Chapter 5 - Using consumer choice theory. In this chapter students will be able to: Determine how an excise subsidy affects consumer welfare and why it results in a deadweight loss, examine how the public provision of a certain quantity of a good such as education may lead to less consumption of the good, analyze how a voucher program would affect the quantity of educational services chosen by parents for their children.
Trang 2 Determine how an excise subsidy affects consumer welfare and why it results in a deadweight loss
Examine how the public provision of a certain quantity of a good such as education may lead to less consumption of the good
Analyze how a voucher program would affect the quantity
of educational services chosen by parents for their children
(continued)
Trang 3 Explore the impact of perbag charges versus a fixed annual fee on the amount of trash generated by a community,
Trang 4CARE, AND CONSUMER WELFARE
Determine how an excise subsidy affects consumer welfare and why it results in a deadweight loss.
Trang 5Consumer Welfare
Excise subsidy – a form of subsidy in which the government pays part of the perunit price of a good and allows
consumers to purchase as many units as desired at the
subsidized price
Example: tax credit for a expenditures on a specific good or service
Lowers the price to the consumer or taxpayer
Trang 6Subsidy
Trang 7Sum Transfer
Lumpsum transfer – a form of subsidy in which the
government gives the consumer a cash grant to be spent in any way the recipient wants
Cash transfer: has an income effect
Excise subsidy: has both an income effect and a
substitution effect
Consequently, consumers prefer a cash grant but they do not necessarily purchase more of an otherwise
subsidized good
Trang 8 Implication – The consumer could be better off with an alternative subsidy of the same cost to the government
Deadweight loss – a measure of the aggregate loss in wellbeing resulting from output not being at the efficient level
It does NOT mean that the consumer is worse off under the excise subsidy than with no subsidy at all
Trang 9Consumer Surplus
Trang 10 The government has two ways to subsidize consumption:
Reduce the price
Provide a particular quantity of the good or service at a price below the market price
Trang 11INSURANCE: OBAMACARE
Examine how the public provision of a certain quantity of a good such as education may lead to less consumption of the good.
Trang 12 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, enacted March
23, 2011
Major goal: reduce the number of people without health insurance
Program components:
subsidization of individual health insurance purchases (discussed here)
Expansion of existing government welfare programs
Trang 13 Health insurance policy offering specific coverage
(determined by the government) to those eligible for the subsidy
Regressive (subsidy decreases as income increases)
Following slides: application of consumer choice theory to examine the effects of subsidization
Trang 14Figure 5.3 – Health Insurance Subsidy’s Effect on the Budget Line
Trang 15 Outcome: deadweight loss (inefficiency)
Considerations in ObamaCare legislation
Mandate to require health insurance policy
Pay a fine instead of participation in program
Trang 16Choice and the Resultant Deadweight Loss
Trang 17Insurance Harms Subsidy Recipients
Trang 18VOUCHER PROPOSAL
Analyze how a voucher program would affect the quantity of educational services chosen by parents for their children.
Trang 19Proposal
Alternative form of subsidy: government offers a specific quantity of a good at a cost that is below market price
Example: public school voucher
Voucher program: a subsidy in which parents receive vouchers that can be used to purchase education at any school of their choice
Trang 20Analyze Voucher Proposals
Expected outcomes
Some families purchase a larger quantity of educational services
Some families purchase a type of education that they view as superior
Unintended consequences
Competition between public and private schools could lead to improved quality of education in both schools
The education system could become more segmented
Trang 21Education
Trang 22Explore the impact of perbag charges versus a fixed annual fee on the amount of trash generated by a community, recycling, and household welfare.
Trang 23 Original trash collection plan: residents pay a fixed annual price for pick up
Those with less garbage subsidized those with more
garbage
New plan: residents purchase garbage collection bags at a price that exceeds their cost, which generates a net revenue that is used to finance garbage collection services
Each household pays cost of own trash disposal
Everyone has an incentive to reduce amount of trash
generated
Trang 24Figure 5.7 Consumer Choice: Garbage Disposal
Trang 25Priceperbag system:
Each household has an incentive to reduce the amount of garbage generated so everyone gains
Households with less than the average amount of trash gain
BUT since the subsidy to the heavy users is removed, those who generate more than the average amount of
trash lose
Trang 26System
Trang 27SAVE OR BORROW
Develop an intertemporal model that illuminates the consumer’s choice to save or borrow and shows how changes in the consumer’s endowment and the interest rate affect that choice.
Trang 29 Endowment point: the consumption mix available to the individual if no saving or borrowing takes place
By saving or borrowing, the consumer can choose a
different market basket
Trang 30Consumer Choice over Two Time Periods
Trang 32Intertemporal Choice
Trang 33Figure 5.11 Social Security and Saving
Trang 34on Saving or Borrowing
Trang 35Understand how the theory of consumer choice can explain what types of financial assets an individual intent on saving for the future should invest
in, or purchase.
Trang 38Figure 5.13 The ReturnRisk Tradeoff
Trang 39Figure 5.14 Differences in Individuals’ RiskReturn Preferences
Trang 40Risk
Trang 41 Insurance – an arrangement by which the consumer pays a premium in return for the promise that the insurer will
provide compensation for losses due to misfortune
Diversification – investing a given amount of resources in numerous independent projects instead of a single project in order to minimize exposure to risk
Trang 42Figure 5.16 – Pricing Insurance