1. Trang chủ
  2. » Luận Văn - Báo Cáo

Lecture Microeconomics: Theory and applications (12/e): Chapter 7 - Browning, Zupan

37 23 0

Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)

Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống

THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU

Cấu trúc

  • MICROECONOMICS: Theory & Applications

  • Learning Objectives

  • 7.1 Relating Output to Inputs

  • Relating Output to Inputs

  • 7.2 Production When Only One Input Is Variable: The Short Run

  • Production When Only One Input is Variable: The Short Run

  • Table 7.1

  • The Relationship Between Average and Marginal Product Curves

  • Figure 7.1 - Total, Average, and Marginal Product Curves

  • The Geometry of Product Curves

  • Figure 7.2 – Deriving Average and Marginal Product

  • The Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns

  • 7.3 Production When All Inputs Are Variable: The Long Run

  • Production When All Inputs Are Variable: The Long Run

  • Production Isoquants

  • Figure 7.3 - Production Isoquants

  • Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution (MRTS)

  • MRTS and the Marginal Products of Inputs

  • MRTS and the Marginal Products of Inputs (Derivation)

  • Figure 7.4 - Isoquants Relating Gasoline and Commuting Time

  • 7.4 Returns to Scale

  • Returns to Scale

  • Factors Giving Rise to Increasing Returns

  • Factors Giving Rise to Decreasing Returns

  • Figure 7.5 - Returns to Scale

  • 7.5 Functional Forms and Empirical Estimation of Production Functions

  • Functional Forms and Empirical Estimation of Production Functions

  • Linear Forms of Production Functions

  • Multiplicative Forms of Production Functions: Cobb-Douglas as an Example

  • Exponents and Cobb-Douglas Production Functions

  • 7.6 The Mathematics behind Production Theory*

  • The Marginal-Average Product Relationship

  • Slide 33

  • MRTS and the Ratio of Inputs’ Marginal Products

  • Slide 35

  • Some Additional Properties of Constant Returns to Scale Production Functions

  • Some Additional Properties of Constant Returns to Scale Production Functions (continued)

Nội dung

Chapter 7 – Production. In this chapter students will be able to: Establish the relationship between inputs and output; define total, average, and marginal product, and explain the law of diminishing marginal returns in the short-run setting when at least some inputs are fixed; investigate the ability of a firm to vary its output in the long run when all inputs are variable;...

Prepared by Dr. Della Lee Sue, Marist College MICROECONOMICS: Theory & Applications Chapter 7: Production By Edgar K. Browning & Mark A. Zupan John Wiley & Sons, Inc 12th Edition, Copyright 2015 Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Learning Objectives      Establish the relationship between inputs and output Define total, average, and marginal product, and explain the  law of diminishing marginal returns in the short­run setting  when at least some inputs are fixed Investigate the ability of a firm to vary its output in the long  run when all inputs are variable Explore returns to scale: how a firm’s output response is  affected by a proportionate change in all inputs Describe how production relationships can be estimated and  some different potential functional forms for those  relationships Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Establish the relationship between inputs and output 7.1 RELATING OUTPUT TO INPUTS Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Relating Output to Inputs    Factors of production – inputs or ingredients mixed  together by a firm through its technology to produce output Production function – a relationship between inputs and  output that identifies the maximum output that can be  produced per time period by each specific combination of  inputs Q = f(L,K) Technologically efficient – a condition in which the firm  produces the maximum output from any given combination  of labor and capital inputs Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Distinguish between variable and fixed inputs 7.2 PRODUCTION WHEN ONLY ONE  INPUT IS VARIABLE: THE SHORT RUN Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Production When Only One Input is  Variable: The Short Run     Fixed inputs ­ resources a firm cannot feasibly vary over  the time period involved Total product ­ the total output of the firm Average product ­ the total output (or total product)  divided by the amount of the input used to produce that  output Marginal product ­ the change in total output that results  from a one­unit change in the amount of an input, holding  the quantities of other inputs constant Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Table 7.1 Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved The Relationship Between Average and  Marginal Product Curves    When the marginal product is greater than average product,  average product must be increasing When the marginal product is less than average product,  average product must be decreasing When the marginal and average products are equal, average  product is at a maximum Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Figure 7.1 ­ Total, Average, and Marginal  Product Curves Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved The Geometry of Product Curves  Average product of labor (at a point)  slope of a straight line from the origin to that point on  the total product curve  Marginal product of labor (at a point):  change in total product with a small change in the use of  an input  slope of the total product curve at that point  steeper total product curve => output rises faster as more  input is used => larger marginal product Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 10 Factors Giving Rise to Increasing Returns  Division and specialization of labor  Arithmetic relationship ­ “Volume” capacity increases faster  than “area” dimensions  Large­scale technologies Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 23 Factors Giving Rise to Decreasing Returns Inefficiency of managing large operations:  Coordination and control become difficult  Loss or distortion of information  Complexity of communication channels  More time is required to make and implement decisions Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 24 Figure 7.5 ­ Returns to Scale Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 25 Explore returns to scale: how a firm’s output response is affected by a  proportionate change in all inputs 7.5 FUNCTIONAL FORMS AND  EMPIRICAL ESTIMATION OF PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 26 Functional Forms and Empirical  Estimation of Production Functions   Functional Forms  Linear  Q = a + bL + cK  Multiplicative  Cobb­Douglas production function: Q = aLbKc Empirical Estimation Techniques  Survey  Experimentation  Regression analysis Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 27 Linear Forms of Production Functions Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 28 Multiplicative Forms of Production  Functions: Cobb­Douglas as an Example Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved 29 Exponents and Cobb­Douglas  ProductionFunctions ã b+c>1increasingreturnstoscale ã b+c=1constantreturnstoscale ã b+cAPL, APL is increasing • Whenever MPL

Ngày đăng: 05/11/2020, 04:10

TỪ KHÓA LIÊN QUAN

TÀI LIỆU CÙNG NGƯỜI DÙNG

TÀI LIỆU LIÊN QUAN

w