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Lecture Microeconomics: Theory and applications (12/e): Chapter 17 - Browning, Zupan

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  • MICROECONOMICS: Theory & Applications

  • Learning Objectives

  • Learning Objectives (continued)

  • Slide 4

  • 17.1 The income―Leisure Choice of the Worker

  • The Income-Leisure Choice of the Worker

  • Figure 17.1 - Income-Leisure Choice of the Worker

  • Is the Income-Leisure Model Plausible?

  • 17.2 The Supply of Hours of Work

  • The Supply of Hours of Work

  • Figure 17.2 - Worker’s Response to a Change in the Wage Rate

  • Is a Backward-Bending Labor Supply Curve Possible?

  • Figure 17.3 – An Individual Worker’s Weekly Supply of Work

  • The Market Supply Curve

  • 17.3 The Central Level of Wage Rates

  • The General Level of Wage Rates

  • Figure 17.4 – Determination of the General Wage Level

  • Table 17.1

  • 17.4 Why Wages Differ

  • Why Wages Differ

  • Figure 17.5 – Equilibrium Wage Differences

  • Reasons Why Wages Differ

  • 17.5 Economic Rent

  • Economic Rent

  • Figure 17.6 - Economic Rent with a Vertical Supply Curve

  • Figure 17.7 - Economic Rent with an Upward-Sloping Supply Curve

  • 17.6 Monopoly Power in Input Markets: The Case of Unions

  • Monopoly Power in Input Markets: The Case of Unions

  • Figure 17.8 – The Effect of an Input Market Monopoly

  • Some Alternative Views of Unions and an Assessment of the Impact of Unions on Worker Productivity

  • 17.7 Borrowing, Lending, and the Interest Rate

  • Borrowing, Lending, and the Interest Rate

  • Figure 17.9 – A Borrowing - Lending Equilibrium

  • 17.8 Investment and the Marginal Productivity of Capital

  • Investment and the Marginal Productivity of Capital

  • The Investment Demand Curve

  • Figure 17.10 - Investment Demand Curve

  • 17.9 Saving, Investing, and the Interest Rate

  • Saving, Investment, and the Interest Rate

  • Figure 17.11 – The Equilibrium Levels of Saving, Investment, Consumer Loans, and the Interest Rate

  • Figure 17.12 - The Level of Investment and Productive Capacity

  • Equalization of Rates of Return

  • 17.10 Why Interest Rates Differ

  • Why Interest Rates Differ

Nội dung

Chapter 17 - Wages, rent, interest, and profit. In this chapter students will be able to: Investigate a worker''s decision concerning how many work hours to supply, examine the income and substitution effects of a higher wage rate and whether the net result of a wage increase involves a worker supplying more work hours, analyze the general level of wage rates and why wages differ among jobs,...

Prepared by Dr. Della Lee Sue, Marist College MICROECONOMICS: Theory & Applications Chapter 17: Wages, Rent. Interest, and Profit By Edgar K. Browning & Mark A. Zupan John Wiley & Sons, Inc 12th Edition, Copyright 2015 Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Learning Objectives      Investigate a worker's decision concerning how many work  hours to supply.  Examine the income and substitution effects of a higher  wage rate and whether the net result of a wage increase  involves a worker supplying more work hours.  Analyze the general level of wage rates and why wages  differ among jobs Explain why wage rates differ among jobs Define what economists mean by the term rent (continued) Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Learning Objectives           (continued)    Explore selling or monopoly power in intake markets and  show how unions attempt to exercise such power in labor  markets Explain how the interest rate is determined through the  interplay of the supply of and demand of capital Investigate investment and the marginal productivity of  capital               (continued) Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Learning Objectives           (continued)   Describe the relation between saving, investment, and the  interest rate Overview why interest rates differ across specific credit  markets Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Investigate a worker's decision concerning how many work hours to  supply.  17.1 THE INCOME― LEISURE CHOICE  OF THE WORKER Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved The Income­Leisure Choice of the  Worker       Leisure – the portion of a worker’s time when he or she is not receiving  compensation from an employer Income – not assumed to be fixed; hourly wage is fixed but the number  of hours worked can vary Budget line – slope reflects wage rate received per hour of work Tradeoff: income versus leisure time Optimal choice: equality between marginal valuation of worker’s  leisure time and market valuation of the individual’s work time (i.e.,  wage rate) Optimal point: tangency between budget line and an indifference curve Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Figure 17.1 ­ Income­Leisure Choice of  the Worker Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Is the Income­Leisure Model Plausible?   Common objection:   workers do not really have the ability to vary their work  hours Justifications:  Options to workers that give them control over how  much they work: overtime, vacation leave, leave without  pay, moonlighting, sick leave, early retirement  The model is fundamentally correct analytically  The model provides a basis for analyzing work effort  decisions involving groups of workers, not necessarily  one specific worker Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Examine the income and substitution effects of a higher wage rate and  whether the net result of a wage increase involves a worker supplying  more work hours.  17.2 THE SUPPLY OF HOURS OF  WORK Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved The Supply of Hours of Work Question: Does a higher wage always lead a workers to work  more? Substitution effect ­  a higher wage rate encourages more  work Income effect ­ a higher wage rate encourages less work Total effect ­ the sum of the effects: the larger effect will  determine whether there is an increase or a decrease in work  hours Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 10 Some Alternative Views of Unions and an Assessment of the  Impact of Unions on Worker Productivity  Unions protect workers’ rights and wages, counteracting the  monopsony power possessed by input­buying firms  Unions set up effective grievance procedures  Unions give workers a “voice” with their employers  Empirical evidence: union workers receive higher wages  but are also more productive than nonunion workers,  controlling for other factors Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 30 Explain how the interest rate is determined through the interplay of the  supply of and demand of capital 17.7 BORROWING, LENDING, AND  THE INTEREST RATE Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 31 Borrowing, Lending, and the Interest  Rate  Interest rate ­ defined as:    Supply of loanable funds: (savers)     The price paid by borrowers for the use of funds The rate of return earned by capital as an input in the production process Substitution effect: higher interest rate encourages more saving Income effect: higher interest rate increases real incomes of savers =>  encourages present consumption and less saving Supply curve is upward­sloping but may become backward­bending at  sufficiently high interest rates Demand for loanable funds: (borrowers)   Substitution effect: higher interest rates inhibit borrowing Income effect: higher interest rate reduces real income of borrowers =>  borrowers cannot afford to borrow as much Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 32 Figure 17.9 – A Borrowing ­ Lending  Equilibrium Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 33 Investigate investment and the marginal productivity of capital 17.8 INVESTMENT AND THE  MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY OF  CAPITAL Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 34 Investment and the Marginal  Productivity of Capital   Gross marginal productivity – the total addition to  productivity that capital investment contributes Net marginal productivity – the total addition to  productivity that capital investment contributes, less the  cost of capital Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 35 The Investment Demand Curve  Investment demand curve – the relationship between the  rate of return generated and various levels of investment  The rate of return on capital investment tends to equal the  interest rate for borrowed funds  Investment demand curve:  reflects what investors expect the outcome of investment  projects to be will shift if expectations change Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 36 Figure 17.10 ­ Investment Demand  Curve Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 37 Describe the relation between saving, investment, and the interest rate 17.9 SAVING, INVESTING, AND THE  INTEREST RATE Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 38 Saving, Investment, and the Interest  Rate  Demand for saver­supplied funds:  Households with demand for consumer loans  Firms and persons with investment projects  Total demand – horizontal sum of these two demands  Interest rate is determined by many closely interrelated  markets Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 39 Figure 17.11 – The Equilibrium Levels of Saving,  Investment, Consumer Loans, and the Interest Rate Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 40 Figure 17.12 ­ The Level of Investment  and Productive Capacity Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 41 Equalization of Rates of Return  Tendency: capital is allocated across firms and industries so  that the rate of return is equal  Why?   Owners of capital have an incentive to shift their  investments to industries where the return is higher =>  output in that industry will expand and price falls until  the industry earns a normal profit  Adjustments occur until all industries earn a normal  profit Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 42 Overview why interest rates differ across specific credit markets 17.10 WHY INTEREST RATES DIFFER Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 43 Why Interest Rates Differ  Reasons:  Difference in risk  Differences in the duration of the loan  Cost of administering loans  Differences in tax treatment  Differences in interest rates are less pronounced than  differences in wage rates Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 44 ... Explain how the interest rate is determined through the interplay of the  supply of? ?and? ?demand of capital 17. 7 BORROWING, LENDING,? ?AND? ? THE INTEREST RATE Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 31 Borrowing, Lending,? ?and? ?the Interest  Rate... Figure? ?17. 9 – A Borrowing ­ Lending  Equilibrium Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 33 Investigate investment? ?and? ?the marginal productivity of capital 17. 8 INVESTMENT? ?AND? ?THE ... Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 36 Figure? ?17. 10 ­ Investment Demand  Curve Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 37 Describe the relation between saving, investment,? ?and? ?the interest rate 17. 9 SAVING, INVESTING,? ?AND? ?THE 

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