Từ vựng – ngữ nghĩa học

Từ vựng – ngữ nghĩa học – EN11 Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, the …………………… of language Chọn câu trả lời: a Calculation b Research c Science Câu trả lời d Technology Lexicology also ……………………… all kinds of semantic relations (synonyms, antonyms etc) and semantic grouping (semantic fields) Chọn câu trả lời: a Learns b Does c Studies Câu trả lời d Deal A morpheme is also an association of a given meaning with……………… But unlike a word it is not autonomous Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words, not independently, although a word may consist of a single morpheme Chọn câu trả lời: a A giving sound pattern b A given sound model c A given sound track d A given sound pattern Câu trả lời Roots-are main morphemic vehicles of a given idea in a given language at a given stage of its development A root may be also regarded as the ultimate constituent element which remains ………………………………… all functional and derivational affixes and does not admit any further analysis Chọn câu trả lời: a After the removal for b After the removal of Câu trả lời c After the move of d After the removing of Lexicology is a branch of linguistics which studies the …………………………… of a language Chọn câu trả lời: a Parts of speech b Vocabulary Câu trả lời c Semantics d Grammar The term morpheme is derived from Gr morphe ‘form’+ eme Linguists to …… or the minimum distinctive feature have adopted the Greek suffix – eme (Cf phoneme, sememe) The morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of form Chọn câu trả lời: a Denoting the smallest unit b Denotative the smallest unit c Denote the smallest unit Câu trả lời d Denotation the smallest unit Phản hồi The corect answer is: Denote the smallest unit Because : This phrase is grammatically correct It should be an infinitive It may be easily ……………that the lexical meaning of the word “ boy ” and the lexical meaning of the root-morpheme boy — in such words as boyhood, boyish and others are very much the same Chọn câu trả lời: a Observing b Observation c Observed Câu trả lời d Observe Many English words consist of a single root-morpheme, so when we say that most morphemes possess …………………………………………… we imply mainly the root-morphemes in such words Chọn câu trả lời: a Lexical meaning Câu trả lời b Lexical meanness c Lexical means d Lexical meaningful Phản hồi The corect answer is: Lexical meaning Because :The right term in lexicology is “lexical meaning” A word is a minimum free form A morpheme is said to be either bound or free This statement should be taken with caution It means that ………………forming words without adding other morphemes: that is, they are homonymous to free forms Chọn câu trả lời: a Some morphemes are capable of Câu trả lời b Some morphemes are capable for c Some morphemes are capable for d Some morphemes are capable about Phản hồi The corect answer is: Some morphemes are capable of Because: The whole structure is “ to be capable of doing smth ” Grammar, which is inseparably bound up with Lexicology, is the study of the grammatical …………………… of language Chọn câu trả lời: a Results b Reasons c Structure Câu trả lời d Causes Phản hồi The corect answer is: Structure Because: This word conveys the most suitable meanings According to the role they play in constructing words, morphemes are subdivided into roots and affixes …………………into prefixes, suffixes and infixes Chọn câu trả lời: a The last are further subdivided, according to their position b The latest are further subdivided, according to their position c The later are further subdivided, according to their position d The latter are further subdivided, according to their position Câu trả lời Phản hồi The corect answer is : The latter are further subdivided, according to their position Because : “The latter “ is used to express the second thing of the two Historical or diachronic lexicology deals with …………………………… of the vocabulary and the changes it has undergone Ex In descriptive lexicology the words « to take « ,«to adopt « are considered to be English not to be different from such native words as « child »,» foot «,» stone « etc But in historical lexicology they are treated as borrowed words Chọn câu trả lời: a The developed b Develop c Developing d The development Câu trả lời Phản hồi The corect answer is: The development Because there should be a noun after a preposition A form is said to be free if it may stand alone without changing its meaning; if not, it is a bound form, so called because ………………………… Chọn câu trả lời: a It is always bound to something else Câu trả lời b It is always bound by something else c It is always bound for something else d It is always bound with something else Phản hồi The corect answer is: It is always bound to something else Because: The whole structure should be “ to be bound to something ” It will at once be noticed that the root in English is very often homonymous with the word This fact is of fundamental importance as …………………… arising from its general grammatical system on the one hand, and from its phonemic system on the other Chọn câu trả lời: a It is one of the most specifiable features of the English language b It is one of the most specific features of the English language Câu trả lời c It is one of the most specification features of the English language d It is one of the most specified features of the English language Phản hồi The corect answer is : It is one of the most specific features of the English language Because: The right and meaningful adjective is “specific” Lexicology is ………………… with words, variable word-groups, phraseological units, and with morphemes which make up words Chọn câu trả lời: a Relation b Dealt c Concerned Câu trả lời d Getting on Phản hồi The corect answer is : Concerned Because: the whole structure is “ to be concerned with ” Descripitive lexicology studies the words at a synchronic aspect It is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as they exist at the ……………time Chọn câu trả lời: a Presented b Presentation c Present Câu trả lời d Presenting Phản hồi The corect answer is: Present Because: this phrase is grammatically correct General Lexicology is part of General Linguistics; it is concerned with the study of vocabulary ……………………… the specific features of any particular language Chọn câu trả lời: a Irrespective with b Irrespective for c Irrespective from d Irrespective of Câu trả lời Phản hồi The corect answer is : Irrespective of Because: the whole structure is ” irrespective of ” An infix is ………………………….placed with in the word, like – n – in stand The type is not productive Chọn câu trả lời: a An affixation b An affix Câu trả lời c An affixational d A affix An English word does not necessarily contain formatives indicating to what part of speech it belongs This holds true ………………i.e nouns, verbs, adjectives Not all roots are free forms, but productive roots, i.e roots capable of producing new words, usually are Chọn câu trả lời: a Even with respect to inflexible parts of speech, Câu trả lời b Even with respect about inflexible parts of speech, c Even with respect for inflexible parts of speech, d Even with respect of inflexible parts of speech, Phản hồi The corect answer is : Even with respect to inflexible parts of speech Because: The right preposition after the phrase “with respect ” is “to” A specific group of rhyme-motivated compounds are ablaut motivated compounds Ablaut is a term defining ………………… of two elements, e.g zigzag; or tick-tock Ablaut-motivated compounds are used to imitate child-like speech or to stress interjections Chọn câu trả lời: a Vowel changed or alternation b Vowel change or alternating c Vowel changing or alternation d Vowel change or alternation Câu trả lời Phản hồi The corect answer is : Vowel change or alternation Because: This phrase can maintain the parallelism Clippings, blendings and acronyms are subclasses of so called “portmanteau words” ……………… fragments of two or more words Chọn câu trả lời: a Which consist in b.Which consist with c Which consist on d Which consist of Câu trả lời Phản hồi The corect answer is : Which consist of Because the verb “consist” always goes with the preposition “of” ………… may form noun plurals (the Germans); genitive case (headmaster’s); 3rd person singular (speaks); past tense (worked); contracted forms (we´re); comparatives and superlatives (bigger; the biggest) or participles (speaking) Chọn câu trả lời: a Inflective suffixes b Inflectionally suffixes c Inflectional suffixes Câu trả lời d Inflection suffixes Phản hồi The corect answer is : Inflectional suffixes Because: The the right form of the linguistic term is “ Inflectional suffixes ” A prefix is a derivational morpheme standing before the root and……… , cf to hearten – to dishearten It is only with verbs and statives that a prefix may serve to distinguish one part of speech from another, like in earth n–unearth v, sleep n – asleep Chọn câu trả lời: a Modifying meaning Câu trả lời b Modifier meaning c Modificative meaning d Modification meaning Phản hồi The corect answer is : Modifying meaning Because: There should be a gerund in the phrase Clipping is ……………………………….in English language which “economises” words Clipping “clips”, i.e shortens lexemes whilst preserves the original meaning Basically, any part of the word may be clipped: Chọn câu trả lời: a A relative new trend b A relation new trend c A related new trend d A relatively new trend Câu trả lời Phản hồi The corect answer is : A relatively new trend Because: The right word must be an adverb to modify the adjective new Rhyme-motivated compounds are usually composed of two elements The major motivating factor is the rhyme, e.g flower-power; or brain-drain Formation of …………………………compounds is a very productive process excessively used in advertising or journalese style and, consequently in everyday speech Chọn câu trả lời: a Rhyme-motivating b Rhyme-motivate c Rhyme-motivated Câu trả lời d Rhyme-motivation Phản hồi The corect answer is : Rhyme-motivated Because: “Rhyme-motivated ” is the right phrasal structure of a compound adjective Blending is also a new, trendy and …………………… which “blends”, i.e joins fragments of two or more words to create a new form The meaning is being retained Enough of the lexeme is usually retained so that the elements are recognisable Chọn câu trả lời: a Eye-caught process b Eye-catched process c Eye-catch process d Eye-catching process Câu trả lời Phản hồi The corect answer is : Eye-catching process Because: The right phrase should be “eye-catching” …………………., some prefixes express the difference between a transitive and an intransitive verb: stay v and outstay (smb) v t With a few exceptions prefixes modify the stem for time (pre-t post-), place (in-, ad-), negation (un-, dis-) and remain semantically rather independent of the stem Chọn câu trả lời: a Preceding a verb stem Câu trả lời b Precedence a verb stem c Precede a verb stem d To precede a verb stem Phản hồi The corect answer is: Preceding a verb stem Because: This part of the sentence is a present participle ………………… related to parts of human body, clothing or instruments people use However, the meaning of the converted words may vary from the meaning of the non-converted words For example, a skirt denotes a woman’s garment that hangs from the waist Chọn câu trả lời: a Conversion employing a vast number of words b Conversion employ a vast number of words c Conversion is employed a vast number of words d Conversion employs a vast number of words Câu trả lời Phản hồi The corect answer is : Conversion employs a vast number of word Because: “ Employs” is singularly conjugated with the subject “ conversion” Derivational suffixes ……………….of the original word: they may change the word class, specify the word or generalise it Most scholars recognise suffixes forming nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs Chọn câu trả lời: a Effective modify the meaning b Effectively modify the meaning Câu trả lời c Effection modify the meaning d Effectiveness modify the meaning Phản hồi The corect answer is : Effectively modify the meaning Because: The verb should be modified by an adverb Unlike roots, affixes are always bound forms……………………………, it will be remembered, is not confined to their respective position, suffixes being «fixed after» and prefixes «fixed before» the stem It also concerns their function and meaning Chọn câu trả lời: a The difference between suffixation and prefixes b The difference between suffixes and prefixation c The difference between suffixals and prefixes d The difference between suffixes and prefixes Câu trả lời Phản hồi The corect answer is : The difference between suffixes and prefixes Because: The nouns should go side by side in the same form The semantic realization of an English word is therefore very specific ………………………………by the widespread occurrence of homonymy both among root morphemes and affixes Chọn câu trả lời: a Its dependence onto distribution is further enhanced b Its dependence on distribution is further enhanced Câu trả lời c Its dependence for distribution is further enhanced d Its dependence upon distribution is further enhanced Phản hồi The corect answer is : Its dependence on distribution is further enhanced Because: The whole phrase should be “ dependence on “ Some English words can change their word class ………………………… their form Thus, they can function as nouns (e.g a Mother) or as verbs (to mother somebody) without any affixes or inflections Such change of a word class without any derivative means is called conversion Chọn câu trả lời: a Without changing their form b Without being changing their form c Without any change their form d Without being changed their form Câu trả lời không If we realize that suffixes render the most general semantic component of the word’s lexical meaning…………, the reason why suffixes are as a rule semantically fused with the stem stands explained Chọn câu trả lời: a By mark the general class of phenomena to which the referent of the word belongs b By marked the general class of phenomena to which the referent of the word belongs c By marking the general class of phenomena to which the referent of the word belongs Câu trả lời d By marker the general class of phenomena to which the referent of the word belongs Phản hồi The corect answer is : By marking the general class of phenomena to which the referent of the word belongs Because: After a preposition, there should be a gerund A suffix is a ………………….following the stem and forming a new derivative in a different part of speech or a different word class, cf – en, – y, – less in hearten, hearty, heartless Chọn câu trả lời: a Derivative morpheme b Derived morpheme c Derivation morpheme d Derivational morpheme Câu trả lời Phản hồi The corect answer is : Derivational morpheme Because: The right term used in the linguistic field is “derivational morpheme ” Lexicology is …………derivational affixes, the other group being the domain of grammarians The derivational affixes in fact, as well as the whole problem of word-formation, form a boundary area between lexicology and grammar and are therefore studied in both Chọn câu trả lời: a Primarily concerned by b Primarily concerned to c Primarily concerned of d Primarily concerned with Câu trả lời Phản hồi The corect answer is : C Because: The whole phrase is “to be concerned with ” …………….lexicography focuses on the design, compilation, use and evaluation of specialized dictionaries, i.e dictionaries that are devoted to a (relatively restricted) set of linguistic and factual elements of one or more specialist subject fields, e.g Chọn câu trả lời: a Specialization b Special c Specialized Câu trả lời d Specializing Phản hồi The corect answer is: Specialized Because the right linguistic term is “ Specialized lexicography” In an encyclopaedia the entry influenza discloses the causes, symptoms, characteristics and varieties of this disease, various treatments of and remedies for it, ways of infection, etc Though, ……………, it is with linguistic dictionaries that lexicology is closely connected and in our further consideration Chọn câu trả lời: a Strictly speak b.Strictly speaking Câu trả lời c Strict speaking d Strict speak Phản hồi The corect answer is : Strictly speaking Because this phrase is a kind of adverb to be true, it is the disjunct …………………….exist in language and are reproduced in speech as ready-made units, whereas free word groups or combinations are created in speech every time we need them Chọn câu trả lời: a Set phrases b Set expressions Câu trả lời c Set sayings d Set terms Phản hồi The corect answer is : Set expressions Because the right term in linguistics is “Set expressions ” Phraseological fusions are word-groups with a completely changed meaning but, in contrast to the unities, they are demotivated, that is, their meaning cannot be …….the meanings of the constituent parts; the metaphor, on which the shift of m.eaning was based, has lost its clarity and is obscure Chọn câu trả lời: a Deduced with b Deduced by c Deduced from Câu trả lời d Đeduced away Phản hồi The corect answer is : Deduced from Because the word “ deduced” always go with the preposition “from” Dictionaries of alphabetic languages list words in alphabetical order With non-alphabetic languages, it may be different The order in a dictionary with ideographic entries such as Chinese character is often troublesome and ……………….because each character has different readings Chọn câu trả lời: a Controversy b Controversiality c Controversial Câu trả lời d Controversialy Phản hồi The corect answer is: Controversial Because it should be an adjective Phraseological unities are word-groups with a completely changed meaning, that is, the meaning of the unit does not correspond to the meanings of its constituent parts They are ………………or, putting it another way, the meaning of the whole unit can be deduced from the meanings of the constituent parts Chọn câu trả lời: a Motivated units Câu trả lời b Motivation units c Motivating units d Motivative units Phản hồi The corect answer is : Motivated units Because the right term of linguistics is “motivated units ” The subjective part of meaning is the connotation of the word are subjective, they characterize the speaker, his attitude, his social role There are four types of connotation: Chọn câu trả lời: a Connotate b Connotatively Câu trả lời không c Connotative d Connotations The branch of lexicology devoted to the study of meaning is called semasiology Meaning is a realization of a notion or a motion definite language system Chọn câu trả lời: a By means of Câu trả lời Antonyms are words of the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning Many words, especially those denoting concrete objects (chair, tree, tiger) have no antonyms Usually adjectives denoting qualities, verbs actions or state and abstract nouns have antonyms Chọn câu trả lời: a Denotation b Denotative c Denotational Câu trả lời không d Denoting The definition of the meaning is especially difficult the process by which language and human consciousness serve to reflect the reality and adopt it to human needs Chọn câu trả lời: a Due at the complexity of b Due for the complexity of c Due onto the complexity of d Due to the complexity of Câu trả lời General lexicography ………., use and evaluation of general dictionaries, i.e dictionaries that provide a description of the language in general use Such a dictionary is usually called a general dictionary or LGP dictionary (Language for General Purpose) Chọn câu trả lời: a Focuses at the design, compilation b Focuses about the design, compilation c Focuses onto the design, compilation d Focuses on the design, compilation Câu trả lời Phản hồi The corect answer is: Focuses on the design, compilation Because the word “focus” goes with the preposition “on” Lexicography, the science, of dictionary-compiling, is closely connected with lexicology, both dealing with the same problems — the form, meaning, usage and origin of vocabulary units — and making ………………….of each other’s achievements Chọn câu trả lời: a.Usefulness b Useful c Use Câu trả lời d Useless Phản hồi The corect answer is : Use Because the whole phrase is “ to make use of ” A metaphor is a figure of speech that refers to something as being the same as another thing for rhetorical effect It may provide hidden similarities between two ideas Where a compares two items, a metaphor directly equates them, and does not use "like" or "as" as does a simile Chọn câu trả lời: a Clarity or identify b Clarity or identifying c Clarity or identification Câu trả lời không d Clarifying or identify Criteria of synonymity is interchangeability ………….that neither the traditional definition of synonyms nor the new version provide for any objective criterion of similarity of meaning Chọn câu trả lời: a It should be pointed with b It should be pointed out Câu trả lời c It should be pointed about d It should be pointed at Phản hồi The corect answer is : It should be pointed out Because only the phrase “be pointed out ” is suitable in this sentence Metaphor : a figure of speech based on similarity (hidden comparison between the object/ notion ………………….denoted by the word and the object/notion in question.) Metaphor gives freshness and vivacity to speech Chọn câu trả lời: a Generally Câu trả lời b General c Generalized d Generalizing Phản hồi The corect answer is : Generally Because this gap needs an adverb It is easily observed that the sound form of the word is not ……………….There is no inherent connection between the sound cluster [d/\v] and the meaning of the word dove Chọn câu trả lời: a Identication with its meaning b Identity with its meaning c Identical with its meaning Câu trả lời d Identified with its meaning Phản hồi The corect answer is : Identical with its meaning Because: “identical” is the right word in the phrase ……………….distinguishes between the three closely connected components with meaning, that is 1) the sound-form of the linguistic sign, 2) the concept underlying this sound form and 3) the referent, i.e the part or aspect of reality to which the linguistic sign refers Chọn câu trả lời: a Referential Approach Câu trả lời b Referred Approach c Referent Approach d Referring Approach Phản hồi The corect answer is : Referential Approach Because: The right and meaningful linguistic term is Referential The modern approach to …………… the assumption that the inner form of the word presents a structure which is called the semantic structure of the word Chọn câu trả lời: a Semasiology is based at b Semasiology is based on Câu trả lời c Semasiology is based onto d Semasiology is based with Phản hồi The corect answer is: Semasiology is based on Because: In this phrase the right preposition is “on” The ……………is the meaning proper to the given linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions Chọn câu trả lời: a lexically meaning b lexical meaning Câu trả lời c lexicology meaning d lexicological meaning Phản hồi The corect answer is : D Because the right and meaningful one is “lexical meaning ” Motivation denotes the relationship between ……… and structural pattern of the word on the one hand, and its meaning on the other Motivation can be of three types: morphological, phonetical and sematic Chọn câu trả lời: a The phonetic or morphemic composition b The phonemic or morphemic composition Câu trả lời c The phonemic or morpheme composition d The phoneme or morphemic composition Phản hồi The corect answer is : The phonemic or morphemic composition Because this phrase follows parallelism There are many different types of English dictionaries First of all they may all be roughly divided into two groups — encyclopaedic and linguistic The two groups of …………………………………differ essentially in the choice of items included and in the sort of information given about them Chọn câu trả lời: a Referential b Reference books Câu trả lời c Referent d Referring books Phản hồi The corect answer is : Reference books Because reference books are a kind of books for cheking and getting more information ... , cf to hearten – to dishearten It is only with verbs and statives that a prefix may serve to distinguish one part of speech from another, like in earth n–unearth v, sleep n – asleep Chọn câu... stem and forming a new derivative in a different part of speech or a different word class, cf – en, – y, – less in hearten, hearty, heartless Chọn câu trả lời: a Derivative morpheme b Derived morpheme... the whole structure is ” irrespective of ” An infix is ………………………….placed with in the word, like – n – in stand The type is not productive Chọn câu trả lời: a An affixation b An affix Câu trả lời