Sự chuyển biến của phong trào cách mạng giải phóng dân tộc ở Nghệ Tĩnh trong 30 năm đầu thế kỷ 20 : Luận án PTS. Lịch sử: 5 03 16

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN TRẦN ĐÌNH DƯƠNG SỰ CHUYỂN BIẾN CỦA PHONG TRÀO CÁCH MẠNG GIẢI PHÓNG DÂN TỘC Ở NGHỆ TĨNH TRONG 30 NĂM ĐẦU THẾ KỶ XX LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ Chuyên ngành: LỊCH SỬ Mã số: 5.03.16 HÀ NỘI – 1996 MUG LUC * Phan ma dau Chuong I: NHUNG DIEU KIEN LICH SU^MCfl CUA PHONG TRAO GIAI PHONG DAN TOC NGHE TINH TRONG 30 NAM DAU THE KY XX 15 I Nhan to kinh te xa hoi moi xuat hien 6" Nghe Tinh IIo Anh huong tich cue ciia each mang the gioi toi phong trao giai phong dan toe 6' Nghe Tinh 29 i n Cac the he tri thuc Nghe TTnh - Nhan to quan trong qua trinh chuyen bien each mang 3^ Chuong 11: SIT CHUYEN BIEN CUA PHONG TRAO CACH MANG GIAI PHONG DAN TOC NGHE TINH TRONG 30 NAM DAU THE KY XX 43 I Sii chuyen bien ve tu tuong chinh tr| Khoi phuc chii quyen quoc gia, giarih doc lap dan toe, muu cdu hanh pliuc cho dong bao la tu tirong col loi ciia sT phu van than Nghe Tinh 44 Tu tuang giai phong dan loc a Nghe Tinh truac nhung bie'n dong ciia duong cuu nuoc theo khuynh hirong dan chii tu san ciia Phan BoiChau (1897-1925) 4g Tu Phuc Viet deh Dong Duong Cong san li^n doan - duong di^n bien theo khuynh huong vo san ciia phong trao each mang Nghe TTnh cc II Six chuyen bien ve ca cau td chuc lanh dao phong trao 61 Su dai va qua trinh cai to Duy Tan hoi Su hinh va phat triSn vi to chue ciia Tan Viet each mang ^^g Hai he thong to chuc Viet nam nien each mang d6ng chi hoi a Nghe Tinh 66 Cac dang bo o Nghe Tinh dai va khong ngung mo rong 73 III Cac hinh thuc bieu hien ciia phong trao giai phong dan toe Nghe Tinh 79 ^g Hoat dong van hoa yeu nuac va each mang Hoat don^ xuat duam^ va vai tro cua no doi voi su chuven bien ciia phong trao yeu nuoc va each mang a Nghe Tinh g^ Cac cuoc dau tranh chong thuc dan va tay sai a Nghe Tinh truoc nam 1930 99 Bao tap each mang (1930 -1931) mo dau cho thai ki moi ciia cuoc dau tranh giai phong dan toe IQ- Chuon^ i n DONG GOP CUA NGHE TINH TRONG 30 NAM DAU TRANH GIAI PHONG DAN TOC DAU THE KI XX n^ ^ CJ ^ I Tim kiem duong !6i cuu nuoc Phan Boi Chau vai viec tim kiem va kien tri chii truon^ vo iranu bao dong Nguyen Ai Quoc vai su lua chon duong cuu luroc 12] IL (xop phan tang euong doan ket dan toe 12'] Lien kc'l qui lu cac luc luong chong Phap Doan ket luang giao III Buoc dau dat nen mong cho tien trinh hoi nhap vol the gioi va xaydiing cac dia ban hoat dOng a nuoc ngoal I34 Huong hoi nhap ciia Phan Boi Chau Huang hoi nhap ciia Nguy§n Ai Quoc * Ket luan Chii nghia yeu nuoc va tu tuang each mang thai dai la nin tang ciia su chuyen bien phong trao each mang giai phong dan toe a Nghe Tinh 30 nam ddu ciia th^'ki XX Su chuyen bieb eiia phong trao each mang giai phong dan toe phan anh bai hoc lich su vi khai thae triet d^' va sur dung dung ddn sue manh eiia qudn chung Tang cuang sue lanh dao qua trinh chuyen bife'n phong trao yeu nuoc la van de song eon ciia phong trao each mang giai phong dan toe I47 PHAN M DAU I.LY DO CHON DE TAL Nhan dan Nghe Tinh noi tieng hieu hoc, cdn cii chiu dung gian kho, vuat qua moi thu thach de t6n tai va phat trien Nghe Tinh ciing la viing dat giau long y6u nude, da^u tranh khong met moi d^ bao ve va xay dung dat n\x6c Bu6c vao thdi ky can dai, tru6c su that bai cua phong trao Can Vuang, nguod dan Nghe Tinh tran tra nhiiu ve nguyen nhan mat nucre, ve su be tac ciia cac cuoc dau ti'anh vii trang, d^ roi b\i6c vao nhung tran da'u mai, quen minh xa than cho doc lap tu cua To quoc T\i phong trao Duy Tan ddu the ky den phong trao cong san nam 1930 la mot thai ky each mang soi dong khap ca nuac Cac mau sac chinh tri, cac hinh thai bieu hien phong trao da dang phong phii ,phan anh mot tinh yeu dat nudfc tha thiet luon hudrng t6i muc tieu giai phong dan toe Viec nghien cuu phong trao dan toe cua Nghe Tinh vao thai ky phoi thai cac he tu tuang chinh tri, su truang ve mat to chiic ciing nhu nhiing buac di ciia quan chiing cuoc dau tranh lau dai day chong gai cua ca dan toe - se gop phan quan chung minh rang phong trao cong san Viet Nam hinh thanb va phat trien luon luon tuan theo quy luat ta't yeu cua cuoc dau tranh cuu nuac dieu kien thai dai mai Qua trinh ay chiu su tac dong ciia cac nhan to khach quan va chii quan tren cac phuang dien kinh te chinh tri, xa hoi Do la thai ky ma hau qua tat yeu ciia chinh sach khai thac thuoc dia boc lot kinh te tren quy mo Ian ciia tu ban thuc dan Phap a Dong Duong dan tai sir suat hien nhung giai cap mai nhOng tdng lop xa hoi moi bat chap su han che, bop nghet ciia mot che cai tri khac Su thong tri cua thuc dan Phap khong muon c6 mot giai cap tu san ban xii manh, khong muon c6 mot doi ngii tri thiic, khong muon san sinh , nhung luc luang ddi lap no Nhung tr6n thuc t€ lai hoan toan trai ngugc, su c6 mat cua chu nghia thuc dan da chong chat them nhung mau thuin mai doi v6i nong dan, lam xuat hien doi ngii nhiing nguori lam thue khon ciing-giai cap cong nhan, d6i ngG cang dong dao va "la giai cap thuc su each mang'XTO) Cac sT phu yeu nu6e, mot bo phan khong nho c6 tu tuang dan toe giai cap phong kien va 16p tri thiic tieu tu san - chau cua ho, da biet dua vao dong dao nhan dan chong lai bon thuc dan xam luge, khac phuc nhiing ban che, hoc hoi d^ tu hoan thien minh Do ciing la then ky ma tu tuang dan chii tu san Au - My, nhiing tien bo cua Nhat Ban sau cuoc Minh Tri Duy Tan (1868 ), su thang Igi cua chii nghia Tam dan suot qua trinh Ton Tmng San tien hanh cuoc each mang dan chu tu san a Tmng Quoc (1911-1927) dugc tmyen ba vao Viet Nam Chinh nhimg nhan to khach quan va chii quan da gop phan tao nen buac di ban d^u cho phong trao dan toe hoan canh mai Ciing chinh didu kien su thang Igi ciia Cach mang thang Muc/i Nga vT dai ( 1917), su Ian manh ciia phong trao cong nhan Phap ma bieu hien rue la su doi Dang cong san Phap da tao mot ca hoi mai cue ky thuan Igi de Nguy6n 4i Quoc phae thao duong each mang Viet Nam, roi tra ve Tmng Quoc don nhan nhiing nguai yeu nu6c tu: phong trao Phan Boi Chau va tu cuoc van dong " Phuc Viet" ciia nbGng nam dau thap ky 20 Cac nha each mang dugc dao tao tu TriCr/ng Jnidn luyen chinh tri Oudng Chau (Tmng Quoc) theo DKong kdch menh ciia Nsuven Ai Quoc tra ve nuac da nhanh chons: xav duns cac to chirc yeu nude theo he thong cac cap tu* tmng uang xuong ca sa Tiirac Dang cong san Viet Nam ddi Nshe - Tinh da c6 ba t6 chuc theo khuvnh huons; cong san boat d6ng dan xen a nhieu lang xa Tuy doi We giiia nhimg nguai lanh dao, nhan thiic ve" dan toe", "giai cap "c6 khac da keo dai su bgp nha't giiia VNTNCMDCH vol TVCMD, nhung vdri khat vgng doc lap, tinh yeu d6ng bao, lai c6 Nguyen Ai Quoc chi dao true tiep cuoi cung da thong nha't dugc toan bo phong trao cong san Viet Nam v^ m6t moi va dua phong trao bu6c vao cuoc tap dugt dSu tien - cao trao each mang 1930 -1931, ma dinh cao la X6 Viet Nghe - Tinh Nghien cuu ve Nghe - Tinh moi quan he lich su ay ,khong chi lam ro sir chuyen bien sau sac cua phong trao each mang di6n a mot so dia phuang, ma thay su dong gop cua dan toe ta viec xac dinh ducmg loi, xay dung khoi doan ket, phat hien phuang phap tiep can d^ hoi nhap v6i the giai, de c6 the nit mot so bai hoc ve tam quan cua chu nghia yeu nu6c moi su chuyen bien ciia phong trao giai phong dan toe ba muai nam dau the ky XX; ve phuang phap khai thac, su dung siic manh ciia quan chiing; vi vai tro ngucri to chiic lanh dao Day la nhiing van de song cua mot phong trao xa hoi, nhiing van d6 chien luge can phai dugc luu y, van dung de tiep tuc t6 chiic quan chung xay dung che mai Do la ly khien toi chon " Su chuyen bien cua phong trao each mang giai phong dan toe a Nghe - TTnh 30 nam dau the ky KX' lam de tai luan an tien sT khoa hoe lich sii II lich sii nghien cihi van de, cac nguon tu lieu va phuang phap nghien ciru Lich su nghien cuu van de Que huong Nghe - TTnh va ten tu6i cac nhan vat tieu bidu ciia viing dat gdn lien vai lich sir dan toe da tra doi tugng nshien ciiii cua cac hoc gia nuac va ngoai nuac Tru6c each mang thang nam 1945 c6 Les societes secretes en terre d' Annam ( Georges Coulet, Sai Gon, Inprimerie Commerciale, G Ardin, 1926, Hoi kin a Annam, Nguyen Son dich ), Nhung vu noi loan chong Phap a nudc Annam tie nam 1905 den 1918 cua ca quan An ninh thuoc Phu toan quyen Dong Ducmg da luge ta cac boat d6ng cua cac si phu van than yeu nu6c gan hai thap ky din cua the ky XX, nhfo manh den cac su kien 1dm CO lien quan tdl cu Phan Boi Chau Phan Boi Chau nien bieu ( bang chii Han ) cua Phan Boi Chau; viet nam 1929 ban dich cua Pham Trong Diem va Ton Quang Phiet, NXB Van Sir Dia, Ha Noi, 1957, la cuon tu truyen - tu phe phan ciia m6t nguoi da tucng diing dSu phong trao van dong giai phong dan toe tii nhiing nam cuoi the ky XIX d6n nam 1925; Ta n Viet each mang dang cua Nhugng Tong ( Viet Nam thu xa xuat ban, 1945) da mo ta cac bu6c thay doi cua mot to chiic yeu nu6e tru6c anh huong cua VNTNCMDCH Sau nam 1954, viec nghien ciiu cac danh nhan lich su va cac su kien I6n a Nghe - Tinh dugc xiic tien manh han a Phap, Geoges Boudarel viet Phan Boi ChaUy et la societe Vietnamiene de son temps ( Phan Boi Chau vai xa hoi Viet Nam thdi dai ong) (Tap chi Phdp-A so 199, qui 4-1969) a Viet Nam CO nhieu cong trinh ban ve thdi ky lich su nay, nhu Lich sU Viet Nam cua Vien Sii: ( NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi, H.1985) Su phat trien cua tu tuang a Viet Nam tiX the ky XIX den Cach mang thang Tam (3 tap) ciia GS Tran Van Giau (NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi, H.1975); Viet Nam nien each mang dong chi hoi cua tap the nhieu tac gia (NXB Thong tin \i luan, H, 1985) Con c6 nhieu bai viet chuyen sau ciia cac Gs Dinh Xuan Lam, PGS Chuong Thau, PGS D6 Quang Hung - dang tren cac tap chi nghien ciai lich sU, Lich su quan su, Lich sU Dang, cac ky yeu hoi thao khoa hoc ky niem cac danh nhan Nghe - Tinh, Nghe - Tinh, ciing c6 ra't nhieu cong trinh nghien ciiu lien quan tdi ba muai nam d^u the ky XX.CJhai tinh va hau bet cac huyen, nhieu xa da viet lich su dia phuang minh Dae bi6t thdi ky sat nhap Ngh6 An va Ha - Tinh mot tinh, ca quan nghien ciiu lich su cua tinh Nghe - Tinh da xuat ban hai cuon lich sir, dua giai doan dau tranh (1900-1930) cua nhan dan dia phuang vao mot vai chuong sach Sach Lich su Nghe - Tmh, tap I cua Ban nghien ciiu lich su Nghe - Tinh (xuat ban 1984) da gianh hai chuong vdi 115 trang de gidi thieu phong trao dau tranh cua nhan dan Nghe - TTnh tu: dau theky den het chien tranh the gioi Ian thu: nhdt (chuong VHI) va Nghe -TTnh qua trinh van dong lap Dang - cao trao X5 viet Nghe - TTnh (chuong IX) Dudi gdc d6 Lich su Dang, sach Lich sii Dang bo Dang cong san Viet Nam tinh Nghe - TTnh, sa thao, tap I (1925 -1954) vdi 84 trang, bang nhiing noi dung dugc chon loc, cac scan gia da phae boa dugc lich su hinh va vai tro ciia cac dang bo cong san d Nghe - Tinh budc dau guang cao nggn cd dan toe dudi quan diem cua mot cuoc each mang vo san, qua budc thu thach kbdc liet 1930- 1931 ma vin ton tai va phat trien Dae diem noi bat ciia cac cong tnnh nghien ciiu tren la danh gia cao cac anh nghia sT xii Nghe, nhung ngudi diing hang dau cuoc da'u tranh chong Phap xam luge Hai nha yeu nude Phan Boi Chau va Nguyen Ai Quoc CO tam vdc tu tudng- chinh tri Idn nhat dugc danh gia la nhiing ngudi ke thiia, sang tao va nang cao cac gia tri cihi nude cua cac bac cha anh, la nhiing ngudi cd vai tro quan trong viec qui tu luc luang va to chiic phong trao Tir trong" Lich sir mot tram that bai ma khong mot cong " cuoc ddi boat dong het minh ciia Phan Boi Chau da di lai cho dan toe, cho phong trao nhiing kinh nghiem vi van dong quan chiing Khi nghien ciiu cac t6 chiic eiia phong trao, phan Idn cac cong trinh 10 tap tmng xem xet-danh gia cac t6 chiic xuat hien sau tieng tac dan cua Pham Hong Thai, nhan manh nhieu vao cac to chiic Nguyen Ai Quoc sang lap danh gia cao VNTNCMDCH ma chua thay bet coi ngudn cua no d Nghe Tinh la Phuc Viet (ve sau cai to Tan Viet each mang dang ) Dae biet la ddi vdi su xua't hien t6 chiic Dang cong san, nhieu bai viet coi la mot budc ngoat than ky ma khong tha^ cai sau lang, ben bi kien tri phan dau cua cac sT phu tien bg va Idp hoc tro cua ho dau the ky XX Chinh ho da kien nhan tri phong trao yeu nudc Tii Duy Tan hoi - to chiic tiep noi cua thdi ky Can Vuang, den Trai cay tren da't Thai Lan vdi mot y chi kien tri " Thap nien sinh til, thap nien giao h6i"( Mudi nam tap bgp luc lugng, mudi nam giao due nhan dan ) ciia Dang Thiic Hiia, r6i su cai to Duy Tan hoi Viet Nam quang phuc hoi ( VNQPH -1912 ), su xuat hien nhom Tam tam xa cua nhdm nien Ho Tung Mau, Le H6ng San, dang boat dong d Tmng Quoc (1923), su ddi va phat trien ciia Phuc Viet theo khuynh hudng VNTNCMDCH (19251929), la mot qua trinh chuyen bien va phat trien khong ngirng cua tu tudng yeu nudc Viet Nam boi canh Ngh6 - Tmh Trong so nhiing ngudi tham gia cac to chiic noi tren, cd nguoi da nga xudng tmdc miii siing cua quan thu, nhi6u ngudi bi day cac nha tii cua thuc dan, cd ngudi hoat dong khong met moi gin nhu suot ca 30 nam cho muc dich ciiu nudc Nhiing su thuc lich sii ay ciing dugc tha van, bao chi Nghe - Tinh phan anh mot each chan that va sau sac lam cho ngudi von yeu nudc cang yeu nudc ban, de tim tdi cac t6 chiic tang them siic lanh dao va siie manh cua quan chung, chuan bi cho nhiing cuoc dau tranli true dien vdi bon thuc dan va tay sai Tuy vay cho den van chua eo mot cong trinh nao trinh bay mot each CO he thong sir chuyen bien cua phong trao yeu nudc va each mang d 131 Dao Xuan Mai; tdi cac tinh Tmng Ky cd Phan Dang Luu (Hue), Le Chi, Le Tiep, Le Xuan Tni, Ngd Diic De (Quy Nhan), Nguydn Hihi Tuan (Binh Dinh), TRdn De Qua, Ho Si Thidu (Tourane), Trdn Van Cung (lam bi tiiu ky bg nien Bdc Ky), mdt sd khac sang hgc tap d trai cay ciia cu Dang Thiic Hiia d Thai Lan va hoat ddng \^et Kidu d Thai Lan, Lao Khac vdi Duy Tan hdi va sau dd la VNQPH, cac td chiic yeu nudc theo khuynh hudng cdng san da cd td chiic tuong ddi hoan chinh, ca vd bd sau ciing nhu vd bd rdng, md mang dia ban len cac tinh Tay Nguyen, tao didu kien lien kei; giiia midn Xudi vdi midn :iigugc Tan Viet da bidt diing hinh thiic thuang ldi dd ti^p can vdi ddng bao dan tgc Hre, Katung, Katu, Khor, Balna, Sedang, ) Ong Ngd E)iic De (Can Lgc ,Ha TTnh) nguyen can bd "phu trach chung"Ban phu trach Lien tinh lam thdi Tii dinh kd lai: mudn gay dugc co sd, hen ket dugc phong trao midn Audi vdi midn ngugc- mdt v& dd cd y nghia chieii luge dac biet quan trgng trudc mat, ciing nhu vd sau, phai cd can bg tdt ddng vai "thuong lai", "ngudi thuang lai each mang cd dao diic tac phong tdt^' ddi vdi ddng bao dan tgc, khdng ba hoa, khdng vu lgi nhu nhiing thuang lai khac ngudi thuang lai phai lay dugc long tin ddng bao dan tgc" (25,17).Chinh nhiing hoat ddng lien tuc ciia nhidu the' he yeu nudc da tao thuan lgi cho phong trao cdng san phat tridn manh me d khdp noi Doan ke't luong giao Trong qua trinh xam luge Viet Nam, thuc dan Phap da khoet sau mau thudn giira nhiing ngudi Viet Nam theo dao Giato va vdi cac tang Idp nhan dan, ddn tdi cac cuoc chem gidt huynh de tuong tan, noi da nau thit (96) Tu tudng "binh tay sat ta", xuat hien va an sau vao tam tri mot sd si phu duong thdi Van than Nghe Tinh cd liic keu ggi trir diet "Ta dao" vd sau mot sd thii ITnh cua phong trao Can Vuong nhu Tdng Duy Tan, Nguydn Xuan On, Phan Dinh Phiing da it nhidu nhan thay sai lam dd nen cd chu truang hd hao luang 132 giao doan kdt chdng Phap Nhung phai deh dau thd ky 20 van di mdi dugc sira chiia mot cach tich cue Tiep xiic vdi ddi sdng thuc te' ciia ba giao dan, Phan Boi Chau thay ro "Ddng bao cdng giao ddu la anh em ta ca may muoi nam nay, ngudi Phap nghiem hinh phat, cd mot thii nao rgng rai cho ngudi Giato dau Tidn suu tidn thu^ van nhidu khdng bdt mot ddng nao cho ngudi theo dao Giato" (108), va chi cd nhiing ngudi mot long kinh Chiia cam thii ke cudp nudc, cd quydt tam danh dudi bgn xam luge, diet trii ke ac mdi la ngudi cdng giao chan chinh Mau ngudi Phan Bdi Chau da nhin thay nhiing bd tudng ciia Phan Dinh Phiing Ngd Quang la ngudi tu nguyen "ghi ten vao sd giao do" la ban ddng hanh ciia cu Phan tren dudng ciiu nudc", la ngudi tich cue giiip cho Duy Tan hdi md rdng doan ke't Nam 1903, cudc hgp bi mat d nha Nguydn Ham (Quang Nam) vdi su tham du cua Dang "ttiai Than, Le Vd, Tran Thi, Tran Quy Cap, Nguydn Ham, Phan Bdi Chau da phe phan nhiing sai lam cua mdt sd si phu yeu nudc may thap ky trudc hg dua khau hieu "binh Tay, sat Ta" Di han gdn nhiing dd vd su ngd vuc giiia ddng bao luang va ddng bao giao ma lich sir dd lai, hgi nghi da di tdi quye't tam xay dung mot td chiic yeu nudc va each mang rieng cho ngudi cdng giao Viet Nam vdi ten ggi Duy Tdn giao dd^hdi Td chiic boat dgng theo ndi dung: -Td chiic cac hdi budn hay co sd cdng nghe dd tao ngudn kmh tai cho phong trao Ddng Du -Tuyen truydn giai thich cho cac giao si ,giao dan Viet Nam vd tmh than yeu nudc, xoa bd kie'n ddi vdi nhiing ngudi yeu nudc chdng Phap -Van dgng cac phii hiiu cdng giao ddng gdp tai chinh nuoi duong phong trao 133 -Van dgng nien cdng giao du hgc d Nhat Ban ciing vdi nien ben luang Thang 5-1904 td chiic cdng giao yeu nudc dau tien bdt dau Uidn khai hoat ddng Tran Thi phu trach d Nam Ky, Phan Bdi Chau va Dang Thai Than Nghe TTnh ciing Mai Lao bang, Ngd Quang, linh muc Thdng d Md Vinh (Thanh Chuong), linh muc Chung d Quang Binh trieu tap mot cudc hgp d lang Ldc Thg (Nghi Thg, Nghi Ldc) tiianh lap "Duy tdn giao dd hdi" d Nghe TTnh Duy tan giao dd hdi tim gap cac Dao trudng, thuye't phuc hg keu ggi giao dan ddng tam chdng Phap xam luge, giai phdng dat nudc, giai phdng Giao hdi, dua giao dan va giao hdi Viet Nam thoat khdi su thdng tri, ap biic ciia thuc dan Phap, coi su nghiep giai phdng dan tgc la su nghiep chung cua mgi ngudi \Tet Nam khdng kd hg theo tdn giao, tin ngudng nao Ddu the' ky XX, Nghe Tinh da cd mdt phong trao cdng giao yeu nudc that su Nhidu linh muc va giao dan da sat canh ciing Duy Tan hdi hoat dgng ciiu nudc l>inh muc Nguydn Tudng d Md Vinh, linh muc Nguydn Than Ddng, d Nhan hoa (Nghi Thuan, Nghi Lgc), linh muc Dau Quang Linh (thudng ggi la cha Chien) d Tidu chung vien Xa Doai, ngudi dugc nha chung giao cho dich nhidu cudn sach nudc ngoai dd cd "Tan thu", "Tan van" Tmng Qud'c; linh muc Bidu d Bdu son (Nghi Van, Nghi Ldc), lmh muc Phan d xii Triing (Diic Thg), lmh muc Mmh d xa Kim Ddi, lmh muc Nggc d Hung Nguyen hanh dao d Ba Ddn (Quang Binh), linh muc Hudng (Quang Binh) hanh dao d Nhan Hoa (Nghe An); Luu Dan Que', Le Khanh, thay giang thuoc Bg Toa giam muc ddu la nhiing ndng cdt ciia phong trao yeu nudc kinh Chiia Quan xuydn chung cac hoat ddng cua ddng bao cdng giao la cac linh muc Dau Quang LTnh, Nguydn Than Ddng, Nguydn Tudng Cac cu da cu Gia Sau Mai Lao Bang xuat duong, giiip da Hoi chu (Cudng De^tham gia viec ngoai; cu Le Khanh va Luu Song Tir "chiu trach nhiem d vd viec lien he 134 nhan dan cac dia phuang " (7,189) day manh cac boat dgng kmh td va van ddng nien xuat duong Ngoai flia van yeu nudc cua Phan Bdi Chau, mdt sd giao sT ciing da sang tac tiia, van dd cd dgng phong trao "Lao Bang phd khuyen tha, Khuyen dong tdm ciia Mai Lao Bang, Thuang Hieu Tdn (Ai Hie'u tdn till) ciia Luu Song Tir, da kich thich tmh tiian yeu nudc tiiuong ndi cac tdng Idp giao dan Nhd vay ma nhidu gia dinh vui ve cho minh theo Phan Bdi Chau sang Nhat dd hgc tap tim kie'm dudng giai phdng cho ddi, cho dao Phan Bdi Chau cho bie't "trudc hgc sinh xuat duong khdng cd ngudi nao giao hgi;tii dng Mai (tiic Mai Lao Bang) sang thi cac giao hgi ciing phai ngudi xuat duong nhu cac anh Le Km Thanh, Le Hdng Chung , Nguydn Mau Don, Luu Ydn Don ,trudc sau cdng vai chuc ngudi"(15, 115) ^ xuat hien phong trao yeu nudc chdng Phap dau thd ky XX ddng bao theo dao Thien chiia da co tac dung sau sdc tdi cac thd he tie'p theo ",: phong trao Ddng Du gap khd khan, mot sd du hgc sinh da sang trai cay Dang Thiie Hiia tie'p tuc boat dgng Sau chie'n tranh thd gidi lan thii nhat (1914-1918) mot sd ngudi cong giao tie'p tuc xuat duong nhu Truang Van Ba, Truong Van Ngai, Truang Van Dai, Truang Van Linh, hg da chie'n dau quan ddi each mang Tmng Qud'c Cd ngudi da tham gia Tam tam xa, rdi VNTNCMDCH va trd nhirng cdt can Dang cdng san Viet Nam nhu Truang Van ITnh, Trong cao trao each mang 1930-1931, giao dan mdt sd lang da tiiam gia bidu tinh bat chap su xuyen tac phong trao, ndi xau c6ng san cua cac thay tu phan ddng IIL BUdC DAU DAT NEN MONG CHO TIEN TRINH H O I N H A P V I T H E G I O I VA XAY HOAT DONG NU^6C NGOAI DUNG CAC DIA BAN 135 Trong lich s6, \Tet Nam da cd su bang giao vdi nudc ngoai Nhung dd chi la mdi quan he phien thuoc (dudi flidi phong kieh), hoac quan he tiiudc dia (dudi tiidi thuc dan Phap) nha Nguydn da khdng "md cua" dd tun "Alien ha" "bdn bd "nhiing bien phap khdi phuc nudc nha Dau tiie' ky XX mot sd sT phu tie'n bd va nhidu nien yeu nudc bi mat nudc ngoai tim Idem su giiip dd nhdm giai phdng dan t6c Chinh qua trinh ay da dat ndn mdng cho su hdi nhap vdi thd gidi va xay dung cac dia ban hoat ddng d Trang Qudc, Thai Lan, Phap, gdp phan quan trgng vao viec tie'p tuc truydn ba tu tudng each mang, hen he chat che vdi phong trao each mang the' gidi, tao didu kien thiic ddy su nghiep giai phdng dan tgc phat tridn LHirdng hoi nhap cua Phan Boi Chau Theo y kie'n ciia Nguydn Thanh (42, 116) va mdt sd ban ddng huong nhu Dang Nguyen Can, Ngd Diic I^' , Phan Bdi Chau ciing vdi mdt so nha yeu nudc sang Nhat Ban cau vien d Nhat, cac chie'n si Ddng Du da gap dugc nhidu ban tdt giiip dd tidn ciia va ca nhiing ldi khuyen chan tinh Cu Phan nhdc lai ldi cua mdt nha each mang Nhat" Cac nha chinh tri Nhat Ban giau vd da tam, nhung ngheo vd nghTa hiep Bay gid ong nen khuyen nhidu tiianh nien hgc tie'ng Anh, tidng Diic, tidng Nga, giao ke't vdi nhidu ngudi tren the' gidi cd nhidu ngudi trgng nhan dao khinh cudng quydn, hg se iing hd dng" (15, 117) Nhung vi khdng cd du didu kien qua Au - My: "Khdng cd tidn, lai tie'ng Au khdng thdng khdng khac gi ngudi viia mil, viia die'c" nen cu Phan chi thu xe'p dugc cho mot sd du hgc sinh hang hai d lai hgc them mot sd ngoai ngii Anh hoac Diic Viec trudc mdt cd tiid lam dugc la lien hgp toan chau A, doan ke't vdi cac chi sT d cac nudc bi mat chii quydn ,diu ddt cac dan tdc diing vao tran tuydn ciia cudc dau tranh chdng chii nghTa thuc dan Dd lam dugc viec Phan Bdi Chau da lien he dugc vdi mdt ngudi Nhat - Thien VU td hy 136 Thdi Lang - Ngudi rat hao hiep, da giiip cu Phan mot mdn tidn ldn (1700 ddng tidn Nhat Ban) dd chi vao cac viec ngoai giao phi, in an tai heu, tra tidn fliue nha dd tiianh lap Hdi Ddng A dong minh (10-1908) Thanh vien ciia Hdi Ddng A dong minh gdm cd: Chuang Binh Lan, Truong Te' Canh, Mai Cihi (Dang each mang Trang Hoa), Trieu Td Ngang (Tridu Tien) {Theo PBC-NB thi sau Trieu Td Ngang sang My vd co quen biet Nguyin Ai Qudc), Ong Ddi (^i Dd), dng Hang (Phi Luat Tan), Dai Sam Vmh, Gidi Lgi Ngan, Cung Ky Thao Thien (Dang Binh dan Nhat Ban) va vai chuc ngudi khac niia (trong dd cd hon mdt nua la ngudi Nhat Ban) Hg tan va nhiet het ung hg Viet Nam Phia Viet Nam cd Phan Bdi Chau, Dang T\x Kinh, Nguydn Quynh Lam, Ciing gia nhap hgi Ngoai Hgi Ddng A ddng minh - co sd dd lien lac Ddng A, Phan Bdi Chau cdn giao thiep vdi cac luu hgc sinh Van Nam va Quang Tay Trieu Trgng (Hgi trudng hgi hgc sinh Van Nam) Tang Ngan (Hgi tmdng hdi hgc sinh Quang Tay) phdi hgp vdi cu Phan lap Hdi Dien - Que - Viet lien minh Hai hdi deu la nhiing to chiic each mang, "trong hdi cd phdn tir thude dang each mang Anh, Phap va Dang xa hdi Nhat Ban" la nhiing ngudi chdng ddi ca chinh phu Man Thanh Do dd cac the' luc phan ddng qudc te' (cac chinh phu Anh, Phap, Nhat, Man Thanh) cau ke't vdi bdt phai giai tan hdi Tuy cac hdi tren chi tdn tai dugc mdt thdi gian ngdn (trong vong chua day nam thang), lan dau tien Viet Nam da ndm mdt mat tran (phdi thai) tiiudc khu vuc phia Ddng chau A, ciing chdng ke thii xam luge Ha tudn thang Canh Tuat (1910), sau nhidu bie'n cd nudc (nghTa quan Hoang Hoa Tham bi tail cong Dang Thai Than hy sinh, vii khdng 137 dua vd dugc ), Phan Bdi Chau de'n Thai Lan vdi y dd xay dung luc lugng "bao gid chuan bi ddy dii mdi khdi su" (15, 136) Phan kd lai: " Tdi lai de'n ydt kie'n than vuong gia , dem tinh hinh cua Dang trinh bay va xin cho dang d nhd dd lam radng, mong chinh phii Xiem bi mat giiip da cho Than vuong vui ve nhan ldi ggi ngudi anh la luc quan thie'u tudng de'n dd uy thac viec Thie'u tudng xin he't siic giiip dd, lai mdi chiing tdi vd nha dai com, vg vien thidu tudng than mdi khach va ciing chiing tdi giao udc, cii mdt ngudi de'n tiiang dau tiii cap cho tidn phi tdn la hot bac" (15, 137) Khu dat dugc cap lam radng d niii ggi la Ban Tham, "radng d canh sdng nen thuy lgi ciing tien, lai cd sa boi nen nhidu mau md" each Bang Cdc dudng bd, "ndng cu vien thie'u tudng cung cap, cdn trau bd thi mugn d cac nha lan can; Vi cac nha lang thay quan giiip dd, nen ciing vui long cho mugn khdng ngdn ngai gi" (15, 137) Tii dd vd sau, nhidu thap ky viing Dong Bdc Thai Lan trd can cii dia each mang \Tet Nam Tuy vay, ddi vdi Phan Bdi Chau va mot sd cdng su cd tu tudng kich liet cua dng, cudc each mang Tan Hgi (Trang Qud'c) viia nd (10 - 1911) thi "mau ndng phuc thii sdi nen siing sue" mudn trd lai Trang Hoa va Nhat Ban dd van dgng ke' hoach hgp tung" (15, 138) Trong Lien A sd ngdn, Phan Bdi Chau da phan tich so bg lgi hai viec lien ke't giiia Nhat Ban vdi Trang Hoa mdi dd danh dudi bgn thuc dan phuang Tay Viec lam dd phii hgp vdi nhiing ngudi tham gia cudc each mang Tan Hgi, cho nen cu Phan bay td mud'n vd Trang Hoa dd boat dgng thi cac ban cii (ngudi Trang Qudc) ciia dng he't siic vui miing Nam 1912, Duy Tan hgi dugc thay bdng Viet Nam Quang phuc hdi Di " danh dudi giac Phap, khdi phuc nudc Viet Nam Ngoai viec dinh hinh co quan lanh dao, cu ngudi vd nudc xiic tie'n boat ddng each mang , Phan Bdi 138 Chau ddc toan luc dd van ddng ben ngoai Tuy liic bay gid Trang Hoa dan qud'c gap rat nhidu khd khan, dang diing trudc thu thach to ldn , nhung cac dang vien cua VNQPH thi vao Trudng sT quan Bdc Kinh , Trudng luc quan d Quang Tay , Trudng quan quan d Quang Ddng "ddu dugc ngudi ta nudi nang day bao, trdng nom giiip dd khdng tie'c mdt chiit gi" (15, 146) Dd la chua kd su giup dd tidn bac, tao didu kien cho hang tram ngudi tru ngu dd boat dgng Phan Bdi Chau kd lai: "Dia didm hgi hgp cd hai noi, mot la nha tii dudng ciia dng Luu Vinh Phiic d Sa Ha cd thd chiia dugc 50 ngudi, nha ba Chu Su Thai d Hoang Sa cd thd chiia dugc hon mudi ngudi, cdn thi phan tan d cac nha ngudi Trang Hoa hoac ky tuc xa ciia sinh vien" (15, 142) Phan Bdi Chau mudn dat Viet Nam mdi quan he chidn luge lau dai vdi each mang Trung Qudc va Nhat Ban Lan thi cu Phan dd cao Trang Hoa dan qudc, phan tich mau thuan thdi dai, cac didu kien thien thdi, dia lgi Cu ke't luan: "Nudc Trang Hoa da chaii dugc uy quydn thi cac nudc d A Ddng nhan day ma cudng thinh, ma phuang cham thii nhat thi khdng gi bdng vien trg Viet Nam dd danh dudi giac Phap" (15, 154) Chii truang ciia Phan Bdi Chau lap Hdi Chdn Hoa A dugc nhidu nhan sT Trang Qud'c tan Thang nam 1912 gdn hai tram ngudi gdm thg thuydn, nha budn, hgc sinh va nhiing ngudi cd danh vgng d Trang Hoa, cd ca tudng ta binh linh va cac tidu thu khue cac, ciing de'n tham du dai hgi."Muc dich cua hdi la cdt chan chinh nudc Trang Hoa dd lam cho chau A cudng thinh, ma phat Sling thii nhat la nhdm vao quan giac da xam luge Viet Nam " (15, 153) Sau dd la vien trg ^ i Do, Midn Dien, Tridu Tien 139 Tuy khdng tdn tai duac bao lau, nhung su xuat hien cua Ddng A dong minh chiing td rang da bdt dau cd su chuydn bie'n tu tudng ciia nhirng ngudi lanh dao "tii vi tri qudc gia, chung tgc de'n vi tri each mang giai phdng dan tdc thd gidi" Ddi vdi each mang Trang Qudc, cac nha yeu nudc Viet Nam khdng nhimg that mong su giiip dd ma cdn vui ve chie'n dau quen minh cho nudc ban Tai \Tet Nam, nhidu ddng chi Duy Tan hgi va Ddng Kinh NghTa thuc da siic giiip dd cho T6n Van liic ong dat tdng hanh dinh each mang d Bdc Ky Hoang Hoa Tham da dung nap hang tram nghTa quan Trung Qudc sau hg that bai d Quang Tay, dd hg cd didu kien chuan bi danh Man Thanh phia Van Nam Duy Tan hgi da mua dugc 500 siing tuf Nhat Ban dem vd tdi Trang Qudc, da giao cho td chiic each mang Trang Qudc sir dung Nhiing stflden lich sii ay ndi len mot tu tudng qui bau la nhiing ngudi yeu nudc ddu the' ky da hgp siic vdi each mang Trang Qudc, vdi cac dan tgc thude dia khac, da di de'n van di tim ban ddng minh d ngoai nudc cho cudc each mang Vet Nam 2.Hirdiig hgi nhap cua Nguydn Ai Qudc Sau chie'n tranh tiid gidi ldn tiiii nhat (1914-1918), Nguydn Ai Qud'c la ngudi boat dgng ndi tie'ng d nudc ngoai va cd anh hudng sau sac tdi phong trao giai phdng dan tgc Vet Nam, dua cudc each mang Vet Nam gdn chat vao cudc each mang the' gidi Ngudi da sdm nhan thiic dugc tinh chat ciia thdi dai mdi, thdi dai thdng lgi ciia each mang vd san md dau bdng Cach mang thang Mudi Nga vT dai; thdi dai ma giai cap cdng va nhan dan lao dgng d "chinh qudc" va nhan dan cac thude dia ciing cd ke thii chung la chii nghTa de' qudc, Mudn danh bai ke thii chung ay, each mang vd san d "chinh qudc" va each mang d cac nudc thuoc dia va phu thude quan he mat thie't vdi nhau, phai dat ngang hang nhau, 140 Cdch mang giai phdng dan tdc khdng phu tiiudc vao each mang d "chinh qudc" va cd tac dung manh me de'n each mang d chinh qudc Cach mang giai phdng dan tdc la mdt bg phan khang kbit cua each mang vd san tren pham vi toan the' gidi Do vay mudn gianh dugc thdng lgi hoan toan va triet dd thi phai di theo dudng each mang vd san - diiang cua each mang thang Mudi Nga Mdt nhiing viec lam dau tien ciia Nguydn Ai Qudc la "lam sang td tinh hinh vd cac dan tdc Chau A va Chau Dai Duong, cac dan tdc A-rap va cac dan tgc nhu Madagska, Togo, Cdnggd, Cameran, Dahdmay va cac dan tgc khac d chau Phi, Nam Xahara Trong nhiing nam dd khdng nhu Ngudi da mieu ta chu nghTa thuc dan va len an nhiing tdi ac va su nhuc nha ciia nd" (26, 50) Vdi tinh each la mdt nha boat dgng thuc tien Nguyen Ai Qudc cdn tich cue gdp phdn xay dung cac td chiic qudc td, Sau sau nam khao nghiem, cudi nam 1918, Ngudi tham gia Dang xa hdi Phap Dudi anh sang cua chii nghTa Lenin va bdng kinh nghiem ciia minh, Ngudi bo phie'u tan Qud'c td thii ba, tham gia sang lap Dang cong san Phap Khi gidi thieu Nhiing tu lieu mai ve Nguyen Ai Qudc, Sac-La Phudc-nid (Charles Foumiau), giao su su hgc, Hdi trudng Hdi hiiu nghi Phap -Vet, khang dinh: "Khi Nguydn Ai Qudc phat hien chu nghia Mac, qua that Ngudi la ngudi Vet Nam ddu tien lam didu Ca Phan Chau Trinh va Phan Van Trudng d Pari ciing nhu de tir ciia Phan Bdi Chau va ban than Phan Bdi Chau d chau A ddu khdng thay dugc tuang lai ndm vd hudng nao Hie'm lich su chiing ta lai cd didu kien nhu vay dugc thay mot khuynh hudng 141 tu tudng vdi he qua vd ciing quan trgng dugc xac dinh vao thdi didm chinh xac va gdn cu thd vdi mdt nhan vat" Dung vay, cd thd vi ban chd vd hidu bie't ngdn ngii, hoac chua du nidm tin vao nhOng quan didm mdi, vd dudng cua nudc Nga ma ciing nam 1920, mac du da nghien ciiu vd Chdn tudng nudc Nga la tu, da gap gd va trao ddi chuyen trd vdi ngudi Nga, Phan Bdi Chau van khOng hoa nhap dugc vdi the' gidi vira sinh (1917) va dang phat tridn anh hudng tdi toan bd phong trao giai phdng dan tgc Trai lai, dudi anh sang Nghi quyet cua Qudc te cdng sdn va Sa thao ldn thii: nhdt De cuang ve vdn de ddn tdc vd vdn de thdc dia ciia Le-nin ,trudng tii Dang xa hdi Phap, sau trd ngudi mac -xit, Nguydn Ai Qudc ciing vdi mdt sd ban be chie'n dau ngudi Angieri, Tuynidi, Mard'c, Mangaso v.v da sang lap Hdi lien hiep thuoc dia tai Pari (9-10-1921) -mdt lien minh that su cua cac dan tgc bi ap biic Muc dich cua Hdi la giai phdng cac dan tgc thuoc dia Hgi da tap hgp dugc gdn 100 hdi vien la nhiing ngudi yeu nudc ciia cac nudc thuoc dia luc ay dang sdng tren dat Phap khdng phan biet tdn giao, chinh kie'n hay chiing tgc Ban chap hanh ddu tien cua Hgi gdm cd ngudi: Nguydn Ai Qudc -thg anh (Ddng Duong), Backitxd - luat su (dao Reunion), Mac cd lanh vin la: luat su (dao Dahdmay); Giang Baptixto thuang gia (Goadolup), Mdrindo tidu tiiuong (qudn dao Angtio, Monnecvinl)-dai dien hang budn actinich), Hdndrieng - dai dien thuang mai (Guyana) Tren co sd tiing nhdm thude dia d gan nhau, da phat tridn, Hgi dugc chia tidu td: tidu td Bdc Phi, tidu td Ddng Duong, tidu td Madagaxka, tidu td cac thuoc dia cii va cac dan toe da den Mac dii khdng phai la Tdng thu ky Hoi, nhung sudt thdi gian a Phap, Nguyen Ai Qudc da giii vai trd quan trong viec td chiic va 142 boat ddng cua Hdi Tuy chi tdn tai de'n nam 1926, Hgi hen hiep thuoc dia da gdp phan quan trgng vao viec xay dung tinh doan ke't chie'n da'u giiia nhan dan cac nudc thuoc dia Phap vdi giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan lao ddng Phap, xay dung tinh doan ke't chie'n dau giiia nhan dan cac nudc thuoc dia mot mat tran chung chong chu nghTa de' qudc, thiic tinh nhan dan cac nudc thuoc dia, dao tao can bo phong trao giai phdng dan toe a cac nudc thuoc dia Phap "Tu Pari, Nguyen Ai Qudc da gieo hat gidng each mang bdn phuang the'gidi Dong thdi, Ngudi cham lo bao ve su nghiep cua tat ca cac dan toe thuoc dia" (85) Nhiing nam 1921-1923, Nguyen Ai Qud'c luon tim moi each de tham nhap vao cac tdng Idp nhan dan Phap de gay su chu y cua mgi ngudi ddi vdi Viet Nam Ngudi thudng xuyen tham gia cac budi sinh hoat d Cau lac bg ngoai d Pari (Phap), mot cau lac bg c6 du hang ngudi tham gia va thao luan nhieu van de "tir thien van, dia ly, chinh tri, van hoc cho deh each trdng cai soong va nudi dc sen ngudi ta c6 the hgc nhieu chuyen va nhan xet mgi ngudi"; tham gia thao luan ca nhimg van de thoi mien, ban nang, sieu hinh, thuye't luan hoi Nguyen Ai Quoc kheo lai nhiing van de dang thao luan sang van de thuoc dia, dac biet la va'n dd Viet Nam Khi thao luan ve thuat thoi mien, Ngudi noi "Thuc dan Phap da thdi mien chiing toi dan ap va bdc lot chung toi" (109, 40) Khi thao luan van de nhi lan va Trieu Tien Ngudi neu cau hoi "Ciing la mot dan toe bi ap birc, toi hoan toan dong tinh vdi nhiing ngudi ban Ai nhT lan va Trieu Tien va ddng tinh vdi Hoi nghi ket an ca bgn thuc dan Anh, Nhat Nhung tdi hdi cac ngai c6 nen ket an ca nhirng bgn thuc dan kliac kliong? Co nen benh vuc nhan dan bi ap birc khac kliong? Co hay kliong?" "Tat nhien moi ngudi deu tra ldi c6 The la dugc dons chi N^uvdn Ai Qudc trinh bay van de Viet Nam" (109, 40) 143 Tii trd tiianh ngudi Vet Nam cdng san dau tien, Nguydn Ai Qudc da tich cue tiiam gia xay dung Dang cdng san Phap va yeu cdu Dang cdng san Phap nghien cuu va xay dung mdt chinh sach tiiudc dia theo dung tu tudng cdng san chii nghTa cua Dang Dd thuc hien dugc viec nay, Ngudi dd nghi tiianh lap Ban nghien ciiu thuoc dia cua Dang Y kie'n dd dugc Dai hgi Dai bidu ldn thii nhat DCS Phap tiidng qua Do vay ma Ban nghien citu thude dia cua Phdn bd Phdp cua Qudc te cdng sdn dugc lap (1922) tru sd ddng tai sd nha 120, phd La Phayetta, Pari Trong Dai hgi 11 ciia DCS Phap, nghi quye't vd vail dd thude dia da dugc thdng qua Nghi quydt nhaii manh nhirng ngudi cdng san Phap phai dat van dd thude dia len hang dau va phai ghi van dd dd vao chuang trinh nghi su ciia Hdi nghi toan qudc cua dang sdp tdi Ldi keu ggi nhiing ngudi lao ddng thude cac dan tgc thuoc dia Ban nghien ciiu thuoc dia ciia Dang thao da dugc Dai hoi coi nhu ldi keu ggi cua minh Ldi keu ggi chi rd trach nhiem cua DCS Phap, nhiing ngudi cdng san chinh qudc ddi vdi su nghiep giai phdng thuoc dia, keu ggi su doan ke't thdng nhat luc lugng giiia lao dgng chinh qudc va lao ddng thude dia dd dau tranh chdng bgn ap biic, thuc hien mot ndn hoa binh cho the' gidi, mang lai tu hanh phiic cho mgi ngudi Chinh nhd boat ddng tich cue ciia Hdi lien hiep thude dia ma co quan ngdn luan cua Hdi (td bao Ngudi ciing khd-Le paria) da dugc su ddng tinh va iing hd cua Dang cdng san Phap, giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan lao dgng Phap, dugc su giiip tich cue vd mgi mat ciia nhirng Viet ¥iin yeu nudc dang sinh sd'ng va boat dgng d Phap Danh gia vai trd ciia Nguydn Ai Qudc ddi vdi td bao, luat su Mac Co lanh-vin Bo-ldng-cua Ngudi bgn tdt cua cdc ddn tgc thuoc dia, da khdng dinh: "Tat ca nhiing bai va tranh ky ten Nguydn Ai Qudc tren bao Ngudi ciing 144 khd mong mdt mau sdc dac biet: Dd la tmh than dau tranh each mang triet dd va quye't tam chdng chii nghTa tiiuc dan Xem va dgc nhiing bai va tranh dd, ngudi ta thay rd tac gia cd mdt tmh than tie'n cdng rat chii ddng va rat tiiong minh" (3, 52) Theo ddi nhiing boat dgng 15 nam ddu tim dudng ciiu nudc, ngudi nudc ngoai da nhan rd vai trd to ldn ciia Nguydn Ai Qudc Tai tiiii dd Pari (Phap) "Anh chie'n dau cac td chiic co sd ciia Dang, anh la cd van va la ngudi hudng dan cho nhiing ngudi Viet Nam each mang tai Phap, anh la mdt nhiing ngudi lanh dao cua boat dgng hudng vd nhiing dan tdc hi chii nghTa thuc dan ap biic" "Tai Pari anh sdm trd trang tam qui tu va dau nao chi huy ciia cdng ddng be nhd ngudi Vet Nam cu tni tren dat Phap" "Chinh nhd hoa nhap vao giai cap vd san qud'c te' va tie'p nhan tu tudng cua giai cap dd la chu nghTa Mac-Lenin ma anh da ldi keo theo anh, bang cai gia su nd luc phaii dau sudt cudc ddi mmh, toan thd dan tdc Vet Nam " (85) Hoat ddng cua Nguydn Ai Qud'c cang dugc md rgng tren trudng qudc te' Nam 1923, dugc Dai hgi ndng dan qudc te' hgp tai Matxcova bau vao Ban chap hanh Ndng hgi qudc te' Tham gia Dai hgi lan thii nam ciia Qudc td cong san, Dai hdi Qudc te' cdng hdi dd, Qud'c td phu nii, Qudc te' nien, Qudc te' ciiu te' dd Trong nhidu cudc tie'p xiic vdi gidi bao chi, Nguydn Ai Qudc ddu nhan manh de'n viec can thie't phai giai phdng cac dan toe bi ap biic, giai phdng ngudi lao ddng Ngudi chi ro trach nhiem ciia Qudc te' cong san ddi vdi phong trao ndng dan d cac nudc thuoc dia: "Trong tat ca cac thuoc dia ciia Phap nan ngheo ddi ddu tang Su phdn uat cang len cao Su ndi day ciia ndng dan ban xii da chin mudi Trong nhidu nudc thude dia, hg da vai lan ndi day, lan nao cung bi 145 dim mau Ndu hien ndng dan van d tmh trang tieu cue tiii nguyen nhan la vi hg cdn thidu td chiic, tiiie'u ngudi lanh dao Qudc te' cdng san can phai giiip da hg td chiic lai, can phai cung cap can bd lanh dao cho hg va hudng dan hg di tdi each mang va giai phdng" (71, 230) La mot ngudi ua chudng boat dgng tiiuc tidn ldi ndi di doi vdi viec lam, sau tim dugc "cai cam nang tiian ky" dd giai phdng "nhiing ngudi bi doa day dau khd", dd cd dan tgc Vet Nam dang ren xie't dudi gdng ciim nd le, Nguydn Ai Qudc da nhan nhiem vu vd chi dao phong trao each mang d Cue Phuang Nam Tdi Quang Chau (Trang Qudc) vao cudi nam 1924, sau hen lac dugc vdi nhiing ngudi Vet Nam yeu nudc dang bi mat an nau hgc tap d day, va ban vdi Phan Bdi Chau sua ddi chuong trinh hoat dgng, Nguydn Ai Qud'c da cai td Tam tam xa dd sang lap VNTNCMDCH - td chiic tidn than cua Dang cong san Vet Nam Ngudi da ciing Le Hdng San, Hd Tiing Mau va mdt so ddng chi khac md trudng huan luyen chinh tri tai so nha 13 va sd nha 13B dudng Van Minh Nhiing ngudi hoat dgng d Quang Chau luc bay gid hau he't la ngudi Nghe-Tinh Chi cd Lam Diic Thu que Thai Binh va Nguydn Gian Khanh que Hung Yen (con nudi cu Nguydn Thien Thuat, thu linh cuoc khdi nghTa Bai Say) Trang tam huan luyen da mdi mdt sd giang vien Trang Qudc giang bai cho cac Idp hgc Trang tam Quang Chau la co sd each mang quan trgng cd lien he vdi Dang cdng san Trang Qudc, vdi Qudc te' cdng san (Matscova), vdi co sd cua Dang Thiic Hiia d Ddng Bdc Thai Lan va dac biet la cac co sd nudc (trong dd Nghe-Tinh cii nhidu ngudi sang hoc tap) Mot sd ngudi da dugc cu di hgc tap ly luan nghiep vu each mang hoac d lai cong tac d tdng bg VNTNCMDCH ... nan phong trao - Nguon van kien Dang: Cac to chiic tien than cua Dang (13); Van kien Dang 1 930- 19 45 ( 116) ; Nhung su kien lich su Dang, tap 1(1 920- 19 45) (82); Bao chi each mang 19 25- 1 930, 1 930- 1931.,... Tran Duang 15 Chuong I NHtJNG DIEU KI$N LICH SlT M O I CUA PHONG TRAO GIAI PHONG DAN TOC NGHE TINH TRONG 30 NAM DAU THE KY XX Ba muai nam ddu the ky XX, phong trao each mang giai phong dan tgc... d huyen NghTa Dan vdi khoang 150 0 cong nhan Sd vdn d^u tu va Igi nhuan la: Nam Von Lgi nhuan 1922 2.276.000(Fr) 1 .58 6.000(Fi-) 1924 4 .55 2.000(Fr) 2 .56 4.000 - 19 25 9.104.000(Fr) 3.297.000 (48)