Sự vận động của các thể loại trong văn học Việt Nam thế kỷ XX : Đề tài NCKH. CB.01.03

DAI HOC QUdc GIA HA NQI SU VAN DONG CUA CAC THE LOAI TRONG VAN HOC VIET NAM THE KY XX Ma s o : CB.01.03 Chutridetai : PGS TS Ly Hoai Thu Can bp phoi hap nghien curu : ThS Pham Xuan Thach Ha Noi, thang - 2003 MUC LUC Trang Lin noi ddu Mot so van de ly luan ve The loai van hoc Chuong 1: Su van dong cua tieu thuyet Viet Nam 50 nam dau the ky (tir 1900-1945) 1.1 Ti^u thuyet Viet Nam giai doan 1900-1930 1.2 Ti^u thuyet Viet Nam giai doan 1930-1945 33 1.2.1 Tilu thuyet lang man "Tu luc van doan" 34 1.2.2 Tilu thuyet Hien thuc phe phan 51 Chiromg 2: Six van dong cua tho Viet Nam tiir 1900-1945 71 2.1 Thcf Viet Nam giai doan 1900-1930 71 2.2 Tho Viet Nam giai doan 1930-1945 88 Ketluan 122 Tai lieu tham ichao 124 LCJINOIDAU Trong ddi sdng van hoc, loai th^ la aiot ye'u to v6 cung quan bdi no "phan anh nhitng khuynh hudng phat tri^n lau dai va ben vflng cua van hoc" Trong chuong trinh dao tao cua nganh van hoc (ki ca dao tao dai hoc va sau dai hoc), loai th^ van hoc ciing la mot m6n hoc quan Ngoai chuong trinh giang day nlm giao trinh Ca sa ly luqn van hoc, hien d Khoa Van dang cd mot so chuyen dl, chuyen sau danh cho sinh vien nam thii va hoe vien cao hoc nhu "Tha va mtfy v & dl tha Viet Nam hien dai", "Ti^u thuyet Viet Nam hien dai", "Kich Viet Nam hien dai" Viec ket hgp nhiing v£n de ly thuye't va thuc tiln van hoc sinh dong la mot yeu cau ludn luon mang tinh khoa hoc va cdn thie't Hon nOa, hien nay, viec nghien cuii ly luan van hoc tir gdc th^ loai nhu dac trung thi loai, thi phap th^ loai dang cho nhieu ke't qua kha quan, dang tin cay La mot giao vien chuyen trach giang day phfo Loai the van hoc (ca chucmg trinh ca sd va chuyen de), xuS^t phat tir nhiing ly tren chung tdi da lira chon de tai "SM* van dong cua cdc the loai van hoc Viet Nam the ky XX'' cho cong trinh nghien cuu ciia minh Tuy nhien, vi noi dung bao quit cua de tai la qua rong, thdi gian can duge khao sat la qua dai, dien mao th^ loai la ra't phong phii, chinh vi vay, de' dam bao tinh tap trung va chat che ciia va'n de, ve mat thdi gian, ehiing toi xin gidi han d pham vi 50 nam d^u the' ky dd dien mot budc ngoat quan nha't danh da'u tien trinh hien dai hoa cua van hoc Viet Nam - giai doan 1930-1945 Ve mat the loai, chiing tdi chi di sau khao sat the loai Idn, the loai ddng vai trd ehu chdt ddi sdng van hoc Viet Nam - dd la ti^u thuye't va tha Nhimg van de chua giai quyet dugc cong trinh nay, neu dugc cho phep chung toi xin trd lai mot dip khac thuan Igi han Cudi cting, bang sir khao sat eu the, ti mi mot sd the loai 50 nam phat trie'n ciia van hoe Viet Nam, chung toi da tim va khai quat dugc nhiJng qui luat van dong ciing nhu nhihig anh hudng to Idn cua cae the loai ddi vdi tie'n trinh hien dai hoa van hoc dan toe Dd la muc dich va cijng la nhiem vu chinh cua chiing toi cong trinh M O T S6 VAN M L t LUAN Yt T H £ LOAI VAN HOC 1.1 Loai thI van hoc la dang thiic ton tai cu th^ cua tac ph&i van hoc Bft cii mot tie phim van hoc nao cung nam mot "khuon hinh" thI loai nh^t dinh: mdt cudn iiiu thuyet, mdt thien truyen ngin, mot bai tha, mot kich ban van hoc V^ phuang dien ly thuye't, th^ loai thuoc ve phuang thiic nhan thiic, cam thu cuoc sdng va each thiic t6 chiJc, c^u tao tic p h ^ Chinh vi vay, phan tich mdt tic phim cu th^ hay nhin nhan, dinh gii mot giai doan van hoc, khdng th^ khdng ghi nhan nhiing tim tdi, cich tan ve mat th^ loai Han niia, thuc tiln ddi sdng van hoc da chiing minh rang: Tien trinh van dong va phit trien cua mot giai doan van hoc luon diln song hanh cung sir van dong va phit tri^n cua cie th^ loai van hoc Noi mdt cich khic: siic sdng cua mot giai doan van hoc duge hiiu hien ro ret nhi't qua dien mao the loai Khdng phai ngSu nhien, M Bakhtin - nha thi phip hoe ndi tiehg Lien Xd cu da khang dinh: "Xet ve thuc cha't, the loai van hoc phan inh nhiing khuynh hudng lau dai va he't siic ben viing sir phit tiiin van hoc"^*\ Tie'n trinh van hoc Viet Nam the' ky XX khdng nam ngoai qui luat dd cua sing tao nghe thuat 1.2 Trong qua trinh phit trien lau dai ciia van hoc, the loai la mdt ye'u to ma ben canh mat on dinh, "di truyen", lai luon cd nhiing bie'n dong, doi thay, tao nen nhieu bien the' vd ciing phong phii Ciing theo Bakhtin: " the loai bao gid Cling bao luu nhiing yeu td ca sa, bat tir That cii ca sd duge bao luu d the' loai ehi nhd vao sir ddi mdi thudng xuyen, cd the ndi la nhd dugc hien dai hoi The loai bao gid ciing vira la nd, vira khdng phai la nd, no bao gid cung vira cu ky, vira mdi me The loai dugc tii sinh, dugc ddi mdi qua timg giai doan phit trien van hoc va qua ttmg tic pham ei biet cua the loai Day la sir sdng cua the' loai Bdi vay, cii e6 sa edn dugc bao luu d the loai khdng phai la cii c6 sa chet ciing ma la cii c6 sa vinh viln sdng dong, tiic la cii c6 sa cd nang lire ddi mdi The loai, sdng bang hien tai, nhung luon luon M Bakhtin; "Nhung v£a 66 thi phap D6xt6iepxJd", NXB Giao due, 1993 tr.lOl nhd d€h qua khti cua minh, khdi nguyen cua minh Th^ loai - la ke dai dien cua ky ilc sang tao qua trinh phat tri^n cua van hoc Chinh vi vay, the loai cd nang luc dam bao tinh thdng nhS^t va tmh lien tuc cua su phit trie'n £iy Bdi ih€, di hiiu diing thi loai, phai lin len ngon nguon cua nd^*\ Ve mat nguyen ly, cic thi loai van hoc dugc hinh thanh, phit triin va bie'n mft qui trinh van ddng ciia van hoc la hien tugng phit trien bmh thudng Chinh ca sd xa hdi, nhu cdu nhan thiic, thi hi^u cua cong chiing van hoc la nhihig yeu td quan se qui dinh su phit triln cua cic thi loai van hoc Da timg cd ky lic nhan loai mot thdi dai nghe thuat huy hoang vdi nhiing tic phim anh hiing ca c6 dai HyLa ndi tiehg nhu Iliit va Odixe Nhiing tic phim dugc ddi nhiing di^u kien cua thdi ky c6 dai va la san pham cua mot hinh thii tu nghe thuat va chiu su chi phdi nang ne ciia the' gidi quan thin linh Khi ca sd vat cha't ciia xa hdi phit triin, tu nghe thuat, su nhan thiic cua ngudi ve the gidi xung quanh khdng edn qui hdn nhien, tha ciing cd nghia la cic thi loai anh ca c6 diin da khdng edn "da't" de phit triin Cic kiiu md phdng ve sau nhu tic pham La-Hang ri et deu khdng phii hgp va cd phin lac long K Mic, de cap den tiru cua cii noi thin thoai Hy Lap da khang dinh: Iliit va Odixe khdng thi ddi ben canh ban in va may in, hinh tugng Asin khdng the ton tai thdi dai cua thudc Sling va dan chi - Thdi dai da san sinh nen nghe thuat rue huy hoang dd da vmh vien qua rdi va khdng bao gid trd lai Ngudi ddi sau du he't Idng yeu men ciing khong the' bat chudc, bdi ne'u cd tinh bie'n mot ngudi da trudng thanh mot diia tre tha thi chi la "cua simg lam nghe" ma thdi (!) Chinh dieu ciing da giiip chiing ta cat nghia hien tugng mai mot cua cic tic phim trudng ca, anh hiing ca c6 dai va sir phuc sinh cua cic tic pham trudng ca hien dai van hoc Viet Nam Tuy nhien, nhu da ndi d tren, ben canh sir ddi thay, cich tan qua cic thdi ky lich su, cie the' loai van hoc luon cd sir thira ke, tri mat on dinh ndi tiep tir giai doan qua giai doan khic - Ndi mot cich cu the: tien trinh van •*M Bakhtin-Sdd,tr 101 ddng cua van hoc, giai doan sau luon luu giii nhiing tuu ve thi loai cua giai doan trudc Chinh su lap lai mang tmh qui luat da gdp phin hoan thien va tao nen tmh chft dac trung cua timg thi loai rieng biet Ngoai ra, de cap den pham trii thi loai, ciing ein chii y de'n tinh dan tdc, ban sac dan toe cua cic thi loai van hoc Di nhien la khdng the dua nhiing tieu chi rieng cho tiiu thuye't hay tha ciia mot dan tdc ben canh mdt dan tdc khic ma khdng chiu su chi phdi cua dac trung thi loai nhung r5 rang, viec xic dinh nhiing dac diim ndi bat tu sing tao, thi hieu thudng thiic, sd trudng van dung thi loai, ngdn ngii se giiip chiing ta chi dugc ban sac rieng cua ttaig dan tdc va su ddng gdp nhiing net dac sac dd vao tuu chung cua nhan loai Tinh dan tdc cua cic thi loai van hoc la mot ye'u td tuang ddi ben viing Tuy nhien khdng thi coi cic thi loai vin hoe la "nha't ba't bie'n" Trong qui trinh van ddng, cd nhiing yeu td se trd nen xua cii, khdng thich hgp cho viec tie'p can, nhan thiic Lai cd nhihig ye'u td ben viing nhung nang ddng, cd kha nang thich ling, phii hgp vdi nhung yeu cau cua thdi dai mdi Day chinh la einh cira rong md giiip chiing ta tim hiiu, khai thic nhiing im the va gidi han viec van dung cic the loai cua van hoe Viet Nam, dac biet la sir ke't hgp giiia tinh dan toe va tinh hien dai, mot nhiing pham chat quye't dinh su cong sing tao nghe thuat dugc bde Id rd ret Imh vuc thi loai van hoc Cae the loai van hoe dugc hinh tren ca sd ctia cic phuang thiic phan inh Ndi mot cich khic, chinh phuang thiie phan inh da "diic" nen cie md hinh thi loai Van hoe ton tai phuang thiie phan inh ca ban: Tu su, trii tinh va kich - Phuang thiic tu sir la mdt phuang thiic mieu ta Idn va quan nha't cua van hoc Nd lay viec mieu ta ddi sdng khich quan lam ddi tugn^ chinh Hien thuc ddi sdng tic pham dugc tai hien mot cich chan thuc va rong rai qua he thdng nhan vat va cot truyen Tat ca deu hudng tdi mdt the gidi khich quan phong phii va gin giii Phuang thiic trii tinh, ngugc lai, thien ve phia chu quan Nd lay viec hoc Id the gidi ndi cam cua ehu the sang tao lam cdt y^u Nhfing hien tugng (su viec va ngudi) cua ddi sdng khich quan khlic xa vao tac p h ^ qua cam xuc va suy nghi ciia nha tha Ddi vdi tha trii tinh, y^u td cam xiic, su rung ddng true tie'p dugc coi la khdi ngudn, la dac trung ca ban ddu tien dl xic lap tieu chi thi loai Ben canh hai phuang thiic tren, phuang thiic kich la mdt su bd sung cin thie't bdi ne'u phuang thiic trii tinh chu yeu bde Id cam xiic, phuang thiic tu su coi viec tii dung biic tranh hien thuc mang tinh tdng thi la chmh thi phuang thiic kich tap trung khai thic va bilu hien ngudi thdng qua hanh ddng Trong cudc sdng, hanh ddng la sir bilu hien true tie'p va nang ddng nhit ci tinh cua ngudi Trong kich, nhan vat luon d tu the hanh ddng Tir dilm xu^t phit la xung dot vdi nhung tinh hudng cu thi, kich la thi loai mang de'n su nhan thiic diy du ve ddi sdng va ngudi thdng qua hanh ddng Su ton tai cimg mot liic phuang thiic phan inh tren da ndi len rang: Van hoc ein phai tie'p can vdi cudc sdng tir nhieu gdc va phai phan inh cudc sdng mdt cich toan dien, nhieu mat Tuang ling vdi phuang thiic tru* tinh, van hoe cd thi loai tha, tuang ling vdi phuang thiic tu sir, van hoc cd cic dil loai van xudi, chu yeu la tilu thuyet, truyen va ky Tuang ling vdi phuang thiic kich, cd cic kich ban van hoc Day ciing chinh la nhiing thi loai chu chdt ddi sdng van hoe Viet Nam va la ddi tugng nghien eiiu cua chiing tdi "Khdng cd mot thi loai nao trudng ton ba't bie'n qua thdi gian"^*\ Vi vay, viec nghien ciiu cic thi loai cin phai duge dat nhiing dilu kien lich sir, cu thi Hien thuc cudc sdng - coi ngudn sing tao cua van hoc - la mot ddng chay khdng ngimg, chinh vi vay ma khdng thi doin dinh het sir doi thay cua cic thi loai da phit triin chung a'y Tuy nhien, su khao sit, he thdng hoa tien trinh van ddng va phit triin cua cic thi loai van hoc Viet Nam la het siic can thiet va bd ich khdng chi ddi vdi gidi nghien cuu, giang day ma ca vdi ngudi sing tic, ngudi thudng thiic L3 Nhin vao dd thi van ddng cua van hoc Viet Nam the ky XX, chiing tdi thay cd hai giai doan ding chii y nhit: dd la giai doan 1930-1945 dugc coi i") Ha Minh Due (chu bien), Ly luan van hoc, NXB Giao due, 1998, tr 163 la thcd hoang kim rue rd md mdt budc ngoat Idn cho tie'n trinh hien dai hoi va giai doan tir 1986 trd vl cudi the ky dugc menh danh la van hoc thdi ky doi mdi cd nhilu tuu va khdi sac ve thi loai Ngudn gdc sau xa ciia mdt tien trinh ddi mdi nam cam hiing sing tao, quan niem nghe thuat ve ngudi va ddi sdng xa hdi Nhung ta't ca nhiing yeu td dd diu true ti^p chi phdi den phuang thiic phan inh, den cich thiic ca^u tnic va van dung thi loai Trong hai md'c thdi gian ma chiing tdi de cap d tren, cd thi ndi rang giai doan 1930-1945 la thdi ky ma su cich tan ve mat thi loai diln tren mot mat bang vd ciing rong Idn va vdi mot tinh than tan triet dl Thanh tuu dat dugc la to Idn Giai doan tir 1986 trd ve cudi the' ky chua dat de'n dinh cao va tinh than ddi mdi ciing mang theo mau sac va y nghia khic Tuy nhien, day ciing la mdt thdi ky ma dien mao thi loai da trd nen phong phii, da dang Trong dd ding chii y la sir thinh ciia mot sd thi loai va nhiing hudng bien ddi theo chieu hien dai hoa De xu ly dang de tai nay, chiing tdi ket hgp ciing mot liic ca hai thao tie phan chia: Thii nha't la phan chia theo thi loai, thii hai la phan chia theo giai doan Ve thi loai, theo gidi han da trinh bay Idi ndi dau, chiing tdi chi tap trung khao sit the loai chinh ddng vai trd quan trong ddi sdng van hoc ciing nhu tien trinh van ddng phit triin cua vin hoe Viet Nam, dd la tilu thuye't va tha Ve thdi gian, chiing tdi gidi han pham vi 50 nam nua dau the' ky XX va chia mde chinh sau day: Giai doan tir 1900-1930 Giai doan tir 1930-1945 (Ciing xin luu y la sir phan chia chi mang y nghia tuang ddi bdi vi thuc te ddi sdng the loai van hoc Viet Nam khdng cd nhiing ranh gidi tuyet ddi ve mat thdi gian) Di khdi dIu cho sir khao sit ciia minh, chung tdi chon mde thdi gian nhiing nam diu th€ ky XX nhu la tim vl vdi coi ngudn cua su hinh thi loai theo dung tinh thin cua Bakhtin Cong trinh cua chiing tdi se tap trung vao ndi dung Idn sau day: Tilu thuye't Viet Nam tir 1900 de'n 1945 2, Tha Viet Nam tir 1900 de'n 1945 Di khdi ddu cho su khao sit ciia minh, chiing tdi chon md'c thdi gian nhiing nam diu th^ ky XX nhu la tim vl vdi cdi ngudn cua su hmh thi loai theo dung tinh thin cua Bakhtin Cdng trinh cua chiing tdi se tap trung vao ndi dung Idn sau day: Tilu thuye't Viet Nam tir 1900 den 1945 Tha Viet Nam tir 1900 den 1945 Roi roi, diu diu, roi roi Tram mudn giot nhe ndi ldi vu vo (Buon dem mua - Huy Can) "Siu thu len viit song song Vdi cay hiu quanh vdi Idng quanh hiu Non xanh ca budi chilu Nhan gian nghe cung tieu dilu dudi kia" (Thu rimg - Huy Can) "Em em chilu ngan ngo chilu Ldng khdng ca hiu hiu khe budn" (Chilu - Xuan Dieu) "Tie'ng dua hiu hit ben ldng Budn oi xa ving menh mdng la budn" (Tie'ng thien thai - The Lii) Ngoai ra, luc bat Tho mdi eiing ed hien tugng bic ciu, nglt nhip dac biet: "Cai gi nhu thi nhd mong - Nhd nang? Khdng! Quylt la khdng nhd nang" (Nguyln Binh); "Di mau! trdn net! trdn mau - Trdn hoi! trdn tieng! trdn nhau! trdn minh!" (Xuan Dieu) Vin: Cae thi tho phong trao Tho mdi vira ke thira nhung each hiep vin tho ca truyin thdng, ddng thdi tiep thu nhilu ldi gieo vin mdi tiio Phip Vl the, hinh thiic gieo vin phong phii va linh hoat hon Khdng chi "bdn cau ba vin" (Tii tuyet), "Tam ciu nam vin" (Bat eii) ma edn cd vin lien tie'p, vin gian cich, vin dm, vin liln, vin hdn hgp Neu khd tho ddng, chii thi gieo vin theo kilu tir tuyet: "Nam nam theo tieng goi len dudng Tdc long toi bdi gid bdn phuang May liie tiiin tiid trd lai Dl hdn mo tdi ban que huang" (Giay phiit chanh ldng - The Lii) 111 Hai ldi gieo vin co ban la vin lung va vin chan (yeu van va udc van) van dugc chu Vin chan dugc dimg nhilu tho chii, chii, vin lung dugc dung nhilu thi ttr, luc bit Dac biet la su gia tang cae am tiet hiep vin da tao nen nhilu net nhac mim mai, uyIn ehuyin "Xao xic tilng gd, trang ngd lanh bud't" "Mdi mua trua, chilu da ta" (Xuan Dieu) "Budn gieo theo gid hd Deo cao quan chat bin lau thua" Vin chan dugc kit hgp vdi nhiing ldi hiep vin mdi dugc du nhap ttr tho Phap, chinh vi vay, nhac dieu tho mdi me hon: Vin giin each (vin cheo): "Ta cung nang nhin khdng tie'ng ndi Sg ldi than lay dd ca dem sau Ddi hoi thd tim bdng tdi Ddi linh hdn chim dam bl u sau" (Che Lan Vien) Vin lien tie'p (vin liln): "Dudng lang hoa dai vdi mui ram Ngudi cting tdi di dao giiia dudng tham Ldng gilt sin it huong hoa tudng tugng Dit them nlng bdng tre roi bdng phugng Lin lugt budng man nhe vudng chan lau Len bl cao hay di xudng bl sdii' (Huy Can) Vin dm: "Em la gai khung cica Anh la may bdn phuang trdi Anh tiieo canh gid choi vai Em vin nim nhung hid' 112 (Luu Trong Lu) Vin hdn hop: "Tie'ng dich di6i dau ddy Cd nghe reo rdt Lo liing cao dua tan lung trdi xanh ngdt May bay gid quyen may bay Tie'ng vi viit nhu khuyen van nhu diu ddt Nhu hit hiu cimg hoi gid heo may" (Thi Lii) Nhin chung, vin Tho mdi dugc ling bien mdt cich linh hoat va sang tao - phi v5 duge nhung ddc tdn tho cii, lip tiic nhac dieu ciing ed nhilu cung bac * Nhip va dieu: Cau tiio mdi vl eo ban la cdn sir dung nhilu ldi nglt nhip va man thu nhiing nguyen tic ddi tiianh blng trie dl tao sir hai hoa, trim bdng, nhip nhang vl dieu Neu latiiO7 ehii, ldi nglt nhip phd biln la 4/3 hoae 2/2/3 " Ao tring don so / mdng tring 4/3 Hdm xua em din / mit nhu Idng Nd bimg inh sing / em di din Gdt ngoc don huong / budc toa hdng" (Huy Can) "May bile / vl dau / bay gip gip 2/2/3 Con cd / tren rudng / einh phin van Chim nghe / trdi rong / giang tiiem canh Suong lanh / chilu thua / dem xud'ng din" (Xuan Dieu) Ca biet cung cd ldi nglt nhip 3/4 Vdi Idi nglt nhip nay, cau tha cung ed am dieu mdi nhung khdng tiiat sir tieu bieu: - "Tie'ng dilu sio / nao nao vlt Trdi quang may / xanh nglt mau Io" (The Lii) "La lilu dai / nhu mdt net mi" - "Tie'ng chim vdn / budi sdm mai" 113 (Xuan Dieu) Hoae cQng cd till khdng tiieo mdt qui tic nao ca miln la diln dat dugc giai dieu cam xuc ben trong: "Thu lanh / cang tiiem nguyet td ngdi Dau ghe nhu nude / lanh / trdi oi Long lanh / tilng sdi vang vang han Trang nhd Tim duong / nhac nhd ngudi" (Xuin Dieu) Neu la tiio ehu tiiudng la nhip 3/5, hoae 3/2/3: "Khach ngoi lai / cimg em, ehdc niia Vdi vang chi / tring sang qua khach oi! Dem rim / yen tiec / sang tren trdi Khach khdng d / ldng em / ed ddc qua" (Xuan Dieu) Song nhiing liie cin dien dat mdt trang thai cam xuc dac biet nao dd, nha tiio se dimg ldi nglt nhip 4/4: "Xao xac tieng ga / trang nga lanh bud't Chd dap hdn em / trang ttr viln xii Di khoan thai len ngu dinh trdi trdn" (Xuan Dieu) Thanh dieu: Nhu tren da ndi, Tho mdi chii sir hai hoa, thoat nen ed su phan bd kha can ddi giiia tiianh blng va tiianh trie Tuy nhien, d mdt vai bai tiio, cic tic gia da pha vd qui luat hoa am dd Chlng han la nhimg cau tho ehi ed blng: - "Suong nuong theo trang ngimg lung trdi Tuong tu nang ldng len choi voi" (Xuan Dieu) - "O hay! Budn vuong cay ngd ddng Vang roi, vang roi, thu menh mdng" (Bich Khe) - "Huong tiidi gian khdng ndng Huong thdi gian tiianh thanh" (Doan Phii Tii) - "Dua ngudi ta khdng dua sang sdng" (Tham Tam) v.v nhiing can tiio tren, nhac dieu qua rit du duong Nhung neu lam dung cho toan bai tiii rit dl tao nen sir don dieu nhu trudng hgp bai "chilu" ciia Bich Khe 114 VI ngdn net?: Tho mdi cd rit nhilu tuu vl vin dung va sang tao, ngdn txs Nhiing bien phap m tii quen thudc nhu so sanh, vi von, an du, hoan du diu phat huy den miic cao nhit hieu qua cua minh Nhilu hinh anh vd cimg mdi la la san phim ciia nhiing bien phap rit quen thudc nay: "Thing gieng ngon nhu mot cap mdi gin" (Xuan Dieu) "Canh budm giuong to nhu manh hdn trang" (TIHanh) "Sang hdm hdn em nhu tu io Y la lugt xep ttmg ddi" (Huy can) "Nghieng nghieng mai tdc huong ndng Thdi gian lang rdt mot ddng budn tenh" (Luu Trong Lu) "Trang nim sdng soai tren canh lilu Dgi gid ddng vl dl la loi" (Han Mae Tir) "Nhiing sdng ving le minh bdng tdi Nhiing tugng cham Id ldi ri ren tiian" (Chi Lan Vien) Nhilu ldi diln dat, each ndi chua tiing thay tiio truyin tiidng: - "Day chum mong nhd, khdm yeu duong Day em canh tiien lin canh tiiuong" - "Hay tiim au yem, liia mon trdn" - "Huy hoang trang rdng nguy nga gid" - "Tmh thdi gid mau yeu len phip phdi" (Xuan Dieu) Chinh vi qua tao bao, dam vugt qua moi ehuln mire ngii phap thdng thudng ma duong tiidi Xuan Dieu tiing bi phai eu coi la "lai cang", "mat gdc" Nhung "y tudng qua sdi ndi, mdi me ldi van tit phai lung lay" La ngudi quyet liet 115 nhit viec tin cdng vao tiianh tn tiio cii, liic cin tiiilt Xuin Dieu tiling tay diit bd nhiing khudn cu ma ddi Thi Lii, Luu Trong Lu, Nguyen Bmh cdn vudng mIc Chmh vi vay, tiio mdi giai doan 1936 - 1939 dugc danh gia la cue tiiinh va Xuan Dieu dugc menh danh la "nha tho mdi nhit cae nha tho mdi" (Hoai Thanh) VI kit ciu: Tho mdi da md nhilu hinh tinic kit ciu khic vdi kit ciu Dudng luat Cai khudn gd bd, cd dinh vdi cae phin dl, thuc, luin, kit da khdng cdn thich hgp, tham chi la han chi suy nghT va tinh cam cua cie nha tho, dT nhien la ho phai tim din vdi nhilu hinh thiic kit ciu mdi me va linh hoat hon: chang han nhu kit ciu theo su van ddng ciia cam xiic, kit ciu mong phan, kit ciu nhip dieu v.v Ngoai kit ciu, td chiic ldi tho, ciu tho Tho mdi cung cd nhiing hien tugng dang chii y Neu nhu tho c6, mot cau tho thudng trung vdi mdt ddng tho thi Tho mdi mot ddng tho ed thi gdm nhilu cau tho: "Anh nhd tie'ng Anh nhd hinh Anh nhd anh Anh nhd em, anh nhd Ilm! em oi!" (Xuan Dieu) va ngugc lai, mdt cau tho cd thi rai lam nhilu ddng (thudng la ddng) goi la tho bic ciu (enjam bement): "Ai biet hdm la hdi Cua ldng ta Em trin tiiiet trang hoang" (Huy can) "Cat bui mng trdi Dudng vit va Cdn dai Nhung hay tam dimg chan " (Thi Lii) Khdng chi ble ciu giiia hai ddng tiiO, ttr ciu tren xudng can dudi ma cdn bic ciu giiia hai khd tho, ttr khd tren tran xud'ng khd dudi: "Mdt tdi biu trdi dim sle miy Cay tim nghieng xud'ng einh hoa gay Hoa nghieng xudng ed nha cd Nghieng xud'ng lan reu Mot tdi diy 116 Nhiing ldi huyIn bi toa len trang Nhiing y bao la rii xudng trin Nhiing tilng ii tinh hoa bao gid Gid dao thd the bao hoa xuan" (Xuan Dieu) Mdt sd bai tho mdi cd kilu dang dacbiet: * Bai tho cd hinh tam giac: Tdi Tdi Di hoai Chan mdi Giang Id ngan Chim vl mii Mudn dam mit mu Deo budc gap ginh Cinh tinh ldng bdi rdi Dudng xa ginh nang ngai ngiing Quang ving canh trudng vdi vgi hay gai gdc quang dudng ddi Vat va than dem di chua khdi" (Tran Huin Chuong) * Bai tho ed td chiic dac biet vl tiianh dieu, mdi ddng la mot dieu: Tinh hoai "Trdi budn lam gi trdi riu riu Anh yeu em xong anh di dau? Ling tieng gid sudi ling tilng khdc Mdt bung mot da mdt nang nhoe Ao tudng chi de khd de tui NghT mai gd mai ldi vin ldi Thuong thay cho em cam thay anh Tmh hoai cang cang tiy dinh" (LeTa) 117 Trong giai doan van hoc 1930-1945, ben canh ddng tho lang man (tiic phong trao Tho mdi) cdn cd ddng tho ca cich mang ma tieu bilu la tho ca Xd Vilt Nghe Tiiih va tap tiio Tit dy - sang tic diu tay ciia nha tiio Td Him Tho ca Xd Vilt Nghe Tmh chu ylu la khuyet danh Cam hiing sang tie dugc khoi ngudn tii anh sang cua he tu tudng vd san Muc dich la myen truyin phuc vu cho phong trao each mang giai cip vd sin lanh dao VI hinh thiic, tho ca Xd Vilt Nghe Tinh chu yeu van dung cie till tiio dan gian nhu luc bat, song thit luc bit, hat dam Nghe Tinh v.v hilm hoi Ilm mdi cd mdt vai bai tho Dudng cae nha Nho giac ngd each mang sang tie Hiu hit cic bai tiio dai diu latiiOtu su, ning tmh chit kl ll, hd hao Chit trii tinh, neu ed thi ciing dugc vin dung dl bilu Id nhiet tinh each mang, ldng cam tiiu giac va tinh thuong yeu ddng chi, ddng bao Cd nhilu can tho rit thi, chic, khoe: "Tren gid ca cd dao phit thing Dudi da't blng giiy tring mng Giiia mdt tran xdng pha Ben dan sit ben ta gan vang" (Bai ca each mang) Tuy nhien, rit dl nhin nhiing dilm non yeu vl nghe tiiuat bilu hien cua tiio ca Xd Viet Nghe Tinh: hinh anh tiiilu ed diic, ngdn ngii cdn xd bd, thieu chon Ige, xiic cam va tam tmh cdn md nhat v.v Tic dy la tieng hat say me ly tudng each mang, la tap tiio diu diy nhiet huyet eiia nha tho cong san Td Hiiu: "Ttr iy tdi bimg nlng Mat trdi chan ly chdi qua tim Hdn tdi la mdt vudn hoa la Rit dam huong va rdn tieng chim" Chiing ta bit gap Tic dy mdt biic tranh hien thuc khac vdi nhiing hinh anh ngudi ehiln sT cich mang bi tii day, quin ehiing lao khd (lao day td, ehi 118 vu em, em be d do, c6 gai giang hd ) nhung tit ca diu ip ii mdt nilm tin vao ly tudng each mang, vao anh sang tuong lai "Ngay mai cd se tfir ngoai Thom nhu huong nhuy hoa lii Sach nhu nude sudi ban mai giiia riing Ngay mai gid mdi ngan phuong Se dua cd tdi mdt vudn diy xuan Ngay mai gia tring ngin " (Tren ddng Huong Giang) So vdi tho lang man, TiC dy cua Td Hiiu khdng roi vao sir ddi lip cue doan giiia hien thuc va ly tudng, giiia ca nhin va xa hdi Su lua chon tiidi gian nghe thuat ciing cd nhilu khac biet; nlu cic nha tho lang man thien vl chilu qui khii thi Td Hiiu hudng tdi cai mai, hay ndi chinh xic hon la tun each hoa hgp giiia hien tai va tuong lai Vl hinh thiic nghe thuit Tit dy la mdt budc phat triin mdi cua tho ca cich mang Khdng ehi cd ndi dung tu tudng tien bd, TzJ' dy edn dl lai nhilu gia tri nghe thuit Lin diu tien, ddng tho each mang da xuit hien mot phong each rieng Va mac dii khdng cimg mot trao luu, mdt quan niem nghe tiiuat vdi cae nha Tho mdi nhung Td Hiiu da biet thu hiit vl minh nhung each tan, sang tao cua phong trao Tho mdi de lam phong phii them cic phuang tien bilu hien Ndi dilu nay, mot Ian niia chiing ta khlng dinh sir giao thoa, hip thu nhiing yeu td tich cue, tien bd giua nhiing trao luu van hoc khac cimg mot bdi canh lich su Va ciing ed nghTa la de tranh sir each chia rach rdi, may mde theo kilu "dong san di mong", chi ed "ludm nguyt nhau" tiieo each ndi "day am lie" ciia nha tho Che Lan Vien ldi tua: "sdng Thuong, sdng Huong ddng van hoe" eiia tap tiio "Bai tiio tiidn VT" (xin xem lai ldi tua tren) Ciing gin gidng cic nha Tho mdi, Tic dy Td Hiiu chu yeu sir dung cae till tiio ehfl va ehii The chii ed till dugc nglt nhip 4/3 tiieo 119 each phd biln cua Tho mdi duong tiidi hoae ciing ed till dugc nglt tiianh 3/4 theo Dudng luat truyin thd'ng: "Gi sau bang / nhimg trua tiiuong nhd Hiu quanh ben / mot tieng hd" Thi chii tiii tiiudng nglt nhip 3/5 hoae 5/3 va 3/2/3 nhu eac nha tiio mdi Cich gieo vin va sii dung dieu ciing tuong tu: - "Xuan budc nhe / tren vanh non Ii mdi Ban ddi oi / vui chut vdi trdi hdng" - "Tai md rdng / va ldng / sdi rao rue Tdi ling nghe / tieng ddi / lin nao mie" Tuy nhien, yeu ciu phuc vu cho chu dl va ndi dung each mang nen mot sd bai tiio chii cua Td Hiiu khoe khoan, phdng tiing hon so vdi dieu tho bang khuang man mac cua Tho mdi Nhip tiio cung linh hoat, thoai mai, khic vdi nhip thdng tiiudng: "Hay bay len / sdng niii cua ta rdi! Nude mit ta trao / hiip mi / tran mdi C6 ta re tram tran cudi / tran khdc Ta dm / hdn ttmg mii tdc Ha he chua / bit dugc mom ta? Ta hat huyen thien / ta chay khIp nha Ai dam cim ta say / say thin thanh" VI ngdn ttr, Ti^ dy, Td Hiiu su dung mot luu lugng ngdn tir gian di, gin giii vdi nep cam, nep nghT cua dai da sd quan chiing nhan dan Tie'ng dia phuang Binh Tri Thien (xir Hue) ciing dugc van dung nhuin nhi va kheo leo tho ("Riia la hit", "Rang khdng", "Nghe tiiiet ngo" ) Diem han che cua Tir a'y la doi edn "Idn tieng", cau tho vi till nang nl, nhilu chd tiiieu hinh anh va siic ggi cam Nhiing uu dilm cua taptiiOse duge phat huy, nhung nhugc dilm se din dan duge khic phuc bdi each mang 1945 tiianh cdng, Td Hiiu Ha Ndi va len Viet Ble tham gia khang chien Chin nam sdng d "tini dd gid ngan", dng da 120 tilp tuc cho tap "Viet Bic" - tap tho chiem vi tri quan trong tiio ca Viet Nam giai doan khang chien ehdng Phap Vi khdng chi rieng Td Hiiu, hiu hit cic nha tiio phong trao Tho mdi nhu The LG, Luu Trong Lu, Xuin Dieu, Huy Can, Che Lan Vien, Te Hanh, Nguyln Xuan Sanh diu di tiieo khang chien va trd nhimg nha tho each mang Khac vdi cae nha tilu tiiuylt lang man Tu luc vdn dodn, cae nha tho lang man cua Phong trao Tho mdi da tir "thung liing dau thuong cinh ddng vui", "tir chan trdi cua mdt ngudi din chan trdi cua tit ca" (Pdn Eluya) Ddng gdp cua thi he ddi vdi tiln trinh tho ca hien dai la vd cimg to Idn Tren thi dan dan tdc, day la mdt the he cd nhilu ten tudi sang gia nhit 121 K^T LUAN Ttr each dat vin dl, qua su khao sat cd till ndi la rit cu till va ti mi tren day, chiing tdi di den nhung kit luan sau: Thi loai ddng mdt vai trd hit siic quan trong, dd chinh la dien mao va siic sdng ciia mdt nIn van hoc Tie'n trinh van ddng va phat triin cua van hoc Viet Nam nua diu thi ky 20 ludn diln song hanh cimg vdi su vin ddng va phat triin ciia cae thi loai, dd tilu thuyet va tho la hai thi loai chu chd't VI tilu tiiuyet: Giai doan 1900-1930 ndi bat len mdt sd ten mdi nhu Hoang Ngoc Phich, Nguyln Trong Thuat, Hd Bilu Chanh Day la mot till he md dudng Tie phim cua ho nlu khdng phai la cau chuyen tinh lang man den siu thuong bi tham (Td Tam - Hoang Ngoc Phach) thi ciing nang tinh phieu luu, Iy ky (cae tic pham eiia Nguyln Trong Thuat, Hd Bilu Chanh) Mac diu edn chiu nhilu anh hudng cua tu tudng Nho gia va liy van chuong dl ehuyin tai nhung bai hoe dao diic, luan ly nhung day la mdt till he da phae thao nen "biie hoa dd", dat nIn mdng, khai sinh cho nIn tilu thuyet Viet Nam till ky 20 Giai doan 1930-1945 la giai doan cd nhilu tiianh tuu vl mat the loai vdi sir xuit hien cua hai trao luu tilu thuylt Idn la tilu thuyet lang man Tu luc van doan va tilu tiiuyet Hien thuc phe phin Vdi nhiing ten tuoi Idn nhu Nhit Linh, Khai Hung, Ngd Tit Td, Nguyln Cdng Hoan, Vii Trong Phung, Nam Cao tilu tiiuyet Viet Nam da cd nhilu each tan vl ndi dung cung nhu hmh thiic; tao dugc dien mao thi loai phong phii, da dang; thiic diy manh me tien trinh hien dai hoa van xudi Viet Nam Ve tiio: Giai doan 1900-1930 la thdi ky cd sir khimg hoang va be tic ndi dung cam hiing cung nhu hinh tinic nghe thuat Tuy nhien, vdi sir xuat hien ciia Ddng Hd, Trin Tuan Khii va dac biet la Tan Da, tiio ca giai doan cung da cd duge nhung "dilm nhan" dang chii y: ggi ta duge cai bang khuang man mac lang man ehu nghTa va "ludng rung ddng cua ban nga 122 cai tdi" Dd la nhiing diu hieu bao hieu su ddi ciia chu nghTa lang man d Viet Nam Rieng Tan Da la nha tho sd mdt cua thdi ky tien lang man, ngudi da dao nhiing "ban dan md diu" cho mdt cudc hoa nhac tin ky - phong trao Tho mdi Giai doan 1930-1945: la thdi ky hoang kim rue ro nhit vdi nhiing nha tho tai danh nhu Thi Lii, Luu Trong Lu, Xuan Dieu, Huy Can, Nguyln Binh, Che Lan Vien Phong trao Tho mdi toan thing va tiln trinh van ddng eiia tho ca Viet Nam da tien mot budc rit dai tren dudng hien dai hoi vl mat thi loai Cdng trinh "Su van dong cua cdc the loai vdn hoc Viet Nam theky XX" ciia chiing tdi chic chin la cdn nhilu thieu sdt, han chi Chiing tdi xin tie'p thu nhiing y kiln ddng gdp cua cic nha khoa hoc va hy vong duge trd lai v& dl mdt dip niia./ 123 TAI LifiU THAM KHAO Arixtdt: Nghe thuat thi ca NXB Van hoa Nghe thuat, 1964 Tnrctog Chmh: Dual mdt toi Phe binh van hoc Viet Nam hien dai, 1933 Xuan Dieu: Tiep nhdn dnh huang cua tho truyen thd'ng Tap chi Van hoc, 1973 Xuan Dieu: Cdc nhd tho cS dien Viet Nam, Tl NXB Van hoc, 1982 Xuan Dieu: Tho A Nam Trdn Tudn Khdi NXB Van hoc, 1984 Phan Or De: Phong trdo Tho moi NXB Khoa hoc, 1966 Phan Cir De: Van hoc Viet Nam 1930-1945, Tl NXB Dai hoc va GDCN, 1992 Phan Qr De: Vdn hoc Viet Nam 1930-1945 (chu bien), T2 NXB Dai hoc vaGDCN, 1992 Phan Cir De: Tuyen tap, Tl + T2 + T3 NXB Van hoc, 2000 10 Ha Minh Diic: Ly ludn vdn hoc (chu bien) NXB Giao due, 1993 11 Ha Minh Diic - Biii Van Nguyen: Tho ca Viet Nam hinh thuc vd the loai NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi, 1968 12 Ha Minh Diic - Huy Can (chu bien): Nhin lgi mot cuoc each mang tho ca NXB Giao due, 1993 13 Duong Quang Ham: Viet Nam vdn hoc su yen Bo Quoc gia giao due xuat ban, 1950 14 Le Ba Han (chu bien): Tvt dien thuat ngU vdn hoc NXB Giao due, 1992 15 D6 Dire Hieu: Doi moi phe binh vdn hoc NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi, 1994 16 D6 Due Hieu: Doi moi doc vd binh vdn NXB Hoi Nha van, 1999 17 Tran Dinh Hucru: Vdn hoc Viet Nam giai doan giao thdi 1900-1930 (viet chung) NXB Dai hoc va GDCN, 1988 18 Le Dinh Ky: Tho mdi - nhung budc thdng tram NXB TP Ho Chi Minh, 1993 19 Thanh Lang: Bdng luge vdn hoc Viet Nam NXB Trinh bay, 1967 124 20 Nguyen Tin Long: Viet Nam thi nhdn tien chien (vie't chung) Song mdi xuit ban, 1968 21 Pham The' Ngii: Viet Nam vdn hoc su - Gidn udc tdn bien Quoc hoc Tung thu xuit ban, 1961 22 Vu Ngoc Phan: Nhd vdn hien dgi NXB Tan dan, 1942 23 The' Phong: Lugc sii vdn nghe Viet Nam - Nhd vdn tien chien NXB Vang son, 1974 24 Thieu Scfn: Phe binh vd cdo ludn Van hoc Tung thu xua't ban, 1933 25 Trin Dinh Su: Thi phdp tho To Hiiu NXB Tac phim m6i, 1987 26 Hoai Thanh - Hoai Chan: Thi nhdn Viet Nam NXB Van hoc, 1988 27 Ly Hoai Thu: Tho Xudn Dieu trudc each mang Thdng Tdm 1945 NXB Giao due, 1997 28 Che' Lan Vien: Song Thuong, song Huong ddng vdn hoc - Tua "Bdi tho thdn VT" Song Hucfng xuit ban, 1987 29 M Bakhtin: Nhung vdn de thi phdp Doxtoiepxki NXB Giao due Ha Noi, 1998 30 Nhieu tac gia: Nhihig vdn de ly ludn vd lich su vdn hoc Vien Van hoc, 1999 125