a brief summary of previous

Mục đích của nghiên cứu này là kiểm tra sở thích sử dụng thuốc lá không khói hoặc sản phẩm thay thế nicoin của người hút thuốc thay cho thuốc lá. Nghiên cứu có sự tham gia của 67 người trưởng thành hiện đang hút thuốc lá, không có ý định bỏ thuốc vào thời điểm nghiên cứu và được dùng thử 4 sản phẩm nicoin dạng uống khác nhau: 1) Snus Camel, 2) Snus Marlboro, 3) Viên nén thuốc lá có thể hòa tan Stonewall và 4) Viên kẹo ngậm nicoin Commit. Tại buổi khám 1, những người tham gia được cung cấp thông tin về những lợi ích/rủi ro tương đối của việc đưa nicoin qua đường miệng so với thuốc lá. Tại buổi khám 2, những người tham gia được cung cấp một lượng của từng loại sản phẩm trong 4 loại sản phẩm để tự sử dụng tại nhà trong vòng một tuần. Tại buổi khám 3, những người tham gia được cung cấp một lượng đủ dùng trong một tuần loại sản phẩm ưa thích của họ để xem việc sử dụng những sản phẩm đó có làm giảm hoặc loại bỏ hẳn việc sử dụng thuốc lá hay không. Sau nhiều lần thử nghiệm sản phẩm, người tham gia thích kẹo ngậm Commit hơn ba sản phẩm thuốc lá không khói (p = 0,011). Sau một tuần trải nghiệm thử nghiệm sử dụng một sản phẩm duy nhất, các mô hình GEE kiểm soát theo giới tính, tuổi tác, trình độ học vấn, mức độ sử dụng thuốc lá trước khi tham gia nghiên cứu và lựa chọn sản phẩm thay thế chỉ ra rằng mức độ thuốc lá hút trong một ngày sau một tuần lấy mẫu một sản phẩm có sự sụt giảm đáng kể (p < 0,01, từ 11,8 đến 8,7 điếu thuốc một ngày), nhưng việc sử dụng sản phẩm thay thế không có gì thay đổi (khoảng 4,5 đơn vị một ngày). Các biện pháp đánh dấu sinh học về việc tiếp xúc với thuốc lá cho thấy nồng độ cotinine không đổi, nhưng hàm lượng CO thở ra giảm 19% (p < 0,001). Kết quả nghiên cứu này cho thấy rằng những người hút thuốc, những người hiện không muốn từ bỏ thói quen của mình, có thể sẵn sàng sử dụng các sản phẩm thay thế trong thời gian ngắn nhằm thay thế tạm thời cho việc hút thuốc. Tuy nhiên, việc sử dụng này có khả năng là thay thế một phần (tức là họ sẽ vẫn hút thuốc, mặc dù với tỷ lệ ít hơn) chứ không thay thế hoàn toàn. Trong số các sản phẩm thay thế được cung cấp, những người hút thuốc muốn sử dụng sản phẩm thay thế nicoin hơn là sản phẩm có nguồn gốc từ thuốc lá.

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20

... bamboo, bantam, gong and sago from Malaya From Polynesia and Australasia we have taboo, cockatoo, boomerang, kangaroo No language seems to be so ready as English to absorb foreign words, perhaps ... die, lift and take The Danish ave replaced the Anglo-Saxon sindon, and same replaced thilke, and it is because of the Danes that today we say eggs instead of the Saxon eyven and speak of a window ... caravan, divan, jackal, jasmine, lilac and check- mate in chess (shah mat = the King is dead) From Arabic comes admiral, alkali, lemon, alcohol, algebra, coffee, cotton, crimson and assassin Tea is

Ngày tải lên: 25/12/2013, 13:15

... completion Andreas Avgousti gave me valued research assistance, useful suggestions, and a great deal of help in the preparation of the source notes and glossary Elisa Maria Lopez provided much appreciated ... appreciated help in assembling and organizing materials for the final editing and correcting of the script and source notes Manuela Tecusan gave me a great deal of valuable assistance in ... actions are not always rational A number of factors are capable of fostering irrationality... organized into elaborate hierarchies of the weak, the powerful, and the more powerful, which are

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 21:20

... Etats-Unis_" merely as "Panics and Their Periodical Occurrence in the United States": for M Juglar himself states that a commercial panic is always a financial panic, as a falling away of the metallic reserve ... As of February, 2002, contributions are being solicited from people and organizations in: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, ... panic and the other dangers which threaten financial stability After all, reserve power and only a rational use of financial resources are the surest preventive of panic And that the American people

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 12:20

... profit manipulation seen as an ethical act as well as the role of the accounting information in the Anglo-Saxon model of corporative governance Financial Markets There are significant proofs of ... managers are asked to watch the value of the shareholders’ capital The fair value (FVA) ensures a complete information, compatible with the reality and transparent The application of the FVA ... Great Britain has initially led to enterprise collapses and financial scandals As a result of these (Coloroll and Polly Peak, etc ) and of the lack of trust in the financial reporting of several

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 14:20

... was a repetition of the marvellous days of 1815 American banking bubbles have always been exactly similar to the English South Sea bubble, and to Law's bank in France In July, after an advance ... part of the American banks The change of directory of the National Bank, called forth by the unfortunate experience of 1818, was the beginning of a very fortunate epoch As was always ... aux Etats-Unis_" merely as "Panics and Their Periodical Occurrence in the United States": for M. Juglar himself states that a commercial panic is always a financial panic, as a

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 14:20

... that the farther apart the bodies, the smaller the force Newton’s law of gravity says that the gravitational attraction of a star is exactly one quarter that of a similar star at half the distance ... The acceleration is also smaller the greater the mass (or quantity of matter) of the body (The same force acting on a body of twice the mass will produce half the acceleration.) A familiar example ... period of these two disputes, Newton had already left Cambridge and academe He had been active in anti-Catholic politics at Cambridge, and later in Parliament, and was rewarded eventually with

Ngày tải lên: 18/04/2014, 15:22

... discovery at Brookhaven was a great triumph for the new theory and eventually lead to its wide acceptance. Brookhaven National Laboratory. PHY-653 EPP A Brief History of Particle Physics Slide 9 of ... 'elementary particles' discovered – ρ, ω, Ř, …, ∆, Ξ, … a real mess! All these particles explained by combinations of more fundamental 'quarks', u, d, s and their anti-quarks. ... Theoretical Advances 1970s 1970s1970s 1970s Theory of Strong Interactions – Quantum Chromodynamics, QCD, - quarks interact via exchange of 'gluons'. Sheldon Glashow Abdus Salam Steven

Ngày tải lên: 05/06/2014, 11:30

... Ricardo Araya 3 , Margarita Gili 5 and Javier Garc? ?a- Campayo 1* Abstract Background: Burnout has traditionally been described by means of the dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism and lack of eficacy ... never’)to6(’ always ’ ). Results are presented in scalar scores. All of the questionnaire dimensions acquired an internal consistency of a? ??0.78 [16]. Data analysis A descriptive analysis of the participants’ ... obtained. We had previous ly verified tha t: the correlations matrix presented a large number of significant values; all variables presented a valueofr>0.30;theabsolutevaluesoftheanti-image matrix

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 15:20

... billion It appears,... minority of experts warned of a coming financial debacle Paul Warburg, then at the International Acceptance Bank and an early advocate for creating the Federal Reserve ... increased trading in a handful of bank stocks. Most notable was trading in the First Bank of the United States and the Bank of New York, the latter a favored enterprise of Hamilton and Aaron ... buyers, some of it was swamp either way As the hurricanes of 2005 demonstrated yet again, weather-related catastrophes have a way of curtailing real estate booms In 1926 a hurricane swept

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 15:20

... reward their shareholders with gain in the form of capital appreciation generally are referred to as capital appreciation or growth stocks. Berkshire Hathaway is a classic example of a capital appreciation ... financial market analysts are watching over the small cap corporations. While a case then can be made for investing in small cap firms or large cap firms, the evidence found in academic and practitioner ... Jones Industrial Average and NASDAQ: benchmarks of trading activity Photo courtesy of Corbis below its peak value reached in early 2000 At the same time by mid-2006 the DJIA was approaching its

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 15:20

... the overall market suffered a huge loss in value. As often occurs following significant financial market calamities, there arose a call for increased regulation of the exchange and the financial industry ... Borse, and the Macquarie Bank of Australia in early 2006 indicates the changing nature of the exchanges: Once entities that traded regional or national stocks, exchanges have moved on to global ... transparency of transactions and increases the comparability and speed with which information is available. SUMMARY Current governmental regulation of the U.S. stock market evolved from several

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 15:20

... Chair of Bank Management and Finance at Texas Tech University, where he teaches courses in the management of financial institutions, multinational financial management, money and ca- pital markets, ... publications as the Journal of Financial Research, Applied Financial Economics, and the Journal of Banking and Finance, and is on the board of editors for the Quarterly Journal of Business and ... the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and his articles on monetary policy and financial markets have appeared in such publications as the Wall Street Journal, International Economic Journal, Economic

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 15:20

... and Leon Walras) to displace the classical theories of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and, of course, Karl Marx Yet they also held to Adam Smith’s view that the hidden hand of the market was ... and France, 1913–1998 Source: Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy, American Democracy in an Age of Rising Inequality continuing apace because the estate tax (a tax on wealth) is ... battle for ideas was key, and that it would probably take at least a generation for that battle to be won, not only against Marxism but against socialism, state planning, and Keynesian interventionism

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 00:20

... and Leon Walras) to displace the classical theories of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and, of course, Karl Marx Yet they also held to Adam Smith’s view that the hidden hand of the market was ... and France, 1913–1998 Source: Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy, American Democracy in an Age of Rising Inequality continuing apace because the estate tax (a tax on wealth) is ... battle for ideas was key, and that it would probably take at least a generation for that battle to be won, not only against Marxism but against socialism, state planning, and Keynesian interventionism

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 21:20

... resistance factors of drilled shafts based on statistics data of the ratio between real measured values and estimated values for Resistance (R) and load effect (Q) - The thesis has analyzed and ... characteristics of random bias factor For foundation structures, the laws of probability distributions of random bias factor often match or nearly match the normal standard distribution or standard logarithm ... MINISTER OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS NGO CHAU PHUONG ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCING PARAMETERS AND BASICS OF DETERMINING RESISTANCE FACTORS OF DRILLED SHAFTS USED

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 20:32

... was the watchword of all just actions, the very basis of all morals and all politics For justice was, above all, adjustment – as a cabinetmaker shapes a piece of wood within a larger ... philosophy, traditionally found two ways of taking up the challenge of the inescapable fact of human mortality; two strategies, if you like, of attempting to outflank death, or at least, of outflanking ... the apparent chaos of things and that human reason was able to discern the divine character of the universe It was this same idea, that the world possesses a soul of sorts, like a living

Ngày tải lên: 20/07/2014, 20:24

... on a totally separate system. The variants of the Microsoft Windows operating system cannot export the display of an individual application to be viewed on a separate machine. If an application ... system, you can send to it the display data of an X-enabled application’s user interface. Let’s assume you’re running an X server on a laptop and the X application (i.e., client) that you want to ... This chapter explains some of the basic settings and utilities for displaying X client applications that a shell script can exploit. The Display X applications consist of a client and a server....

Ngày tải lên: 05/10/2013, 08:51

... (such as Social Security and Medicare), data per Treasury Dept.'s “2010 Annual Report on the U.S. Government”; 3) Gordon Adams and Matthew Leatherman, A Leaner and Meaner National Defense,” ... debate about our nation’s financial situation and outlook. In it, we examine USA Inc.’s income statement and balance sheet. We aim to interpret the underlying data and facts and illustrate patterns ... corporate and official government accounting methods, see Laurence J. Kotlikoff, Alan J. Auerbach, and Jagadeesh Gokhale, “Generational Accounting: A Meaningful Way to Assess Generational Policy,” published...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 21:20