THe industrial revolution

Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com The Industrial Revolution www.Ebook777.com Recent Titles in Crossroads in World History The Enlightenment: History, Documents, and Key Questions William E Burns The Rise of Christianity: History, Documents, and Key Questions Kevin W Kaatz The Rise of Fascism: History, Documents, and Key Questions Patrick G Zander The Industrial Revolution HISTORY, DOCUMENTS, AND KEY QUESTIONS Jeff Horn Crossroads in World History Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Copyright © 2016 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Horn, Jeff (Historian) Title: The industrial revolution : history, documents, and key questions /   Jeff Horn Description: Santa Barbara : ABC-CLIO, 2016 | Series: Crossroads in world   history | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016020574 (print) | LCCN 2016022008 (ebook) |   ISBN 9781610698849 (alk paper) | ISBN 9781610698856 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Industrial revolution—History | Industrialization—History |   Social history Classification: LCC HD2321 H67 2016 (print) | LCC HD2321 (ebook) |   DDC 330.9/034—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016020574 ISBN: 978-1-61069-884-9 EISBN: 978-1-61069-885-6 20 19 18 17 16   1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available as an eBook ABC-CLIO An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 www.abc-clio.com This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America www.Ebook777.com Contents Alphabetical List of Entries vii Topical List of Entries ix xi How to Use This Book Prefacexiii Timelinexvii Historical Overview xxi The Industrial Revolution: A to Z1 Primary Documents Child on Interest, Trade, and Money: Josiah Child, Brief Observations Concerning Trade and Interest of Money  The State of the Poor: Frederick Morton Eden, The State of the Poor  Lowell Mill Girls: Harriet H Robinson, “Early Factory Labor in New England”  Conditions in the Mines: United Kingdom, Children’s Employment Commission (Mines) Report  Defending the Factory System: Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of Manufactures  Living and Working in Manchester: Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844  The Enlightenment’s Focus on Education and the Usefulness of Knowledge: Frederick II, “Discourse on the Usefulness of the Arts and Sciences in a State”  115 115 117 118 121 126 128 130 vi Contents Resisting Mechanization: The Luddites: The Writings of the Luddites 132 Robert Owen on Education and the Evils of Child Labor: Robert Owen, A New View of Society  134 Adam Smith on the Division of Labor: Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations138 Key Questions Question 1: Why Was England First to Industrialize? Question 2: Was the Exploitation of the Working Classes Necessary to Have an Industrial Revolution? Question 3: Could an Industrial Revolution Have Taken Place without European Colonialism and Imperialism? 141 141 151 162 Selected Annotated Bibliography 173 Index181 About the Author and Contributors 188 Alphabetical List of Entries Agricultural Revolution American System of Manufactures Arkwright, Richard Armory Practice Bridgewater, Duke of Brunel, Isambard Kingdom Cartwright, Edmund Chaptal, Jean-Antoine Coal Cockerill, William Colonialism Consumer Revolution Cotton Credit Crystal Palace Discipline Division of Labor Domestic Industry Education Enlightenment Factory Acts Factory System Fitch, John Hargreaves, James “Industrious Revolution” Interchangeable Parts viii Alphabetical List of Entries Iron and Steel Jacquard, Joseph-Marie Lancashire Liebig, Justus von Luddites Mercantilism Owen, Robert Patent(s) Pollution, Health, and Environment Productivity Railroads Role of the State Royal Society of Arts Second Industrial Revolution Slater, Samuel Socialism Standard of Living Steam Engine Tariffs and Excise Taxes Transportation by Water Waltham System Watt, James Wedgwood, Josiah Whitney, Eli Workforce Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Topical List of Entries KEY PEOPLE Arkwright, Richard Bridgewater, Duke of Brunel, Isambard Kingdom Cartwright, Edmund Chaptal, Jean-Antoine Cockerill, William Fitch, John Hargreaves, James Jacquard, Joseph-Marie Liebig, Justus von Owen, Robert Slater, Samuel Watt, James Wedgwood, Josiah Whitney, Eli EVENTS Agricultural Revolution Consumer Revolution Crystal Palace Enlightenment Factory Acts Luddites Second Industrial Revolution www.Ebook777.com Selected Annotated Bibliography 177 The Global Origins of the Industrial Revolution Allen, Robert C The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009 Allen’s concise, well-argued volume seeks to explain British leadership by emphasizing wages, agriculture, and cheap engines Other scholars may not agree with his arguments, but they have to respond to them Inikori, Joseph E Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England: A Study in International Trade and Economic Development Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002 Without question, Inikori’s challenge to scholars of the Industrial Revolution has been one of the most profound of the last generation His powerful argument about the exploitative nature of the British Industrial Revolution and its reliance on slavery has not been adequately dealt with by the scholarship Pomeranz, Kenneth The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000 Pomeranz’s provocative assertion that the origins of economic “divergence” between China and Europe were based on the West’s exploitation of other parts of the world undermines the complacency of insular scholars of Europe and the United States The Industrial Revolution Outside Britain Broadberry, Stephen, and Kevin H O’Rourke, eds The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe, vol 1, 1700–1870 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010 This short book is a more general European approach to understanding economic change and the place of the British Industrial Revolution in its continental context It contains 11 chapters by noted experts Horn, Jeff, Leonard N Rosenband, and Merritt Roe Smith, eds Reconceptualizing the Industrial Revolution Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010 This book contains 15 clearly written chapters that explore the Industrial Revolution in national context Multiple chapters consider the British experience and two explore the United States, while others examine various European countries along with Japan, India, China, and Brazil The bibliography also provides useful references Hounshell, David A From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984 This ground-breaking examination of the process of technological change spawned a host of imitators and competitors and is still one of the most highly readable accounts of U.S industrialization 178 Selected Annotated Bibliography Smith, Merritt Roe Harpers Ferry Armory and the New Technology: The Challenge of Change Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1977 This classic examination of the workings of the Harpers Ferry armory and its place in the story of American industrialization is still rewarding Labor Burnette, Joyce Gender, Work and Wages in Industrial Revolution Britain Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008 This powerfully argued book is controversial, but has stimulated important debate Burnette asserts that differences in jobs and pay resulted from genuine disparities in productivity and were therefore a response to market forces Humphries, Jane Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011 The best of a large number of similar books, Humphries compiled an unmatched set of autobiographies of young workers, which underlay an account of the Industrial Revolution that brings together economic statistics and intimate detail in a unique way Thompson, E P The Making of the English Working Class New York: Vintage Books, 1966 [1963] This magisterial account set the agenda for studies of the people who made Industrial Revolution for a generation Reading this book will give a real sense of the problems and challenges faced by the working classes during the later stages of the British Industrial Revolution as well as their relationships with management and the state Primary Sources Cole, G D H., and A W Filson, eds British Working Class Movements: Select Documents 1789–1875 New York: St Martin’s Press, 1967 This is an older collection, but it brings together a wonderful set of documents about how workers attempted to deal with mechanization, new technologies, growing managerial control, and the oppression of the state Pollard, Sidney, and Colin Holmes, eds Documents in European Economic History: Industrial Power and National Rivalry, 1870–1914 New York: St Martin’s Press, 1968 This venerable collection is particularly strong in demonstrating the role of management in the Industrial Revolution, both in Britain and elsewhere Science and Technology Jacob, Margaret C Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997 Selected Annotated Bibliography 179 This concise account investigates the role of culture in yielding scientific and technological advances in a comparative fashion Landes, David S The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969 Landes’s interpretation, with its emphasis on the role of technology, is at the heart of most modern studies of the Industrial Revolution Although the analysis also covers the continent, the British paradigm is at the basis of Landes’s influential account of economic development MacLeod, Christine Heroes of Invention: Technology, Liberalism and British Identity 1750–1914 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007 This book explores how inventors and invention came to be central to British conceptions of themselves MacLeod also makes clear both the myths and realities involved in this process and the significance for the emergence of liberal society Mokyr, Joel The Level of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991 This short volume is full of insight into the relationship of technological improvement and economic development It is clear and is still one of the best books on why some inventions matter more than others and that how people use an invention sometimes matters as much or more than its technical superiority Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Index Agriculture (Agricultural Revolution), xxiv, 1–3, 22–24, 26–27, 64, 69; colonial products and, 22–24; consumption, and, 26–27; trade and, 1–3, 69 American system of manufactures/ production, 3–4, 8, 39, 57, 84, 103–104, 109 Apprentice(s), 6, 38, 47–48, 51, 81, 107, 111–112, 122, 137, 152, 159 Arkwright, Richard, xxv, 5–6, 12, 29, 31, 37, 50–51, 62, 67, 70, 86, 94, 145, 159 Armory practice, 3, 6–8, 39, 58, 109 Ashley-Cooper, Anthony (7th Earl of Shaftesbury), 17, 48, 121–126 Ashton, T.S., xxi, 141 Asia, 22, 25–26, 163, 166, 169, 171 Babbage, Charles, 61 Bank of England, xxii, 31–32, 81, 142 Beaumont, Jerónimo de Ayanz y, 93 Belgium, 18, 19–20, 41 Berthollet, Claude, xxv, 29 Blanc, Honoré, 58 Boulton, Matthew, 43, 95, 105–106 Bridgewater, Duke of (Francis Egerton), 8–10, 99 Brindley, James, Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, 10–12 Canal, 8–9, 63, 84, 99, 100–101 Capital, xxiv, 2, 30–32, 85, 103, 143, 154, 164, 168 Cartwright, Edmund, xxv, 12–13, 29 Chaptal, Jean-Antoine, 14–15, 44 Child, children, 13, 17, 36, 40, 47–49, 51, 55–56, 73, 91, 102–104, 110–113, 119–121, 121–125, 127, 136–137, 152–154, 159; discipline, 36, 47–49, 102–104, 111–112, 121–125, 127; government action, and, 17, 47–49, 91, 111, 113, 121–25, 136–137, 159; productivity, and, 13, 17, 55–56, 110–113 Child, Josiah, 115–117 Clark, Gregory, 155–156 Coal, xxiii, xxv, xxvi, 15–18, 62, 93, 99, 102, 145–146, 148, 167 Cockerill, William, 19–20, Colonialism, colonies, xxi, xxii, xxvi, 20–24, 68–69, 85, 97, 143, 148–150, 162– Colt, Samuel, 34 Consumer Revolution, consumption, xxi, xxviii, 18, 22–23, 25–27, 33, www.Ebook777.com 182 Index 40, 42, 51, 55–56, 68–69, 85, 88, 91–92, 132, 149, 153, 156–157, 159, 162, 165–167, 170–171; demand and, xxviii, 18, 22–23, 42, 51, 91, 156–157, 159, 162, 165, 170–171; Industrious Revolution, and, 55–56, 91, 153, 159, supply and, xxi, 22–23, 33, 68–69, 85, 132, 149, 165–167, 170–171 Cort, Henry, xxv, 59 Cotton, xxiii, xxiv–xxv, 5, 12, 27–30, 51, 54, 55–57, 63, 66–67, 70, 86–87, 94, 102–104, 108–109, 112, 128–129, 135, 148, 167; demand for, 28–30, 63, 86, 102, 148; novelty of, xxiv, 28–29, 55–57; production of, 5, 12, 27–30, 51, 54, 66–67, 70, 86–87, 94, 102–103, 108–109, 112, 128–129, 135 Crafts, Nicolas, 142 Credit, 30–32, 101, 115–117, 147 Crompton, Samuel, xxv, 12, 29, 145 Crystal Palace Exhibition, 4, 10, 33–35, 83 D’Alembert, Jean le Rond, 46 Darby, Abraham, 59 De Vries, Jan, 55, 153 Diderot, Denis, 46 Discipline, xxvii, 6–7, 35–38, 107, 110–113, 122–125, 152–161 Disease, 17, 21, 73–75, 123, 136 Division of labor, 3, 6, 7, 38–40, 51, 112, 129, 138–140 Domestic industry/manufacture, 13, 28, 40–42, 51 Eden, Frederick Morton, 117–118 Education, 14–15, 42–45, 46, 48, 64–65, 70–71, 83, 87, 119, 124, 130–131, 137, 146 Emigration, xiv, 19, 33, 35, 84, 86, 92, 112, 152–153, 159–160 Energy, 15–18, 62, 76, 106, 145–146, 148, 150 Engels, Friedrich, 89, 113, 128–129, 156 England See Great Britain Enlightenment, xxiv, 8, 42, 45–47, 70–71, 83, 88, 130–131, 147; education and, 42, 45, 84, 130–131; influenced by, 8, 46, 70–71, 83, 88, 130–131, 147 Entrepreneur(s), 7, 13, 15, 19–20, 26, 35, 37, 51, 52–53, 54–55, 62–63, 64–65, 99, 101, 106–108, 108–110, 110–114, 143–144, 146, 152–153, 158, 160, 164, 169; difficulties for, 19–20, 51, 52–53, 54, 107, 108–109, 111–112, 144, 158, 160; innovation by, 7, 15, 26, 37, 51, 52, 54, 62–63, 64–65, 99, 101, 106–108, 109, 110–113, 146, 152, 158, 160, 169; state and, 35, 53, 55, 62–63, 64–65, 107–108, 109, 111, 113–114, 152–153, 158, 160 Environment, 45, 73–75, 152 Factory, factory system, xxvii–xxviii, 5–6, 12, 35–36, 38, 50–52, 66–67, 70–71, 86–87, 93–94, 103–104, 107, 119–121, 126–127, 145–146, 156, 158–160; discipline and, 35–36, 38, 51, 66–67, 71, 103–104, 107, 119–121, 126–127, 158–160; establishment of, xxvii–xxviii, 5–6, 38, 50–51, 86–87, 93–94, 107, 145; regional, xxvii, 50, 66–67, 103, 107, 119, 146, 158 Factory Acts, 47–50, 71, 158 Fertility, xxiv, 92 Fitch, John, 52–54, 100 Fourier, Charles, 88 France, 14–15, 17, 25–26, 43–44, 52–53, 57–58, 61–62, 69, 84–85, 97, 100, 147–149, 166, 168; competition and, 14–15, 43–44, Index 57–58, 61, 84–85, 97, 100, 147–149; education and, 14–15, 43–44, 84–85; fashion and, 25–26; resources and, 17, 69, 85, 149, 166, 168 Frederick II (King of Prussia), 130–131 Fulton, Robert, 52, 100–101 German lands, 18, 19–20, 41, 64–65, 84–85, 97–98, 130–131 Gilbert, James, Globalization, xxiv, 22, 84–85, 162–171 Gold and silver, 23, 165–166 Goodyear, Charles, 34 Government See State action Great Britain (England and United Kingdom), xxii, xxiii, xxiv, 16–17, 25–26, 31–32, 33–34, 36, 42–44, 47–50, 50–52, 54–56, 59–60, 62–63, 65–67, 68–69, 73–75, 75–77, 78, 79–82, 83, 84–85, 91–92, 96–97, 101–102, 105–106, 111, 113, 115–117, 117–118, 121–125, 128–129, 132–135, 135–137, 141–151, 152–161, 162–171; capital and, 31–32, 50, 81, 115–117, 154, 164, 167; colonies or empire, xxii 33–34, 59, 68–69, 80, 96–97, 148, 162–170; consumption and, 25–26, 33–34, 55–56, 91, 153, 166; population, and, xxiii–xxiv, 33, 63, 73, 85, 92; productivity, xxiii, 50, 56, 60, 62, 76–77, 78, 80, 91, 97, 113, 132–134, 135–137, 143, 144, 155–157; resources and, 16, 26, 59–60, 62, 74, 121–125, 128–129, 145–146, 147–148; science and technology and, 16, 33–34, 42–44, 51, 63, 74–75, 76–77, 83, 84–85, 101, 105–106, 141–142, 146, 150, 165, 171 183 Gribeauval, Jean-Baptiste, 57 Grimshaw, Robert, 12 Guns See Weapons Hall, John Hancock, 58 Hargreaves, James, xxv, 5, 28, 50, 54–55, 62, 67, 145 Harley, C Knick, 142 Health, xxiv, 17, 73–75, 91, 110–111, 122–124, 129, 136–137, 152, 158–160; improvements in, xxiv, 137; public health, 75, 111 Hobsbawm, Eric, 153 Huntsman, Benjamin, 60 Incentives, xxii, 1, 61, 87 Indenture, 38, 122 Industrious Revolution, 26–27, 55–57, 91, 153, 156 Inikori, Joseph, 21–22, 163, 169 Innovation, xxvii, 10–11, 25, 27, 28–30, 57–58, 59–60, 61–62, 72, 81–82, 86–87, 93–95, 104–106, 107–108, 108–110, 138–140, 142, 145, 150, 165; entrepreneurs and, xxvii, 25–25, 28, 61, 72, 86–87, 93–94, 104–106, 107–108, 109–110, 142, 145; production and, xxvii, 29–30, 57–58, 59–60, 61, 72, 86–87, 93–95, 105, 107, 109–110, 138–140, 145, 165; the state and, 10–11, 25, 28–29, 61, 72, 81–82, 86–87, 105–106, 108, 109–110 Interchangeable parts, 4, 6, 57–59, 109–110 Invention, xxv, 5–6, 10–11, 12–13, 28–30, 53, 54–55, 61–62, 72, 82, 93–95, 103, 104–106, 107, 108–110, 145; labor and 6, 12, 54, 61, 107; textiles and, xxv, 12, 28–30, 54–55, 61, 94–95, 103, 105–106, 109, 145; the state and, 5, 29, 53, 61, 72, 82, 105–106, 108, 184 109–110; Transportation and, 10–11, 53, 94–95, 105–106 Ireland, 2, 24, 37–38, 152, 170 Iron and steel, xxiii, xxv–xxvi, 4, 17–20, 33, 59–60, 62–63, 84, 94–95, 125, 142, 148, 167; invention and, xxv–xxi, 4, 18, 33, 59–60, 94–95, 142, 167; regional character of, xxiii, 17, 19–20, 59, 62–63, 148 Jacquard (Charles), Joseph-Marie, 29, 61–62 Jenner, Edward, 74 Juffroy, Claude de, 100 Lancashire, xxiii, 8–9, 28, 51, 54, 62–64, 65–67, 128–129, 133–134, 146, 158 Landes, David, 141–142 Leibniz, Gottfried, 45 Liebig, Justus von, 64–65 Linen, 23, 40 Linné, Carl von, 46 Liverpool, 8–9, 62–63, 78, 99 Locke, John, 46 Lowell, Francis Cabot, 102 Luddites, 37, 65–68, 132–134 Machine-breaking, 12, 37, 54, 61, 132–134, 152 Manchester, 8–9, 63, 70, 73, 79, 94, 99, 127, 128–130, 158–159 Market(s), 1, 4, 21–24, 25–26, 27–28, 40–41, 69, 139, 147, 149, 164–165 Marx, Karl, 39, 88–89, 113, 153, 155 McCormick, Cyrus Hall, 34 Mechanization, xxv, xxviii, 3–4, 6, 7, 38, 50–51, 66–67, 86–87, 94, 103–104, 110, 112, 132–134; factory system and, xxviii, 38, 50–51, 86–87, 94, 103, 112; invention and, xxv, 3–4, 6–7, 51, Index 94; labor and, 66–67, 103–104, 110, 112, 132–134 Mercantilism, xxii, 23, 41, 68–70, 80–82, 115–116, 162–163, 167–170 Metalwork, metallurgy, 3, 6–8, 16, 19–20, 25, 34, 57–58, 94, 101, 105, 108, 145; mechanization and, 3, 6–8, 19–20, 57–58, 94, 105, 108, 145; skill and, 6–8, 16, 19–20, 57–58, 101, 105, 145 Midlands, xxiii, 65, 132–33, 156 Mine(s), mining, xxiii, 9, 16–17, 20, 22, 33, 67, 73–74, 78, 81, 91, 93, 110–111, 121–126, 131, 145, 152–153, 158; colonialism and, 20, 22; labor in, 17, 67, 73–74, 81, 110, 121–126, 158; output, 16, 145; regional nature of, xxiii, 9, 111, 152–153 Mortality, xxiv, 2, 73–75, 92, 159 Murdock, William Napoleon Bonaparte, 14, 19, 61 Need, Samuel, 5, 50 Netherlands, 25, 69, 166, 168–169 Newcomen, Thomas, 93, 145 Newton, Isaac, 45–46 Owen, Robert, 48, 70–71, 88–89, 134–137, 160 Patent, xxii, xxv–xxvi, 5–6, 12–13, 29, 52–53, 54–55, 61, 72–73, 81, 93–94, 100, 104–106, 109–110 Peel, Robert, 47, 54 Pollution, 17, 73–75, 129, 158 Pomeranz, Kenneth, 23, 163, 171 Population, xxii, xxiii, xxvi, 1, 21, 34, 40, 63, 90–91, 135; demand and, xxii, xxvi, 91; economic growth, and, xxii, 34, 63, 90; pressure, 1, 40, 135 Portugal, 20–21, 165, 168 Index Poverty, 5–6, 37, 40–41, 51, 62, 71, 74, 81, 92, 116–118, 122, 124, 139; work, and, 5–6, 37, 51, 81, 118, 122, 124, 139; domestic industry and, 40–41, 62, 118 Productivity, xxiii, 2, 35, 38, 56, 71, 75–77, 81, 138–140, 145, 150, 155–157; growth in, xxiii, 76, 156; labor, 2, 35, 38, 56, 71, 76–77, 81, 138–140, 145, 155–157 Profit(s), 1, 2, 8, 23, 35, 51, 71, 78, 103, 113, 127, 143, 145, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 165–166, 169–170; agricultural, 1–2, 143, 166, 169–170; commercial, 23, 143, 166, 169–170; industrial, 35, 51, 71, 103, 113, 127, 145, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160; mining, 2021, 165, 168; transport, 78 Quesnay, Franỗois, Railroad, xxvi, 10–11, 63, 78–79, 84, 94, 100 Raw materials, xxvi–xxvii, 8, 14, 21–22, 30–31, 62–63, 74, 78, 84, 96–97, 118, 143, 147–148, 162–163, 166–167, 170; British advantage, xxvi, 14, 21–22, 31, 62, 96–97, 143, 147–148, 162–163, 166–167, 170; colonies and, xxi, 21–22, 30, 78, 97, 143, 147, 162– 163, 166–167, 170; transportation and, 8, 63, 78, 84, 148 Roberts, Richard, 29 Royal Society of Arts, 13, 33, 43, 83–84, 105 Sadler, Michael, 48 Saint-Simon, count de (Claude-Henri de Rouvray), 88–89 Savery, Thomas, 93 Science, 15, 25, 43–46, 64–65, 82–84, 105–106, 130–131, 142–143, 146, 185 147; Education and, 15, 43–44, 45, 64–65, 82, 83, 130–131, 146; Enlightenment and, 45–46, 83, 130–131, 146, 147; industry and, 15, 25, 43–44, 46, 64–65, 84, 142–143, 146, 147 Scotland, xxiii, 2, 37–38, 152, 159 Second Industrial Revolution, 39, 42, 60, 78, 80, 84–86, 90, 97–98, 103 Shipley, William, 83 Shipping, 22, 68–69, 100–101, 170 Skill, xxvii–xviii, 3, 12, 16, 19, 35, 39, 51, 109, 122, 127 Slave(s), slavery, xxiv, 21–23, 25, 143, 163–164, 168–171 Slater, Samuel, 86–88 Smeaton, John, 94 Smith, Adam, 14, 39, 69, 138–140, 145 Socialism, socialist, xxvii, 70–71, 88–90, 155 Spain, 20–21, 165, 168 Standard of living, xxi, xxii, xxiv, xxvii, 1, 17, 33, 36, 47–49, 56, 73–75, 90–93, 113, 117–118, 119–121, 121–125, 128–129, 132–134, 135–137, 142–144, 153, 155–158; children, and, 17, 36, 47–49, 56, 73–75, 91–92, 119–120, 121–125, 135–137, 153, 158; factory system and, xxvii, 33, 36, 47–49, 73–75, 90–92, 117–118, 119–120, 121–125, 132–134, 135–137; profit and, xxii, 36, 91, 113, 117, 119, 144; urbanization and, xxiv, 33, 73–75, 92, 125, 128–129, 137 State (or government) action, xxii, 2, 3, 5, 6–7, 14–15, 17, 22–24, 27, 30–32, 36–38, 43–44, 47–49, 57–58, 59–60, 61–62, 66–67, 68–69, 72, 73–75, 79, 79–82, 83, 84–85, 86–87, 91–92, 94–95, 95–98, 105–106, 106–108, 109, 111–114, 121–126, 130–131, 186 Index 133–134, 135–137, 143, 147–150, 152–153, 158–161, 162–171; colonies and, 2, 22–24, 59, 68–69, 80, 97, 158, 162–163; education and, 14–15, 43–44, 83, 85, 124– 125, 130–131, 143, 165–170; incentives, xxii, 5, 6–7, 15, 57–58, 61, 72, 81, 86–87, 94–95, 105, 106–108, 109; institutions and, 31–32, 43–44, 58, 72, 74–75, 81, 82, 83, 94–95, 105–106, 107, 111–113, 130–131, 135–137, 152; labor and, 17, 36–38, 47–49, 66–67, 72, 81, 107, 109, 111–113, 121–125, 133–134, 135–137, 147, 150, 152, 158–161; trade, xxii, 22–24, 27, 59, 68–69, 80, 82, 85, 87, 95–98, 149, 162, 165–170 Steamboat, xxvi, 11, 52–53, 78, 84, 94, 99–101 Steam engine, xxvi, 12, 18, 19–20, 43, 63, 78–79, 93–95, 104–106, 145 Steel See Iron and steel Stephenson, George, 78 Steuart, James, 27 Strutt, Jebediah, 5, 31, 50, 86 Supply and demand, xxi, xxiv, 2–3, 18, 22, 26, 41, 55–56, 156 Tariff(s), 4, 80, 85, 87, 95–98, 108, 166–167 Technology, xxi, xxvi, 16, 26, 27, 33, 43, 65–67, 72, 76–77, 83, 93–95, 141–147, 150, 165, 171; State and, xxi, 33, 43, 66–67, 72, 83, 94, 143, 146, 150, 165, 171; transportation, xxvi, 94–95 Tennant, Charles, 30 Thompson, E.P., 153 Trade and commerce, xxii, xxvi, 21–23, 68–69, 115–116, 147, 162–171 Transportation, 8–9, 10–11, 30, 52–53, 76, 78–79, 81, 84–85, 93–95, 98–102, 146, 148; by water, 8–9, 10–11, 52–53, 81, 84–85, 95, 98–102, 146, 148; state and, 10–11, 30, 53, 79, 81, 99–100 Trevithick, Richard, xxvi, 78 United States (North American colonies), xxiv, xxv, 3–4, 6–8, 17, 25, 52–53, 57–58, 59–60, 78–79, 84–85, 86–87, 97–98, 100–101, 102–104, 108–110, 118–121, 165, 167; invention, and, xxv, 3–4, 6–7, 52–53, 57–58, 78, 84–85, 86–87, 109–110; state and xxv, 3–4, 6–7, 52–53, 58, 79, 84, 86–87, 97, 100, 109–110; Second Industrial Revolution and, 4, 60, 84–85, 97–98; trade and, 25, 59, 79, 86, 97, 100–101, 109–110, 165, 167 Urbanization, 2, 18, 73–75, 92, 118, 128–129, 136–137 United Kingdom See Great Britain Ure, Andrew, 126–128, 160 Voigt, Henry, 100 Voltaire (Franỗois-Marie Arouet), 46 Wage(s), xxvii, 41–42, 56, 86–87, 90–92, 102–104, 107, 112–113, 117–118, 126–127, 133–134, 144–145, 150, 152–159; high, xxvii, 91, 107, 112, 127, 144–145, 150, 153, 156, 159; Low, 41–42, 56, 86–87, 92, 102–104, 113, 117–118, 133–134, 152, 156, 158 Waltham System, 102–104, 118–121 Water power, xxv, 5, 17, 50, 62, 79, 86–87, 94, 102–104, 148 Watt, James, xxvi, 43, 93–94, 104–106, 145 Weapons (guns, muskets), 3–4, 7–8, 81, 109–110, 167 Wedgwood, Josiah, 106–108, 159 Whitney, Eli, xxvi, 3, 29, 58, 108–110 Index Women, 35–36, 38, 40, 47–49, 51, 55–56, 73, 87, 91, 102–104, 110–113, 119–121, 122–125, 153–154, 159; reliance on, 38, 40, 51, 55–56, 87, 110–111, 159; wages and, 91, 102–103, 112–113, 120–121, 159; working conditions and, 35–36, 47–49, 73, 87, 104, 112–113, 119–121, 122–125, 159 Wool, woolens, xxiii, 13, 19, 23, 40 Workforce, xxvii, 13, 35–38, 38–40, 40–42, 47–49, 51, 55–56, 58, 70–71, 81–82, 102–104, 110–114, 117–118, 119–121, 121–126, 187 126–127, 126–127, 128–129, 132–134, 135–137, 140, 151–162; discipline of, xxvii, 35–38, 39, 40–42, 47–49, 81, 102–104, 110–114, 119–120, 121–125, 128–129, 152, 155, 158; growth of, 13, 40–42, 51, 55–56, 103, 111, 113, 128–129, 152, 158–160; resistance by, 58, 104, 112–113, 120–121, 132–134, 135, 153 Wrigley, Edward Anthony, 145 Yorkshire, xxiii, 65–67 Young, Arthur, 2, 46 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com About the Author and Contributors THE AUTHOR JEFF HORN is Professor of History at Manhattan College He is the author or editor of five previous books including Economic Development in Early Modern France: The Privilege of Liberty, 1650–1850 (Cambridge University Press, 2015) He is working on the biography of a terrorist in the age of the French Revolution and will soon embark on writing a global history textbook A People’s History of the World to be published by Oxford University Press THE CONTRIBUTORS SERGIO CASTELLANOS-GAMBOA is a third-year PhD candidate at Bangor University, UK His main areas of research interests include consumer finance, economic history, and financial macroeconomics His current research aims at analyzing the evolution of consumer credit in Britain after World War II SOPHIE MULLER is a PhD Candidate in History at the Graduate Center, CUNY She is a scholar of Victorian and Edwardian Britain with a specialization in childhood, masculinity, and class She is completing her dissertation titled “Poster Boys: Paternalism, Working-Class Boyhood, and Masculinity in Victorian and Edwardian London.” She also adjuncts at John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the Cooper Union ÉTIENNE STOCKLAND is a doctoral candidate in the History Department at Columbia University His current research project is on the environmental and economic history of livestock in the South of France during the 18th century www.Ebook777.com ... during the Industrial Revolution, thereby overemphasizing the role of technological change at the expense of the role of the state and the importance of empire Arguments that the Industrial Revolution. .. underpin the affluence of the contemporary industrialized world These two achievements explain why the process of industrialization in the late 18th and 19th centuries was so “revolutionary.” The Industrial. .. from France and the Austrian Netherlands (later Belgium) and then the United States and the German lands, the Industrial Revolution took advantage of European colonialism in the Atlantic world