ro:;i- ::n Van ban tren dugc viet theo phong each ngon ngu sinh hoat va sii dung phuong thue bieu dat chinh la tu su Theo van ban tren, nguod phu nir a vao tinh huong khan cap, eo the nguy hiem den tinh mang Ba ay da goi dien den trung tam ciiu trg thong qua noi dung va goi banh pizza de dugc ho trg, ciiu giup Cach goi dien cho thay nguoi phu nii ay rat thong minh, nhanh tri Nguoi nghe dien thoai la canh sat 6ng ta da lam viec rat can de nam bat dugc tinh hinh ciia nguoi goi dien; bict nguoi phu nu a vao tinh huong nguy hiem, ong ta da tinh y, xu li nhanh nhay de giai eiiu ba ay khoi tinh huong nguy hiem Neu nguoi phu nu' dugc giai thoat khoi tinh huong khan cap thi ket qua la su thong minh, nhanh tri, c6 kl nang tim kiem su ho trg tu nguoi khae ciia chinh nguoi phu nu ay va su tinh y, xu li nhanh nhay each giai quyet van de ciia nguoi canh sat {Luu y: Hoc sinh c6 the dien dat theo each khdc nhimg noi dung can trd lai phdi hap li, CO sue thuyet phuc) Hoc sinh riit bai hoc cho minh va nhung nguoi xung quanh a vao nhirng tinh huong khan cap nhu nguoi phu nu dugc noi den van ban tren Noi dung cau tra loi phai hgp li, c6 sue thuyet phuc, hen quan den viec trang bi nhilng ki nang song can thiet Cau II: Cau nghi luan xa hoi n^y cho phep thi sinh tu lira chon mot bai hoc nao vsxk minh cam thay sau sac, thSm thia nhiing nam thang dugc hoc tap truong thong Hoan canh, tinh huong sinh bai hoc c6 the rat da dang (trong gio hoc tren lop; rapt hoat dpng nao cua tap the, cung ban be; mot Ian tiep xiic, va cham voi mot/ nhiing ) Noi dung, y nghia ciia bai hoc ciing rat da dang, phong phu (ve mot van de bai hoc tren lop, ve mot tu tuong, dao li, quan niem, ve loi song, c^ch hanh xii ) Dii viet ve dieu gi, bai van ciing phai xuat phat tit cam xiic chan thanh, can dien dat bang gigng dieu tu nhien, phu hgp voi cau chuyen, bM hpc dugc dua Muc diem ciia cau thupc vao npi dung, y nghia ciia cau chuyen, b ^ hpc va each dan dat ciia hpc sinh Cau III: Nhirng y chinh can c6: Gioi thieu ehung ve doan trich Dat Nude va doan tho phan tich - Truong ea Mat du&ng khdt vong dugc Nguyen Khoa Diem hoan tai chien khu Tri Thien vao nam 1971, vik ve the he nien hpc sinh, sinh vien a cac thi vimg tam chilm mien Nam euge khang chien chong Mi The he tnromg nhanh chong khoi lua chien tranh, nhan thue mot sau sac ve truyen thong dan toe, ve nhan dan, tir tham thia hon trach nhiem va sir menh ciia minh, siet chat dpi ngii xuong duong tham gia phong trao dau tranh doi thong nhat dat nude Ddt Nuac 193 thupc chuong V ciia ban truang ca - chuang tap trung trinh bay nhung kham pha, cam nha'il mai me ve dat nuac - Vai tinh chat tru tinh - chinh luan, qua hinh thuc nhan vat "anh" tam tinh, luan ban vod "em", doan tri'ch Ddt Nuac kham pha, cam nhan ve dat nude theo mot trinh tu kha mach lac Nguyen Khoa Diem l4n lugt tra lai ba cau hoi Ian: Ddt Nuac c6 tu bao gia? Ddt Nuac a ddu ? Ai Idm nen Ddt Nuac? Khi tra Idi cau hoi Ddt Nuac a ddu?, nha tha da trinh bay qua trinh kham pha, cam nhan cang sau sac Ban dau, Dat Nuac la nhung gi gan gui a xung quanh ta, d ngoai ta Sau do, Nguyen Khoa DiSm khang dinh DSt Nuac CO d ta, moi ngudi, tir di den nhac nhd mot each tu nhien, tham thia ve trach nhiem tnrdc van menh Dat Nude Doan tha da cho the hicn noi dung sau sSc ^y Phan tich k h ^ pha, cam nhan ve DSt Nude d chin dong tha d§u - Dat Nude CO "anh" va "em", c6 moi ngudi dang song hom - Dat Nude cang ven tron, to Idn tren binh dien khong gian, qua lien ket cong dong (Chu y noi dung tam tinh, luan ban qua each dien dat theo Idi tang c§p cua nha tha: "trong anh vci em" - "hai dua cdm tay" "chiing ta" - "chiing ta cam tay moi ngu&i" d moi cap do, nha tha su dung nhung tir ngtr thich hap, giau tinh bilu cam: hdi hod nong tham, ven trdn, to Ion) - Dat Nude c^ng dep giau theo chieu dai thai gian Nhung the he sau {con ta) se tiep noi ma dua Dat Nude den nhung bd ben mdi (thdng ma mong) - Cam himg lac quan ve tuang lai Dat Nude thuc tai nhi^u thii thach, gian khd Phan tich y thirc trach nhiem trudc van menh Dat Nude d bdn dong tha sau - Nhan thirc sau sac, cam nhan gan bo mot each mau thit khang dinh: "Ddt Nuac la mdu xuang ciia minh " - Y thuc ho^ nhap, tinh than dang hien qua c^c tir: gdn bo, san se, hod than - Nhan sinh quan c^ch mang cua ngudi thai dai mdi ciing y thuc tiep ndi truy^n thong ong cha de "lam nen Ddt Nuac mudn dai" - Trach nhiem trudc van menh Dat Nude dugc ggi nhac bang giong dieu dae sac: sir ket hop giua giong dieu yeu cSu trang trong, menh lenh dut khoat (diep ngii Phdi biet) vdi giong dieu tam tinh ngot ngao (Em em Dat Nuac Id mdu xuang cua minh) - Ldi yeu cau, nhac nhd vdi "em" ma ciing la Idi tu nhac nhd cho chinh minh nen cang tham thia, tao moi dong cam sau rong (trong dai tu ""minh " c6 "em" va c6 ca chinh "anh") Ket luan chung - Doan tha c6 noi dung nhan thuc, cam xuc sau sac trudc mot doi tugng tudng chung da rat quen thuoc - Cach tam tinh, luan ban (ngon ngir, giong dieu) khien doan tha c^ng c6 sue lay dong tam hon, nhan thirc cua ban doc - Trong boi canh hien nay, doan tha cang cd y nghia v^ cd gia tri lau dai 194 D E T H I T H A M KHAO Thai gian lam bai: 180 phiit, khong ke thai gian phdt de Caul: Doc doan tho sau: Neu To qudc dang bdo giong tir bien Co mot phdn mdu thit a Hodng Sa Ngdn nam truac theo cha xuong bien Me len rimg thuong nha mdi Tru&ng Sa > Ddt To qudc chap chon bong gigc Cdc nam thao thicc phia Truang San Bien To qudc chua mot ngdy yen d Bien cdn lao nhu me bac son Neu To qudc hom nhin tii bien Me Au Ca hdn khong the yen long Song lap lap de len them luc dia Trong hdn nguai cd ngon song ndo khong (Trich To quoc nhin tic biin - Nguyen Viet Chien - 2009) Tra lai nhung cau hoi sau: Y tha 'To qudc dang bdo giong tic bien" muon thong tin tai nguoi doc nhung sir viec gi? Tai nh^ tha lai nhac dSn chuyen "cha xuong biin", "me len rimg" b^i tha nay? Hinh anh nguai me dugc nhSc den nhi^u \hn doan tha Hay chi va neu tac dung ciia nhung hinh anh Doan tha dugc vik theo thk tha nao? ThS tha gop phSn thi hien noi dung cam xuc cua doan tha nhu the nao? NIU dugc viet mot vai dong tam su vai tac gia bai tha To qudc nhin tic bien, anh/chi se viet gi? Cau I I : ^ Hay viet mot bai van (khoang 600 tir) trinh bay suy nghi cua anh/chi ve viec lam ciia nguai mil cau chuyen sau: "Cd mot nguai mu di tren mot duong toi, tren toy lai cam theo mot chiec den Idng Mot nguai thdy the lien hoi: 195 - dng CO thdy duang ddu ma can phdi cam theo chiec den long luni gi? Nguoi mil lien mim cudi trd l&i: - Toi cam theo chiec den la de ngudi khdc khong dam sam vdo toi Lam vay c6 the gin an todn cho bdn than minh " (Theo Bdi hoc Ion tic nhimg cdu chuyen nho, NXB Lao dong - Xa hoi) Cau III: r Phan tich than phan tiii nhuc cua nguoi dau trir no va sue song tiem tang ciia nhan vat M j (Va chong A Phu - To Hoai) vao dem mua xuan nghe tilng Goi y Idm bdi: Cau I : Y tha 'To quoc dang bdo giong tic bien" muon thong tin toi nguoi doc nhimg sir viec: vung bien cua To quoc dang bi de doa bdi bao to ciia thien nhien, dang c6 nguy co bi xam Ian bdi quoc gia khac Nhac den chuyen "cha xuong bien ", "me len ricng" la nh^c den truyen thuyet ve Lac Long Quan va Au Co, god len dieu thieng lieng long m6i nguoi d^t Viet Do la cau chuyen ve coi nguon xa xua, vung ben ciia dan toe, ca so xay dap tinh dong bao va tinh than doan ket bao doi ciia dan toe Viet Nam Ca ba kho tho deu nhac den hinh anh nguoi me: kho va kh6 la hinh anh me Au Co, ngudi me sinh To quoc, ggi dieu thieng Heng, sau s§c; kh6 la hinh anh ngudi me lam lu vdi "ao bac son", ggi su ghn gui, than thuong, cam dong Viec nh4c din hinh anh ngudi me nhieu Ian nhu vay c6 tac dung khai day y thirc ve coi nguon, tinh cam thieng lieng, cao quy, long biet on, tran trong long moi ngudi BM tho dugc viet theo the tha tam chir Day la the tha c6 kha nang bilu hien noi dung phong phii, khong bi go bo ve van, thanh, gop phan the hien tinh cam chan chiia, thiet tha va sau sac ciia nha tha Hoc sinh viet khoang - dong tam sir vdi tac gia bai tha To quoc nhin tic Men theo hudng: chia se tinh cam, khSng dinh y chi, tinh th§n cua moi ngudi dSt Viet ve chii quyen dan tgc, dac biet la chii quyin \h bien dao Cau I I : Dan dat, gidi thieu cau chuyen - Yeu cau tir trang bi ki nang song doi vdi m6i ngudi, c6 ki nang hik chu dong ludng trudc nhung tinh hudng c6 the dien de tir tranh dugc nhirng nii ro khong dang c6 - Dan dat cau chuyen ve ngudi mu trich Bdi hoc l&n tir nhimg cdu chuyen nho va van de can nghi luan: moi ngudi can biet chu dong, biet lo xa, phong than 196 i Giai thich, neu y nghia cau chuyen • ^lf>(^u : c ' - j n ao: - Nhan sir bat tien viec di lai dem cua minh, nguai mii da chu dpng phong tranh bang each mang theo den long: ' T o / cam theo chiec den la de khdc khong dam sdm vao toi Lam vay c6 the giuan nguai toan cho ban than minh" N g u a i mii khong th§ CO each tranh nguai di duang nen da nghi each de nguai d i ducmg tranh minh N g u a i mu chii dong trang b i cho minh nhung phuong tien, vat dung de phii hop v a i hoan canh, thi'ch ung v6i dieu kien Chinh thai chii dong ay da giiip nguod mu di chuyen mot each thuan I g i , an toan hon - Cau chuyen dem den mot bai hoc tham thia ve tinh than chu dong cuoc song: Trong m o i truong hop, khong the de den k h i sir vice xay m a i hanh dong; de tranh dugc nhirng r u i ro khong dang c6, nguai phai luang tinh, can c6 nhirng chuan bi can thiet Do la viec lam quan de nguai eo the song tot m o i dieu kien, m o i hoan canh Ban luan ve van de - Con nguai can phai chii dpng chuan bi truac cho m p i hoan canh: Cupc song luon tiem tang nhieu tinh huong bat nga, c6 nhirng tinh huong khong de doi pho, giai quyet va khong phai cung c6 dii kha nang va san sang giai quyet m p i tinh huong H o n nua, nguai thuang eo nhirng han che, diem yeu can phai khae phue Do do, nguai can phai ren luyen va t u trang bi cho m i n h nhieu k i nang can thiet - Co sir chuan bj, luang truac nhirng tinh huong xau xay ra, eon nguai se luon a t u the chii dpng, c6 the x u l i tinh huong mot each nhanh chong, de d ^ g Sir chuan bi giup cho nguai tir t i n , manh dan han k h i hanh dpng - Con nguai ciing can phai c6 nhan thue diing dan ve nhirng diem manh, diem yeu cua ban than Tir sir hieu biet dung dan ve ban than, m o i nguai can phai luang truac dugc nhihig tinh huong xau c6 the xay bang cich quan s^t nhiing nguai xung quanh, rdt kinh nghiem tir nhirng sai lam da mac phai, t u dieu chinh va trang b i cho minh nhieu yeu to de CO the d6i vai moi tinh hu6ng xSu K h i c6 dugc nhimg sir chuan b i do, mpi tinh huong se dugc giai quyet mot each nhanh chong, thuan I g i - Tir xa xua, ong cha ta da diic ket kinh nghiem ve gia t r i eua su chuan b i , chii dpng trude mpi tinh hu6ng: "Phong hon chong ", hoac phe phan sir b i dpng: "Mat bo m&i lo lam chiiSng" Trong cupc s6ng nay, sir chu dpng chuan bi truac m p i tinh huong van luon can thiet - Dan chung: cac phuang an phong chong bao l i i , sir chuan bi chu dao eiia nguai truac nhirng tham hoa ciia thien nhien; nhirng k i nang lam hanh trang vao dofi cho giai tre la nhirng dieu can thiet - - Phe phan: Trong cupc song, khong phai cung dugc n h u nguai mu cau chuyen, chii dpng chuan bi de tranh nhung n i l ro Can benh "nuac den chan mai nhay" khong xa la, dac biet la giai tre hien Nhieu nguai lai chu quan, dpi den k h i su viec xay m o i t i m each img va sua ehira, khac phuc Khong phai liic nao 197 nguai cung c6 the dir doan het va chinh xac moi tinh huong xay ra, vi the, neu khong CO sir chuan bi trudc, nguai cung kho c6 the thuc hien dugc muc tieu hay giai quyet cong viec mot each suon se Khang djnh y nghia ciia cau chuyen - Khang dinh sir diing dan cua bai hoc duoc gui gSm cau chuyen Dk han che nhung viec bat Igi xay den vdi minh, m6i nguai luon phai a tu th§ sin sang chu dong, chuan bi truac nhixng tinh huong c6 the xay ra, thay doi ban than cho phu hap vai hoan canh, thich nghi vai dieu kien Chi c6 nhu the, cuoc song cua ngudi mdi trd nen de dang han, tranh dugc nhung dieu khong may - Lien he ban than: Ngudi viet tu nhin nhan lai cuoc song ciia ca nhan, xem ban than CO da sir chuan bi tot cho cac tinh huong hay chua, da d tu th§ chu dong, sin sang thay doi ban than de thich ung vdi ho^n canh hay chua, tu rut kinh nghiem, dinh hudng mot loi song diing din, phu hop Cau III: Gidi thieu truyen ngan Va chong A Phu va nhan vat Mi - Va chong A Phu nam tap Truyen Tay Bac, mot dinh cao cua n^n van xuoi khang chien chong Phdp Truyen ngan viet ve cuoc ddi cua mot doi vg chdng ngudi H'mong ma To Hoai da gan bo chuyen len Tay BIC vao nam 1952 Vg chong A Phu da mieu ta chan thuc ndi kho cue ciia ngudi dan lao dong ngheo Tay Bac dudi deh thong tri ciia bgn phong kien, dong thdi phat hien va dien ta sinh dong ve dep tam hon, sue song tiem tang cung qua trinh thiie tinh vuan anh s^ng tu ciia mot the he ngudi dan Tay Bac - Mi la nhan vat dugc ehii y khac hoa nhieu nhat Vg chong A Phu, the hien tap trung han ca von hieu biet phong phii, tinh cam sau sac va but phap nghe thuat doc dao cua nh^ van To Ho^i Phan U'ch than phan tui nhuc ciia ngudi dau trir ng - Sir xuat hien cua Mi phan md dau truyen ngan khien ngudi doc ngae nhien, chii y (nghe thuat vao truyen, gidi thieu nhan vat ciia To Hoai) - Qua trinh tu mot thieu nu xinh dep, tai hoa bi bien dau trir ng nha thong li Pa Tra vi mdn ng truyen kiep, vi tuc cudp vg bi bgn nha giau (A Su) Igi dung - Phan ling cua Mi mdi bi bat ve nha thong If Pa Tra (dem nao ciing khoc bdi tham thia noi tiii nhuc cua cuoc ddi tu bi tudc doat, dinh tir tu de giai thoat) rdi den sir chap nhan lam than trau ngua cho nha giau de cuu bo - Cuoc song am tham, kho cue ciia ngudi phu nu tu eoi minh nhu da chit (Chii y cdc hinh anh giau siic bieu cam: lui lui nhu rtia nudi x6 cua; can buong chat hep, tam toi, chi c6 mot chiec cua so 16 vudng bang ban tay ) Qua trinh troi day ciia sue song tiem tang Mi v^o dem miia xuan nghe tilng s^o ggi ban tinh 198 - Khung canh mua xuan din vai cac ban lang Tay Bac qua ngoi but mieu ta thien nhien, phong tuc ciia To Hoai - Ngoai dku nui da c6 tieng th6i sio goi ban di chai Nghe tieng s5o vong lai, long Mi b6ng thigt tha boi hoi Co ngoi nham thSm bai hat ciia nguoi dang thoi Tieng goi ban tinh ciia chang trai nao bat dSu danh thuc hoai niem ve tuoi tre Mj - Hanh dong u6ng rugu uc tung bat nhu mot phan ung tu sue song tiem tang dang tr6i day, tu y thirc ve quySn binh dang, quyin lam nguai: Uong nhu c6 dan nen ca khat vong Ian uat lie, uong nhu sir tra thii lu nguai doc ac - Trang thai chap choTi nua tinh niia say, nua song vdi thuc tai, niia song ve truac; quen nhung gi xay xung quanh; lai uong rugu va thoi ben bep lira ; long cang nha ve hanh phiic vao nhung mua xuan tuoi tre; dot nhien thay vui suang tra lai; thay minh tre, muon di chai; lap tiic lai muon chet vi y thiic ve canh ngo tra treu cua minh liic nay; cang nha, nuae mat lai cang lia - Trong dau M i cu rap ran tieng Hanh dong lay ong ma, xan mot mieng, bo them vao dia den eho thay eo duong nhu khong ehiu noi bong toi vay boc quanh minh nua, muon thap sang lai cuoc doi Roi M i quan lai toe, thay vdy hoa chuan bi di chai - Than the bi hanh nghiet nga (bi A Sii troi dung goc buong toi bang ca thiing sgi day) nhung tam hon van chap ehan song ve truac, van tha hon cung tieng di theo nhung cuge chai, nhung dam chai Co liie M i quen minh dang bi troi, dinh viing buac di Sgi day troi thit lai, keo M i ve vai thuc tai; lai thon thiie, nghi than phan minh khong bang ngua M i s6ng trang thai liic me, liic tinh, "liic nong nan tha thiet nha" To Hoai da dien ta that tinh te qui trinh troi day cua sue song tiem ihng M i theo eac buac mot cao Ket luan ehung - Duong nhu cuge song kho cue, canh ngo eo le ckng l^m noi bat len ve dep tam hon, sue song tiem t^ng cua nguai phu nii lao dong Tay Bac - Nhung trang van mieu ta than phan tui nhue eiia nhan vat M i canh 1km dau gat ng nha th6ng l i Pa Tra da dem den cho Va chong A Phu gia tri hien thuc to Ian Viec dien ta tinh te qua trinh troi day ciia sue s6ng tiem t ^ g nhan vat M i vao dem miia xuan nghe tiSng da lam nen gia tri nhan dao quy gia cho truyen ngan Nhk van da d6ng cam sau sac vai n6i long, khat vgng hanh phiic vk nang niu, tran ve dep tam hon ciia nguai phu nii mien niii Tay Bac Lai van To Hoai eiing linh boat doi thay de dien ta mot each tu nhien, tinh te noi long M i dem mtia xuan ay 199 NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC SI/ PHAM Dja chi: 136 ei;6ng Xuan Thuy Quan Cau Gia'y - Ha Npl O i e n t h o a i : 043.7547.735 | Fax: 043.7547.911 | Website: http://nxbdhsp.edu.vn Phong Kinh doanh va Phat trien thj trudng: Dienthoai:043.7549.202 | E-mail:kinhdoanhifflnxbdhsp.edu.vn Sidi dif«c gidii thieu tai Tning tam Phat hanh sadi va Gidri thieu sin pham: Oienthoai:043.7547708 | E-mail:sachspiSnxbdhsp.edu.vn mOi mimiiNCHoePKOTitMeouoceiA H B A N T I M E30C mrRuiie ^1 ISBN 978-604-54-2240-3 2 521221 Gia:29.500cr ... n^o? Khong gian, thai gian ciia e^e buae phat trien Sy? - Dau 1^ cao tr^o (dinh diem) ciia va kich? Tdc gia giai quyet xung dot ay (ma nut) sao? Tir su giai quyet toat len nhirng y nghia, gia tri... thii 31 ciia tap Nhdt ki tii, dugc H6 Chi Minh sang tac vao cuoi mua thu nam 19 42, tren duong bi giai di tir Tinh Tay den Thien Bao Bai tha the hien tinh yeu thien nhien, long yeu cuoc song thiet... tap 1, NXB Giao due, 1990 129 Cung bpc 16 long cam hem truac lu giac gi^y xeo que huorng dat nuoc, cung noi len niem tu hao vai que hucmg, To quoc dep giau, bat khuat nhung m6i nha tha thien v§