Other titles in the series include: Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Rome The Black Death The Decade of the 2000s The Digital Age The Early Middle Ages Elizabethan England The History of Rock and Roll The Holocaust The Late Middle Ages Pearl Harbor The Renaissance Victorian England Understanding World History The Industrial Revolution Hal Marcovitz Bruno Leone Series Consultant ® San Diego, CA ® © 2014 ReferencePoint Press, Inc Printed in the United States For more information, contact: ReferencePoint Press, Inc PO Box 27779 San Diego, CA 92198 www ReferencePointPress.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Marcovitz, Hal The industrial revolution / by Hal Marcovitz pages cm (Understanding world history series) Includes bibliographical references and index Audience: Grade to 12 ISBN-13: 978-1-60152-601-4 (e-book) Industrial revolution Economic history I Title HD2321.M236 2014 330.9'034 dc23 2013015813 Contents Foreword Important Events of the Industrial Revolution Introduction The Defining Characteristics of the Industrial Revolution 10 Chapter One What Conditions Led to the Industrial Revolution? 16 Chapter Two The Revolution in Locomotion 29 Chapter Three The Revolution in Warfare 42 Chapter Four The Revolution in Mass Production 55 Chapter Five What Are the Legacies of the Industrial Revolution? 68 Source Notes 82 Important People of the Industrial Revolution 85 For Further Research 88 Index 91 Picture Credits 95 About the Author 96 Foreword W hen the Puritans first emigrated from England to America in 1630, they believed that their journey was blessed by a covenant between themselves and God By the terms of that covenant they agreed to establish a community in the New World dedicated to what they believed was the true Christian faith God, in turn, would reward their fidelity by making certain that they and their descendants would always experience his protection and enjoy material prosperity Moreover, the Lord guaranteed that their land would be seen as a shining beacon—or in their words, a “city upon a hill,”—which the rest of the world would view with admiration and respect By embracing this notion that God could and would shower his favor and special blessings upon them, the Puritans were adopting the providential philosophy of history—meaning that history is the unfolding of a plan established or guided by a higher intelligence The concept of intercession by a divine power is only one of many explanations of the driving forces of world history Historians and philosophers alike have subscribed to numerous other ideas For example, the ancient Greeks and Romans argued that history is cyclical Nations and civilizations, according to these ancients of the Western world, rise and fall in unpredictable cycles; the only certainty is that these cycles will persist throughout an endless future The German historian Oswald Spengler (1880–1936) echoed the ancients to some degree in his controversial study The Decline of the West Spengler asserted that all civilizations inevitably pass through stages comparable to the life span of a person: childhood, youth, adulthood, old age, and, eventually, death As the title of his work implies, Western civilization is currently entering its final stage Joining those who see purpose and direction in history are thinkers who completely reject the idea of meaning or certainty Rather, they reason that since there are far too many random and unseen factors at work on the earth, historians would be unwise to endorse historical predictability of any type Warfare (both nuclear and conventional), plagues, earthquakes, tsunamis, meteor showers, and other catastrophic world-changing events have loomed large throughout history and prehistory In his essay “A Free Man’s Worship,” philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) supported this argument, which many refer to as the nihilist or chaos theory of history According to Russell, history follows no preordained path Rather, the earth itself and all life on earth resulted from, as Russell describes it, an “accidental collocation of atoms.” Based on this premise, he pessimistically concluded that all human achievement will eventually be “buried beneath the debris of a universe in ruins.” Whether history does or does not have an underlying purpose, historians, journalists, and countless others have nonetheless left behind a record of human activity tracing back nearly 6,000 years From the dawn of the great ancient Near Eastern civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt to the modern economic and military behemoths China and the United States, humanity’s deeds and misdeeds have been and continue to be monitored and recorded The distinguished British scholar Arnold Toynbee (1889– 1975), in his widely acclaimed twelve-volume work entitled A Study of History, studied twenty-one different civilizations that have passed through history’s pages He noted with certainty that others would follow In the final analysis, the academic and journalistic worlds mostly regard history as a record and explanation of past events From a more practical perspective, history represents a sequence of building blocks—cultural, technological, military, and political—ready to be utilized and enhanced or maligned and perverted by the present What that means is that all societies— whether advanced civilizations or preliterate tribal cultures—leave a legacy for succeeding generations to either embrace or disregard Recognizing the richness and fullness of history, the ReferencePoint Press Understanding World History series fosters an evaluation and interpretation of history and its influence on later generations Each volume in the series approaches its subject chronologically and topically, with specific focus on nations, periods, or pivotal events Primary and secondary source quotations are included, along with complete source notes and suggestions for further research Moreover, the series reflects the truism that the key to understanding the present frequently lies in the past With that in mind, each series title concludes with a legacy chapter that highlights the bonds between past and present and, more important, demonstrates that world history is a continuum of peoples and ideas, sometimes hidden but there nonetheless, waiting to be discovered by those who choose to look Important Events in the Industrial Revolution 1300s Beginning of the Renaissance in Europe, the era in which art, literature, and the sciences are rediscovered after the medieval period Renaissance thinking would provide a foundation for the Industrial Revolution 1712 1600s Beginning of the Age of Enlightment, in which philosophers urge scientists, engineers, artists, and others to use their talents for the betterment of humankind 1600 1455 German goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg prints the first book using a press that employs moveable type The first book printed on the Gutenberg press is the Bible 1793 A steam engine developed by Thomas Savery, Thomas Newcomen, and John Calley goes into operation; the huge machine is used solely to extract water from mines 1700 1765 James Hargreaves revolutionizes the textile industry by fashioning a spinning jenny, which can create eight times the thread of an ordinary spinning wheel 1769 James Watt makes improvements to the Newcomen engine, adding a condenser that helps shrink the size of the machine, making it available for all manner of uses Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin, making cotton into a valuable crop in the South but also ensuring that slavery would remain an institution in American society 1914 World War I erupts; the combatants use the latest technology of the Industrial Revolution—airplanes, submarines, battleships, chemical weapons, and motorized tanks—to wage the four-year conflict 1801 On December 24 Richard Trevithick makes improvements to Watt’s steam engine, bolts his version to an iron carriage, and makes the first trip in a motorized vehicle 1825 On September 27 a steam-powered locomotive designed by George Stephenson launches the era of modern railroading when it pulls cars containing four hundred passengers between the cities of Stockton and Darlington, England 1800 1913 Henry Ford adopts the principles of mass production to the car industry at Ford Motor Company, making the Model T the first consumer product built on an assembly line 1876 On March 10 Alexander Graham Bell improves on telegraphy by inventing the telephone—a device that transmits and receives voiced communications over electrical wires On December 17 Orville Wright makes the first flight in an aircraft propelled by an engine The maiden flight of the Wright Flyer lasts twelve seconds and covers 120 feet (36.6 m) 1850 Samuel Morse applies electricity to magnets, enabling him to send impulses over an electrical wire The discovery leads to telegraphy and the use of Morse code to provide instant communication over long distances The Clermont makes its first voyage with passengers on the Hudson River, launching the era of steampowered nautical travel 1900 1879 1835 1808 1903 1859 Edwin Drake drills the first commercially successful oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania The well produces ten gallons a day Using a glass bulb containing a sewing thread coated with carbon to act as a filament, Thomas Edison illuminates the first incandescent bulb The bulb remains lit for thirteen hours 1862 On March the Monitor and Merrimack clash at the Battle of Hampton Roads, launching the era of ironclad shipbuilding Introduction The Defining Characteristics of the Industrial Revolution I n 1808 William Perry, a twenty-year-old student from Cincinnati, Ohio, was making his way to Massachusetts to enroll in Harvard University Arriving in Albany, New York, Perry discovered he had just missed the launch of a sailing ship heading south on the Hudson River and that the next ship was not scheduled to depart for several days Perry believed he had no choice but to take a room at a local inn and wait for the ship’s departure The next morning, while eating breakfast at the inn, Perry learned some startling news: That morning, a boat powered by a steam engine would be departing Albany The boat, named the Clermont, would not be going all the way to Boston, but Perry learned the Clermont would be making several stops on the Hudson River, and the young man concluded that he could continue his journey overland, embarking from one of many port cities At the time, steam engines had been in use for several years, but they were generally employed for industrial purposes—mostly for pumping water out of mines Powered by wood or coal fires, steam engines used the pressure of compressed steam from boiling water to drive pistons In the early 1800s the engines were typically outfitted with a series of 10 Source Notes Introduction: The Defining Characteristics of the Industrial Revolution Quoted in Thomas Wallace Knox, The Life of Robert Fulton and a History of Steam Navigation New York: G.P Putnam’s Sons, 1886, p 117 Gavin Weightman, The Industrial Revolutionaries: The Making of the Modern World, 1776–1914 New York: Grove, 2007, p 101 Quoted in Knox, The Life of Robert Fulton and a History of Steam Navigation, p 118 Quoted in Weightman, The Industrial Revolutionaries, p 91 Chapter One: What Conditions Led to the Industrial Revolution? H.G Wells, The Outline of History II New York: Doubleday, 1949, pp 750–51 John W Klooster, Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2009, p 23 Michael White, Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer New York: Basic Books, 1997, p 221 John William Adamson, ed., Some Thoughts on Education by John Locke Mineola, NY: Dover, 2007, p 15 Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason by Immanuel Kant, ebook, trans Thomas Kingsmill Abbott Boston: MobileReference, 2009 10 Gordon S Wood, The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin New York: Penguin, 2004, pp 45–46 11 Wells, The Outline of History II, p 966 82 12 Weightman, The Industrial Revolutionaries, p 52 13 Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker, “James Watt, Inventor and Pioneer,” Vital Speeches of the Day, February 10, 1936, p 302 Chapter Two: The Revolution in Locomotion 14 Quoted in Richard Cavendish, “Richard Trevithick’s First Steam Carriage,” History Today, 2001 www.historytoday.com 15 Quoted in Weightman, The Industrial Revolutionaries, p 154 16 Quoted in Anthony J Branculli, Iron Rails in the Garden State: Tales of New Jersey Railroading Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008, p 17 Quoted in Branculli, Iron Rails in the Garden State, p 18 Quoted in Weightman, The Industrial Revolutionaries, pp 137–38 19 Quoted in PBS, Africans in America, “Growth and Entrenchment of Slavery,” 1998 www.pbs.org 20 Quoted in Weightman, The Industrial Revolutionaries, p 146 Chapter Three: The Revolution in Warfare 21 James L Nelson, Reign of Iron: The Story of the First Battling Ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack New York: HarperCollins, 2004, pp 1–2 22 Quoted in PBS, “Lincoln’s Secret Weapon,” Nova, October 24, 2000 www.pbs.org 23 Quoted in John Tierney, “A Brief Dry Spell for the USS Monitor,” New York Times, August 6, 2011 www.nytimes.com 24 Quoted in Scarritt Adams, “The Miracle That Saved the Union,” American Heritage, December 1975, p 79 25 Quoted in Adams, “The Miracle That Saved the Union,” p 81 26 Quoted in Barbara D Krasner, “Dot, Dash, and Ring-a-Ring,” Cobblestone, February 2012, p 14 27 Quoted in Mike Clem, “On Track to Victory,” America’s Civil War, September 2011, p 64 28 Quoted in Henry Bessemer, Sir Henry Bessemer: An Autobiography London: Offices of Engineering, 1905, p 135 83 Chapter Four: The Revolution in Mass Production 29 Quoted in David Halberstam, The Reckoning New York: William Morrow, 1986, p 68 30 Quoted in Halberstam, The Reckoning, p 76 31 Quoted in Krasner, “Dot, Dash, and Ring-a-Ring,” p 14 32 Quoted in Krasner, “Dot, Dash, and Ring-a-Ring,” p 14 33 New York Times, “Another Attempt to Solve Aerial Navigation Problem,” January 7, 1906, p 34 Hew Strachan, The First World War New York: Viking, 2004, p 313 35 Quoted in Strachan, The First World War, p 52 Chapter Five: What Are the Legacies of the Industrial Revolution? 36 Quoted in Thomas Leary and Elizabeth Sholes, Buffalo’s PanAmerican Exposition Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2003, p 61 37 Quoted in Leary and Sholes, Buffalo’s Pan-American Exposition, p 64 38 James W Clarke, Defining Danger: American Assassins and the New Domestic Terrorists New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2012, p 35 39 Quoted in Walter Lord, The Good Years: From 1900 to the First World War, ebook New York: Open Road Integrated Media, 2012 40 Quoted in Tom Brooks, “The Terrible Triangle Fire,” American Heritage, August 1957, p 56 41 Quoted in Brooks, “The Terrible Triangle Fire,” p 57 42 Quoted in Bernard A Weisberger, “Here Come the Wobblies!,” American Heritage, June 1967, p 31 43 Weightman, The Industrial Revolutionaries, pp 107–108 44 Quoted in Weightman, The Industrial Revolutionaries, p 111 84 Important People of the Industrial Revolution Henry Bessemer: Bessemer’s improvements in the iron-making process led to the development of steel, an iron alloy that proved to be much stronger than other alloys Eventually, steel would be used to construct huge steamships and skyscrapers and also be employed in the production of automobiles and other consumer products Peter Cooper: The New York entrepreneur who designed and built the Tom Thumb, a tiny locomotive that hauled the first passenger cars on an American railroad in 1830 Cooper would also go on to invent a gelatin dessert that is today known as Jell-O, head a company that cast the iron beams used in the construction of the US Capitol, and found a New York–based university Thomas Edison: Edison invented the incandescent light bulb and established the first power plant in New York City to sell electricity to consumers Among Edison’s other contributions to the Industrial Revolution are the invention of the phonograph and an early motion-picture camera John Ericsson: The Swedish-born engineer who designed the USS Monitor, the Union’s ironclad vessel that clashed in 1862 with the Confederacy’s Merrimack at the Battle of Hampton Roads The engineering of the Monitor revolutionized ship design—it featured an all-iron hull and a revolving turret that could fire at enemies without the need to reposition the ship Henry Ford: Ford revolutionized automaking as well as the production of virtually all consumer products when he created the first assembly line in 1913 to produce Model Ts Before Ford’s innovation, all automobiles were built one at a time—a labor-intensive and expensive 85 process that kept car prices high Ford’s innovations made cars affordable for working people Benjamin Franklin: A printer, inventor, diplomat, and statesman, Franklin was the leading proponent of the Age of Enlightenment in America As an inventor, he carried out experiments in the conductivity of electricity and invented the Franklin stove, bifocal lenses, and the lightning rod Robert Fulton: Fulton started his professional career as a jewelry craftsman, but his artistic abilities led him into industrial design Fulton invented a marble-cutting machine, the torpedo, and, in 1808, the Clermont—the first steam-powered boat Johannes Gutenberg: In 1455 Gutenberg fashioned the first press that could print with moveable type; the first book printed on the Gutenberg press was the Bible The development of moveable type would help spread knowledge throughout Europe, sparking the Renaissance and making education a fundamental element of Western civilization James Hargreaves: Hargreaves’s invention of the spinning jenny revolutionized the textile industry, producing eight times the thread an ordinary spinning wheel could produce Hargreaves never capitalized on his invention—he was driven out of his hometown in Lancashire, England, by neighbors who feared the jenny would cost them income made by mothers and daughters who spun thread at home Samuel Morse: An American artist who enjoyed tinkering with electrical devices and found that when he applied electricity to magnets, he could transmit impulses over wires That discovery led Morse to invent the telegraph and develop Morse code, the alphabet of dis and dahs that enabled senders and receivers to communicate over long distances George Stephenson: Stephenson launched the era of modern railroading when he built and designed a steam engine specifically to power a vehicle that runs on rails Stephenson’s first locomotive started operat- 86 ing in 1813; not until 1825 was an improved model made that could pull thirty-eight railway cars Richard Trevithick: An eccentric Englishman, Trevithick would almost lose his life searching for gold in South America, but at home in England he aimed to make the horse obsolete Trevithick’s improvements to the steam engine made it smaller and more powerful He mounted his engine onto an iron carriage in 1801, making the first trip in a motorized vehicle James Watt: Watt did not invent the steam engine—other entrepreneurs had been able to find ways to use the power of compressed steam to drive industrial equipment But Watt’s innovation—adding a compressor to the device—shrank the size of the steam engine and made it available for a wide variety of uses, including nautical and land-based travel Eli Whitney: Whitney left Massachusetts to work as a tutor on a plantation in South Carolina There he soon learned of the problems in removing seeds from cotton and invented the cotton gin, which removes seeds by using hooks to pull cotton through screens Whitney’s invention made cotton into a huge crop in the South but also ensured slavery would endure for decades Wilbur and Orville Wright: The airplane developed by the Wrights, the Flyer, launched the era of motorized air travel when it flew for twelve seconds and a distance of 120 feet (36.6 m) on December 17, 1903 Improvements would come quickly, and by 1906 the Wrights built an airplane capable of traveling 24 miles (38.6 km) and remaining aloft for thirty-eight minutes 87 For Further Research Books Michele Wehrwein Albion, ed., The Quotable Henry Ford Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2013 Paul Clancy, Ironclad: The Epic Battle, Calamitous Loss and Historic Recovery of the USS Monitor New York: Köehler, 2013 Philip Dray, There Is Power in a Union: The Epic Story of Labor in America New York: Anchor Books, 2011 William H Ewen Jr., Steamboats on the Hudson River Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2011 Emma Griffin, Liberty’s Dawn: A People’s History of the Industrial Revolution New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013 Charles R Morris, The Dawn of Innovation: The First American Industrial Revolution Philadelphia: Perseus Books, 2012 William Rosen, The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry, and Invention Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012 Peter N Stearns, The Industrial Revolution in World History Boulder, CO: Westview, 2012 Websites Automotive History (http://bentley.umich.edu/research/guides/auto motive) The University of Michigan’s Bentley Library maintains the website recounting the growth of the automobile industry in America In addition to a narrative, including the story of Henry Ford’s innova- 88 tions in mass production, the site includes many photographs of early cars, as well as biographies of the pioneering automotive innovators B&O Railroad Museum (www.borail.org) The Baltimore, Maryland, museum of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad includes many resources describing the early history of railroading in America Students can find a link to the story of the Tom Thumb, the first locomotive to pull passenger cars in America The Tom Thumb page includes photos of the locomotive as well as the machine’s specifications The Industrial Revolution in the United States (www.loc.gov/teach ers/classroommaterials/primarysourcesets/industrial-revolution) Maintained by the US Library of Congress, the site provides students with many resources on the Industrial Revolution, including the text of an 1844 telegram, a report on child labor in the canning industry, photographs of nineteenth-century coal mines and factories, and a history of the Industrial Workers of the World The 1911 Triangle Factory Fire (www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire) Cornell University maintains this website telling the story of the fire that took 146 lives Visitors can find a timeline of the fire, a list of victims (many of whom were teenage girls), transcripts of testimony from the trial of the factory’s owners, and links to the newspaper articles that reported on the fire Renaissance (www.learner.org/interactives/renaissance/index.html) The Annenberg Learner website maintained by the Annenberg Foundation provides a history of pre-Renaissance Europe and the social conditions that led to the revival of the arts and sciences Students can find resources on the Gutenberg press, Renaissance-era architecture, and the beginnings of trade and exploration that led to the discovery of the New World Steam Engine (http://campus.udayton.edu/~hume/Steam/steam.htm) Maintained by the University of Dayton, the website provides a history of the steam engine dating back to ancient Greece when Heron first found he could make a globe spin by boiling water The site explains the 89 science behind steam power and provides numerous drawings showing how steam engines work Wake Up, America (www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/web04/index.html) The companion website to the 2002 PBS documentary series Wake Up, America concentrates on the nineteenth century and, in particular, the Industrial Revolution Students can find histories of the industrial growth in America as well as the construction of the nation’s first roads, the growth of canals and railroads, and the abuses of child labor The Wright Brothers and the Invention of the Aerial Age (http://air andspace.si.edu/wrightbrothers) Established by the Smithsonian Institution National Air and Space Museum, the website provides biographies of Wilbur and Orville Wright, a timeline of important dates leading up to the historic first motor-powered flight in 1903, and photographs of the Wright Flyer, as well as other artifacts, including the actual stopwatch used by the Wrights to time the first flights 90 Index abolition, 74–75, 77 Adams, John Quincy, 37 Adamson, John William, 20 Adler (locomotive), 34 aelopile, 21 Age of Enlightenment, 19–21 aircraft, 64–67 Allen, Horatio, 41 American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 62 anarchism, 70, 72–73 animal power, 22, 23 Arkwright, Richard, 22–23, 26 Asia, 76, 80 automobile industry after World War II, 77–79 competition in early years, 55 Detroit Automobile Company and, 55, 57, 58 and Ford Motor Company, 58 after World War II, 78 assembly line innovation, 58, 60, 79 competition faced by, 55 establishment of, 55, 57 during Great Depression, 77 automobile(s) cost of early, 55, 60 and invention of internal combustion engine, 57 Model T, 56, 58, 60 Trevithick’s steam carriage as early, 31 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 35, 36, 37, 37 Battle of Hampton Roads, 42, 47, 48 Battle of Tsushima, 59 Bell, Alexander Graham, 60–62, 61 Bernstein, Rose, 72 Bessemer, Henry, 51, 52–53 Best Friend of Charleston (locomotive), 41 Big Three automakers, 78–79, 80 blast furnace, 24 Blenkinsop, John, 33 books and printing press, 16–17 Boulton, Matthew, 27 bridges, iron, 24 Broadwater, John, 44 Brown, John, 50 Brown, Samuel, 57 Calley, John, 25, 27 canal(s) Chesapeake & Ohio, 36–37 disadvantages of, 32, 35 Captain Dick’s puffer, 29–31 carbon dioxide, 73 carburetor, invention of, 57 Carnegie, Andrew, 53–54 Carroll, Charles, 36 Cartwright, Edmund, 23, 27 Cayley, George, 65 Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, 36–37 child labor, 74 China, 76, 80 Chrysler, 78 Civil War (1861–1865) automatic weapon use during, 45 cotton gin as cause of, 77 ironclad ships during, 42–44, 43, 47–48 telegraphy used during, 50 Clarke, James W., 69 Clermont (steamboat), 10, 11, 12 climate change, 73, 80 coal availability of, 26–27 early uses of, 24 global warming and, 73, 80 shipping of, 32–33, 35, 38, 40 steam engines and, 10, 25, 27, 30–31 coke, 24 communications effect of Industrial Revolution on, 13 and first telegraph across Atlantic Ocean, 35 telegraph, 35, 48–50, 49 telephone, 60–62, 61 condenser, development of, 27 Cooper, Peter, 35, 37 Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, 35 Cosmopolitan (magazine), 68 91 cotton gin, 39–41, 74–75, 77 Crimean War (1853–1856), 51–54, 52 Czolgosz, Leon, 69, 70 Daimler, Gottlieb, 57 Darby, Abraham, 24 Detroit Automobile Company, 55, 57, 58 Dickens, Charles, 38–39 Drake, Edwin, 56, 63 Duryea automobile company, 58 dynamite, 46 Eagle (locomotive), 34 Edison, Thomas, 63–64 education, 19–20 electricity, 20, 23, 64, 68 Enlightenment, Age of, 19–21 Ericsson, John, 44 Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 74 Fernández, José María, 30 Fernández, Mariano Montelegre, 30 Fessenden, Reginald, 62 flight airplane, 65–67, 66 before airplanes, 64–65 da Vinci’s ornithopter, 17–18 in Greek mythology, 64 Flyer (Wright brothers’ airplane), 65, 66 Ford, Henry assembly line innovation by, 58, 60, 79 competition faced by, 55 and Detroit Automobile Company, 55, 57, 58 first car built by, 57 Ford Motor Company after World War II, 78 assembly line innovation, 58, 60, 79 competition faced by, 55 establishment of, 55, 57 fossil fuels, 80 See also coal; oil Fox, Gustavus V., 44, 47 France, railroads in, 34 Franklin, Benjamin, 20–21, 23, 75 Franklin stove, 20, 21–22 Fulton, Robert, 11, 13–14 Gatling, Richard J., 45 Gatling gun, 45 Geary, John W., 45 General Motors, 78–79, 80 Gerard, James, 30 Germany, railroads in, 34 92 gin (cotton), 39–41, 74–75, 77 gliders, 64–65 global warming, 73, 80 Goldman, Emma, 70, 73 Goodrich, Arthur, 68 Google, 78, 79, 79–80 Great Depression, 74, 77 Great Recession, 78 Greek mythology, 64 Gutenberg, Johannes, 16–17, 18 Hampton Roads, Battle of, 42, 47, 48 Hargreaves, James, 22, 26 Haymarket Square bombing, 70 heating, 20–22 Heron, 21 Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph, 62 high-pressure steam, 30 Hoboken Hotel (New Jersey), 36 Holloway, Anna, 44 Hopi Indians, 24 hot-air balloons, 64, 65 human flight See flight human power, 22 Icarus, 64 incandescent light, 63–64, 68 Industrial Revolution foundations for, 17–20 overview of, 12–13 time period of, 12 Watt engine as spark for, 28 Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 73–74, 75 information dissemination, 17 Institute for the Study of Planet Earth (University of Arizona), 73 internal combustion engines, 57 iron early uses of, 21, 22 first all-, bridge, 24 fragility of, 30, 51 rails, 33, 38–39 ships clad with, 42–44, 43, 47–48 steel as form of, 51–54 used in US Capitol, 35 Japan, 59 Jell-O, 35 Kant, Immanuel, 20 Kay, John, 22–23, 26 Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, 65 Klooster, John W., 17 Krupp, Friedrich, 53 labor union(s) current, 80 IWW as, 73–74, 75 need for, 69–70, 71, 72 and Palmer raids, 72–73 laws of motion, 19 Leonardo da Vinci, 17–18, 64 light bulbs, 63–64, 68 Locke, John, 19–20 locomotion See railroads Locomotion (locomotive), 32, 33–34 machine guns, 45 mail delivery, 49–50 Marconi, Guglielmo, 62 Marx, Karl, 77 mathematics, 18–19 McKinley, William, 69, 70 Merrimack (ironclad ship), 42–43, 43, 47 metallurgy, 25 Miller, Phineas, 39 Minié, Claude-Etienne, 53 minimum wage, 74 Mississippi River and steamboats, 12 Model T, 56, 58, 60 Montgolfier, Jacques Etienne, 64 Montgolfier, Joseph Michel, 64 Morse, Samuel, 48–49 motion, laws of, 19 movable type, 16–17 National Labor Relations Act (1935), 74 natural gas and global warming, 80 naval warfare innovations ironclad ships as, 42–44, 43, 47–48 submarines as, 15 torpedoes as, 14, 15, 59 Nelson, James L., 42 Newcomen, Thomas, 25, 27 Newcomen engine, 25 Newton, Sir Isaac, 19 New York Evening Post (newspaper), 36 New York Times (newspaper), 66 New York World (newspaper), 72 Nobel, Alfred, 47 Nobel Peace Prize, 47 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, 1970), 74 oil global warming and, 73, 80 wells in United States, 56, 63 Oldsmobile automobile company, 58 ornithopter, 17–18, 64 outsourcing, 76, 80 Palmer, A Mitchell, 72–73 Pan American Exposition (1901), 68, 70 Papin, Denis, 24 patents, 26 Pearl Street (New York City) power station, 64 Perry, William, 10, 11 Phelps, A.J., 50 pig iron, 30 Pony Express, 49–50 power source(s) electricity as, 20, 23, 64, 68 preindustrial, 22–23, 26 See also steam engines Principia (Newton), 19 printing press, 16–17, 18 puffing devil, 29–31 radios, 62–63 railroad(s) Baltimore & Ohio, 35–37, 37 importance of, to cotton farmers, 39–41 in France, 34 in Germany, 34 South Carolina Railroad and, 41 Stephenson’s steam engine and, 32, 33–34 Stockton & Darlington Railway and, 33–34 Trevithick’s steam engine and, 29–31 for troop transport, 51 in United States (1850–1860), 40 Renaissance (Rebirth), 17–19 Reshoring Initiative, 76 Röhm, Ernst von, 67 Rosher, Harry, 76 Russia, 59 Russo-Japanese War (1904–1906), 59 Savery, Thomas, 25, 27 scientific advancements during Renaissance, 18 screw press, 16 sea levels, 73 semaphore code, 50 Seneca Oil Company, 63 Signal Corps, 50 slavery, 74–75, 77 Smith, William, 63 socialism, 70 Society for Promoting the Abolition 93 of Slavery and the Relief of Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, 75 Some Thoughts Concerning Education (Locke), 19–20 South Carolina Railroad, 41 spinning jenny, 22–23, 26, 27 steamboats, 10, 11, 12, 12 steam engines, 10–11 early, 21, 24–25 to generate electricity, 64 and Newcomen engine, 25 Stephenson’s innovation in, 33 Stevens’s innovation in, 36 Trevithick’s innovation in, 29–31 use of, in mines, 25, 27 Watt’s innovation in, 27–28 steam waggon, 36 steel, 51–54 Stephenson, George, 33 Stephenson, Robert, 34 Stevens, John, 34–36 Stockton & Darlington Railway, 33–34 Stourbridge Lion (locomotive), 38 Strachan, Hew, 67 submarines, 15, 67 Sullivan-Hoey Fire Protection Law (New York), 72 Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 58 telegraphy Bell’s harmonic, 60 first, across Atlantic Ocean, 35 military use of, 50, 59 Morse’s inventions in, 48–49 Western Union Company and, 49, 50 telephone, 60–62, 61 textile industry early inventions in, 22–23 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire and, 71, 72 US cotton, 39–41 Thiers, Adolphe, 34 Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist, 53 Times (London newspaper), 14 Titusville, Pennsylvania, 56, 63 Tom Thumb (locomotive), 35, 37, 37 torpedoes, 14, 59 Trenton Iron Company, 35 Trevithick, Richard, 29–31, 32 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, 71, 72 Tsushima, Battle of, 59 unions See labor union(s) United States Steel, 54 94 USS Congress (ship), 43 USS Cumberland (ship), 43 USS Monitor (ironclad ship), 42–44, 43, 47–48 Vivian, Andrew, 31 warfare innovations/applications aircraft and, 66–67 automatic weapons and, 45 dynamite and, 46 ironclad ships and, 42–44, 43, 47–48 railroads for troop transport and, 51 steel manufacturing and, 51–54, 52 submarines and, 15 telegraphy for military communications and, 51, 59 torpedoes and, 14, 15, 59 during World War I, 66–67 water frame, 22, 26 water power, 22–23, 26 Watson, Thomas, 60, 61 Watt, James, 27–28, 30 Weightman, Gavin on Battle of Tsushima, 59 on economics of slavery before cotton gin, 77 on Mississippi River as commercial thoroughfare, 12 on Newcomen engine, 25 Weiss, Jeremy, 73 Welles, Gideon, 47–48 Wells, H.G., 17, 22 Wertenbaker, Thomas Jefferson, 27–28 Western Union Company, 49, 50 West Point (locomotive), 41 White, Michael, 19 Whitney, Eli, 39, 74 Williams, Stephen, 31 Wobblies, 73–74, 75 Wood, Gordon S., 21 Worden, John L., 47 workers conditions in factories/mines for, 69, 72 labor unions and, 69–70 outsourcing and, 76, 80 protections for, 72, 74 slaves as, 74–75, 77 wages received by, 76, 80 World War I, 66–67 Wright, Orville, 65–66 Wright, Wilbur, 65–66 wrought iron, 30 Picture Credits Cover: Interior of a mill; carding and drawing, 19th century (print), Anonymous/Private Collection/The Bridgman Art Library Hal Beral Visual & Written/Newscom: 66 © Bettmann/Corbis: 12, 18, 37, 49, 75 © Stefano Bianchetti/Corbis: 61 © James Brittain/View/Corbis: 79 A Guillotte: 40 © Francis G Mayer/Corbis: 43 © Museum of the City of New York/Corbis: 23 © Alfredo Dagli Orti/The Art Archive/Corbis: 52 © PoodlesRock/Corbis: 56 Thinkstock Images: 8, © Underwood & Underwood/Corbis: 71 © Adam Woolfitt/Corbis: 32 95 About the Author Hal Marcovitz is a former newspaper reporter and columnist He is the author of more than 150 books for young readers His other titles in the World History series include Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece 96 ... Characteristics of the Industrial Revolution 10 Chapter One What Conditions Led to the Industrial Revolution? 16 Chapter Two The Revolution in Locomotion 29 Chapter Three The Revolution in Warfare... Chapter Four The Revolution in Mass Production 55 Chapter Five What Are the Legacies of the Industrial Revolution? 68 Source Notes 82 Important People of the Industrial Revolution 85 For Further Research... farms or in the trades, using the strength of their own backs or the power provided by animals The people of the pre Industrial Revolution world were largely unable to read and were otherwise uneducated