Africans and the industrial revolution in england

Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England Drawing on classical development theory and recent theoretical advances on the connection between expanding markets and technological development, this book shows the critical role of expanding Atlantic commerce in the successful completion of England’s industrialization process over the period 1650–1850 The contribution of Africans, the central focus of the book, is measured in terms of the role of diasporic Africans in large-scale commodity production in the Americas – of which expanding Atlantic commerce was a function – at a time when demographic and other socioeconomic conditions in the Atlantic basin encouraged small-scale production by independent populations, largely for subsistence This is the first detailed study of the role of overseas trade in the Industrial Revolution It revises inward-looking explanations that have dominated the field in recent decades and shifts the assessment of African contribution away from the debate on profits Joseph E Inikori is Professor of History at the University of Rochester He was educated in Nigeria and England, and he was formerly Chairman of the History Department at Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Nigeria Professor Inikori’s previous books include Forced Migration (1982), The Chaining of a Continent (1992), and The Atlantic Slave Trade (with Stanley Engerman, 1992) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England A Study in International Trade and Economic Development JOSEPH E INIKORI University of Rochester Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Joseph E Inikori 2002 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2002 Typeface Sabon 10/12 pt System QuarkXPress [bts] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Inikori, J E Africans and the industrial revolution in England / Joseph E Inikori p cm Includes bibliographical references isbn 0-521-81193-7 – isbn 0-521-01079-9 (pb.) International trade – History Industrial revolution – England – History Slave-trade – Africa – History Slavery – Economic aspects – England – History Slavery – Economic aspects – America – History England – Commerce – America – History America – Commerce – England – History I Title hf 1379 i535 2002 382¢.44¢096–dc21 2001037927 isbn 521 81193 hardback isbn 521 01079 paperback Transferred to digital printing 2004 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com To the memory of my parents, Adjerharha and Omovie Inikori, my parents-in-law, Johnny and Elizabeth Adoh, and my sister-in-law, Mrs Caroline Enebeli www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Contents List of Tables Preface Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 10 page x xv Introduction The English Economy in the Longue Durée A Historiography of the First Industrial Revolution Slave-Based Commodity Production and the Growth of Atlantic Commerce Britain and the Supply of African Slave Labor to the Americas The Atlantic Slave Economy and English Shipping The Atlantic Slave Economy and the Development of Financial Institutions African-Produced Raw Materials and Industrial Production in England Atlantic Markets and the Development of the Major Manufacturing Sectors in England’s Industrialization Conclusion Appendixes 4.1 4.2 4.3 Average Annual Estimates of Bullion Import into Europe from the Americas, 1501–1800 Brazilian Sugar Export, 1536–1822 (£000 sterling) Average Annual Value and Commodity Composition of Exports from British America to Britain vii 19 89 156 215 265 314 362 405 473 487 487 488 489 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com viii 5.1 Contents Mean Slave Loading by Ships Cleared out to Africa from Ports in England 490 Vessels Reported Lost but not Found on the Lists of Vessels Cleared out to Africa from Ports in England, 1796–1805 491 Routes of Vessels Insured to Africa by William Braund, 1759–1772 493 Guineamen Identified in Liverpool (Prime) Registries 1786, 1787, 1788 495 Transcripts from the Balance Books of Arthur Heywood, Sons & Co., of Liverpool, Showing the Structure of the Bank’s Assets and Liabilities, 1787–1790 and 1801–1807 507 7.2 Insurance Premiums Paid on African Ventures 510 9.1 Shares of English and Foreign Products in Manufactures Exported from England to Western Africa, 1658–1856 512 Shares of English and Foreign Products in Manufactures Exported from England to the Americas, 1701–1856 514 9.3 Shares of English and Foreign Products in Manufactures Exported from England to Southern Europe, 1699–1856 514 9.4 Commodity Composition of Foreign Products Exported from England to Western Africa, 1658–1693 (in percentages) 515 Commodity Composition of Foreign Products Exported from England to Western Africa, 1699–1856 (in percentages) 516 Commodity Composition of Foreign Products Exported from England to the Americas, 1699–1856 (in percentages) 517 Commodity Composition of Foreign Products Exported from England to Southern Europe, 1699–1856 (in percentages) 517 Commodity Composition of British Products Exported from England to Western Africa, 1658–1693 (in percentages) 518 Commodity Composition of British Products Exported from England to Western Africa, 1699–1856 (in percentages) 519 Commodity Composition of British Products Exported from England to the Americas, 1699–1856 (in percentages) 520 Commodity Composition of British Products Exported from England to the West Indies, 1783–1856 (in £000) 521 5.2 6.1 6.2 7.1 9.2 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Contents 9.12 9.13 ix Commodity Composition of British Products Exported from England to Southern Europe, 1699–1856 (in £000) 522 Shares of Portugal and Spain in Total Exports (Domestic and Re-exports) from England to Southern Europe, 1701–1800 523 Bibliography Index 525 551 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Tables 2.1 Growth of Industrial Output (percent per year) 2.2 Changing Structure of Industrial Value Added in Britain (£m current and percent) 61 2.3 Population of England (Selected Years) 63 2.4 England’s Ten Top Counties in Order of Wealth Assessed for Tax 64 Regional Distribution of Pig Iron Production in England and Wales 70 2.6 Factory Employment in the Main Woollen Districts 74 2.7 Comparative Decennial Population Growth Rates in Selected Regions of England 81 Trade and Comparative Performance of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) Strategies (current price, £ sterling for England, US$ for others) 152 4.1 Brazilian Export, 1651–1820 (£000 sterling) 172 4.2 Regional Distribution of Commodity Export Production in British America, 1663–1860 176 Average Annual Value of Exports from the French Caribbean to France, 1683–1785 178 Annual Value (f.o.b.) of Export Production in the Americas, 1501–1850 181 2.5 3.1 4.3 4.4 page 60 4.5A Ethnic Composition of the Populations in the Main Regions of Brazil, 1798 189 4.5B Ethnic Composition of the Populations in the Main Regions of Brazil, 1872 190 x www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 562 Index Holland (cont.) contraband and, 180 European trade of, 20910, 267, 28889, 410, 422, 471 exports from Caribbean/Curaỗao to, 174, 177, 179–80, 182t, 191 interest groups, English navy and, 37, 279 investible funds vs opportunities for, national debt and, 322 shipping trade of, 267, 382 slave trade by, 218, 251, 388 unsuccessful industrialization of, 101, 106, 147, 150, 155, 475, 485 West African trade and, 288–89, 383–85, 397–98, 416, 420 Howell, Cicely, 32nn46–47 Hudson, Pat, 146 Hughes, J R T., 134 Hume, David, 124, 126, 126n110, 130 Hunter, Henry C., 267n6 hunting/gathering, 162 Hyde, Charles, 69n165, 70n166 ideas, 92, 102 imperialism, 137, 315 import(s) See also exports from Africa/Americas, 369–70, 369t, 372–74, 373t from Americas, produced by Africans, 372–81, 375t, 376t, 377t, 380t from Asia, 369t, 370, 371–72 from Canada, 377–78, 377t, 380t as a reflection of manufacturing weakness, 57–8 duties, 69, 69n165, 432 mainland British Americas’ surplus of, 198–99, 212 from British Caribbean, 74–75, 176t, 179n70, 192, 211, 329, 354t, 355t, 375–78, 376t, 379, 380t carried by English ships, 268–69, 268t–69t, 270 exports and agricultural, 47–8, 55–6 industrial production and raw material, 363–68 from Latin America, 377–79, 377t, 380t luxury, 56–7, 126 manufacturing development and, 125–26, 130 from Near East, 369t, 370, 372 from northern Europe, 368–69, 369t, 370–71, 374, 422 from northwest Europe, 368–69, 369t, 371 slave imports value vs value of, 199 from southern Europe, 369t, 370, 372 from United States, 377–78, 377t, 380t import substitution industrialization (ISI), 10, 11, 105 comparative, 150–51, 152t, 154–55, 482, 484–85 manufactures for (re) export in, 13, 54–5, 126n110, 130, 146, 149, 150–51, 154, 317, 362, 363, 405, 406–7, 410–11, 412, 421, 428, 429, 432–33, 439, 451, 475, 478, 485 metal products and, 59, 126n110, 410, 451 stages/types of, 13, 88, 150, 406, 477–78 state support/protection of, 12, 425, 431–32, 449 success/failure of, 12–14, 484–85 textiles and, 29, 59, 126n110, 410–11, 412, 421, 428, 429, 432–33, 439 Third World, 138, 150–51, 152t, 154–55, 449 income See also wage of 1660–1740, 53, 56 after Black Death, 34 agriculture, 146 in Domesday England, 24–5, 25n20 of early 1800s, 53 from financial services, 317 growth of, 211 manufactured goods demanded with growth of, 10, 92, 98, 273, 317 of service sector, 52, 265 social redistribution of, 10 India, 56, 120, 138, 149, 151, 162n20, 206, 239, 290, 429–32, 460, 471, 484 Indian cotton competition with, 78n201, 440–43, 442n82, 443n84, 444t, 447, 449 re-exports of, 57, 58, 77, 78, 78n201, 79, 108, 126, 206, 288, 289, 327, 406, 409, 410–11, 429–32, 430t, 431n29, 439 Indians (Native) Brazilian population of, 189t, 190t coerced labor of, 183, 481 population decimation of, 183, 197, 213 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index indigo, 367, 371, 372, 373t, 377n18, 383, 385, 386, 387, 390–91, 375192 industrial production, 38, 54–88, 60t, 61t, 63t, 64t, 70t, 74t, 81t See also import substitution industrialization (ISI) agricultural areas failure to develop, 66–7, 72, 85, 94, 101, 142–43, 145, 475 agriculture and, 43–50, 85–7 banks financing of, 316 changing structure of industrial value added in, 60–2, 61t failure/success of proto-industry to transit to full development of, 66–7, 72, 80, 80n205, 85, 475, 483 decreasing prices of raw materials effect on, 208, 368, 374, 481 development of, 54 domestic development of, 79–81, 104 exports and, 119–20, 122 growth rate of, 314, 317 imported raw materials and, 363–68 international trade stimulating of, 448–450, 452–55, 471, 478–79, 484–86 manufacturing development (1300–1660) and, 28, 35, 35n55, 39–40, 41, 55 mechanization of, 75, 77–9 percentage of economy for, 314 population and, 60–1, 474–75, 477 regionalism, competition and, 81–3, 83n213, 84, 85–6, 88, 146–48, 475 service sector and, 50–4, 87, 265, 314–15 urban industry for, 62–3, 63t, 92 wage increase in, 65 industrial products cheap and high quality, 420–21, 428 growth of, 8, 10, 61–2, 61t Industrial Revolution, 92–3 African contribution to, 3, 5–6, 7, 8–9, 103, 115–18, 479–82 agricultural productivity influence on, 91, 103–4, 104n43, 106, 116, 120, 147, 475 Americas trade influence on, 94, 97, 104–6, 109, 114–15 assessing the contending explanations of, 140–55, 152–53t capital accumulation and, 92, 94–5, 104 563 changing explanations of causes of, 89–123 commercial expansion and, 92, 95–6 cotton industry and, 365, 374, 428 development of, 76, 85–7 economic policy as main cause/features of, 140–55, 152t–53t examined from 18th/19th centuries alone, 20 examined from late Middle Ages, 19–20 factors responsible for changing explanations of, 123–40 financial institutions contribution to, 315–17, 360–61 home market absorption of America’s exports and, 104–6 imports influence on, 367–8 incorrect dating (1540–1640) of, 39 internally located forces influence on, 91, 104–6, 107–12, 116, 137–38, 157 international trade, exports and, 2, 7–8, 91, 94–5, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102–3, 106, 107, 111, 113, 116–17, 116n82, 119–20, 122, 137, 149, 448–50, 452–55, 471, 478–79, 484–86 lower rate of interest and, 102 metal production and, 457 military capacity and, 37, 113, 122, 214 minimizing effect of overseas trade on, 135, 143–44, 147 negative social consequences of, 90–1, 93 population and, 91, 120–21, 474 rapid growth of industrial output in, 9–10 technology, science and, 91, 92, 107–12, 107–13, 115–16, 117, 120, 317, 365, 413, 448–50, 450n102, 475 term of, underrate importance of, world-wide commerce contribution to, 2, industrialization culture connection to, 14–18, 15n32, 16n37 politic’s and culture’s connection to, 17–18, 18n41 Ingram & Co., 303 Inikori, Joseph, 117–18, 119n88, 121 institutional theory, 16, 17–18, 19, 106 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 564 Index insurance, marine, 199, 200n126, 216, 298, 338–61 Atlantic slave economy stimulation of, 340–41, 343–44, 360–62 breakdown of coverage/costs of, 346–49, 352 early forms of, 338, 339 from British Caribbean, 352–56, 353t, 354t, 355t felt as unnecessary, 339 high premiums in war for, 345 incomplete, 344–45, 344n96 increase of average annual premiums for, 342, 342n88 irregularity of, 339–40 joint-stock companies of, 341n85 from Liverpool, 350–52, 351t, 359 navy ships used for lower, 343, 349 premiums on ships/goods England to Africa, 340–41 premiums on ships/goods England to Americas and Americas to England, 341 premiums on American trade of European powers, 341 purpose of, 338 rates of, 349–52, 350t, 351t, 356–357 risks of Atlantic slave trade and, 342, 344–45 slave value in, 352 triangle trade and, 350t, 351t, 352 underwriters (private), risk spreading and, 341n85, 357–60 war and, 345–46 interest lowering of rate of, 102 interest groups, 17 international trade influenced by, 8, 37, 82–3 with political clout, 36 interlopers, 217–18 intermediate goods consumer goods, capital goods and, 10, 11, 12 size of domestic markets and, 10, 11 international trade, 51–54, 134n129 See also Atlantic basin (World); Atlantic slave economy; exports; imports; triangle of trade Africa, Americas, England and, 8–9, 76, 103, 112, 149, 215, 280–83, 280t, 318, 328 Africa and, 3, 5–6, 7, 8–9, 68, 69, 75, 99–100, 103, 149, 407–11, 414t, 416–20, 425–26, 426t, 434n64, 437, 437t, 439, 440–43, 442n82, 443n84, 444t, 445–51, 456t, 457, 457t, 459–72, 479–82, 486 Americas and, 59, 69, 76, 94, 97, 104–6, 109, 112, 114, 119, 122, 142, 149, 197–99, 207–8, 209, 273, 408, 411, 414, 415t, 425–26, 426t, 427t, 447–49, 448t, 451, 456–57, 456t, 457t, 459–60 bills of exchange discounting for, 320 collapse of, 130–31 comparative advantage theory and, 126–29, 130, 135 construction industry linkage to, 454–55 cotton industry linkage to, 433–35, 436t, 448–50, 452, 452n105, 464 development of consumer tastes from, development of new industries from, domestic production and, 29–30, 78, 104–5, 104–6, 113 English and African bilateral, 239, 241–42, 243, 243, 244, 282, 282n27, 287–97, 299–304, 300t, 301t, 302t, 307, 310t, 312–13 entrepôt trade and, 8, 52, 54, 55, 56, 61, 76, 146, 151, 406, 407, 412, 485 export sector, division of labor and, 8, 85–6, 88, 101n34, 125, 127 financial institutions influenced by, 8, 76 geographic location of, 148–49 growth of, 138, 148–49, 485 illegal contraband in, 179–81 imports vs exports for, 51, 104–5 industrial production stimulated by, 448–50, 452–55, 471, 478–79, 484–86 Industrial Revolution influenced by, 2, 7–8, 91, 94–5, 97, 99, 101, 102–3, 104, 106, 107, 111, 113, 116–17, 116n82, 479 interest groups influenced by, 8, 37, 82–3 intra-European trade and, 201, 202–10 limits in 15th century, 163–64 manufacturing and, 55 Mediterranean, 158, 161, 162, 163 metal industry linkage to, 452–55, 464, 471 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index minimizing effect of, 135, 143–44, 147 national economy relationship to, 128 productivity theory for, 127, 128, 129, 134 raw materials for, 8, 161, 166, 211, 213 re-exports and, 8, 51, 58–9, 103, 122 regionalism, competition and, 146–49 resources utilization in, 8, 127, 155, 161 restrictions of, 177, 179 sales of English manufactures, 148–49 service sector influence on, 87, 199–201, 201n127, 202t, 211–12 shipping and, 8, 76, 280–83, 280t, 478–79 societal change through, 37, 40 technology stimulation of, 8, 55, 76, 112, 122, 131, 132, 133–34, 142, 143, 448–50, 464, 475, 477, 478 textiles and, 73–4, 76–9, 80, 84, 85–6, 120, 145, 151, 433–35, 436t, 448–50, 450n102, 452, 452n105, 477 tropical produce and, 8, 52, 121 vent-for-surplus influence on, 99n29, 100, 126–28, 129, 130, 134, 156, 211 weakness of native English traders in, 266–67 inventions, 92, 94, 100, 113, 115, 141 in iron industry, 71, 108, 142 macro, 140 saving of labor by, 125 investment, 133 in construction, 455 due to African trade, 469–71 in foreign areas, 315 in Guinea coast, 295 in industry/manufacturing, 315–17, 328, 469–71 of insurance company, 338–39 investor sufficient confidence for, 318 lack of vehicle for, 316 market opportunities for, 6, 117–18, 122 in plantations, 325, 327–28 profits and, profits from Atlantic slave economy for, 319–20, 329–30, 361 in re-exports, 328 in shipping/commerce, 265, 328, 455 in slave trade, 252, 325, 327–28 565 in trading posts, 295–97, 323–25 in transportation, 143–44, 311, 453 Ireland, 84, 229, 273, 290, 355, 422–24, 448, 448t linens of, 422–25 iron industry, 61t, 67–8, 67n156, 73, 109, 266, 281, 306 See also metal industry domestic supply for, 367 exports to Americas by, 456–57, 457t exports to Western Africa by, 457, 457t gross product value of, 455 imports for, 56, 365–66, 367, 370–71, 409 inventions in, 71, 108, 142 linkage to international trade, 452–55 regional distribution of, 69–72, 70n166, 70t shipping use of, 266, 281, 306–8 Irving, Captain, 257 Irving, Thomas, 228–29 Irving, William, 460 ISI See import substitution industrialization Italy, 147, 150, 161, 163, 207, 266, 319, 339, 475 ivory, 217, 220, 241, 243, 245, 246, 256, 297, 343n93, 358n113, 381, 450 Jackson, R V., 47, 60, 60t, 62 Jacob Senserf & Co., 288, 289 Jamaica, 222, 229, 231–32, 233, 237–38, 248–49, 283, 332, 348 James, C L R., 1–2 James Rogers & Co., 242–43, 258 Japan, 14, 155 John, Arthur H., 103, 340, 341, 341n85 Johnson, James, 434, 442, 442n82 Johnson, Marion, 245n86 joint-stock companies, 320–21, 322, 341n85 Jones, Eric, 16 Jones, James, 297 jute, 370–71 Keynes, John Maynard, 6, 129–30, 131, 132 Kindleberger, Charles, 123 King, Gregory, 33, 44, 413 King, W T C., 33, 44 kings See Crown Klein, Herbert S., 119n88, 183, 186, 236 Knipe & Partridge, 419 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 566 Index Knipe, William, 418–19 Kuznets, Simon, 473–74 labor See also employment; slavery; slave trade cheap, 27, 80, 85–6, 88, 133, 393, 421, 475 coerced vs paid, 182–83, 481 concentration of, 128 division of, 8, 85–6, 88, 101n34, 125, 127, 156, 182, 211, 457 exports and, 119 factory employment, 74–5, 74t growth, 145 industry, 63 problems of, 462–64 proletarianization of, 182, 185 resistance to machines, 75 riots, 463–64 scarcity of, 26, 31, 33, 65, 113, 155, 388, 462–63 skilled/organized, 457, 463 surplus, 133, 134 unstable employment for, 90 labor movement/union, 82, 463–64 Lancashire industrialization and, 70t, 74t, 75–80, 81, 81t, 84, 85–6, 103, 145, 147–48, 310–11, 310t, 313, 368, 404, 416, 418, 421, 450, 450n102, 451, 452n105, 454, 469, 471, 475, 477, 480 financial services and, 320, 337 shipping and, 310–11, 310t, 313 land See also agriculture; farm(er) accessibility of, 182 active market for, 26, 27, 32, 38, 43 arable to pasture, 30–1 changes in landholding structure, 49 enclosure vs common, 48–9, 49n108, 50n110 lack of laws for, 15 large landowners, 33, 43–4, 46nn92–93, 49 rights for, 22, 38, 115–16 Landes, David, 141 Langton, John, 81–3, 83n213, 87n220, 144 Latin America, 13, 14, 138, 150, 151, 152t, 154–55, 160, 163, 375, 377–79, 377t, 380t, 484–85 See also Brazil; Caribbean; Colombia; Mexico; Peru Lawson, Caesar Captain, 345 leather See hides Lee, C H., 54, 87, 314 Leeward Islands, 222–23 Lewis, Arthur, 16–17, 124, 131–34, 133n128, 138, 148 Leyland (Thomas) & Co., 303, 344–46 Lindert, Peter, 44, 44n83, 52–3 linen industry, 409, 410, 412 Africans in Americas and, 426, 426t, 427t domestic production of, 411, 424 exports to Americas by, 425–26, 426t, 427t exports to Western Africa, 425–26, 426t France and, 422 imports for, 365–67, 370–71, 422, 424 Irish, 422–24 mechanization/technology of, 424 re-exports for, 409–11, 422–24, 423t, 425–26, 426t Liverpool, 76–7, 80, 237, 247, 250, 251, 252, 256, 258n124, 418 brass/copper industry of, 467, 469–71 financial services and, 323, 324, 326, 330, 335, 336, 337, 344, 351–52, 351t industrialization and, 418, 441–42, 466, 467–68, 469–71 shipping, Atlantic slave economy and, 283, 286, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300t, 301t, 303, 307, 309, 310–13, 333, 351–52, 351t, 452–54, 462–63 Lloyd’s (of London), 341, 359, 360 Lloyd’s List, 255–56, 257, 258, 259, 263, 264, 277, 278 London, 17, 25, 28, 35, 43, 49, 54, 58, 87, 100n31, 217, 247, 374, 387, 431 financial services and, 318, 320, 321, 322, 323, 330, 337–38, 340, 343, 355, 359, 361 industrialization and, 418, 467–68 shipping and, 275t, 286, 289, 300, 301t, 318, 353, 452, 453, 454, 467 London Assurance, 340, 341–42, 341n85 Lumley (Thomas) & Co., 346 Madeira, 224 Malthus, Thomas, 124, 125n109 Manchester, 429, 434, 437–38, 443, 445, 446, 447, 450, 452, 454 Manchester, Alan, 173 Mann, Julian de Lucy, 40, 76, 443 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index Manning, Patrick, 160 manorial system, 26, 32 Mantoux, Paul, 93, 95–6, 100, 318–19 manufacturers bills of exchange from slave trade for, 335 growth of external demand for, 10 high discount rates of, 335 manufacturing, 405–6 See also cotton industry; linen industry; metal industry; textiles; woolen industry development (1300–1660) of, 28, 35, 35n55, 39–40, 41, 55 in Domesday England (1086), 24, 24n13 early stage of wide-ranging development (1663–1750) of, 52, 56–7 expansion of, 133n128 factory system in, 92 financial institutions indirect contribution to, 315–17, 328 GNP and, 62 imported, 146 imports and changing nature of, 362–63 increased domestic, 52, 411, 412 international trade associated with, 55, 76, 119–20, 146 mechanization of, 75, 77–9 productivity gains in, 55 profits from slave trade and, 3–4, 117–18, 382–83 public debt and, 322 regional distribution of the products of, 69–72, 70n166, 70t regional patterns of, 81–3, 83n213, 84, 85–6, 88, 146–48 shipping and, 77, 274, 275t, 276, 278–79, 301–6, 303t, 304t, 305t, 310–13 value added, 365–366 maritime See shipping maritime insurance See insurance, marine market economy agricultural, 38–39 Domesday England, 25, 27 feudalism to, 27, 27n27 limited opportunity, 15n35 sector, 204 marketing banks funding of circulating capital for, 316–17 Marshallian, 129 Marx, Karl, 124, 322 567 Marxists, 28n27, 105, 107, 135–36 See also socialist Massie, Joseph, 44 Mathias, Peter, 9, 54 Mauro, Frederic, 173 Mayhew, Nicholas, 24, 25, 34, 34n52 McCloskey, 122 McDaniel, Antonio, 236 McPhee, Allan, 404n95 mechanization See also technology Mediterranean trade, 158, 161, 162, 203, 328, 479 Melvil, Thomas, 440 Melvil,Roberts, and Stockwell, 390–91 Mennell, Stephen, 16 mercantilism, 156, 203, 210, 211, 214, 265 merchant marine Atlantic slave economy, shipbuilding industry and, 266–69, 268t–69t, 270t–71t, 271–74, 274t, 275t, 276–79, 277t merchants, 76, 112, 113, 164, 200n124, 207, 217, 218, 282, 283, 288, 304t, 311 Africa and, 295–97, 390, 417, 440, 446, 460–61, 468 credit economy and, 318–19, 329–30, 361 marine insurance of, 342 Merchants of Liverpool Trading to Africa, 441–42 Merrick, Thomas, 188n97 metal industry, 411, 451–72, 456t, 457t See also copper/brass industry; gun industry; iron industry construction industry and, 454–55 copper/brass industry, 467–472 exports to Americas by, 456–57, 456t, 457t, 459–60 exports to southern Europe by, 456, 456t, 457t exports to Western Africa by, 456t, 457, 457t, 459–72 gross product value of, 455 gun, 457–67 international trade linkage to, 452–55 as re-exports, 410, 411 shipbuilding increased demand in, 452–54 metal products, 59, 61t, 103, 151 war demand for, 453–54 metal products See also iron industry Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 568 Index Mexico, 13, 150, 151, 160, 183–84, 186, 213, 484–85 Midlands, 41–2, 43, 450n102 West, 67–72, 67n156, 70n166, 85–6, 103, 142, 145, 404, 455, 457, 477, 480 migrants, European, 188, 189t, 190t, 191, 194t, 195t, 474 military, 37, 113, 122, 214, 215, 244, 245, 246, 248, 251, 266, 279 See also navy; war Mill, John Stuart, 124, 127–28, 135 Miller, 31nn44–45 Minchinton, 471 Mingay, G E., 45–46, 50n113 mining economy, 210–11 gold/silver, 183–84, 197 mineral energy, 24, 35, 39, 72, 91, 111, 479 Mitchell, 274, 276 money circulation/exchange of, 161–62, 203–4, 206, 409 English merchants, gold and, 207, 244 hoarding of, 319 monopoly rights, 216–17, 219, 222, 223, 226, 230, 282 mortgages, 46n93 Moykr, Joel, 90, 110–11, 122–23, 137, 141, 143 mulattos, 184 muslin, 431–32, 433 Musson, A E., 35, 39 Myint, H., 126, 127, 132, 134 nails, 67–8, 109, 453, 453n106, 457 nation-states, 163, 203, 392 natural resources See raw materials Navigation Laws, 279 navy, 273, 309 Atlantic market’s disproportionate share taken by, 480 interest group influence on, 37, 113 protection with, 251, 266, 279, 398, 453 slave trade and, 244, 245, 246, 248, 251, 343, 349 Needham, Joseph, 482 Nef, John, 39 New England, 211–13, 218, 375, 375t Niane, D T., 159–60 Nightingale, Miles, 400–401 non-market model, 130, 133, 135, 138 Norman Conquest, 23 Norris (Tom) & Co., 439–40 North, Douglass, 17–18, 18n41, 19, 21, 27n27, 115–16 North America, British, 211–13, 218 agriculture of, 328 commodities to Britain from, 176t slave trade of, 228, 235–37 Nuyts, Pieter, 384 O’Brien, Patrick K., 91n7, 119–21, 146, 148 Office of Assurances, 339 Ordnance Department, 459 organizations, 17 Orient, 13, 14, 15, 97, 98 Orient See Asia overseas trade See international trade palm oil, 394, 395, 403–4 Palma, W De la, 383–84 Palmer, Colin, 248 Parliament abolition of slave trade and, 252, 294 African/slave trade approval by, 224, 232, 385, 468 enclosures by acts of, 49 financial management by, 36–38 market protection by, 425, 431–32 papers/investigations of, 241, 242–43, 246, 249, 250–51, 263, 282 power of, 28, 82 slave trade shipping regulations by, 284–86 trade in West African products competing with Americas’ and, 389–90, 391, 417 Parr, John, 462, 466 Patten, Thomas and Robert, 470 Pearce, James, 289 peasant disappearance of, 32, 32n46 income of, 24–5 population of, 23 ruling elite (lords) changing relationship to, 27–8, 27n27, 31 wool/cotton production of, 27, 30, 32, 427 to yeoman farmers, 31, 32 Penny, James, 283 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index pepper, 217, 381 Peru, 183–84, 185, 186, 192 Philippine (or Asiatic) Company, 239 Phillips, Carla, 167–68, 169 Pinkethman, Captain, 289 plague See Black Death plantation(s) in Africa, 383–91 in Americas, 210–11, 230–31, 435, 437t credit for, 325–32 crops, 186, 192, 196, 208, 328 economy, 210–11, 230–31 insurance for, 353, 353t inventory/investment, 325, 327–28 of USA South devoted to single staple crop for distant market, 328 southern Europe, 165 Spanish, 186 political institutions central administration after Norman Conquest for, 35–36 development of Industrial Revolution and, 86 evolution from Domesday England for, 35–38 politics industrialization’s and culture’s connection to, 17–18, 18n41 Pollard, Sidney, 19, 66 Pomeranz, Kenneth, 483–84, 484n10 Ponting, K G., 366n9 population of African slaves/descent, 184, 186–87, 188n97, 189t, 190, 190t, 191–92 of Americas, 67, 160, 162–63, 183, 211 of Barbados, 218–19, 219n19 of Brazil, 188n97, 189t, 190, 190t, 213 Caribbean, 191–92, 193, 194t, 195t, 218–19, 219n19 class struggle vs growth of, 28n27 decline (1300–1450) of, 28–9, 31n45, 33n48 of Domesday England (1086), 23, 23n8, 25, 26, 40 of British America, 193, 194t, 195t, 213–14 of European migrants, 188, 189t, 190t, 191, 194t, 195t farmers and, 44–6, 47 of Haiti, 191 increase (1450–1660) of, 28, 43 569 increase (1740–1790) of, 47, 63–4, 63t, 104 increase (1801–1851) of, 48, 63–4, 63t, 78, 81, 81t, 143 Industrial Revolution and growth of, 91, 120–21, 477 industrialization and, 60–1, 474–75, 477 Lancashire, 78, 81t of Mexico, 183–84, 186, 213 rate of growth for, 474 regional vs national growth of, 63–65, 63t, 64t, 145 rent, labor and, 31, 31nn44–45 resources and, 106 stagnation (1680–1740), 63, 63t, 146 underdeveloped nations and size of, 474 of West Africa, 159–60, 162 of Western Europe, 158–9, 161–62 Porter, 394n58 ports, 76, 228, 237, 238t, 240, 269, 275t, 291, 311–12, 407, 466 Portugal, 118, 120, 149, 164, 165–66, 381, 420 balance of trade with Americas for, 198, 480 Brazil’s exports to, 170n46, 171–74, 172t, 181–82, 181t, 187–90, 189t, 190t, 207, 207t, 413 contraband and, 180–81 European trade of, 206–8, 207t, 214, 405, 408, 409–10, 412, 413–15, 414t, 426 slave trade of, 215, 216, 381, 403 Postan, M M., 316 poverty motivation of, 79–80, 85 Third World, 136–37 Power, Eileen, 26n3 precious metals/stones, 167–68, 182, 187–88, 203 Pressnell, L S., 320, 338 prices culture and relative price changes, 17–18, 18n41 per slave, 221, 248, 326, 332, 352, 382 raw materials and decreasing of, 208, 368, 374, 481 revolution, 204 of ships, 299–305, 301t, 303t, 304t wool, 31n41, 34, 34n52 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 570 Index private traders, slave, 250, 344, 388, 443, 445 See also Hall (Thomas) & Co.; Leyland (Thomas) & Co.; Rogers (James) & Co.; Tarleton (John) & Co corrupt/fraudulent, 224–27, 286 legalization of, 223, 227 ratio of chartered company trade to, 227, 230–31 ship ownership by, 282–83 unapproved, illegal, 217–18, 219, 248 privateering, 254–55, 263, 284, 298, 345, 358n113 production process efficient organization of, 11 productivity theory, 127, 128, 129, 134 profits gun industry, 464–66 investment, market opportunities and, measurement of rates of, outside of slave trade, shipping, 273, 276 of slave trade, 3–4, 116–18, 244, 382–83 property rights, 22, 115–16 property rights See land protection, industrial, 12, 163–64, 203, 425, 428, 431–32, 439 proto-industrialization, 66–7, 72, 80, 80n205, 85, 474, 483 Puerto Rico, 170, 191–92 Quirk & Baldwin Co., 303 railways, 55, 61, 76, 82, 83, 87, 144, 146, 148, 453, 454, 454n111, 475 Raleigh, Walter, 267 Randall, Adrian, 75 raw materials See also commodities Africans’ production in Americas of industrial, 374–81, 375t, 376t, 377t, 380t Africa’s export production of, 381–404, 396t changing structure of imports and importance of, 362–63 domestic production of, 272 industrial production and imported, 363–68, 478 international trade in, 8, 161, 166, 211, 213 regional distribution of imported, 368–74, 369t, 373t retained, 364, 364t under-utilization of, 26 Rawlinson, Samuel and William, 333–34, 438, 445 redwoods, 217, 395, 396, 396t re-export substitution (RES), 13 re-exports Brazilian/Portugese, 244–45, 379 Dutch, 209–10, 410 duty on, 399 English, 197–99, 208–9, 281, 364, 364t, 407–11, 422–24, 449 French, 209–10 Indian imported cotton for, 57, 58, 77, 78, 78n201, 79, 108, 126, 206, 288, 289, 327, 406, 409, 410–11, 429–32, 430t, 431n29, 439 international trade and, 8, 51, 58–9, 103, 122, 478 investments in, 328 ISI process for, 8, 13 linen industry, 409–11, 422–24, 423t, 425–26, 426t metal industry, 410, 451 of slaves, 249 Spanish, 197–99, 204–6 system of, 203–4, 328 woolen industry, 410 regionalism within Americas pre-16th century, 163 competition, industrial production, 81–3, 83n213, 84, 85–6, 88, 146–48, 475 distribution for manufacturing products by, 69–72, 70n166, 70t international trade, competition and, 146–49 manufacturing and patterns of, 81–3, 83n213, 84, 85–6, 88, 146–48 population, national growth and, 63–5, 63t, 64t, 145 specialization, 82, 83, 143–44 transportation, nationalism, 143–45 within Western Europe, 161 religion, 92 persecution of, 420 rents, 27, 31, 31n44 rent-seeking, 38 Restoration, 75, 80, 271 Rhode Island, 235 Ricardo, David, 124, 125n109, 127, 128, 129, 130, 135 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index rice, 192, 209, 383 Richardson, David, 119n88, 235–36 Robinson & Heywood, 445 Rodney, Walter, 216 Roe (Charles) & Co, 470 Rogers, Captain Richard, 293 Rogers (James) & Co., 334, 337, 347–48, 347n102, 357n112, 445, 462, 463, 468–69 Rogers, James, 295, 324, 333, 438, 443, 445 Roper, Captain William, 243, 324–25 ropery/cordage, 307–8, 311, 370 Rostow, Walt, 108, 111, 124, 125n109, 126n110, 129, 130n120, 452, 452n105 Royal African Company, 222–23, 224, 226, 229–31, 245, 320–21, 326, 385, 389, 395, 396–97, 398, 407, 416, 417, 419, 434n64, 439 Royal Exchange Assurance, 340, 341n85 ruling elite (lords) Domesday England, 24 peasants’ changing relationship to, 27–8, 27n27, 31 rum, 229–30, 243, 409 Russia, 267, 409 Salman & Co., 292 San Domingo See Haiti Say’s law, 318 Schumpeter, Joseph, 129–30, 130n120, 414t science See technology, of Industrial Revolution Scotland, 77, 217, 273, 313, 374, 424–25 securities, government, 320, 321–22, 361 seigneurial production, 25, 35 Seller, John and Robert, 296 Senegal, 217 England and, 396–401 France and, 396–99, 400, 401 serfs, 23, 27n27 service sector, 50–54, 87 Atlantic Basin, 199–201, 201n127, 202t, 211–12, 265 dominance over, dependence on, industrial production, 87, 87n220 entrepôt trade for increasing of, 54 income of, 52, 265 make-up of, 50–1, 314 percentage of economy for, 314–15 Shepherd, William, 97, 97n24, 200, 211, 354, 356 571 Sheridan, Richard, 119n88, 201, 329, 338 Sherwood, Captain William, 283 shipping, 51, 52, 76, 106, 200–202, 200n126, 211–13 See also Guineamen on African coast, 260, 261t–62t American-built ships for, 277–78, 278n19 Atlantic slave economy and, 266–69, 268t–69t, 270t–71t, 271–74, 274t, 275t, 276–79, 277t capital ships, “tenders” and, 291–93, 294 cash vs credit in, 330–31, 331t coastal vs foreign, 270t, 271–72 copper use in, 306–10 cordage/ropery in, 307–8, 311 distribution, by region, of Englishowned shipping employed in foreign trade, 280–83, 280t employment/income from, 265, 272–73, 274t, 278–79 English establishments on Guinea coast and, 295–97 exports carried by English-owned, 268–69, 268t–69t, 270 fines, 246 Floating Factory, 293–95, 327, 343, 419 foreign ships for, 239–40 foreign trade distribution and growth of, 280–83, 280t foreign vs British built, 239–40 growth of English Merchant Marine, shipbuilding and, 268t–69t, 270–72, 270t, 276–77 Guineamen (slave ships), general characteristics, tonnage built per decade, outfit cost, 283–84, 286, 288–89, 290, 291–95, 292n49, 299–301, 300t, 301t, 302–5, 304t, 305–13, 305t, 305t298, 310t improvements of ports for, 311–12 increased tonnage of, 286–87, 301, 302–3, 302t, 310t, 313 international trade and, 8, 76, 280–83, 280t, 478–79 investment in, 265, 328, 455 iron used in, 266, 281, 306–8 large with small ships in, 243, 291 location of building of ship and, 301–2, 303t maintenance of, 276, 277t, 297, 298–301, 300t, 301t, 306–10, 312 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 572 Index shipping (cont.) manufacturing and, 77, 274, 275t, 276, 278–79, 301–6, 303t, 304t, 305t, 310–13 Navigation Laws for, 279–80 nonslave, 237, 239, 240–43, 245, 245n86, 259 number of slaves per ship and, 246, 247, 285 outfit cost for, 305–13, 305t, 310t price for shipbuilding and, 302–6, 304t price of ships for, 299–305, 301t, 303t, 304t profits, 273, 276 regional distribution of foreign trade for, 280–81, 280t shipbuilding, metal industry and, 452–54 shipbuilding and, 77, 274, 275t, 276, 277t, 280t, 281, 299, 301–6, 303t, 304t, 305t, 312, 370, 373–74, 380 slave trading integration with shipowning, rise of specialized class of, 282–83 slave ships from England/British Caribbean and, 228, 230–33 slave ships lost in, 217, 253, 255–56, 259, 260, 261t–62t, 263, 298 slave trade regulations for, 284–86 smallness of slave vessels in, 230 tropical water’s perils in, 293, 308–9, 313 limited size of early English merchant shipping, 266–67 Sierra Leone, 216, 256, 323, 396 silk, 365–66, 371–72, 409, 431 silver, 94, 166, 167, 183–84, 197, 203–4, 206 Simon, Robert, 171 slave economy See Atlantic slave economy slave trade See also chartered companies, slave; private traders, slave abolition of slavery by English and, 391, 394, 403–4, 459 African products without/with carrying slaves in, 239, 240–45, 381, 464, 467, 468, 470 African wars caused by, 382 analysis problems in, 234–36, 239–42, 246–47, 259–60, 263, 281, 287, 312 cargo in, 217, 220–22, 229–30, 244, 244n84, 245n86, 259, 343n93 to the Caribbean, 218–19, 219n19, 222, 225 chartered companies for, 216–17, 219, 220–24, 226, 227, 229–31, 282 cheap flow of African slave labor, 208 commodity production for export in Africa vs profits of, 382–83, 392–93 competition in, 388 contraband exchange with, 180 corrupt/fraudulent/illegal, 224, 225–26 cost/sales price per slave in, 221, 248, 326, 332, 352, 382 credit to plantations/employers of slave labor, 325–32 discrepancies in totals of, 235–37 Dutch, 218, 251, 388 early English, 216–27 from England directly to non-British America, 246–47, 250, 286, 295 from England in 1701–1807, 237–47, 238t, 287–95 from British America in 17th century, 224–25 from British America in18th/19th centuries, 227–37 from British Caribbean, 228–34 British-carried slaves distribution in Americas, 247–53 expansion of, 158 fines in, 246 foreign ships for English, 239–40 French, 247, 249, 250, 251, 253, 286, 288, 294–95 increased demand for slaves in, 382–83, 392 insurance on slaves in, 344n96 insurrection of Africans against, 253, 256–59 investment in, 252, 325, 327–28 legislation on transportation for, 284–86 mortality rate in crossing Atlantic for, 219, 223, 230, 233, 263–64 navy use in, 244, 245, 246, 248, 251, 343, 349 negative implications of, 116 number of slaves per ship in, 246, 247, 285, 286, 327, 327n44 performance analysis of, 230 perils of English, 253–64, 261t–62t, 281–82, 293, 313, 342 for plantations and southern Europe, 165 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index planters/merchants involvement in, 217 Portuguese, 215, 216, 381, 403 private traders of, 217–18, 219, 221, 223–27, 230–31, 248, 250, 286, 344, 388, 443, 445 privateering and, 254–55, 263, 284, 298, 345, 358n113 profitable English, 3–4, 76, 116–17, 121, 215–16 re-exporting of, 248, 249–50 rum trade and, 229–30, 243 shipping regulations for, 284–86 slave ships lost in, 217, 253, 255–56, 259, 260, 261t–62t, 263, 298 slaves and ships lost as small percentage in, 260, 263 smallness of slave vessels in, 230 Spanish, 239–40, 247–49, 250, 251, 253, 286, 321, 403 statistics and, 221–22 total, 247 total re-exports and direct British slave exports to non-British America, 249–50, 252–53 total shipments for 18th/19th century from British America, 233–34, 235, 236, 237 total slave transports (1701–1807) by ships from England, 237–39, 238t, 241 total yearly shipments for early, 220, 221–22, 223, 227 war effect on, 253–54, 255, 263, 282, 298, 313, 345 warlords/bandits/violence in, 382–83, 388, 392–93 slavery, African See also plantations abolition of, 3, 5, 6–7, 28n27, 252, 294, 311, 311n98, 323, 382, 394, 403, 459 Americas’ production of industrial raw materials by, 182–83, 371–72, 373, 374–81, 375t, 376t, 377t, 380t, 383–85, 386–89, 390–91, 394–95, 394n58, 404, 404n95, 481–82 army of, 388 in Barbados, 218–19 cotton production by, 371–72, 373, 383–85, 386–89, 390–91, 394n58, 404n95, 481 in Domesday England, 23–4 in Dutch America, 181t, 191 573 economic value of, 185–86, 196–98, 197t, 248, 382 English capitalism and abolition of, 3, 5, 6–7, 28n27 in British Caribbean, 192, 219 English imports/exports vs computed value of, 199 evil of, 137 explaining the Industrial Revolution: expanding trade vs profits of, 117–18 in French Caribbean, 181t, 191 labor needs and, 182–83, 481 life expectancy of, 236 linen used by enslaved Africans, 425–26, 426t, 427t population of, 184, 186–87188n97, 189t, 190, 190t, 218–19, 219n19 in Portuguese Brazil, 181t, 187–90, 188n97, 189t, 190t resistance of, 1–2 in the South (British America/U.S.A.), 96, 193, 194t, 195t in Spanish America, 181t, 183–86, 185n84, 481 in Spanish Caribbean, 191–92 sugar and, 121, 165 surplus-value/profits from, 99n29, 100 slaves employed by European companies in Western Africa, 384, 385–86 Smith, Adam, 111, 124, 125, 125n109, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134 Smith, Captain James, 218 Smith, Woodruff, 121 smuggling, 168, 180, 399n77, 400, 433 Snooks, Graeme, 20, 24, 25, 27n27, 33–4 social mobility, 92 social relations, 38 socialist, 138 socio-political institutions 1086–1660, 22–43 economic changes from, 22 Solow, Barbara, 119n88 South Korea, 12–13, 15, 138, 150, 151, 152t, 154–55, 484–85 South Sea Company, 248, 249, 320–21 South the, of British America (U.S.A.) commodities to Britain from, 176t, 193–96, 211, 375–76, 375t credit to plantations of, 330 population of, 193, 194t, 195t Southerland, Captain, 343 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 574 Index Soviet Union, 130, 133, 135, 136, 139 Spain, 85–6, 118, 149, 164, 215, 390 Americas’ exports to, 166–71, 174, 181–82, 182t, 183–86, 191–92, 196–97, 405 balance of trade with Americas for, 198, 480 contraband and, 180 defeat of, 279 European trade for, 203–4, 207–8, 214, 405, 408, 409–10, 412, 413–15, 414t, 426 gold of, 166–68, 169, 183–85, 196–98, 203 re-exports to Spanish America from, 198, 204–6 slave trade for, 239–40, 247–49, 250, 251, 253, 286, 321, 403 specialization international trade and, 127, 210 of marine insurance, 340 regional, 82, 83, 143–44 Western Africa and, 245, 297 speculation, 400 spinning machine (Paul’s), 442 St Croix, 233 steam, 428 Stephenson, Robert, 422–23 Stewart-Brown, R., 276, 278 storms, 255 subsistence production, 22, 25, 31, 38, 43, 118, 124–25, 129, 158, 204, 210 sugar, 121, 157, 165, 167, 169, 171–72, 175, 177nn64–65, 179n70, 186, 187–88, 192, 206, 209, 281, 363, 374, 383, 385, 386, 387, 393n57 reduced price/mass market for, 208, 374 supply, 110, 443, 445–46 Sutherland, 340 Szostak, Rick, 143–45 Taiwan, 12–13, 15, 138, 150, 151, 152t, 154–55, 484–85 Talbot, Captain Clove, 244 Tarleton (John) & Co., 250, 282, 326, 344, 348 tax revenue, 35–36 Taylor, Samuel, 438, 446, 446n90, 450, 451n103 Teast, Syndenham, 241, 245 technology See also inventions accidental (exogenous) development of, 135, 139–40, 141, 142 adoption of new, 8, 11, 50, 50n113, 71 Americas/Africa demand of products and inspiration for, 448–50, 450n102 as endogenous, 139, 141, 146 exports as stimulation of, 111, 142–44, 448–50, 450n102, 464 of Industrial Revolution, 87, 91, 92, 107–13, 115–16, 120, 317, 365, 413, 448–50, 450n102, 457, 475 international trade stimulation of, 8, 55, 76, 110–12, 122, 131, 132, 133–34, 141, 142, 143, 452–55, 464, 475, 477, 478 metal industry, mechanization and, 457 property rights, market expansion and, 115–16 slow development/resistance of, 77, 79, 90–1, 95 textiles, mechanization and, 75, 77–8, 79, 108–9, 113, 142, 365, 413, 424, 428, 442, 448–50, 450n102 textiles, 56–7, 58 See also cotton industry; linen industry; woolen industry cotton imports for, 365–68, 371–72, 373, 373t, 375–78, 376t, 380–81, 386–89, 390–91, 394n58, 404n95, 478 cotton industry and, 421–51, 430t, 436t, 437t, 448t dyestuffs imports for, 367, 372–73, 373t, 379, 381, 386t, 395, 396 exports of, 73–4, 78, 84, 92, 113, 151, 161 factory employment in, 74t failure of agriculture/wool areas to develop, 66–7, 72, 85, 94, 101, 142–43, 145, 475 growth of, 61, 61t, 72, 76, 77–8, 163 growth of domestic cotton for, 29–30, 34–5, 40–1, 54, 78–80, 84, 411, 433–84 gum imports of, 395–403, 396t Indian imported cotton for, 56–7, 58, 77, 78, 78n201, 79, 126, 206, 409, 410–11, 429–32, 430t, 431n29, 439 Industrial Revolution influenced by, 365, 374 international trade influence on, 73–4, 76–9, 80, 84, 85–6, 120, 145, Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index 433–35, 436t, 448–50, 450n102, 452, 452n105, 477 linen imports for, 365–67, 370–71 linen industry and, 421–27, 423t, 426t, 427t marketing vs fixed capital costs of, 315 mechanization/technology of, 75, 77–8, 79, 108–9, 113, 142, 365, 413, 424, 428, 442, 448–50, 450n102 silk imports for, 365–67, 371–72 wool imports for, 365–67, 366n9, 371, 372 Third World, 131, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 150, 449, 473–74, 484–85 Thirsk, Joan, 35, 39 Thomas, 27n27, 122 Thomas, Dalby, 229–30, 385–88 Thomas, P J., 429 timber, 281, 297, 306, 310–11, 332, 370, 372, 373–74, 373t, 378, 380, 394 Tipping, Thomas, 434 tobacco, 168–69, 187, 192, 208, 209, 243, 281, 363, 374, 383, 409 reduced price/mass market for, 208 Touchet, Mr., 390–91 Touchet, Samuel, 59, 398–99, 399n73, 423–24, 434, 440, 440n79, 442 Toynbee, Arnold, 89, 93–4, 95, 319 trading posts, 295–97, 304, 323–25 transportation, 452 canal, 81–2, 87n220, 453, 454n111, 475 improvements, 143–44, 311, 453, 454n111, 479 inland, 156 railway, 55, 61, 76, 82, 83, 87, 148, 453, 475 regional vs national effect of, 143–45 treaties, 171, 214, 399, 400, 401, 446 triangle of trade, 280–83, 318, 480 circuitous routes of, 287–91 complexity of, 287 insurance and, 351t, 352, 352t variation of ships in, 291–95 triangle of trade See also Americas, Africa, and English trade of tropical produce, underdeveloped countries See Third World United States See also North America, British; South the, of British America (U.S.A.) 575 American-built ships for English merchant marine and, 277–78, 278n19 balance of payment calculations for, 200 debts to England by, 330 exports, re-exports and, 198, 199, 200 exports to Britain from, 377–78, 377t, 380t exports/imports, 354t growth and expansion to western, 212 insurance to, 354–57, 354t, 356t war of independence for, 283–84, 286, 321, 330, 339, 401, 402, 435, 442, 454n111, 459 urban industry, 62–3, 63t, 92 Vassal, Samuel, 248 vegetable oil, 373, 373t, 394, 395, 403–4 vent-for-surplus, 99n29, 100, 125, 126–28, 129, 130, 134, 156, 211 Viner, Jacob, 134n129 Wadsworth, A P., 76, 443 wage differentials, 65 workers, 44–6, 45n87 Walker, Captain, 291–92 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 107, 121, 482–83 Walton, 79, 200, 211, 354, 356 war, 217, 266, 283–84, 286, 318 See also United States, war of independence commodities influenced by, 332, 449 defeatimg of foes in, 279, 480 government securities to finance, 321–22 gum and, 398–99 gun industry and, 458, 462 metal products demand by, 453–54 privateering and booty of, 254–55, 346, 358n113 slave trade, losses of ships and, 253–254, 255, 263, 282, 298, 313, 332, 343, 345, 382 warlords/bandits, 382–83, 392–93 Warren, Bill, 136 Warrington Company, 470 Watkins, Thomas, 470–71 wealth, 41, 127, 129 in 1086–1300, 25 county rankings by, 64–5, 64t from gun industry, 464–67 from industrial production, 87 Weber, Max, 16n37 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 576 Index Wenman, Captain G., 245 West Country, 72, 84, 142–43, 145, 418, 420, 421, 454, 475, 477 West Indies, 232–33, 241, 251–52, 289, 309, 348, 353, 354t, 355t, 412 West Indies See also Caribbean West Midlands See Midlands West Riding, of Yorkshire, 71–5, 80, 81, 81t, 84, 85–6, 103, 142–43, 145, 315–16, 416, 418, 420–21, 454, 475, 477, 480 Whatley, John, 458–59, 462–63, 463n132, 465 Whittle, Captain, 344–45 Wilkins, Mira, 329 Williams, Captain, 256, 257 Williams, Eric, 2–4, 5–6, 7, 99n29, 118, 136, 137 Williams, Gomer, 299 Williams, John, 126, 128 Williams, Thomas, 59, 309–10 Williams, Wilson, Williamson, Jeffrey G., 44, 44n83, 52–3 Willoughby, T E., 241 Wilson, Charles, 163 Wilson, R G., 73 Woodville, Captain William, 295, 443 wool trade/industry, 55 See also textiles beginning of, 24 Flanders, 29 growth (1350–1660) of domestic cloth and, 29–30, 34–5, 40–1, 54, 151, 406 growth/dependence (after 1660) on exports of, 51, 57–8, 61, 61t, 72, 80, 125, 362, 408, 412, 413 growth/dependence (in 1200s) on exports of, 26–7, 26n3, 34, 36 growth/dependence (in 1300–1660) on exports of, 28–30, 39, 150–51, 161, 412, 413 increased prices in, 31, 31n41 land from arable to pasture for, 30–31 woolen industry, 410n2, 424 adaptability of, 420–21 Africa’s effect on, 420–21 coarse wool for , 410, 417 decline of, 412, 413, 415 exports to Americas by, 414t, 415 exports to Northern/Northwest Europe by, 414t, 415 exports to Southern Europe by, 413–15, 414t exports to Western Africa by, 414t, 415, 416–20 increase of, 415 lighter woolen textiles of, 410, 418–20 new draperies of, 420 protection of, 431–32 re-exports of, 410 wool imports for, 365–67, 366n9, 371, 372 Wordie, J R., 48–9, 50 Wright, 339 Wrigley, E A., 111, 148, 479 Yelling, J A., 49, 49n108 Yorkshire, 146, 147–48, 421 Yorkshire See West Riding of Yorkshire Young, Arthur, 94 Zook, George, 220 ... the mid-nineteenth century The category, Africans, covers continental Africans and diasporic Africans in the Americas The notion of the Industrial Revolution employed in the study describes the. .. the literature on the Industrial Revolution in the context of these changing theoretical The concept of import substitution industrialization (ISI) is explained in detail in the introductory chapter... new industries in England; while the maintenance of the Negroes and their owners on the plantations provided another market for British industry, New England agriculture and the New Foundland