Management information system ralp 7e ch05

• The database approach to data management provides significant advantages over the traditional file-based approach • Define general data management concepts and terms, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the database approach to data management • Describe the relational database model and outline its basic features Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition • A well-designed and well-managed database is an extremely valuable tool in supporting decision making • Identify the common functions performed by all database management systems and identify popular end-user database management systems Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition • The number and types of database applications will continue to evolve and yield real business benefits • Identify and briefly discuss current database applications Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition Introduction • Database management system (DBMS): group of programs that manipulate database and provide interface between database and users • Database administrator (DBA): a skilled information systems professional who directs all activities related to organization’s database Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition Data Management: The Hierarchy of Data • A bit (a binary digit) represents a circuit that is either on or off • A byte is typically bits • Character: each byte represents a character, the basic building block of information • Field: typically a name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activity Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition The Hierarchy of Data (continued) • Record: a collection of related data fields • File: a collection of related records • Database: a collection of integrated and related files • Hierarchy of data: formed by bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition Figure 5.1: The Hierarchy of Data Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys • Entity: a generalized class of people, places, or things (objects) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained • Attribute: a characteristic of an entity • Data item: the specific value of an attribute • Key: a field or set of fields in a record that is used to identify the record • Primary key: a field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition Figure 5.2: Keys and Attributes Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 10 Selecting a Database Management System (continued) • Important characteristics of databases to consider (continued): • Features of the DBMS • Vendor considerations • Cost of the system Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 36 Database Applications: Linking the Company Database to the Internet • Corporate databases can be accessed by customers, suppliers, and company employees through: • The Internet • Intranets • Extranets • Semantic Web: a seamless integration of traditional databases with the Internet Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 37 Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining • Data warehouse: a database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the company’s processes, products, and customers • Data mart: a subset of a data warehouse • Data mining: an information-analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 38 Figure 5.17: Elements of a Data Warehouse Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 39 Table 5.8: Common Data-Mining Applications Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 40 Business Intelligence • Business intelligence (BI): the process of gathering enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it to have a positive impact on business strategy, tactics, or operations • Knowledge management: the process of capturing a company’s collective expertise wherever it resides and distributing it wherever it can help produce the biggest payoff Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 41 Distributed Databases • Distributed database • A database in which the data may be spread across several smaller databases connected via telecommunications devices • Corporations get more flexibility in how databases are organized and used • Replicated database: a database that holds a duplicate set of frequently used data Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 42 Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) • Software that allows users to explore data from a number of different perspectives Table 5.9: Comparison of OLAP and Data Mining Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 43 Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) • Standards that ensure that software can be used with any ODBCcompliant database • Can be used to export, import, or link tables between different applications Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 44 Figure 5.19: Advantages of ODBC Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 45 Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Database Management Systems • Object-oriented database • Stores both data and its processing instructions • Method: a procedure or action • Message: a request to execute or run a method Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 46 Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Database Management Systems (continued) • Object-oriented database management system (OODBMS): group of programs that manipulate an object-oriented database and provide a user interface and connections to other application programs • Object-relational database management system (ORDBMS): DBMS capable of manipulating audio, video, and graphical data Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 47 Summary • Hierarchy of data: bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases • Entity: a generalized class of things (objects) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained • Attribute: characteristic of an entity • Data model: diagram of entities and relationships • Relational model: describes data in which all elements are placed in two-dimensional tables called relations Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 48 Summary (continued) • Selecting: eliminates rows according to certain criteria • Projecting: eliminates columns in a table • Database management system (DBMS): group of programs used as an interface • Between a database and application programs • Database and the user • Data dictionary: detailed description of all the data used in the database Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 49 Summary (continued) • Data warehouse: database that collects business information from all aspects of a company’s processes, products, and customers • Data mining: an information-analysis tool for the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse • Open database connectivity (ODBC) standards: ensure that software can be used with any ODBC-compliant database Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 50 ... the common functions performed by all database management systems and identify popular end-user database management systems Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition • The number and types... outputs Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 32 Table 5.6: Examples of SQL Commands Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 33 Popular Database Management Systems • Popular... of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 44 Figure 5.19: Advantages of ODBC Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 45 Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Database Management Systems