Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
dạng bài reading riêng câu hỏi summary completion dành cho những người đang luyện thi tiếng anh muốn luyện riêng dạng bài này. có đáp án kèm giải thích kèm theo. ielts ielts reading ielts listening ielts writing dạng bài reading riêng câu hỏi summary completion dành cho những người đang luyện thi tiếng anh muốn luyện riêng dạng bài này. có đáp án kèm giải thích kèm theo. ielts ielts reading ielts listening ielts writing
PASSAGE 1: The happiest country in the world Children growing up in Costa Rica are surrounded by some of the most beautiful and diverse landscapes in the world Preserving tropical rainforests isn’t Costa Rica’s only success, because the government also makes sure everyone has access to health-care and education So when the New Economics Foundation released its second Happy Planet Index, Costa Rica came out number one The index is a ranking of countries based on their impact on the environment and the health and happiness of their citizens According to Mariano Rojas, a Costa Rican economics professor, Costa Rica is a mid-income country where citizens have plenty of time for themselves and for their relationships with others ‘A mid-income level allows most citizens to satisfy their basic needs The government makes sure that all Costa Ricans have access to education, health and nutrition services.’ Costa Ricans, he believes, are not interested in status or spending money to show how successful they are Created in 2008, the Happy Planet Index examines happiness on a national level and ranks 143 countries according to three measurements: their citizens’ happiness, how long they live (which reflects their health), and how much of the planet’s resources each country consumes According to researcher Saamah Abdallah, the Index also measures the outcomes that are most important, and those are happy, healthy lives for everyone PASSAGE 2: Ochre find reveals ancient knowledge of chemistry The oldest ochre-processing toolkits and workshop ever found have been unearthed, indicating that as far back as 100,000 years ago, humans had an understanding of chemistry South Africa’s Blombos Cave lies within a limestone cliff on the southern Cape coast, 300 km east of Cape Town It’s known for its 75,000-year-old rich deposit of artefacts such as beads, bone tools and ochre engravings Some engravings date as far back as 100,000 years Archaeologist Christopher S Henshilwood from the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg and University of Bergen, Norway has been excavating at the site since 1992, and has reported the discovery of a mixture, rich in ochre, stored in two abalone shells It dates back to the Middle Stone Age – 100,000 years ago Ochre is a term used to describe a piece of earth or rock containing red or yellow oxides or hydroxides of iron It can be used to make pigments, or paints, ranging from golden-yellow and light yellow-brown to rich red Its use spans the history of humans-from those living more than 200,000 years ago, to modern indigenous communities Made from an array of materials, this mixture, which could have functioned as wall, object and skin decoration or skin protection (action in a similar way to modern-day sunscreen), indicates the early developments that occurred in the people who originally used the site “[Judging from] the complexity of the material that has been collected from different parts of the landscape and brought to the site, they (the people) must have had an elementary knowledge of chemistry to be able to combine these materials to produce this form It’s not a straightforward process,” said Henshilwood Blombos Cave Discovery Background - location: South Africa - the year digging began: 1_ - previous ancients objects found in this area: 2 _; 3 _; 4 _; Recent findings - a mixture containing a large amount of 5 _ (used to provide colour) - it existed 6 _ ago - in the Middle Stone Age - it had various uses, such as making walls, objects, decorating and protecting 7 _ from being damaged by the sun Conclusion - prehistoric humans knew basic understanding of 8 _ PASSAGE 3: Rubik’s Cube - How the puzzle achieved success Erno Rubik first studied sculpture and then later architecture in Budapest, where he went on to become a teacher of interior design It was while he was working as a teacher that he began the preliminary work on an invention that he called the ‘Magic Cube' Rubik was inspired by geometric puzzles such as the Chinese tangram, a puzzle consisting of various triangles, a square and a parallelogram which can be combined to create different shapes and figures However, unlike the tangram, which is two- dimensional, Rubik was more interested in investigating how three-dimensional forms, such as the cube, could be moved and combined to produce other forms His design consisted of a cube made up of layers of individual smaller cubes, and each smaller cube could be turned in any direction except diagonally To ensure that the cubes could move independently, without falling apart, Rubik first attempted to join them together using elastic bands However, this proved to be impossible, so Rubik then solved the problem by assembling them using a rounded interior This permitted them to move smoothly and easily He experimented with different ways of marking the smaller cubes, but ended up with the simple solution of giving a different colour to each side The object was to twist the layers of small cubes so that each side of the large cube was an identical colour Rubik took out a patent for the Cube in 1977 and started manufacturing it in the same year The Cube came to the attention of a Hungarian businessman, Tibor Laczi, who then demonstrated it at the Nuremberg Toy Fair When British toy expert Tom Kremer saw it, he thought it was amazing and he persuaded a manufacturer, Ideal Toys, to produce million of them in 1979 Ideal Toys renamed the Cube after the toy’s inventor, and in 1980, Rubik’s Cube was shown at toy fairs all over the world It won that year’s prize in Germany for Best Puzzle Rubik’s Cube is believed to be the world’s best-selling puzzle; since its invention, more than 300 million Cubes have been sold worldwide Rubik’s Cube Originally named the 1 _, Rubik’s Cube consists of a number of smaller cubes organised in 2 _ The smaller cubes can be twisted in almost any way, though not 3 _ The Cube’s 4 _ is shaped in a way that allows the smaller cubes to move smoothly Each side of the smaller cubes has a different colour, and the aim of the puzzle is to organise the cubes so that the colours on the sides of the large cube are _ The manufacturers of the puzzle changed the name of the Cube to the name of its _ it has now sold more than any other 7 _ in the world PASSAGE 4: Gold Bugs Medieval alchemists found, in the end, that they could not create gold Modern geochemists have a similar problem They find it hard to understand how natural gold deposits from There is much handwaving about gold-rich fluids from deep in the earth, and chemical precipitation, but the physics does not add up The answer may be that what is happening is not geochemical at all, but biochemical And a casual experiment conducted by a bacteriologist may hold the key Derek Lovley, of the University of Massachusetts, has been studying “metal-eating” bacteria for two decades These bacteria make their living by converting the dissolved ions of metallic elements from one electrical state to another This reduction releases energy, which the bacteria extract for their own purposes Unsurprisingly, such bacteria tend to prefer common metals such as iron and manganese for lunch, though some species are able to subsist on such exotica as uranium Dr Lovley decided to put some of his bacteria into a solution of gold chloride He was fully prepared for nothing to happen, as gold compounds are generally toxic to bacteria Instead, the test tube containing the solution turned a beautiful shade of purple, the colour of metallic gold when it is dispersed very finely in water Complete the summary below with words taken from the reading passage Choose ONE OR TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer CREATING GOLD Even today, scientists are unable to work out how gold is made Recently, however, they have considered that the process may be (1) An experiment was carried out using bacteria that create their own (2) using metal The types of metal these organisms usually feed on are either (3) or However, when the bacteria were added to a test tube of (4) solution, it changed (5) , indicating the presence of gold compounds ... shade of purple, the colour of metallic gold when it is dispersed very finely in water Complete the summary below with words taken from the reading passage Choose ONE OR TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER