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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NGUYEN THI THANH HUYEN st VIETNAM VIGNETTE IN EARLY 21 CENTURY FROM PERSPECTIVE OF GENRE Field: Vietnamese literature Code: 9.22.01.21 ABSTRACT OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS IN LITERARY THEORY HA NOI, 2020 The work was completed at: Graduate Academay of Social Sciences Vietnam Academay of Social Sciences SCIENTIFIC SUPERVISORS: Associate 1: Prof.Ph.D Nguyen Thi Bich Thu Associate 2: Prof.Ph.D Le Tra My Reviewer 1: Prof.Ph.D Pham Xuan Thach Reviewer 2: Prof.Ph.D Nguyen Ngoc Thien Reviewer 3: Prof.Ph.D Truong Dang Dung The thesis will be defended in front or the Academy-level Thesis Commitee, at: Graduate Academay of Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Ha Noi at 2020 The thesis could be found at: - National Library - Academay Library PREFACE Rationale In the first two decades of the twenty-first century, the dense appearance of vignette compositions (magazines, journals) showed that the genre began to have remarkable results Compared to the life itself in the twentieth century, vignette at the beginning of the twenty-first century had a remarkable development Therefore, researching the Vietnamese vignette genre at this stage not only clarifies the structure of the genre but also confirms the position of a “poorly-known” genre on modern Vietnamese literature Up to now, the study of vignette in the early 21st century has still been lagging While the genre is considered “in full bloom” in many ways, the research on it is just limited to some articles that exploit a few small aspects of the authors or works To catch up with the development of the genre, it is necessary to have an overview research of Vietnamese vignette in the early 21st century Studying any specific literary genres is important This is even more meaningful for literature teachers at all levels Mastering the basic characteristics of the genre will help the teachers more thoroughly assess the art and content, the thought of a literature composition, thereby teaching learners how to feel, read and understand an art work in the right direction and deeper manner The research purposes and duties of thesis 2.1 Research purposes - To study the salient features of early Vietnamese vignette in the early 21st century from genre perspective; - To survey the outstanding compositions in the first two decades of the 21st century in order to find new features regarding the content and art of the updated publications Thereby, a more complete and comprehensive view of the contribution of the vignette genre to modern Vietnamese prose is shown 2.2 Research duties - To make an overview of the research situation (domestically and abroad) on the vignette genre; to identify perceptions of genres in order to form criteria for selecting authors and works in service of surveys and research - To make an overview of Vietnamese modern vignette process; to identify the position and characteristics of vignette Vietnam in the early 21st century, thereby assessing the inheritance and renewing of Vietnamese vignettes in this path - To survey the selected works and/or authors to see the outstanding features of the content and the art that created the unique character of Vietnamese vignettes in the first two decades of the 21st century Subject and scope of thesis 3.1 Research subject The thesis studies Vietnamese vignettes in the early 21st century years, from the perspective of genre 3.2 Research scope The thesis chooses to investigate phenomena (authors, works) based on criteria which are the specific features of the vignette genre In the process of developing the research on vignette compositions of the early 21st century, the thesis has expanded to the relation, comparison with free writing style when necessary Research methods of thesis - Historical literature method, geometric type method; Systematizing, comparing and contrasting method; interdisciplinary method The new scientific contributions of the thesis - The thesis is the first specialized scientific study of vignettes in the early 21st century years from the perspective of genre, in mobilization and acculturation - Showing the development of vignettes in the early 21st century in the aspects of authors and works - Confirming the achievement of vignette genre viewed from the subject system with the communication principles and modes of expression - Affirming the position and significant contribution of vignette in the early 21st century in the genre life in particular and contemporary literature life in general Besides, the research of the topic also opens the direction of vignette research in the next paths Structure of the thesis In addition to the Introduction and Conclusion, the thesis is organized into four chapters: Chapter Research Overview Chapter Vietnamese vignette in the first 21st century in the modern vignette flow Chapter Theme system in Vietnamese vignettes in the early 21st century Chapter Communication principles and expression modes of Vietnamese vignettes in the early 21st century CHAPTER RESEARCH OVERVIEW 1.1 Concepts of the genre So far, the concept of vignette genre is still a complex issue because different concepts have not yet led to the final agreement Basically, the biggest difference among the concepts is the positioning of the vignette genre in the genre system Before being recognized as an independent literature form by researchers, the concept of vignette was recognized with three meanings: - Vignette in the sense of prose: In the prose classification thought, Chinese scholars argue that vignette is prose not written in a couplets (scriptures, stories, histories, volume, petitions, directives, reports, proclamation, rhythmic proses, presentations, assays ) This concept is less convincing for researchers because it does not properly reflect the independent existence state of vignette - Vignette in the sense of genres not as stories, poems, plays: Some Chinese scholars think that vignette is not merely prose, but it is a term for a wide range of writings, covering many specific forms of literature At the same time, Vietnamese literature considers vignette a literary genre consisting of free writing style and other literary genre not as stories, poems and plays; even, it is a genre “left behind” when works are selected to be classified into genres These concepts have not shown the characteristics of the genre, just limited to a general view under the exclusion method to show that vignette includes genres that not belong to stories, poems, plays - Vignette in the sense of a literary genres: Viewing vignette as a literary genre but in Vietnamese literature, from medieval to modern times, there have been two conceptual trends: on the one hand, vignette is just a “tributary” of free writing; on the other hand, vignette consists of free writing We concur with the viewpoint that vignette and free writing have a relationship with each other but there is no question of which factors include the others because the aim of the thesis is to establish theory of vignette genre, including specific criteria for selecting surveyed authors and works We also agree that vignette is first and foremost an independent genre which originally meant prose, but now vignette is used to refer to a defined range, not entirely consistent with prose terminology and it is a literary genre equal to poetry, drama and fiction We recognize that there are some commonalities between the different concepts of the vignette genre and when comparing these characteristics with the practice of composing this literary genre from the early 20th century to the present, it is possible to determine that vignette has specific characteristics in all aspects: identification, capacity, author's image, subject, method of expression, structure, and writing The thesis agrees with the definition of the vignette category mentioned in the dictionary of literary terms by the author Le Ba Han and co-editors Tran Dinh Su, Nguyen Khac Phi and takes it as the fulcrum of the basic theory for the thesis 1.2 Research situation In Vietnamese literature, although vignette has a history of about one hundred years, the history of research on it has just begun From an overview perspective, the literature examines and defines vignettes as an independent genre, where the highlight is the mark of the author; a position equal to poetry, drama, fiction; There are textures, ways of description and depiction of characters However, the formulation of the concept of vignette in these studies has not yet fully covered the unique characteristics that the vignette genre clearly showed in the early 21st century “The blossoming” of compositions entailed the emergence of a series of articles and researches on the vignette genre In general, vignettes attract the consideration and attention in three trends: - Writings that indicate the artistic characteristics, content value of the booklets; introducing artistic personality, the ego of the authors - Writings that revolve around an author, a work that emerges as a phenomenon, attracting the attention of public opinion - Writings that explain vignette's history, development, structure as an independent literary genre Western literature considers vignette a form of essay and it is not central to the concepts of interest The influence of Western short-prose genre thinking on the practice of short-prose writing in Vietnam is negligible Meanwhile, Chinese literature has made extensive and systematic research on the genre The argument on it established by Chinese literature may not coincide with the practice of writing vignette in Vietnam but at certain stages, Chinese vignette has influenced genre thinking in Vietnam CHAPTER VIETNAMESE VIGNETTE IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY IN THE MODERN VIGNETTE FLOW 2.1 The bloom of Vietnamese vignette in the early twenty-first century 2.1.1 Cultural and ecological environment - a premise for the strong development of Vietnam vignette in the early twenty-first century The highlight of the Vietnamese cultural picture in the early twenty-first century is the development of the technological world In parallel with the 4.0 era, there is a rich development of communication channels and modern technology facilities The cultural environment offers vignette opportunities for development in many ways: publishing; composing; receiving; the connection and interaction between the authors and the readers; the changes of subjects, approaching angles, language etc It can be said that the development of the vignette genre in the early 21st century stems from the high compatibility between genre characteristics and contemporary cultural environment 2.1.2 The adaptation of Vietnamese vignette in the cultural and ecological environment in the early 21st century In the cultural and ecological environment in the early 21st century, vignette shows a high adaptation to the human mental state; adaptation to the contemporary cultural and social status The adaptation manifests itself in the freedom of theme and the direct expression of the writers; promptly meet the requirements of the national culture for literature; satisfying all emotion states, especially mental stressing states of contemporary people ( ) As a result, the vignette genre was successful in publishing competition and gradually asserts its position in the literature 2.1.3 Online Vignette - an inseparable part of Vietnam vignette in the early 21st century Technology network makes vignette (on) the network become an important part to form the appearance of Vietnam vignette in the early 21st century In terms of composing and receiving, technology enables writers to compose in a short time, share their works online at any space and time without many barriers such as traditional forms of composing and publishing Thanks to modern technology, the readers receive works just as fast as the writers shares their compositions Moreover, the interaction between the two sides takes place directly, creating an equal attitude in the debate of issues of life - the thing that has not been in the writing practice before Online vignette has also changed the way a work is published: readers can welcome vignette works online as soon as they are written, through individual websites before they are collected into a publication 2.2 Appearance of Vietnamese vignette in the early of 21st century 2.2.1 Composing team In the early 21st century, vignette has had a powerful and diverse composition force, varying both in age and career; they grow from different cultural regions; they write vignettes while living in different geographical spaces The increasing number of composing teams is both the advantage and the limitation of the vignette On the one hand, it expands the scope of writers, revealing the democratic spirit of the literary genre On the other hand, it raises issues about the quality of the works 2.2.2 Number of works If there is an accurate statistic of the number of works born and published, it will be an impressive number that many other literary genres must be “jealous”, especially in the context that publishers must make careful consideration and selection of book titles to guarantee turnover But it is difficult to have official statistics because vignettes are still born and well received on daily and hourly basis The good news is that many vignette collections are reprinted in the warm anticipation of the public However, from the composition value, the rapid development of the number of vignettes also has two sides: it has a new position; but not all compositions are recognized in terms of artistic quality 2.2.3 Some typical writers The outstanding vignette writers of Vietnam in the first two decades of the 21st century were selected and introduced based on a number of basic criteria: complying with genre characteristics; making positive contribution to the trend of genre development; creating a mark and personality in vignette composing; being recognized in quantity and quality of composition Some typical authors include: Y Phuong, Nguyen Ngoc Tu, Nguyen Viet Ha, Trang Ha 2.3 The succession and renewing of Vietnamese vignette in the early 21st century 2.3.1 The inheritance There are three elements in Vietnamese vignette in the early 21st century which are preserved relatively uniformly: the subject; some characteristics of art; the image of author ego in vignette - Stable themes in vignette over two centuries: tradition, national cultural identity - characteristics and a sense of reservation and development - Vignette in the early 21st century continues to maintain the flexibility in interaction and resonance between literary tactics with other art forms' characteristics; freedom of expression; diversified tone, bold personality 2.3.2 Renovations - The diversity of the creative force, especially the presence of amateur writers, makes the concept of writer more flexible; - The coherence between the ego in everyday life and the ego in the composition; - Diversity in the composing sense, in which sense of life affairs, memory and philosophy are emerged - However, enhancing the nature of dialogue, evoking the need for debate, emotional resonance between writers and readers is really the most meaningful renewing 10 CHAPTER THEME SYSTEM IN VIGNETTE IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY 3.1 Vignette about regional scenery 3.1.1 Countryside landscape - Vignette writes about many different countryside lands in Vietnam - The natural landscapes in the countryside is a factor that lead a writer to the affairs of contemporary life: From the river, the field, the sky think about the destruction of the habitat; from the countryside humanity, thinking about the erosion in human-to-human behavior; From the desire to return to the village, resulting in the attitude towards the city life denying 3.1.2 Landscape of city - Many vignettes of the early twenty-first century are close to literature writing of travelers, to which vignette writers carries the enthusiasm of shiftingism As a result, large cities in turn appear in vignettes The slow-motion film about the cities shows how beautiful our country is, although sometimes the chaos of a developing city makes people not quite satisfied and love - Hanoi, Hue and Saigon appear in vignettes as colors that represent the image of the cities of three regions Writers write about urban space and life with contradictory emotions: nostalgia - hate, both attracted by urban magic and want to shun, love the noisy life and feel painful when finding out once upon a time values are disappearing On this theme, vignette truly conveys the exciting atmosphere of development, and the authors also express their feelings and concerns to the daily movements of city life 11 3.2 Vignette about culture and customs 3.2.1 Traditions and customs Traditional customs in the vignette in the early 21st century are traditional festivals, Tet holidays of the nation, unique cultural values and traditions with regional identity In fact, not all customs and practices bring positive values In the highlands, many depraved customs need to be replaced to improve human life Vignettes don’t write much about the dark sides, but most about the good cultural values From the good of the old days, it has opened concerns and worries about the disappearance of culture amid modern life But if there is a change, loss, that is just the rule Each person's responsibility begins from awareness to action to preserve, protect, develop and seek more positive values to replace 3.2.2 Spiritual culture Writing about the spiritual culture and beliefs of Vietnamese people, vignette refers to sincere belief to the deceased; about Buddhist beliefs as a way to balance the state of spiritual life of contemporary people The common denominator in a writer's sense of spiritual and religious culture is pride and anxiety Being proud because Vietnam is a country of traditional festivals, each region is a unique cultural color; and because beliefs are pure and true Vietnamese identity, it brings peace to the ethnic community There are still constant worries about the situation of some traditional festivals which are gradually distorted by the childish and pragmatic conceptions 3.2.3 Customs of daily life Vignette in the early 21st century took a close approach, rich in vibes about living habits (eating, dressing, playing) 12 However, all stories of everyday life eventually return to issues of culture, cultural identity, sense of responsibility in preserving and renewing culture 3.3 Vignettes about life affairs 3.3.1 Behaving culture Many vignettes refer to the existing paradox: modernization is inversely proportional to the behavioral culture - How people deal with nature results in environmental problems - The people to people behaving manner leads to incurable diseases in the human spirit (loneliness, desire for peace ) 3.3.2 Updated issues of contemporary life The strength of vignette is topical The recent vignettes almost all touch and arouse the problems of life today: planning, urban architecture; urban traffic Sad stories in education, pedophilia, drug addiction, tourist rip off, “scold noodle and insult rice soups” , whatever was noisy yesterday in the newspaper, soon after it will be written in vignette Whatever the issue is, after every writing work, there are big questions about the paradox in society, about the noise, the easy compromise of the crowd, clearly showing the stuff of the writer 3.4 Vignette about portrait 3.4.1 Portrait of artists, celebrity In the early 21st century, some vignettes wrote about portraits of artists, famous people in social life, the aspect which is not new but the new approach creates a great interesting effect and deep impression on readers The influence of genre characteristics makes a way for to build portraits that are different from other genres of literature: 13 enhancing real life details that cling to, even “breaking into” private affairs to bridging the gap between readers and celebrities 3.4.2 Portrait of “people who live around us” Those who live around us, including our parents, siblings, friends, people in the same street, people in the same village But what Mother is the image that appears in most memories of modern vignette writers at the beginning of the century XXI Writing about ordinary people around a writer's life is a way to express oneself, express the sense of life Life in vignette is expressed close to real life, giving readers more genuine emotions; also reflects the dynamics of the vignette genre in terms of content CHAPTER COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES AND EXPRESSION MODES OF VIETNAMESE VIGNETTE AT THE EARLY 21st CENTURY 4.1 Communication principles 4.1.1 Principles of the dialogues If the vignette of the twentieth century was still closed to the extent of expression, by the beginning of the twenty-first century, the vignette has the dialogue and the ability to stimulate criticism Dialogue is opened from many sides It is a consequence of the principles of open dialogue that writers of this period gave themselves the right to question the age, while at the same time creating opportunities for readers to exercise the right to criticize; it makes both the author and the reader feel free to ponder, manifest - a sign of equality and democracy in literature 14 4.1.2 Arousing strategy Using arousing strategies is one of the early vignette strategies of the 21st century used to arouse, while ensuring the authenticity of the story The symbols belong to the natural life, human life or cultural symbol for a land Most of them come from the small, familiar elements of life but easily arouse feelings of readers 4.2 Expression mode 4.2.1 Diversifying languages In addition to acquiring and using the erudite, richly aesthetic language of the twentieth century vignette, the twenty-first century vignette refreshes itself by promoting the use of language groups that have never been used or appreciated before It is a group of everyday language, free, bold in conversational language, slang; especially the group of languages popular on internet, dialects which are used densely The expression of the attractive vignettes in recent years firstly makes impression by the individual language, it proves that vignette of early twenty-first century is inclined to the principle of uniformity in discourse 4.2.2 Diversifying tones In the early 21st century, the tone of the vignette has been diversified in the direction of strengthening philosophy, mocking and reminiscing These tones have increased dramatically, becoming the unique tone of the vignette in the first two decades of the 21st century Because of the free and liberal nature that, with the same material reality of life, vignette readers may perceive different perspectives, ponder, provoke, associate through different tones 15 4.2.3 Diversifying methods of expression The twentieth-century vignette is relatively stable with the traditional narrative, description, and expressive modes In early twenty-first century, in order to express the abundant reality capacity, vignette has diversified its expression methods in order to optimally exploit all ways of approaching readers, guiding readers to merge into the story, seeking shared emotion The manifestation of diversification of expression methods: writers use paintings, illustrations, emoticons, characters on the keyboard, default features that introduce different status, fonts, and styles for content presentation; use the power of media to promote products; using fantasy dreams and images to express the spiritual person; make full use of the interaction in discourse and the resonance of characteristics of different genres of literature and art CONCLUSION Appearing in the Vietnamese prose system from early 20th century, vignette is considered a new genre But in fact, even recognizing vignette as a young prose is still difficult for researchers because of the newness and complex nature of the structure An overview of the study of vignette genre shows that there are many different views and concepts about the genre, resulting difficulties in positioning the genre It has both signs of fictional literature, and characteristics of free writing, literature of political commentary in which, the trace of free writing is relatively clear Literature history shows that the characteristic intersection of genres leads to the birth of a new genre or the renewal of an old genre and vignette is such a case, it is the final result of the constant penetration between different modes of expression of narrative prose After more than a hundred 16 years of establishment and development, vignette is really a prose genre that has an independent position in the modern Vietnamese literature system with its own characteristics: concise scale; author ego is shown in a direct and bravery manner, with impressive presence; the subjects are outstandingly dynamic and openness compared to other prose genres; the expression modes are free, just need to make sure to directly express emotions, thoughts and personality of the author; the structure depends on the principles and strategies that writers create, and is less influenced by stereotypes; language and literature are free to update, express vividly the fullest of all aspects of life For more than a century of growth, Vietnamese vignettes have been nurtured in different cultural environments The influence of modern cultural nutrients makes vignette change for adaptation At the early 21st century, the strong development of information technology has brought a dramatic change in many aspects, especially the breakthrough in the publishing of works; shortening the distance the path of a work to readers; increasing interaction between writers and readers; awakening composing potential in many individuals; creating a rare excitement for the life of the vignette genre The vignette survey of Vietnam in the first two decades of the 21st century shows that the positive development of the genre is evident in the large number of composers, a large number of works and genre characteristics that are “distilled” through a series of unique creative personalities On the one hand, vignette maintains genre characteristics throughout the 20th century (theme, ideological content, artistic method, author's personality ), on the other hand, it continues to inherit, transform, and develop strongly to demonstrate 17 the rapid adaptation of vignette to the new age (language, the realistic content of life, the concept of writers, the relationship between writers and readers ) It can be said that the interaction between vignette and cultural environments in the early 21st century brought about the movement and structural change of the genre The most significant change is to increase the inherent dialogue of the vignette, arousing debate or stimulating feedback from readers This makes vignette both prove openness in creative thinking and become close to life, easy to find empathy, evoking emotion and ponder in readers Viewed from genre characteristics, compared to novels and short stories, today's vignette content shows how it explores wide in size and depth in detail Therefore, readers can find in vignette all the aspects of contemporary life and people; In space with not too many words, vignette guides readers to the philosophies, lessons, perceptions, understanding, deep concerns about people, life and society Compared to characters in fictional prose, the characters in vignette are really unique Vignette character are either author ego or experiencing ego; or “people who live around us” - everyday, real people, in memories (parents, siblings, friends ) or present vividly before the author's perspective Therefore, to some extent, readers feel and believe in the authenticity of the stories being told The sympathy in vignette makes them more interested in this genre than other prose types, everyone can find themselves in the vignette and find empathy with the author when observing contemporary life and people The democratic spirit and the openness of literature and art in the 4.0 era is a compatible space for the freedom in creative thought of vignette writers to be effectively shown So writing about the natural landscape, culture, daily life affairs or human portraits, 21st century 18 vignettes always achieve a state of balance in recognition: positive and negative sides; light and shadow sides; praise and reflection; desiring to keep, preserve and receive cultural values in the context of globalization and rejecting what is conservative, haughty, arrogant towards the ecological environment today As such, vignette writers not only update life, but also update the outspoken attitude of people in the new era, which shortens the remove distance between art literature and life, it makes readers today satisfied as they can share hidden thoughts and concerns about daily life In terms of structure and mode of expression, vignette in the early 21st century has an important change compared to in the 20th century vignette to find a deeper sympathetic voice for the recipient The change is evident in the changes in communication principles and modes of expression Instead of messages and feelings that are transmitted unilaterally from writers like vignettes in the twentieth century, the vignette structure in the early twenty-first century develops in the direction of increasing dialogue about daily life affairs; monologue of personal experiences; making full use of arousing strategies These characteristics show the equality and freedom in the discussion of vignette in the early 21st century which is really necessary for literature in general in the new context The vignette's communication rules govern the structure and mode of expression of the genre Being different from the works of the previous century, the method of expressing vignette in this period is modern (making efforts to impress readers by using art, logic, harmonizing free languages and online languages), dynamic (on the one hand, shows how vignette adapt quickly to the vivid life that technology and the internet bring about; on the other hand, it 19 manifests itself in the diversification of tones, diversification of modes of expression) Novels, short stories or free writings can be written about all aspects of life, but vignette is not inferior even when joining in the exploitation of life materials with other superior genres as vignette has its own specific principles of communication and modes of expression It is impossible to compare which structure has a higher artistic value but it can be said that the movement trend of vignette in the early 21st century is showing the suitability of the development trend of modern life, so the outstanding universality of vignette is inevitable As part of the genre system, modern Vietnamese vignette is not a literary genre of big size but it is still a complex subject of the research because of many different views arguing about identifying scope, specific feature, composing, accepting vignette and until now there is still no unified understanding of vignette In this research, we have arranged, compared different concepts about vignette to establish genre theory, on which basis to build basic criteria for selecting works, authors to look for the real appearance of vignette in the first two decades of the 21st century However, the vignette is still moving and developing day by day, the survey to determine the genre characteristics certainly can not keep up with the composing life and the changes of genre like we have expected, demand This means that the study is not the final answer that completes the specific features of this genre, but rather an attempt to understand vignette as a literary genre in the first twenty years of the 21st century The changes in the content and art of vignette genre in the next development stages are open directions that need further concern and research to fulfill theoretical issues of modern vignette genre in Vietnam./ 20 LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS OF THE AUTHOR RELATED TO THE THESIS Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen (2016), “Boys from the old quarter” by Nguyen Viet Ha – A vertical perspective of Ha Noi, Sientific Journal of Ha Noi Metropolitan University, number 5, May 2016 Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen (2018), Cao Huy Thuan – Who awakens the conscience of the times, Sientific Journal of Ha Noi Metropolitan University, number 25, August 2018 Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen (2018), Nguyen Quang Thieu: Our hometown – a palce for leaving and returning, Sientific Journal of Ha Noi Metropolitan University, number 26, October 2018 Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen (2019), HaNoi in short stories by Nguyen Truong Quy, VietNam Journal of Social Sience Manpower, number 69, February 2019  ... writing vignette in Vietnam but at certain stages, Chinese vignette has influenced genre thinking in Vietnam CHAPTER VIETNAMESE VIGNETTE IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY IN THE MODERN VIGNETTE FLOW 2.1... Vietnamese modern vignette process; to identify the position and characteristics of vignette Vietnam in the early 21st century, thereby assessing the inheritance and renewing of Vietnamese vignettes... vignette in the first 21st century in the modern vignette flow Chapter Theme system in Vietnamese vignettes in the early 21st century Chapter Communication principles and expression modes of Vietnamese