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Lecture Microeconomics: Theory and applications (12/e): Chapter 8 - Browning, Zupan

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  • MICROECONOMICS: Theory & Applications

  • Learning Objectives

  • Learning Objectives (continued)

  • 8.1 The Nature of Cost

  • The Nature of Cost

  • 8.2 Short-Run Cost of Production

  • Measures of Short-Run Cost

  • Fixed versus Sunk Costs

  • Table 8.1

  • Five Other Measures of Short-Run Cost

  • Behind Cost Relationships

  • Figure 8.1 – From Total Product to Total Variable Cost

  • 8.3 Short-Run Cost Curves

  • Figure 8.2 - Short-Run Total and Per-Unit Cost Curves

  • Marginal Cost

  • Average Cost

  • Marginal-Average Relationships

  • Figure 8.3 – Graphical Derivation of Average and Marginal Cost Curves

  • 8.4 Long-Run Cost of Production

  • Isocost Lines

  • Figure 8.4 - Isocost Lines and the Long-Run Expansion Path

  • Least Costly Input Combination

  • Interpreting the Tangency Points

  • If the firm is not producing at a tangency point…

  • The Expansion Path

  • Is Production Cost Minimized?

  • 8.5 Input Price Changes and Cost Curves

  • Input Price Changes and Cost Curves

  • Figure 8.5 – A Higher Input Price Shifts Cost Curves Upward

  • 8.6 Long-Run Cost Curves

  • Long-Run Cost Curves

  • Figure 8.6 - Long-Run Cost Curves

  • Economies of Scale and Diseconomies of Scale

  • The Long Run and Short Run Revisited

  • Figure 8.7 - Short- and Long-Run Average Cost Curves

  • 8.7 Learning by Doing

  • Learning by Doing

  • Figure 8.8 - Learning by Doing Versus Economies of Scale

  • 8.8 Importance of Cost Curves to Market Structure

  • Importance of Cost Curves to Market Structure

  • Figure 8.9 - Cost Curves and the Structure of Industry

  • Table 8.2 – Minimum Efficient Plant Scales

  • 8.9 Using Cost Curves: Controlling Pollution

  • Using Cost Curves: Controlling Pollution

  • Figure 8.10 – Cost of Pollution Abatement

  • 8.10 Economies of Scope

  • Economies of Scope and Diseconomies of Scope

  • 8.11 Estimating Cost Functions

  • Estimating Cost Functions

  • Figure 8.11 - Different Possible Cost Functions

  • 8.12 The Mathematics behind Production Cost*

  • The Marginal-Average Cost Relationship

  • Cost Minimization

  • Slide 54

  • Slide 55

  • Minimizing the Cost of Pollution Abatement

  • Minimizing the Cost of Pollution Abatement (continued)

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Chapter 8 - The cost of production. In this chapter students will be able to: Delineate the nature of a firm’s cost - explicit as well as implicit, outline how cost is likely to vary with output in the short run and various measures of shortrun cost, detail the typical shapes of a firm’s short-run cost curves,...

Prepared by Dr. Della Lee Sue, Marist College MICROECONOMICS: Theory & Applications Chapter 8: The Cost of Production By Edgar K. Browning & Mark A. Zupan John Wiley & Sons, Inc 12th Edition, Copyright 2015 Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Learning Objectives       Delineate the nature of a firm’s cost—explicit as well as  implicit Outline how cost is likely to vary with output in the short  run and various measures of shortrun cost Detail the typical shapes of a firm’s short­run cost curves See how a firm will choose to combine inputs in its  production process in the long run when all inputs are  variable Show how input price changes affect a firm’s cost curves Differentiate between a firm’s long­run and short­run cost  curves (continued) Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Learning Objectives       (continued)       Explain the impact of learning by doing on production cost Understand how the minimum efficient scale of production  is related to market structure Describe how cost curves can be applied to the problem of  controlling pollution Cover economies of scope—is it cheaper for one firm to  produce products jointly than it is for separate firms to  produce the same products independently? Overview how cost functions can be empirically estimated  through surveys and regression analysis Explain the mathematics behind production costs Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Delineate the nature of a firm’s cost—explicit as well as implicit 8.1 THE NATURE OF COST Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved The Nature of Cost  Recall:  Explicit costs – arise from transactions in which the  firm purchases inputs or the services of inputs from  other parties  Implicit costs – costs associated with the use of the  firm’s own resources and reflect the fact that these  resources could be employed elsewhere  Opportunity cost reflects both explicit and implicit costs Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Outline how cost is likely to vary with output in the short run and various  measures of shortrun cost 8.2 SHORT­RUN COST OF  PRODUCTION Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Measures of Short­Run Cost   Total fixed cost (TFC) – the cost incurred by the firm that  does not depend on how much output it produces Total variable cost (TVC) – the cost incurred by the firm  that depends on how much output it produces Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Fixed versus Sunk Costs  Fixed cost – input cost that is invariant to the output level  selected by the firm; relevant cost even when output is zero  Sunk cost – cannot be recouped through the sale of inputs  Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Table 8.1 Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Five Other Measures of Short­Run Cost  Total cost (TC) – the sum of total fixed and total variable cost at each  output level  Marginal cost (MC) – the change in total cost that results from a one­ unit change in output  Average fixed cost (AFC) – total fixed cost divided by the amount of  output  Average variable cost (AVC) – total variable cost divided by the  amount of output  Average total cost (ATC) – total cost divided by the output Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 10 Describe how cost curves can be applied to the problem of controlling  pollution 8.9 USING COST CURVES:  CONTROLLING POLLUTION Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 43 Using Cost Curves: Controlling  Pollution  Question: Can the government’s program to reduce  pollution be accomplished at the lowest possible cost?  If marginal costs of firms differ, the total cost of pollution  abatement can be reduced:  Increase abatement when MC is less  Decrease abatement where MC is greater  Result: firms should operate where their MC are equal Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 44 Figure 8.10 – Cost of Pollution  Abatement Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 45 Cover economies of scope—is it cheaper for one firm to produce products  jointly than it is for separate firms to produce the same products  independently? 8.10 ECONOMIES OF SCOPE Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 46 Economies of Scope and Diseconomies  of Scope  Economies of scope – a case where it is cheaper for one  firm to produce products jointly than it is for separate firms  to produce the same products independently  Diseconomies of scope – a case where it is cheaper for  separate products to be produced independently than for one  firm to produce the same products jointly Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 47 Overview how cost functions can be empirically estimated through  surveys and regression analysis 8.11 ESTIMATING COST FUNCTIONS Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 48 Estimating Cost Functions Techniques:  Surveys  New entrant/survivor technique – method for  determining the minimum efficient scale of  production in an industry based on investigating  the plant sizes either being built or used by firms  in the industry  Econometric specification Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 49 Figure 8.11 ­ Different Possible Cost  Functions Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 50 Explain the mathematics behind production costs 8.12 THE MATHEMATICS BEHIND  PRODUCTION COST* *Denotes digital­only content Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 51 The Marginal­Average Cost  Relationship Analogous to the derivation of the relationship  between marginal and average product curves  Relationship holds for both the long­run and  short­run cost curves  Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 52 Cost Minimization The firm’s input choices can be viewed as either:  Maximizing output for a given level of total cost, or  Minimizing the cost necessary to produce a given  output (continued) Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 53 Cost Minimization Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 54 Cost Minimization Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 55 Minimizing the Cost of Pollution  Abatement  For pollution to be reduced at the lowest possible cost, each  firm must be operating where the marginal cost of pollution  abatement is the same  Lagrangian technique  Constrained minimization Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 56 Minimizing the Cost of Pollution  Abatement           (continued) Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 57 ... Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 37 Figure? ?8. 8 ­ Learning by Doing Versus  Economies of Scale Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 38 Understand how the minimum efficient scale of production is related to ... Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 17 Figure? ?8. 3 – Graphical Derivation of  Average? ?and? ?Marginal Cost Curves Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 18 See how a firm will choose to combine inputs in its production process in ... Show how input price changes affect a firm’s cost curves 8. 5 INPUT PRICE CHANGES? ?AND? ?COST  CURVES Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 27 Input Price Changes? ?and? ?Cost Curves The input substitution effect is the effect of a change in the 

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