Khảo sát ý nghĩa và cách dùng các quán ngữ biểu thị tình thái trong tiếng Việt

TRUONG DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN DOAN THITHU HA KHAO SAT Y NGHIA VA CACH DUNG CAC QUAN NGtr BIEU THI TINH THAI TRONG TIENG VIET CHUYEN NGANH LY LUAN NGON N G C MA SO: 50408 LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC NGON N G C NGuOi HUONG DAN KIIOA HOC PGS.TS HOANG TRONG PHIEN P A I HOC v; L.OC C ; M i~.-'\ 'n '.'I ! TRliNG[i^f«r;;iOf^iTi:^'.TiiL;v,ii.i! HA NOI - 2000 L I CAM DOAN Toi xin cam doan day Id cdng trinh khoa hoc cua rieng tdi Nhung tdi lieu phdn tick, trich dan la tnmg thifc, Nguon tu lieu duac trich dan la chinh xdc Tac gia Doan Thi Thu Ha Ludn van tot nghiep QUY l/OC VIET TAT l.BKN:Bikichnh6 CN : Chu ngfr C.n : Cling noi CSMD : Cay soi mua dong KN : Kiep nguoi ND va TN : Niii doi va thao nguyen PT : PhCi thuy TDGTHTTV : TCr dien giai thich hir tir tieng Viet TDTV : TCr dien tieng Viet 10 TTNC : Tuyen tap Nam Cao 11 TTTL : Tuyen tap Thach Lam 12 T T T N 1: Tuyen tap truyen ng^n Tap 13 TTTN 2: Tuyen tap truyen ngdn Tap 14 V N : VingCr 15 VNQD : Van nghe quan doi Ludn van tot nghiep MUG LUC Trang Mo dau L Datva'nde Muc dich, nhiem vu cua luan van Y nghla cua luan van Tu" lieu va phuong phap nghien cuu Ket cau cua luan van 10 Chuang Cosa ly luan ve tinh tinh thai Khai niem quan ngu bieu thi tinh thai 12 Khai niem tinh thai ngon ngu" 12 Cac phucfng tien bieu hien tinh thai ngon ngiJ 21 Khai niem quan ngir bieu thi tinh thai 24 Chuong Dae diem cua quan ngfir bieu thi tinh thai tieng Viet 27 Dae diem v6 ngu" nghla - chiic nang 27 Dae diem ve hinh thirc cua quan ngiJ bieu thi tinh thai 42 Phan biet quan ngir bieu thj tinh thai vai cac phan tij" ngQkhac cua cau 46 Dae diem ve ngii nghla - chu'c nang cua quan ngG bieu thi tinh thai quan he vai noi dung menh de di kem 52 Chuong Phan loai quan nguf bieu thi tinh thai theo cac pham tru noi dung cua tinh thai nhan thuc 63 Khai niem tinh thai nhan thiic 65 Cac quan ngu bieu thi tinh thai nhan thirc thirc hCru 66 2.1 Cach hieu khai niem tinh thai nhan thu'c thyc hiJu 66 2.2 Dae diem cua quan ngG bieu thi tinh thai nhan thu-e thiie hiJu 67 Ludn van tot nghiep 2.3 Di6u kien sir dung quan ngu bieu thi tinh thai nhan thiic thuchuu 74 Cac quan ngii bieu thi tinh thai nhan thiJc khong thirc hiru 74 3.1 Cach hieu khai niem tinh thai nhan thiic khong thirc huu 74 3.2 Dae diem cua quan ngiJ bieu thi tinh thai nhan thiic khong thuc huu 74 3.3 Dieu kiSn su dung quan ngu bi^u thi tinh thai nhan thiic khong thuc huu 82 Cac quan ngu bieu thi tinh thai nhan thu*c phan thuc hiJu 83 4.1 Cach hi^u khai niem tinh thai nhan thiic phan thuc huu 83 4.2 Dae diem cua quan ngU bieu thi tinh thai nhan thiJc phan thuc huu 83 4.3 Di6u kien su dung quan ngii bieu thi tinh thai nhan thiic phan thuc huu 86 Ket luan 89 Phuluc 94 Nguon tir lieu cua luan van 207 Tai lieu tham khao va trich d^n 208 Ludn van tot nghiep MO DAU Dat van de Trong thuc te su dung ngon ngu, chung ta van thucmg hay gap nhung loi noi CO chira cac to hop tu' mang tinh on djnh duac tai sinh nhidu Ian kieu: 1) Ai dai P baa gia, Iqi P thebao gia, bdo P , ay the ma P , da ddnh Id Py da bdo ma P, lam gi ma P the] hod P, thera P, thi P, thdo ndo P, te P, dii the ndo cung P, gi thi gi cilng /^ , 2) Duong nhien (la) P, tat nhien (la) P , co nhien (la) P, qua nhien la P, biet dau (chitng) P, P cung nen, biet ddu day, co leP, co P, chdng le P, ducmg nhu P, de thuang P, le ndo P, nghe ddu P, nghe don P, xem P, theo tdi thi P, nhuy toi thi P , 3) Cu Idm nhu Id P, co hog la P, ddng le P, le P , lam nhu P khong bang , udc gi P, suyt niia thi P, phdi chi P 4) P cho roi, P co khdc, P md Iqi, P ay ma, P Id cung, P thi co, 5) Han nua P, huong chi P, P, nhien P, va Igi P, thoi thi P, rot cugc P, torn Igi P, 6) (Noi) cua ddng toi P, cUc chdng da P, (noi) ditng chap P, (noi I hoi) khong phdi P, (hoi/noi) vo phep P, noi trgm via P , De nhan thay day la mot hidn tuong ngon ngu ra't bien ciia tieng Viet Tuy nhien, mot thai gian dai su quan tarn cua cac nha ngon ngu hoc danh cho cac kieu ket cau qua it 6i Cho den nay, nhln chung, chiing van chua dugc nghien cim, mieu ta mot each can than, co h6 thong Qua tham khao tai Heu, chung t6i thay cac sach ngu phap cac don vj neu co dugc de cap den thi chii yeu cung chi tap tmng vao hai huong sau: Ludn van tot nghiep * Hu6ng thir nhat: Dua vao dac tiimg ciia each bieu dat ciia nhiing don vj ma gSn chung vao nhiing tii loai nhat djnh * Hu6ng thuf hai: Dua vao y nghia - chiic nang ma nhiing don vj dam nhi6m cau de quy chung vao cac nhom phSn phu khac ciia cau Theo hu6ng thii nha't, cac tac gia Viet Nam van phgm (1940) cho nhung don vj nhu ' Biet ddu, ngd ddu, co le, de thuang, vi tat, hay ddu, khong biet chiXng dung dat a dau cau la trang tu chi su hoai nghi to y noi khong chac [26,126 - 128] Vi du: 1) Ngd ddu no bac ac nhu th6' 2) Biet ddu cuoc dori kh6ng phai la mot gia'c mdng Con at Id, at han, tat Id, du'ng tru6c dong tu hoac tinh tu; tat nhien ,quyet nhien, qua nhien, qua thuc , diing dat b dau cau la trang tu chi v ki6h didn dat y noi quyet chac [26,128] Cung v6i tinh than nay, cac tac gia Viet Nam vdn phgm gido khoa thu (1942) da xep cac don vj nhu: co le, de thudng , vi tat chung vdfi nhom cac tii : khong, chua , chdng , diXng, quyet, at, dg, vdng.,, mot nhom goi la trang tu chi v ki6h - lam ro y ki6h phii djnh, xac djnh hay hoai nghi [28,112] Con nhung ket cau ki^u: huong chi, hay Id, dugc xep vao nhom cac lien tu ciing v6i md, thi, vd, hoac [28,118] D l nhan tha'y rang hucfng nghien ciiu co nhieu ba't cap Tmdc h6't la pham vi doi tugng dugc khao sat se rat han che No chi co the la mot so it s6 cac su kien ngon ngii chung t6i neu tren (chii yeu thugc nhom hai, mot phan nhom mot va nam) Con nhieu don vj bj bo qua cho du chung co the co ciing ban chat v6i nhiing dan vj da dugc cac tac gia noi den Diiu thuc cung dd hieu, bofi le doi v6i cac ket cau CO to chiic *'phiic tap" nhu: biet ddu chiCng, chdng co le P, theo tdi thi P , nhUy toi thi P, gi thi gi P, du co the ndo di nCta P, du the ndo mac Ludn vdn tot nghiep Idng P, P dia dudi di roi, cut Idm nhu la P, cdng bang md noi P, noi sai diMg chap P, noi khong phdi P, noi trgm via P thi kho ma phan chung vao m6t tii loai nao cho thoa dang, neu khong muon noi la khong the Them nifa, neu xem xet ky thi viec xep cac tii khong, chua, chdng, dg, vdng , vao chung nhom v6i cac don vj dang xet nhu cac tac gia Viet Nam vdn phgm gido khoa thu da lam ciing la khong chinh xac neu khong muon noi la sai 1dm Tom lai, theo hu6ng nghien ciiu nay, nhung ket qua thu dugc thuc su qua ngheo nan Vai tro tac tir tinh thai ciia nhiing dan vj hau nhu hoan toan bj bo qua Khac phuc han ch6' nay, b hudng nghi6n ciiu thii hai, cac nha Viet ngii hoc da bat dau chu y den kha nang bi^u thj nhiing y nghTa tinh thai ciia cac dan vj cau,va vao he thong quan diem ciia tiing tac gia ma chung dugc gan cac ten goi khac Chang han Nguyen Kim Than (1964) coi nhiing to hgp kieu • co le, noi trgm bong via, ke la nhiing phu chu ngii CO tac dung giai thich them cho mot tii nao hoac de to thai chii quan cua ngu5i noi doi v6i su viec, boat dong hay trang thai neu cau Vi du; \)Cd leong cQng n6n chu y den dieu ay 2) Ke ve day ma cii nhu b riing buon that 3) Noi trgm bong via tii no len bon, no hom dao de [35,225] Doi v6i mot loat cac to hgp ma nhom cac tac gia Viet nam vdn phgm gido khoa thu goi la lien tu nhu: tdm Igi, hafi nUa, do, trdi Igi, noi cdch khdc \\\i Nguy6n Kim Than cho la phan co tac dung bi^u thj su chuyen tiep doan van [35,225] va cong trinh xua't ban nam 1981, 6ng goi chung la trang ngii chuyen tiep [dan theo 37,49] ISIhom I.S Bystrov, Nguydn Tai Can, N.V.Stankevich (1975) dua khai niem phdn xen ke duac hieu la nhiing tu: ngii bieu thj moi quan he giiia Ludn vdn lot nghiep nguori noi v6i noi dung phat ngon, thucmg diing of ddu cau hoac tmdrc chu ngu va vj ngii Vi du: 1) l/dc gi toi thay dugc dong chi tieu doi tiirong cua toi nhi 2) Don vj CO lesip vao liing lay niia Theo ho, nhiing tu: ngu kh6ng tham gia vao cau true cau, nghia la khong CO quan he ngu phap v6i mot phdn nao ciia cau [ddn theo 38,38] Khi nghien ciiu ca'u true cu phap cau tieng Viet, Diep Quang Ban (1987) ciing diing ten goi phu ngii cau chi tin cay de chi nhiing to hgp kieu: co leld, chdc hdn la, tat nhien ld \i du: 1) Co leld chieu mua 2) Tat nhien la ong ay se den 3) Chdc hdn Id ong ay ban Con thugc vao nhom phu ngu cau chii y ki6h la nhiing to hgp ma theo ong phdn 16n dugc lam tii nhiing quan ngii, chung co the diing tni6c nong cot cau hoac sau chu ngii va tnidc vj ngu [1,197] Vi du: 1) Noi trgm bong , tii no len bon, no hom dao de 2) Noi cua ddng toi, me toi ciing chang muon di 3) Citnhuy ong ay thi lam nhu vay la dugc roi 4) Theo chd toi biet thi anh a'y dang ban mot viec khac Ong cho rang noi dung y nghla chung cua hai loai phu ngii cau la cung bieu thj y nghia tinh thai chii quan dugc hieu la moi quan he thai cua ngudi noi doi v6i noi dung ciia phdn lai cau [1;194] Theo each nhin nhan cua Luu Van Lang ve ca'u tiiic cau ti^hg Viet thi nhiing ket cau ddn tren dugc xep vao nhom cac gia i6 h6 tra (thanh to th6m vao ngoai phdn nong cot) Vi du: 1) Vd Igi nguc/i ta thue nha ciia t6i, ngu5i ta co the trach cii toi (ong goi la chuyen ngii) 2) Thuc ong lao chi noi cho sudrng mieng (ong goi la trg ngii) Ludn vdn tot nghiep 3) No lai uong mgu nua mdi chet chu: (ong goi la cam ngii) [ddn theo 38,41] Theo he thong phdn cau ma Nguyen Minh Thuyet va Nguyen Van Hiep ap dung de mieu ta cau true cau tieng Viet thi mot so to hgp ma chiing toi ddn tren dugc xep vao hai loai phdn phu, la dinh ngu cau va tinh thai ngu Theo quan niem ciia hai tac gia nay, djnh ngu cau CO the diing b tru6c nong cot cau hoac chen vao giiia chu ngii va vj ngii CO nhiem vu bieu thj nhiing y nghia han djnh ve tinh thai cho su tinh dugc neu cau (cho biet su tinh dugc neu co tinh chan ly tuang doi hay tuyet doi, la duang nhien hay khong duang nhien, chdc chdn hay chi la phong doan, binh thuang hay ciing cue, hien thuc hay phi hien thuc.) hoac each thiic diln su tinh dugc mieu ta cau (nhanh hay cham , dot ngot hay khong dot nggt, bat ng5 hay co tien lieu tmdc ) Vi du : 1) Co lehom da la mung hai, miing ba Tay roi minh nhi (Nam Cao) 2) That thi thj biet khong nguoi khong dugc (Nam Cao) 3) Khong letoi lai vui duge mot cai tin nhu the' (Nam Cao) 4) Nhdy mat, nhai ben nhay den tru6c mat noi (To Hoai) 5) Bdng dung anh thay tr5i da't toi sdm lai 6) Dot nhien, thj thay hien mot cai 15 gach cG bo khong (Nam Cao) Tu: deh la vi du ve djnh ngii cau bieu thj y nghla han djnh tinh thai, tii den la vi du ve djnh ngii cau bieu thj y nghTa han djnh each thiic didn su tinh Ciing lam nhiem vu bo sung y nghia tinh thai cho cau, khai niem tinh thai ngii duac cac tac gia de xuat nhu mot loai phan phu chuyen biet Theo ho, phdn mo hinh cau tiiic tiiiu tugng ciia cau luon luon diing sau nong cot ( ) khong tham gia vao phan doan thuc tai cau Vi du: 1) Dugc vao day hat, ho thich me roi cdn gi (Nha't Linh) 96 1) Nao cam, nao chudi, budi, mft, du dii, didi dd dii cac loai hoa qua (TDTV.917) 2) May dng lai xe lau tdm, lau ca ldm, nao la xe di Cdn cd, nao la xe di cong tac xa, nao la hang quan sir khdn cap Thdi dd dng nao cung dii lydo (TTTN 11.112) 3) - Chau la mdt diia gai ngoan, xua bac van qui chau Thdi thi bac ndi vdi chau vay Chau ngan cho bac ( ) dirng de chiing no di them nua (BKN.40) 4) Anh tdi bao nho ma giiip dng ay mot budi Thdi thi viec ca'y cdy la viec can, hdng cii di, xong xuoi den tru'a ( ) di ddn cd ay cung khdng mugn (KN.95) - Thudng dung khau ngfr, diing d ddu cau hay ddu phan cau - Vf du 1,2: Thdi dd dung d cudi mot sir liet ke, bieu thi P y ket thiic mdt each tong quat chir thuc vdn cdn nhieu thii khong the ke het dugc - Vf du 3,4: Thdi thi diing md ddu mot Idi ket thuc su can nhdc, ban bac Ngirdi ndi cho rdng P la each giai quyet ma cudi cimg danh phai chap nhan vl khdng cdn each nao khac 26 Thu that (la) P(c.n Thu thuc la P) Vf du: 1) Tdi nfyan ngo nhln theo Dan Thu didt la ldn ddu tien ddi tdi cd cam giac tdi nhln theo mdt ngirdi anh himg (TTTN 11.431) 2) Tdi bao cd Gon: - Thu didt, liic ay im tieng trung lien, chiing tdi lo qua, sudt dem eii bdn chon, phap phdng (TTTN II.515) 3) Son den bat ngd lam tdi sung sudng den phat eudng Thu that vdi anh, chua nao tdi thay Son dep nhu luc ay (KN.78) 4) Tao xiic ddng qua, quay vao dm chat co be, ngao:"Tan giac, nha't dinh anh se ve, anh se lay em"( ) Qing may, lat sau, cd lenh hanh 197 quan, did thuc, khdng thi mot la tao se lai vao nira, hai la se ndm ma khoe sudt dem ay mat (VNQD 9/96.29) 5) Thu thuc, liic ddu chiing tdi khong thfch Daniyar Trirdc het chiing tdi khdng ua cai tfnh kfn dao cua anh (ND va TN.24) - Thudng diing khau ngu, diing d ddu cau hay giua cau - Bieu thi sir khang dinh, cam ket ciia ngu'di noi ddi vdi tfnh chan thu'c cua P Theo each nhln nhan, danh gia cua ngu'di ndi P la dieu cd cai gl dd khdng hay, khd ndi nhung tdi da noi vay xin anh (ngudi ddi thocai) hay tin P la diing nhu vay 27 Ti nua thi P Vfdu: - Kim tudc bdng ngugng nghiu thay minh that ca nghT, ti nila dd di den huu khuynh, giau giem ky thuat tu minh lam tdm thudng chinh minh (TTTN 11.474) - Xem Suyt mia (thi) P 28 ( ) tinh P Vf du: 1) Chuyen toi thi nghe bao gid cung buon Cdc ban tinh the thi tdi khdng budn lam dugc (TTNC.29) 2) The mdi bie't, chiing minh d vdi nhu tru'dc la de chiu Ai bao anh cir khang khang tra lai nha - Thi khdng biet vay? Nhung anh tinh, khong tra lai nha thi chiing minh la'y tien dau? (TTNC 174) 3) Khd khan la nhung thii nghe khac ( ) Chir cai nghe cua anh, thdi nao ma sgi tdc chang phai moc dai ra, ngu'di ta bao gid cung chang phai cdt tdc - Nhimg bdc tinh, ngirdi ta lam an du da, cd ddng tien thi mdi nang trang diem, td ve cai rang, cai toe chii? (TTTN 1.134) 1:7u 4) Tha'y Trang cdn ngdn ngir, ba cu keo vai chi: - Di thdi, chi ca Chi tinh cdn may tieng ddng hd nira ma dung ngoai suong nhu the nay! Cd nha toi gl ma the (TTTN 11.345) - Thirdng diing khau ngu, dung d ddu cau co hinh thii'c nghi van - P dugc neu nhu de hoi y kien cua ngu'di ddi thoai xem nhu the cd diing khdng, nhung thuc chat la chi cd the tra Idi khang dinh Khi ngirdi ddi thoai da phai cdng nhan, thiia nhan P thi duong nhien phai cong nhan Q - dieu ma ngirdi ndi da hoac se neu sau la diing, hgp ly vi Q la he qua ta't yeu riit tir P 29 Tdm lai (la) P Vf du: 1) Hang chi lo thay doi mdn an va cac thii' trang mieng cho hgp khdu vi ciia chdng Tdi de'n thi ndm dai tren di vang coi tivi va dua mdng tay, mdng chan Tdm lai, mot kiep sdng ciia loai tdm giii (VNQD 5/97.54) 2) Tdm lai Id, dieu kien da't nudc hom nay, khong quan co rat nhieu trien vgng phat trien (VNQD 3/95.6) 3) Tdm lai, chiing tdi phai tu khdng dinh dugc minh de tdn tai nhu mot phdn chien dau ciia quan dgi ta (VNQD 3/97.13) - Thirdng dii'ng d dau cau - Bieu thi P la y tong ket, ke't luan tir nhiilig dieu da dugc neu d cac phat ngdn trirdc dd 30 Toi gi P Vf du: 1) Ong nen di tau thuy ( ) co phai tra tien cudc bdn cai ghe thi cung chi bdno" tien tau hoa thdi Tdi gi di tau hod ma chen chiic (TTNC 176) 199 •K^«c r«^f« t-svf' /1-tr/i.i.t; 2) Viec thie'u tien hom qua chi la mot meo day thdi Tau Chan Dinh cd tieng la ldm ke cdp chiing toi co mang tien theo ma khdng lam the thi giu lam dugc ciia ciia minh? - Vang, nhung tdi tha'y ong chi mang co hai ba ddng thi tdi gi phai the? (TTTN 1.500) 3) Sao nang lai khong di vdi Tam dugc? ( ) Tdi gi nang d day de chiu nhung khd sd nhu the (TTTL.75) - Thirdng dimg khau ngu, diing d ddu cau, ddu phan cau hay xen giua chu ngu va vi ngii - Xem PJidi vg gi (md) P 31 Trach chi (ma) P(c.n Trach gi ma VI Trach nao ma chang P) Vf du: 1) Cd ay d lai cung phai ma di cung diing Trdch chi cd ay cir di di ve ve the (PT.80) 2) - Anh bg ddi liic la ngu'di cimg lang a? - Vang, ngudi lang a- Cd ndi ddi - Trdch gi ma cd tfch cue the (TTTN II 127) 3) Lam vdi lam vang, trdcJi ndo ma chang cd so suat (TDTV.985) - Dung khau ngir, thudng diing d ddu cau hay ddu phan cau - Xem Thdo ndo P 32 Trd ddi P Vl du: 1) Don vi each nha vai chuc cay sd nen cii thii" bay, chu nhat hay le tet toi lai cd mat d nha, mgi ngirdi thu'dng ggi toi la "bg dgi xdm" Trd ddi, cir dam bu'a niia thang gap nd lai qui (VNQD 5/97.33) 2) Lam nghe thu thue ma giau chi co di an cdp, due khoet Nhirng trd ddi, cim an cdp khdng ben Sudng day ma kho day Nha da ludn chd ddn (KN.12) — ^ ^ nvt, ii,^iiLi^^ 3) Trd ddi, dot lai hay noi chir (TDTV 1002) - Xem Cdi trd P 33 Tuy nhien P Vf du: 1) Hgc trd cua toi gom ba muoi em trai va mudi em gai Chiing mac ddng phuc trdng rat ngg Tuy nhien, mat may chiing cdn den dud'c hoc hac, ghe Id, chf ran ciing minh (TTTN 1.246) 2) Hanh khach tren xe yeu cdu nang sap cira lai Nang phung phiu hdn ddi iihung cung phai theo mgi ngu'di Tuy nhien nang da khdng dong chat ciia (VNQD 8/96.55) 3) Pdc Chan da ddn ddn bdt dugc cai tfnh coi khinh tdi Tuy nhien, no ciing khdng td kinh trgng quy men toi hay ddi vdi anh (TTTN 11.271) 4) Ong ta de'm lai mot ldn nu'a Md tien tay dugc rung rung can nhdc Tuy nhien, nd vdn dugc diit vao tiii (TTTN II 348) - Thirdng diing d dau cau - Gia dinh sir tdn tai cua mot phat ngon d trirdc Trong quan he ngir nghTa vdi Q, f la y bo sung ma noi dung co phan trai ngugc vdi Q 34 Tuy the P (c.n Tuy vay P) Vfdu: 1) Bai hat Phong tu dat ra, khong cd lan dieu nhat diiih, hat rat tien Tuy vdy, tieng hat dudng nhu tir trai tim soi noi ciia cau ta bay ra, lam tam hdn chiing tdi trd nen phan chan (TTTN 11.257) 2) Anh ta ngheo khd hon mgi ngudi, the, khdng bao gid keu ca, liie nao cung sdn Idng giiip ban (TDGTHTTV 129) 3) Nd lai that bai ldn nira, vdy nd vdn khdng nan long (TDTV 1030) - Thudng dii'ng d ddu cau hay ddu phan cau —w r a r i ^ tr f ^ t 201 f •'C'C/ - Gia dinh sir ton tcai cua phat ngdn Q a trirdc Theo phep suy luan 16 gfc hay theo le thu'dng Q lam ngu'di ta nghT rdng se xay kha nang P, nhung tren thuc te lai khong phai P, tham chf ngugc lai P 35 Tuyet nhien P Vfdu: 1) Tuyet nhien khong co tin tii'c gl (TDTV 1033) 2) Luon may dem sau, bac Diem gai sau nha diing nhln ve phfa may nggn doi nhung tuyet nhien khdng thay bdng chdng dau nu'a (TTTN 1.254) - Thudng diing d ddu cau, co hinh thirc phii dinh hay xen giu'a chii ngu va VI ngu - Bieu thi mii'c hoan toan, triet de ciia sir phii dinh A^i^t4.tt yuil lUl num^n ZUZ ngniep Udc chi P (c.n Udc gi P) Vfdu: 1) Anh mudn noi vdi nang rdng nang la ngudi thdy thudc tai ba va tan nha't ma anh dugc gap Udc chi me anh kjp cd mot nang dau nhu the (VNQD 6/97.19) 2) l/dc gi ba em ve kip de chiing kien ndi vui mimg ciia be (VNQD 9/96.36) 3) Udc gi tdi co mot em gai nhu Hoa Me toi nhan xet tinh qua, Hoa xinh va ngoan that (TTTN II 137) 4) Tdi thay ong gid'ng mdt ca che't treo ngugc ( ) Udc gi tdi khdng bao gid phai thay ong (PT.68) - Thudng dimg khdu ngu, dii'ng d ddu cau - Cho bie't P la sir tinh chu'a xay tai thdi diem phat ngon hoac la su tinh khdng cd that No dugc dimg de bieu thi mdt udc mudn, nguyen vgng hay mong mdi ciia ngirdi ndi Udc P Vfdu: • - Udc sdm cd ngu'di phat hien su nhdm ldn de tdi mau chong dugc yen than trd lai nha xac - Xem U'dc chi P (TTTN 1.465) t^M^ft yun loi ngniep 203 V Va chang P Vfdu: 1) May thang lien vat va dudng trudng, hg nghi ft hom cho lai siic de di tie'p vao Phii Xuan phuc chi Vd chdng cung cdn cd thdi gian de Dinh tran Bdc kip phi bao cho cac tram dge dudng thien ly sii'a soan cang, ngua ddi (TTTN 1.61) 2) Tfnh dng khdng thfch xin xd, cdu Ccanh Nhung nhln canh chi Huong ( ) dng khdng the cdm long danh phai nhan Idi vao Dinh tong tran Vd chdng minh di sir, Ong Tong tran cung da dat tiec tien hanli, minh ve ciing nen vao chao cho phai phep (TTTN 1.73) - Thudng dung d ddu cau - Ludn gia dinh sir tdn tai ciia phat ngdn Q a trudc Trong quan he vdi Q, P la Idi le thuyet minh them nhdm lam cho P cang trd nen diing va hgp ly hon Va lai P Vfdu: 1) VI khdng mudn de nd hieu day la cugc hoi cung, vd lai hdi cung khdng phai la nhiem vu cua tdi, nen tdi ed td ddi chut niem nd (KN.347) 2) Cac anh cii cho tdi di, tdi ciing da quen viec, vd lai tdi cdn tie, khoe hon (TTTN 1.20) 3) Tdi mudn ke lai can chuyen dau long nhimg mugn qua rdi, xin de den mai Vd lai bay gid Idng tdi cung dang bdi rdi (TTTN 1.43) 4) Con gai dng la ngirdi net na, biet thuong bd nen ong quy no Vd lai nd la hinh anh nhat cua vg dng de lai, ngudi vg ma ong thu'o'ng yeu sudt ca mot ddi ngudi (TTTN 1.512) •"Ill mi, itj^uiK/^ 2U4 - Thudng dung d ddu cau, dau phan cau - Xem Han nila P Va nua P Vfdu: - Ky bd se bdt 30% sd tien anh chi gop nudi bd - Dang bao nhieu ma bd phai lam the Vd nila, vg chdng hoi ciing dd ban, cac chau ben da giri tien chi vien ve rdi bd a (KN.29) - Xem Han nua P Va gi ma P Vfdu: - Vg gi md sinh sir vdi nd (TDTV 1056) - Xem Phdi va gi md P Vay P Vl du: 1) - Hay anh cam chiit tien phf ton, dii nam bay trieu cung cd giiip cho tdi em dep chuyen di - Vdy anh cho toi bdt bf tong tien anh hir? Anh dam nghT the' hii? (TTTN 1.471) 2) Vdy cho ggi me chi la de ndi vdi me bie't la chdng va con, cd the ba nua dang dao mot cai hd vudn thoi sao? (VNQD 8/96.76) - Xem Thera P Viec chi P (c.n Viec gi P) Vfdu: 1) - Ong thir nghT ky lai xem cd lam d khoan nao chang? - Viec chi phai the Toi la dan lam an ma (TTTN 11.351) 106 -y Q— rt^ X Xem Chung P (c.n Xem chirng nhu P) Vf du: 1) Bu'a com khach hom xem chdng tuom ta't Ngoai rau sdng, dau phu sdt ca chua them ca dia thit ga luge (VNQD 5/97.41) 2) Ba dl ve roi, nha lai vdng lang Vg tdi xem chdng cung que que, cii' san van nhung chu'a bie't thao ngoi no tir chd nao (VNQD 5/97.42) 3) Chi diing chd mai ben khom triic ( ) bung da da buc bgi Chi ggi ldn nua Xem chdng nliu anh cung cam tha'y sir buc bgi ay nen diing gidng mdt chiit rdi ddt (VNQD 5/97.81) - Thudng dimg khau ngu, diing d ddu cau hay xen giua chu ngir va vi ngu - Bieu thi y phong doan, khang dinh mot each de dat cua ngudi noi ddi vdi P, dua tren nhirng gl tri nhan dugc, ngirdi ndi tha'y cd ve nhu vay Xem P Vfdu: 1) Manh vudn nha tdi tir co cd den lam nhu khac han ( ) Xem bd me tdi thfch cd, cang lam tdi khd chiu hon (TTTN 11.323) 2) Di thdi, khong thfch di thi tdi cii d day ngi!i vdi ho-chi keo tay thdng b€-Xem thi anh thfch hon ca day (VNQD 5/97.81) 3) Trang ve sang nhcat ddn, cai khdi cdng dong dan cu nghTa dia gid da tiim nam turn ba dao choi lang thang day ( ) Xem chi co cugc sdng chiing tdi la than, Scach mgi ban tam tdi nhan tinh the thai (TTTN 1.473) 4) Dii'a chay tru'dc, bd nd di giua, me nd di sau cimg Xem diing la mot ddi hinh dao choi mdu mu'c (VNQD 5/97) - Thudng dung khau ngu, dii'ng d ddu cau - Bieu thi y khdng dinh mot each de dat cua ngu'di ndi ddi vdi P Tren nhiing gl nhan biet dugc ngudi ndi da suy luan va thay P cd ve diing the 207 NGUON TULIEU CUA LUAN VAN Bi kieh nhd Tap tmyen ngdn, Le Minh Khue, Nxb Hdi nha van, H 1993 Cac tac gia docat giai thudng Hdi nha van Viet Nam, Tuyen tap truyen ngdn, Tap 1, Nxb Hdi nha van Viet Nam, H 1988 Cac tac gia doat giai thudng Hdi nha van Viet Nam, Tuyen tap tmyen ngdn, Tap 2, Nxb Hdi nha van Viet Nam, H 1988 Cay sdi miia ddng, Tap truyen ngdn tinh yeu Nga, Nxb Hdi nha van 1999 Giamilia, Tmyen niii ddi va thao nguyen Ban dich tieng Viet, Nxb Can Vdng, 1984 Hai muoi truyen mini, Nguyen Thi Ngge Tii, Nxb Hdi nha van, H 1996 Kiep ngu'di, Tap tmyen, Bui Binh Thi, Nxb Hdi nha van, 1996 Tuyen tap Nam Cao, Nxb Van hgc, H 1977 Tuyen tap Thach Lam, Nxb Van hgc, H 1988 10 Tir dien giai thich hu tir tieng Viet, Hoang Trgng Phien, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies 1991 11 Tir dien Tieng Viet, Vien ngdn ngu hgc, Hoang Phe chu bien, Nxb Da Ndng- Trung tam Tir dien hgc, 1996 12 Tap ehl Van nghe quan ddi, N° 3/1995 13 Tap chf Van nghe quan ddi, N^ 8/1995 14 Tap chf Van nghe quan dgi, N^ 8/1996 15.Tcap chi Van nghe quan dgi, N° 9/1996 16 Tap chf Van nghe quan , N M 1/1996 17 Tap ehl Van nghe quan ,N° 12/1996 18 Tap chf Van nghe quan ,N° 2/1997 19 Tap chf Van nghe quan , N^ 3/1997 20 Tap chf Van nghe quan ,NM/1997 21 Tap chf Van nghe quan ,N^ 5/1997 22 Tap ehl Van nghe quan ,N^ 6/1997 o — rf 208 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO VA TRICH DAN TIENG VIET: [1] Diep Quang Ban, Cdu dan tieng Viet, Nxb DH va THCN, H 1987 121 Dd Huu Chau, Tic vung ngii nghia tieng Viet, Nxb Dai hgc Qudc gia, H 1981 13] Dd Hu'u Chau, Ngii nghia hgc he thdng vd ngic nghia hgc hoat dong, T/c Ngdn ngu'N" 3.1983 14] Dd Huu Chau, Cdc yeu td dung hgc cua tieng Viet, Tic Ngdn ngii N" 3.1985 15] Dd Hiiu Chau, Gian ye'u ve ngU dung hgc ciia tie'ng Viet, Nxb Giao due Hue, 1985 |6| Dd Huu Chau, Tic vung ngic nghia tieng Viet, Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia, H 1996 17] Nguyen Dii'c Dan, Phu dinh vd bdc bd ngon ngii; 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