The industrial revolution the state, knowledge and global trade

The Industrial Revolution ii The Industrial Revolution The State, Knowledge and Global Trade William J Ashworth Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LON DON • OX F O R D • N E W YO R K • N E W D E L H I • SY DN EY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2017 © William J Ashworth, 2017 William J Ashworth has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the author British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: HB: 978-1-4742-8616-9   PB: 978-1-4742-8646-6  ePDF: 978-1-4742-8618-3 ePub: 978-1-4742-8617-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Cover design: Sandra Friesen Design Cover image: The first cotton-gin, illustrated by William L Sheppard (Harper’s Weekly, 1869 Dec 18, p 813) / Library of Congress Typeset by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India To Oliver, Harvey and Kerrie vi Contents List of Figures viii List of Graphs and Tables ix Acknowledgements x Introduction 1 Debt: Trade, Finance and European War 15 ‘The Greatest Dominion of the World’: Trade and Textiles 35 Silver and Slaves: Britain and the Atlantic World 61 South Asian ‘Weeds’: The Balance of Trade and Textiles 85 State Protection and Industrial Development 105 The State as Arbiter of Production 119 Balancing Tax and Industry: The Regulation of Domestic Manufactures 129 Culture and Industry 145 Technological Innovation and Industry 165 10 Fiscal Pressure and Industry 179 11 The Lived Experience: Food and Labour 201 12 The Rise of Political Economy during the Industrial Revolution 221 Epilogue 243 Notes 247 Bibliography 290 Index 322 List of FIGURES ‘English settlement and slave trading centre at Cape Coast Castle on the Gold Coast.’ Credit: Time Life Pictures (Photo by Time Life Pictures/ Timepix/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images). ‘The cotton gin machine’, 1800 Credit: MPI / Stringer (Photo by MPI/Getty Images). 3 Andrés García, de Céspedes, Regimiento de Navegación, Madrid, 1606 Credit: British Library. Francis Bacon, Instauratio Magna (Great Instauration), London, 1620 Source: Public Domain (accessed via Wikimedia Commons). ‘The Imports of Great Britain from France’ by Louis Peter Boitard, 1757 Credit: Heritage Images Artist: LP Boitard (Photo by Guildhall Library & Art Gallery/Heritage Images/Getty Images). ‘Carding, drawing and roving cotton’, c 1830 Credit: Print Collector (Photo by Oxford Science Archive/Print Collector/Getty Images). ‘Early Newcomen water-pumping steam engine, Oxclose, Tyne & Wear’ by Henry Beighton, 1717 Credit: Science & Society Picture Library Engraving drawn by Henry Beighton of Newcastle in 1717 (Photo by SSPL/Getty Images). ‘John Bull and the sinking fund’ by James Gillray, 1807 Credit: Heritage Images (Photo by Guildhall Library & Art Gallery/ Heritage Images/Getty Images). ‘The Leader of the Luddites’, 1812 Credit: Heritage Images. Found in the collection of British Museum Artist: Anonymous (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images) 10 ‘Plug Plot Riot in Preston’, The Illustrated London News, 20 August 1842 Credit: Universal Images Group (Photo by Universal History Archive/ Getty Images). 27 143 146 146 158 167 173 198 214 235 List of Graphs and Tables Graph 1 ‘Percentage of direct tax and excise revenues 1695–1735.’ Source: O’Brien, ‘The political economy of British taxation’, 9. 106 Table 1 Tax in shillings per hundredweight (112 pounds) on glass between 1777 and 1812 Source: S Dowell, A History of Taxation and Taxes in England: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day (1884, 3rd edn, 1888, New York, vols, 1965), vol 4, 299–300. 137 Bibliography Webb, Stephen Saunders, ‘William Blathwayt, imperial fixer: From popish plot to Glorious Revolution’ William and Mary Quarterly 25 (1968): 3–21 Webb, Stephen Saunders, ‘William Blathwayt, imperial fixer: Muddling through to empire 16891717’ William and 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Waszink (eds), The Anglo-Dutch Contribution to the Civilization of Early Modern Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976) Wilson, Charles, England’s Apprenticeship 1603-1763 (London 1979) Winch, Donald, Riches and Poverty: An Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 17501834 (Cambridge 1996) Winch, Donald, and P K O’Brien (eds), The Political Economy of British Historical Experience, 1688-1914 (Oxford 2002) Wise, M Norton, with the collaboration of Crosbie Smith, ‘Work and waste: Political economy and natural philosophy in nineteenth century Britain (II)’ History of Science 27 (1989): 391–449 Wise, M Norton (ed.), The Values of Precision (Princeton 1994) Wolff, Klaus H., ‘Textile bleaching and the birth of the chemical industry’ Business History Review 48 (1974): 143–63 Wong, R Bin, China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience (Ithaca 1997) 320 Bibliography Wong, R Bin, ‘The search for European differences and domination in the early modern world: a view from Asia’ American Historical Review 107 (2002): 447–69 Wong, R Bin, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Before and Beyond Divergence: The Politics of Economic Change in China and Europe (Cambridge, MA 2011) Wrigley, E A., Continuity, Chance and Change: the Character of the Industrial Revolution in England (Cambridge 1990) Wrigley, E A., Energy and the English Industrial Revolution (Cambridge 2010) Zahedieh, Nuala, ‘Overseas expansion and trade in the seventeenth century’, in Canny (ed.), The Origins of Empire, 398–422 Zahedieh, Nuala, The Capital and the Colonies: London and the Atlantic Economy 1660-1700 (Cambridge 2012) Zebel, S H., ‘Fair trade: an English reaction to the breakdown of the Cobden treaty system’ Journal of Modern History 12 (1940): 161–85 Zook, G F., ‘The royal adventurers and the plantations’ Journal of Negro History (1919): 206–31 Zook, Melinda S., Radical Whigs and Conspiratorial Politics in Late Stuart England (Pennsylvania 1999) Zook, Melinda S., ‘Turncoats and double agents in restoration and revolutionary England: the case of Robert Ferguson, the plotter’ Eighteenth-Century Studies 42 (2009): 363–78 321 Index Act of Union with Ireland (1801)  199 actuary tables  156 Addington, Henry  199 Admiralty 33 adulteration  184, 204–5, 224, 265 Affleck, Admiral Philip  133 agricultural enclosure  43, 150, 202, 206–7, 281, 282 Ainscough, Steven  239 alamodes  55, 58, 88 Albermarle, Duke of  21 alkali  130, 161–2, 164 Allen, C Robert  2, 37, 43, 53, 168–9, 176, 248, 276 allum  147–8, 161, 173 Alund, Mary  67 Alund, Matthew  67 American War of Independence (1775–83)  11, 140, 164, 181–2, 188, 196, 201 Ames, Glenn Joseph  77 Amicable Society  156 Anglo-Dutch War (1652–4)  25, 42 Anglo-Dutch War (1665–7)  18, 26, 28 Anglo-Dutch War (1672–4)  28 Anglo-French Trade Treaty (1713)  105, 108, 112 Anglo-French Trade Treaty (1786)  51, 179, 183–4, 191–6, 223, 225 Anglo-Portuguese Treaty (1654)  66 Anglo-Portuguese Treaty (1703)  78, 112 Annan, Kofi  245 Anne, Queen  70, 108 anti-Catholic  19, 89 Anti-Corn League  234, 240 Appleby, Joyce  245 apprenticeship  176, 186, 208–9, 211, 215, 219–20 Argyll, ninth Earl of, see Campbell, Archibald Armstrong, Sir Thomas  69 Asgil, John  100–1 Ash, Eric  xi, 148, 150–3 Ashley, William  51 Ashton, Thomas S.  145 assessed taxes  184, 231, 234 assiento and assientists  74–5, 77–9, 259 Assize of Bread  205 atmospheric engine  9, 173–4 Austrian economics  145 Austrian War of Succession (1740–8)  179 avis 120 Bacon, Sir Francis  8, 145–6, 152–3 Bacon’s Rebellion  40 Baker-Holroyd, John  189 balance of trade  45–6, 48, 54, 67, 71–3, 79, 91, 94–5, 109–11, 112 ballistics  153, 156 Baltic iron  10, 71, 108, 171–2 Bank of England  20, 31–3, 49–50, 58, 65, 70, 89, 187, 198, 226, 230 Bank of Ireland  192 bankruptcy  4, 179, 187, 197, 229 Baptiste of Cambrai  89 bar iron  108, 171, 174 barilla  5, 129, 132–3, 140–1, 161, 163–4, 233 Baring, Francis  234 Barker, T S.  90 Barton, John  239 Bayley, Thomas Butterworth  218 Bayly, Chris  36, 236 bays 55 Beckert, Sven  xi, 4, 22, 36, 73, 79, 157, 168, 233 Beckett, J V.  117 Beckman, Martin  154, 170 Bedford Company  41, 150 Bedford Level, see Great Level Bedford, fourth Earl of, see Russell, Francis beer  1, 14, 24, 80, 105, 111, 117–18, 122, 126, 128, 215, 231–3 Bell, Thomas, 160 Bellamy, William  48 Berg, Maxine  xi, 2–3, 37, 103, 158, 183, 213 Berlin Wall  243 Berthollet, Claude-Louis  162–3 Besnard, Philip  133 Bethel, Slingsby  20, 69 Bethune, Maximillian de  100 bills of exchange  156 Birch, John  48 Birchenough, Henry  239 Birmingham Commercial Committee  187 biscuits 82 Black, Alexander  134 Black, Joseph  175 Blackburn, Robin  79 Blackman, George  128 Blake, William  159 Index Bland, Giles  39–40 Bland, John  39–42, 64–5 Blanqui, Jerome-Adolphe  5, 139 Blathwayt, William  63–8, 70–1, 76, 82 bleach and bleaching  9–10, 89, 142, 161–3, 165, 169, 186, 190 Blewstone, Frederick de  169 block printing  160, 165 Blondeu, Pierre  154 Board of Trade and Plantations  54, 59, 64–5, 70–1, 78, 85, 107, 110 Board of Trustees for Fisheries, Manufactures and Improvements 163 bonded warehouse  47, 98, 114, 183, 207 Bonnean, Jacob  159 book of orders  204–5 book-keeping  20–2, 31, 71, 93, 97, 127, 132, 252, 259 Bosher, J F.  86, 115 Boulton, Matthew  2, 175–6, 185, 278 bounties  6, 10, 56, 58, 91, 105, 117, 129, 141, 160, 166, 189 Bourboulon, Anthony  163 bourgeoisie 217 Bow Street Officers  199 Bowden, Witt  186, 189 Bowrey, Kathy  160 boycott of goods  188 Boyer, Abel  109 Boyle, Robert  67, 145, 153–4 Braddick, Michael  23 Bradley, Humphrey  149 bran 161–2 brandy  57, 80, 111, 182–3, 194–5, 257 Brenner, Robert  32, 36 Brewer, John  30, 33 brewers  24, 126 bricks  107, 173, 184, 233 Bridgwater, third Earl of, see Egerton, John Brinkley, T.  176 British merchant  110–14, 192–3 British Plate Glass Company  133, 135–6 Broadberry, Stephen  53, 256 broadcloth  43–4, 210 Brougham, Henry  239 Buckinghamshire, Lord, see Hobart, John Buckworth, Sir John  63 bullion  26, 35, 54, 58, 62, 64, 67, 73–6, 92–3, 95–8, 100, 109, 115, 121, 227, 230, 260, 263 Burgh, Walter Hussey  187 Burghley, Lord, see Cecil, William Burke, Edmund  227 Burrell, Andrewes  151 buttons 90 Calico Act (1701)  9, 47, 53, 94, 96, 98–9, 101–2, 158, 165, 208 Calico Act (1721)  9, 91, 101–2, 140, 165–6, 209 calicoes  2, 9, 38, 45, 47, 53, 56–7, 73, 83, 89, 92–103, 113–14, 127, 140–2, 157–9, 165–8, 183–5, 208–9, 211, see also cotton textiles Calley, John  174 cambrics  56, 194 Cambridge University  153, 156 Campbell, Archibald  69 canals  116, 129, 175, 204 candles  1, 14, 57, 108, 118, 122–3, 127–8, 233 Cannadine, David  243 cannon balls and cannons  147, 154, 156, 169–70, 176 canvas 85 carbon 169–71 carding  148, 166–7 Carlile, Richard  201 Carnot, Sadi  carpenters  27, 166 cartographers 152 Cartwright, Edmund  167 Cary, John  38, 65, 72–4, 81, 92–3, 97, 130, 147, 154 Carye, John  147 cast plate glass  47, 90, 132–7, 139 Castries, Marechal de  193 Catholic emancipation  232 Cecil, William  8, 85, 147 ceramics  8, 75, 103, 146 Chaps, Nicholas de  89 charcoal  10, 169–71 Charles I  17–18, 151 Charles II  15–17, 19–22, 26, 28–9, 32, 48–9, 51, 61, 63, 87, 90, 187, 252 Charles X  66 charter colonies  63, 70 chartism  235, 237–8 Chase, Malcolm  215, 237 Chatham, Lord  114 child labour  3, 5, 94, 116, 129, 177, 218, 244 Child, Sir Francis  32, 138 Child, Sir Josiah  52, 65, 93, 95–6, 107, 263 China and Chinaware  92, 116, 159 chintzes 98, see also cotton textiles chlorine 162–3 Cholmely, William  148 Church of England  28, 87, 112, 227 cider  131, 232 Cipolla, Carlo M.  86 City of London  17, 50, 87–8, 131, 210 Civil List  182 Clapham, J H.  211 Clarendon, first Earl of, see Hyde, Edward Clarke, Samuel  66 323 Index clay 132 Clay, Henry  240 Clayton, Sir Robert  63, 70 Clifford, Thomas  26, 260 clocks and clockmakers  166, 168, 172, 192 clothiers  66, 209–10, 213 coal  2, 5, 9–10, 70, 72, 90, 116, 129–31, 133, 141, 147–8, 162, 164, 168–77, 183–5, 195, 201, 212, 233, 276 Cobbett, William  201, 215 Cobden, Richard  239 cochineal  113, 161–2 cocoa  93, 114, 231 coffee  93, 108, 114, 118, 146, 182, 231, 236 coffee houses  66, 153–4, 177 Coffman, D’Maria  23 coke  169–70, 172 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste  6, 46–7, 49, 76–7, 100, 107, 119, 121, 124–5, 223, 255 Colbin, Ian D.  165 Cold War  1, 145, 243 Coleman, Donald  44 coleseed 149–50 Colonial Possessions Act (1846)  242 colonies and colonization  x, 3–4, 6–10, 15–16, 19, 22, 33, 38–40, 42, 45–6, 51–2, 54–6, 58, 61–8, 70, 73–9, 83, 93, 101–2, 105, 108–10, 113–17, 129, 140, 148, 159, 162, 164–5, 168–9, 178, 180–1, 187–8, 192, 223, 226, 236, 240, 244, 249, 260, 265 Colquhoun, Patrick  183 combination acts  13, 209–11, 213, 215–20 combinations  215–20, 226 Commissioners Appointed to Examine Public Accounts 180 Commissioners of Customs  141 Commissioners of Excise  142 Commissioners of Irish Revenue  187 Commissioners of the Public Accounts  108 Commissioners of Trade and Plantations  47, 99 common land  202, 206, 273 common law  12, 24, 204, 209, 213 Commonwealth  16–17, 22, 32, 39, 42, 70 Commutation Act (1784)  183–4 Company of Nottingham Spinners  185 Company of Royal Adventurers Trading with Africa  26, 75, 260 Company of White Paper Makers  137–8 compass  8, 145–6 Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers  Consolidation Act (1787)  139 contraband  57, 73, 79, 123, see also illicit; smuggling Conventicle Act (1670)  49, 255 convicts 114 324 Cooper, Ashley  18–19, 29, 32, 62 Copley, Lionel  64 copper  71, 80, 85, 127–8, 173, 176 copperas  147, 161 copyright 160 corn  11, 56, 82, 107, 160, 192, 202, 205–6, 229–31, 234, 237–40 Corn Laws  160, 192, 206, 229–30, 234, 237–40 Corporation of London  69–70 Cort, Henry  10, 170, 172 cotton  3, 43, 62, 74, 79, 93, 98, 100–2, 116–17, 140–2, 165–8, 172, 189–92, 195, 226, 235 cotton gin  142–3, 271, 279 cotton textiles  1–4, 9–11, 14, 37, 44, 53–4, 58, 72–3, 75, 89, 91–4, 96, 98, 100–3, 105, 111, 113, 117, 121, 140–2, 153, 157–63, 165–8, 172, 174, 177, 183, 185–6, 188, 196, 212–13, 215, 223, 225, 232–5, 238, 241, 256, 263, 276, 278, 280 cotton yarn  2, 98, 101, 121, 140–1, 165–7, 191, 209 Council of Trade  19, 39–40, 64, 68 Coventry, Sir William  21 Cox, Charles  156 Crafts, Nicholas  4, 117 Cranage, Thomas and George  171 credibility  6, 16–19, 24, 32–3, 41, 107, 110, 119, 123, 125, 133, 197, 233 credit  1, 5, 8, 16–17, 19–21, 32–3, 38, 41, 45, 58, 86, 107, 109, 111, 118, 129, 179, 182, 188, 245, see also public credit Crommelin, Louis  82–3 Cromwell, Oliver  15–16, 18–20, 42, 66, 150 Cromwell, Richard  67 Croppenburgh, Joos  151 crown glass  90, 132 cullet 132 Cunningham, William  32, 40, 51–2 currants 236 custom duties  6, 22, 35, 37, 41, 55, 57–8, 66, 72–3, 78, 80–2, 91, 98, 105, 108, 110–11, 113, 115, 117, 131–2, 134, 136, 139, 140–1, 164, 180–1, 184, 189, 191, 193, 228, 230–4, 236, 238–9 Customary Law  203 cutlery 116 cutters 183 cylinders  10, 157, 160, 171, 174–6 Darby, Abraham  169 Darwin, Erasmus  Daunton, Martin J.  xi, 199, 227, 236 Davenant, Charles  20, 30, 38, 64–5, 94–7, 107–8, 110, 257 Davis, Ralph  53 Decker, Matthew  88 Declaration of Indulgence (1672)  29 Index Declaration of Rights (1689)  67 Defoe, Daniel  31, 110, 115, 252 Delaune, Benjamin  48 demesne 17 democracy  14, 237, 243 Denison, Evelyn J.  232 deregulation  12, 119, 142, 200, 206, 213, 220–2, 229, 241 Desagulier, Jean  68, 156, 174, 177 design  81, 98, 157–61, 165, 167, 188 Dickinson, P G M.  58 dissenters  48–9, 61, 70, 156 distilling and distilleries  73, 126 Dollyne, Anthony  147 Donkin, Brian  139, 219 Douglas, Audrey W.  157 Downing, Emanuel  15 Downing, Sir George  15–16, 18–28, 39, 41, 48, 63, 95 Doyle, John  210 drawback  55–6, 108, 113–14, 117, 132, 135, 183 Dublin Society  188 Dubois, Jean  50 Dubois, John  48, 50–1 Dufay, Charles-Francois de Cisternail  162 Duke of York, see James II Duncomb, Sir John  22 Dundas, Henry  199 Dupin, Nicholas  89 duty-free  55, 82, 94, 135, 141, 183, see also free-trade; laissez-faire dyes and dyeing  2, 9–10, 44, 53–5, 62, 79, 91, 98, 111, 113–14, 117, 121, 123–4, 127, 140, 147–9, 157, 161–2, 165, 169, 173, 186, 190, 196, 211, 275 dyewood  73, 161 earthen ware  107, 131 East India Company  17, 25–6, 49–50, 52–4, 58, 67, 70, 73, 75, 92–9, 102, 139, 157, 183–4, 193 economic development  1, 73, 107, 154, 245 economic growth  1–4, 79, 117, 228, 243, 245 Eden, William  179, 181, 183, 189, 192–5 Ederton, John  65 Edict of Nantes (1685)  8, 67, 82, 86 Edward III  8, 146 Edward VI  85 Elliott, John H.  61 Eltis, David  79 emporium  5, 38, 183 emulation  19, 153, 158, 249 Engerman, Stanley L.  79 English Civil War  6, 15, 24, 40, 43, 69, 82, 125, 130, 145, 153, 205 engrosser 204 enumerated goods  45 Epstein, Stephan R.  208 equity and equitable  24–5, 42, 107, 122, 126, 128, 197, 206, 251 Esteban, Javier Cuenca  79 evangelicals  228–9, 233 Evans, Chris  171–2 Evelyn, John  28 exchange alley  155–6 Exchequer  7, 16–20, 30, 32, 187, 230 excise  x, 1, 5–8, 20–5, 30–1, 33, 38, 40–2, 48, 57–8, 66, 71, 73, 80, 94, 98, 100, 105–8, 111, 113–15, 117–30, 132–7, 139–42, 155–6, 160, 180–7, 189–90, 192, 197, 199, 216, 221, 223–4, 227, 230–1, 233–8, 250, 251, 265 exclusion crisis  16, 19, 69–70, 215, 250, 252, see also exclusionists exclusionists  29, 35, 48–51, 69, 76 experiment  2, 31, 68, 71, 90, 129–30, 133–5, 146, 153–7, 162, 166, 174, 213 experts and expertise  148, 192, 243 factory and factories  12, 79, 98, 133, 164, 166, 207–8, 213, 218 Fair Trade League  241 fashion  37, 44, 73, 81, 91–2, 96, 101, 157–8, 160–1, 211, 222 female labour  3, 5, 94, 116, 129, 177, 244 Fenland drainage  148–50, 152 Fenton, Edmund  147 Ferguson, Niall  244 Ferguson, Robert  50, 57, 94–5 Financial Revolution  32, 58 Fine, S E.  107 fireworks 153 Fisher, F J.  43 Flamsteed, John  155 flax  47, 262 Flemish  41, 43, 45, 148, 254 flying shuttle  166 food riots  202–4 forestaller  204–5, 213 Fortrey, Samuel  41, 86 Foster, John  187 Fourdrinier paper machine  139 Fox, Charles James  182, 184, 193–4 fraud  28, 40, 79, 88, 130, 135, 137, 140, 156, 199, 221, 267 Frederick the Great  172 free market  2, 11–12, 202, 206–7 free minds  free-trade  1, 13–14, 72, 160, 183, 185, 188, 191, 193, 200, 203, 206, 219–20, 225–8, 231, 232, 234, 236–41, 243 French Academy of Sciences  121, 165 325 Index French Arête (1686)  47 French Bureau of Commerce  120, 124 French Bureaux de Controle  124 French Controller General  77, 120–1 French Corps of Inspectors  124 French Council of Commerce  120, 124 French Director-General of the Finances  121 French Farmers-General  120 French Gardes-Jures  124–5 French Guinea Company  72 French Inspectorate of Manufactures  124 French Reformed Church  50 French Revolution  180, 203, 206 French Royal Glass Company  47 French Secretary of State for the Navy  120–1 friezes 55 fur 71 furnaces  2, 90, 127, 130–1, 137, 147, 169–70, 176 fustians  9–10, 101–2, 121, 140, 190 gall nuts  161 Gauci, Perry  87–8, 109 Gee, Joshua  110, 114, 157, 265 General Chamber of Manufacturers  185, 189, 191, 194 General Convention of the Royal Borough of Scotland 141 General Enclosure Act (1801)  202 George II  88 George III  170 Gerbier, Balthasar  31 Gibbon, John  151 Gideon, Samuel  88 ginger 74 Gladstone, William  237, 240 glass  1, 5, 8–9, 14, 37, 47, 57–8, 90, 105, 107, 113, 117–18, 122, 128–37, 139–40, 146–7, 169–70, 172–3, 192–4, 223, 233, 236, 238, 287 glass waste  128, 132–7 Glorious Revolution  16, 29, 32–3, 49–50, 52, 64–6, 76, 105, 107, 123, 138 Glover, Gabriel  52 gloves  90, 184 Goderich, Viscount, see Robinson, Frederick John Godfrey, Benjamin  48 Godfrey, Edmund Berry  50 Godfrey, Michael  48–50, 70 gold  54, 74, 90, 93–6, 100, 108, 112, 121 gold standard  198, 227, 230–1 goldsmith bankers  17, 32, 252 grain  11, 62, 82, 105, 111, 126, 192, 201, 204–6, 214, 229, 231, 239–40 Great Divergence  2, 4, 14, 176, 244 Great Exhibition of London (1851)  239 326 Great Fire of London (1666)  71, 97 Great Level  150 Great Reform Act (1832)  237 Great Warehouse Act (1803)  231 Greaves, Richard  29 Grew, Nehemiah  90–1 Grey, Ford  69 Grey, Thomas  69 Grillet, Rene  98 Groyett, Stephen  147 guilds  11, 91, 119, 120–1, 124, 208, 211, 221–2 gum 157 gun powder  8, 85, 145–6, 148, 174 Gupta, Bishnupriya  53, 256 Gwyn, Sir Roland  55 habeas corpus 24 hackney carriages  105 Halevy, Elie  241 Hall, Webb  231 Hammond, J L and B.  216 Hanmer, Sir Thomas  110 hardware  90, 105, 193–4, 233 Hargreaves, James  166 Harley, Knick C.  93 Harley, Robert  20, 106 Harris, J R.  172, 176 Harris, John  156 Harris, Tim  29 Harrison, Edmund  48 Harrison, George  229 Hartlib, Samuel  39, 153 Hartwell, Ronald Max  5, 145 Harvard University  15 Hatcher, Thomas  160 Hatfield Chase  151 hats and hat-making  45, 90, 184 Hauksbee, Francis  155 hay 107 Hay, Douglas  203, 207 Hayek, Friedrich A.  145, 244–5 Haynes, John  99 Hechstetter, Joachim  147 Hedges, Sir Charles  77 Hellot, Jean  162 hemp  47, 68, 71, 80, 85, 87, 108, 131, 141, 149, 233, 261 Henry, John  154 Herle, William  149 Herries, John Charles  232 Hezilridge, Arthur  16 hides  117, 233 high wages  2, 226, 248 Highs, Thomas  166 Hilaire-Perez, Liiane  222 Index Hill, Abraham  66–7, 71, 82 Hilton, Boyd  xi, 227–8, 237 Hobart, John  187 Hodgson, James  155 Holmes, Robert  26 Home Office  207 Hooke, Robert  153 Hoppit, Julian  31 hops  56, 108, 123, 148 Horrick, Captain Gerard  85, 148 horsepower 176 Houblon, James  48 Houblon, John  48, 50 Houdschoote say  44 Houghe, John  48 Hovering Act (1780)  185 Hudson, Pat  x, Hudson’s Bay Company  19, 94, 139 Huguenots  8, 49, 56, 81, 86–9, 186 Hume, David  13, 179 Humphries, Jane  xi, Hunt, Henry  215 Huntsman, Benjamin  172 Huskisson, William  212, 230–2, 240 Huygens, Christian  174 Hyde, Edward  19 hydraulics 155, see also water engineering Iliffe, Robert  152 illiberal  4, 13, 36, 42, 114, 201, 241, 243–4 illicit  7, 45, 47, 54, 57, 77, 80–1, 88–9, 113, 123, 126, 128, 132, 154, 181–3, 193, 230 imitation  99, 102, 142, 153, 158–9 immigration  41, 58, 85–8 import substitution  56, 148, 159 income tax  140, 181, 198–9, 227, 229–30, 232–8, 240, 287 indentured servants  61 indigo  45, 74, 116, 161–2, 275 individualism  227, 243, 245 Industrious Revolution  3, 116 infant industry  131, 238 Inikori, Joseph E.  79, 116 Innes, Joanna  212 innovation  139, 145–6, 153, 155, 157–8, 164–70, 172, 176–7, 191, 219, 221–3, 232–3, 244, 248 Inspector-General of Imports and Exports  7, 95 insurance  64, 75, 155–6 interest rate  106, 181, 188, 197 Interregnum  18, 20, 22–5, 39–40, 69, 74, 145 invisible college  145 Irish Cattle Bill  21 Irish Commissioners of Revenue  187–8 Irish House of Lords  66 iron  1, 4–5, 9–11, 14, 56, 71, 85, 97, 107–8, 114, 117, 130, 147, 169–76, 185–6, 189, 192, 195–6, 213, 223, 232–3, 241 iron surf  132 Jacob, Margaret C.  2, 153, 245 Jacobins  13, 206–7 Jacobite  64, 66, 263 James I  8, 90, 130, 137, 147, 168, 256 James II  48, 52, 57, 63–4, 69, 76, 107 James, William  53 Janssen, Theodore  110 jenever  111, 182–3 Joint-Stock Companies  32, 67, 97, 155 Jones, Edmund  210 Jones, Gareth Steadman  202 journeymen  100, 124, 209–11, 213, 216, 218–19 Justi, Johann von  172 justices of the peace  11, 205, 207–10 Kay, John  166 kelp  132, 161–2, 164 kerseys  44, 51, 254 Kilburne, William  159–60 Kirby, Francis  15 Krey, Gary Stuart De  70 Kriegel, Lara  160 laissez-faire  194, 220, 229, 243 lakens 45 land enclosure  150, 202 Land Enclosure Act (1773)  202 land tax  17, 30, 105–8, 113, 115, 122, 182, 198–9 Landes, David  71, 145, 244, 248 latent heat  175 lead  72, 85, 95, 107, 131, 147 lead containers  163 lead seals  121, 124 Leadbetter, Charles  126, 155 leather  1, 5, 14, 57, 90, 107–8, 117–18, 122–3, 128–9, 147, 192, 223, 287 Leblanc, Nicolas  162, 164, 275 Lees, R M.  64 Levant Company  50, 54 Lewyer, Anthony Le  147 Lexington, second Baron of, see Sutton, Robert liberal and liberalism  2, 4, 12–13, 112, 124, 143, 177, 180, 182, 190–1, 201, 216, 219, 221–2, 228, 239, 243–4 liberty  2, 13, 18, 23–25, 46, 86, 108, 186, 197, 222, 243–5 Lifford, Lord, see Hewitt, James lime  132, 161–2, 170 lime burning  173 lime flax  170 327 Index limestone  162, 201 Lindqvist, Svante  175 linen  1, 10, 14, 43–4, 47–50, 52, 56–8, 72–3, 80–3, 86–7, 89–93, 95–102, 110–11, 121, 127, 139–41, 148, 159–67, 184–7, 191, 193, 255, 256, 261 Linen and White Paper Corporation  89 linen yarn  102, 121, 140–1, 166–7, 209 Lipsom, Ephraim  193 Liverpool, Lord  227–9 Livisey, John  183 Locke, John  67–9, 145, 153, 258 Long, Charles  230 Lord Treasurer  18, 21, 29 lotteries 156 Louis XIV  28, 58, 77, 81, 86, 121 Lowndes, William  30 luddites and luddism  214–15 Lumley, Lord  69 Lunar Society  lustring  55, 58, 81, 88 luxury and luxuries  37, 41–2, 73, 92, 96, 109, 116, 121, 140, 158, 184, 186, 195, 222 machine tools  170, 173 Macintosh, Charles  163 MacLeod, Christine  146–7 Macquer, Pierre Joseph  162 madder  148, 161 Magna Carta  24, 53, 251 Mallalien, Alfred  234 malt  1, 9–10, 14, 80, 105, 113, 117–18, 122, 126, 128, 169, 173, 184, 227, 231 Manchester Calico Act (1736)  102 Mann, Julia De Lacy  102 Mansfield, Sir Robert  130 marginal land  199, 229, 240 Maritz, Johann  170 market and marketplace  142, 146, 155–61, 164–5, 167, 171–3, 176, 179–80, 184, 188–9, 191–2, 194–5, 200–7, 212–15, 217–19, 221–8, 230–5, 237, 239–41, 244 Martin, Phyllis M.  75 Martyn, Henry  91, 95–7, 110 Massachusetts Company  15 Master and Servant Act (1823)  13, 220 mathematical instruments  148, 152 Mathias, Peter  177 Maudsley, Henry  176 McCloskey, Deirdre  244 Meadows, Sir Philip  66–7, 71, 82 meat  82, 240 mechanics  154–5, 174, 218 Melville, Lord, see Dundas, Henry mercator  51, 110–13 328 Mercer’s Company  49 mercers 88 Mervin, John  48 metals and metalware  2, 10, 85, 115–17, 132, 147, 163, 168, 170–3, 176–7, 187, 194, 223 Methuen, John  66–7, 112 Methuen, Paul  66 metrology  40, 281, see also weights and measures mezzotint printing  98, 157, 264 Mill, John Stewart  239 millwrights 216 Minard, Philippe  x, 119, 125, 222 mines and mining  9, 38, 70, 74, 85, 93, 109, 112, 115, 130, 147–8, 153, 155, 169, 172–6, 183, 204, 212 Mintz, Sidney W.  79 mirrors 90 Mises, Ludvig Von  145, 243 mixed cottons  9–10, 98, 101–2, 117, 140, 142, 165–6, 186, see also fustians models 156 mohair yarn  113 Mokyr, Joel  2, 152, 172, 193, 245 Monmouth, Duke of  49–50, 69 Monmouth’s Rebellion  16 monopoly and monopolies  8, 10, 38, 52, 54, 61, 67, 74, 76, 78, 81, 94, 97, 117, 122–3, 130, 135–6, 138–9, 146, 149, 160–1, 168–9, 171–2, 180, 183, 189–90, 192, 195, 199, 206, 222, 228, 235 Mont Pelerin Society  145 Moore, Arthur  110 Moore, Francis  160 Moore, Sir John  163 moral economy  202, 204–7, 213, 220 mordant  123, 157, 161–3 Morton, Alan  156 Mun, Thomas  54, 68 Murdoch, William  176 muslin cloth  101, 159, 195, see also calicoes; cotton textiles Muspratt, James  164 nails  115, 171 Napoleonic Wars  4, 164, 192, 198–9, 203, 215, 225, 229, 239 national debt  13, 15, 58, 100, 109, 156, 177, 179–82, 193, 196–8, 224, 228, 234 natural philosophy  2, 18, 31, 67, 71, 146, 153–6, 166, 170 naturalization 87 naval stores  45, 80, 83, 87 Navickas, Katrina  214 navigation  153, 155–7, 231 Navigation Acts  7, 42, 45, 75, 117, 192–3, 231 Index navigators  36, 152 Navy Board  33, 83 neck cloth  101 Neck, Joshua and Gerard van  88 Necker, Jacques  121, 285 Nemours, DuPont De  193 neoliberalism 243 Nettels, Curtis  76 new draperies  36, 43–6, 55–6, 73, 81, 86, 187 New Model Army  16 Newcomen engine  9, 156, 169, 173–5, 177 Newcomen, Thomas  173–4 Newton, Sir Isaac  145, 153–4, 245 Newtonian  146, 155–6, 166, 174, 272, 273 Nine Years War (1688–97)  30, 49, 80 Noell, Martin  40 Normandy Chamber of Commerce  195 North, Douglass C.  2, 107 North, Lord  134, 182, 192 North, Sir Dudley  63 Nottingham, Earl of  64 O’Brien, Patrick K.  xi, 79, 106, 196 O’Brien, Sir Lucius  187 Okey, John  16 old corruption  11, 181, 220, 230, 235, 237–8 Onions, Peter  171 open science  245 Open Society  245 orchilla 161 ordinance 147 Orground iron  10, 169, 171 Ormrod, David  46, 58, 89 Orth, J V.  217 Oxford University  69, 153, 192 Oxford, first Earl of, see Harley, Robert Paine, Thomas  13, 118, 215, 227 palatines 87 palm oil  164 paper  1, 5, 8, 14, 23–4, 37, 47, 49, 57–8, 73, 81, 86, 89–90, 105, 107–8, 111, 113, 117–18, 122–3, 127–9, 131, 137–40, 146, 151, 168, 192, 194, 217–19, 223, 233, 238, 270 Papermakers Act (1796)  218 Papillon, Thomas  48–51, 57, 70, 93, 95 Papin, Denis  174 Paravicine, Peter  48 Parker, Harald T.  123 Parnell, Henry  233, 238 Parthasarathi, Prasannan  2, 53, 100, 165, 272 patents  8, 129, 147–8 Paul, Lewis  166 Peace of Amiens (1801)  199 Peace of Utrecht (1713)  90 pearl ash  141, 161 Peel, Lawrence  183 Peel, Robert (prime minister)  230, 234–8, 240 Peel, Robert  190 Pelham, Henry  132 Pelham, Thomas  190 Penn, William  67 Penny Magazine 160 Pepys, Samuel  15 Percival, Thomas  130 Perpetuanas 55 Perry, Edmund Sexton  187 Pettigrew, William A.  76 Petty, William  46 Petyt, William  35, 37–8, 92 piece rates  12, 209–10, 283 pillory  49, 127 Pincus, Steve  27, 29, 38–9, 52, 61–2, 107 pins 148 Piracy Bill (1700)  70 pirates and piracy  35, 70, 74–5 pistons  10, 171, 174–7 pitch  7, 10, 68, 71, 80, 83, 108, 126 pitched markets  205–6 Pitt, William the Younger  11, 13, 47, 51, 118, 139, 141–3, 180–202, 216, 225, 231, 233 placement  182, 201, 237 planters  39, 63, 75, 78, 162 plate glass  47, 90, 107, 132–7, 139 Polanyi, Karl  227 political arithmetic  7, 31, 46 political representation  199 Pollexfen, Henry  67 Pollexfen, John  51, 67, 70–1, 73, 77, 80, 82, 92–3, 96–8, 139, 225 Pomeranz, Kenneth  176 Poor Law  186, 226 Popish Plot  29 Popper, Karl  245 Popple, William  67 porcelain  3, 7, 18–19, 40, 47–8, 54–6, 59, 62–5, 68, 70–1, 73–5, 78–9, 81, 83, 85, 92–3, 99, 101, 107, 110, 112, 116, 142, 168, 171, 190, 192, 225–6, 261 Portal, Henri  89 Porter, Theodore  126 Portland, Duke of  207 pot ash  132, 141 potteries  1, 4, 11, 14, 90, 115, 117, 187, 189, 192, 196, 223 Povey, John  67 Povey, Thomas  40, 63 Poyning’s Law  188 Pre, Henry Mark Du  82 precision  129, 169, 176, 181 329 Index precision measurement  224, 252, 284 premiums  129, 188 Price, Jacob  116 Priestley, Margaret  46 primogeniture 226 printing  2, 8–10, 18, 47, 53, 55, 58, 94, 96, 98–102, 113, 139–40, 145–6, 152–3, 157, 159–61, 165–6, 195 privateers  35, 57, 75, 77 Privy Council  18, 21, 40, 65, 69, 188, 190, 205, 208 prohibition and prohibitory  9–10, 45, 47, 49, 51–5, 57, 72–3, 77, 80–1, 92, 94–100, 102–3, 105, 110–14, 117, 134, 139–42, 153, 165–7, 185, 187, 209, 216, 231, 238–40 projects and projectors  8, 39–40, 133, 145–53, 155–6, 166, 172 proletariat 217 property  2, 12–13, 30, 40, 52, 64, 68, 107, 186, 197–8, 215, 219–20, 226, 229, 237, 243, 253 proprietary colonies  62–3, 67, 70 protectionism  1, 4, 6, 8–15, 22, 24, 29, 33, 41–2, 45, 47, 50–1, 53, 57–8, 71–2, 81–3, 91, 100–3, 105, 107, 111, 113–15, 117–18, 121–3, 125, 128–9, 131–2, 138, 153, 158, 160, 165–6, 168, 170, 172, 177, 186, 189–92, 194, 202, 208, 213, 215, 218, 223–34, 236–41, 243–4, 287 Prussian blue  162 Prynne, William  25 public accounts  20, 30–1, 108, 182, 196 public credit  1, 5, 8, 20, 38, 45, 58, 107, 111, 118, 128, 179, 182 public lectures  126, 146, 153, 155–6, 160, 273 public platform  215 puddling  10, 170, 172 quality  2, 7, 10, 37, 39–41, 43–5, 53, 57, 62, 81, 83, 89–90, 98–9, 101–3, 107, 111, 113, 117, 119, 121–8, 130, 138–9, 142, 158, 161, 164–5, 167, 172, 188, 195, 208, 215, 219, 221–4 quantification  7, 115, 122, 126 Quinn, Stephen  32 raisins 93 Ramsay, James  25–6 Randall, Adrian  202, 204, 207–8, 212–13, 217 rapeseed 149–50 Reaumur, Rene Antoine Ferchault  169 Reciprocity of Duties Act (1823)  231 re-export trade  6, 9, 23, 36, 38, 45, 47, 51, 53–6, 62, 72–3, 75, 79, 82, 86, 94–5, 98, 101–2, 108, 112–14, 117, 165 refugees  8, 49–50, 58, 68, 81–2, 86–8, 90–1, 138, 152, 174 regrater  204, 213 330 regulation  4–6, 12, 39–41, 52–3, 114, 117–27, 129, 161, 177, 179, 185–6, 188, 191, 201–2, 204, 206–7, 211, 213–15, 217–18, 220–3, 226, 228, 232–3, 240, 243–4 Reinert, Sophus A.  65, 154, 243 republic and republicanism  6, 15–17, 19–32, 35, 39, 63, 66–7, 69–70, 95 Restoration  6, 15–17, 19, 21, 23, 28–9, 32, 36, 39, 62, 66, 87–8, 123, 145, 154 Rey, Claudius  101 Reynel, Carew  46–7, 65 Rhymer, Jean  102 rice  62, 74 Riding Officers  80 Riello, Giorgio  100, 142, 166, 168 Robert, Nicolas-Louis  219 Robins, Benjamin  156 Robinson, David  232–3 Robinson, Frederick John  232 Robinson, Henry  31–2, 35, 37–9 Rochester, Earl of  69 Rockingham, second Marquees of  188 Roebuck, John  163, 175 Rogers, Nicholas  203, 215 roller and bobbin machine  166 roller printing  160 Rommelse, Gils  18, 21 Root, Hilton L.  120 Rose, Holland  198 Rosenband, Leonard N.  x, 3, 37, 139, 217, 219, 223 Roseveare, Henry  17, 20, 30 rosin 83 Rostow, Walt W.  145 Royal Brass Foundry  154, 170, 176 Royal Laboratory  154, 170 Royal Lustring Company  81, 83, 88 Royal Mint  147, 154 Royal Navy  6–7, 22–3, 28–9, 33, 37, 39, 42, 54, 79–80, 83, 90, 115, 117, 147, 179 Royal Society of London  49, 70, 145–7, 153–5, 252, 273 Rule, John  208, 220 Russell, Francis  150 Russell, John  234 Russell, William  150 Ryden, Goran  171–2 rye 161 Rye House Plot  16, 69–70 Sachs, Jeffrey  245 Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572)  49, 86 Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital  98 salt  8–9, 23–4, 56–7, 85, 105, 107, 116, 118, 130, 146, 148, 162, 164, 169, 173, 176, 180, 197, 201 saltpetre  95, 132, 147 Salvadore, Joseph  88 Index sand  130, 132 Savary, Jacques  46, 255 Savery, Thomas  173–4 Say, Jean-Baptiste  4–5, 139 Schalch, Andrew  154 Scheele, Karl Wihelm  163 Scheme of Trade (1674)  45, 48, 50–1, 72, 110, 112 Schonhardt-Bailey, Cheryl  237 Scott, Jonathan  18, 23 Scotten, Edmund  152 Sea Island raw cotton  142 secrecy 219 Seelar, Gaspar  85, 148 separate condenser  156 serges  51, 55 Seven Years War (1756–63)  11, 114, 122, 132, 179, 201, 205, 225 Shaftesbury, first Earl of, see Cooper, Ashley Shapin, Stephen  154, 249 Sheffield, Lord, see Baker-Holroyd, John Shelbourne, Lord  182–3 Sheldon, Daniel  93 Sherbourne, Robert  137 Sherwin, William  98, 157 ship masts  71, 83 shipbuilding  116, 153 shopfloor  43, 170–2, 175, 177, 219 Shrieval Election  51, 69 Sidney, Algernon  28, 69 Sieferle, Rolf Peter  169 Sikes, Bartholomew  136, 269 silicon 169–70 silk  9, 12, 14, 40, 43–4, 46–9, 52–8, 72–3, 75, 78, 81, 83, 86, 88–90, 92–3, 95–8, 100–2, 110–11, 113, 127, 140, 153, 159, 161–2, 184, 188, 192, 194–5, 210–12, 233, 239, 287 silk worms  101 silk-cutting 210 silver  6, 50, 53–4, 59, 61–2, 67, 73–5, 78, 90, 93–6, 100, 107, 121, 162, 184, 256 sinecures  31, 181, 237 single duty  194 Sinking Fund  196–8, 234 slaves and slavery  3, 6, 15, 18, 24, 26–7, 40, 59, 61, 68, 71, 73–9, 93, 108, 114, 116–17, 129, 142, 168, 171, 177, 190, 192, 216, 218, 226, 244 smalts 141 Smeaton, John  156 smelting  130, 147, 169 Smith, Adam  13, 181, 183, 226–7 Smith, David  124 smuggling  105, 140, 182–3, 185, 230, 233 soap  1, 5, 9, 14, 37, 57, 90, 108, 117–18, 122–3, 128–9, 131, 140–1, 161–2, 164, 169, 173, 184, 223, 233 soap waste  128 Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Commerce and Industry  158 Society of Merchant Venturers  72 soda  133, 162, 164 sour milk  162–3 South Sea Company  78–9, 109 Southampton, fourth Earl of, see Wriothesley, Thomas Southey, Robert  239 Southwell, Sir Robert  63 Spanish Vonsejo de Indias  145 spices  26, 38, 75, 78–80, 93, 108 Spilman, John  137 spinning and spinners  89, 111, 148, 161, 165–8, 174, 185, 191, 195, 209 spinning jenny  166, 168 spirits  1, 14, 37, 57, 105, 111, 117–18, Spitalfield Act (1773)  11, 210–11 Stahl, Peter  153 Stamford, second Earl of, see Grey, Thomas standardization  7, 40, 62, 119, 122, 125–6, 186 Stanley, Thomas  190 staple products  3, 6–7, 43–4, 62, 68, 74, 83, 100–1, 113–14, 139, 162, 211, 265 starch  118, 122, 148, 223 Stasavage, David  106 Statute of Artificers  11–12, 208, 215–16, 218 steam and steam engines  2, 5, 9, 115, 156, 160, 168, 172–7, 185, 230 steam engines and technology  2, 5, 9, 115, 156, 160, 168, 172–7, 185, 230 steel  1, 9–10, 169, 171–2, 194, 241 Stein, Stanley J and Barbara H.  36, 73, 75 Stepney, George  68–71, 82 Steuart, Sir James  181, 183 Stewart, Larry  xi, 2, 154–6 Stirling, James  156 stone bottles  105, 131 Stop of the Exchequer  32, 252 Styles, John  157, 264 sugar  3, 6, 9, 39, 41, 45, 62, 72–6, 78–9, 93, 105, 108, 116–18, 122, 126, 169, 173, 184, 233–4, 236, 241 sulphur  130, 169–70 sulphuric acid  163 sumptuary legislation  100 Sun Fire Office  156 Sutton, Robert  70 Swedish Board of Mines  175 Swift, Jonathan  109 Swing Riots  219 Tabberner, J L.  237 tallies 32 tallow  5, 127, 129, 140, 233 331 Index tammets 96, see also Woollen Textiles; Worsteds Tankerville, Earl of, see Grey, Ford tapestry  47, 86 tar  10, 68, 71, 80, 83, 108, 169 tariffs  6, 8–10, 13, 33, 47–9, 52, 80, 103, 105, 110, 113, 117, 120–3, 128–9, 132, 148, 160, 166, 170, 172, 180–2, 193–4, 212, 223, 230–1, 233–4, 236, 238–40, 287; see also custom duties; protectionism tartar 161 tax farmers  17, 21, 33 Taylor, Miles  236 tea  6, 93, 108, 114, 118, 122, 183–4, 224, 227, 233 Temple, Sir William  64 Tennant, Charles  163 Thames River Police  183 Thelwall, John  201, 215 Thomas, Brinley  240 Thomas, Sir Dolby  65 Thompson, E P.  201–7 Thornhaugh, William, see Russell, William Thornton, John  36 timber  2, 8–9, 68, 71, 80, 83, 85, 90, 97, 108, 117, 130, 133, 147, 164, 168–9, 171, 174–7, 233–4, 241 tin  72, 85, 95, 107, 173, 176 tobacco  3, 45, 62, 67, 72–4, 76, 79, 93, 95, 105, 107–8, 114, 116–17, 122, 131, 180, 183–5, 231, 233, 265 tobacco pipes  105, 131 tolls  81, 120–1, 123, 180 tontines 156 Toriano, Nathaniel  110 Torriano, George  48 trade unions  12–13, 211, 213, 215, 217, 220 transportation of convicts  114 Treasury  6–7, 17–22, 30–3, 64, 82, 106, 119, 122, 132, 134–7, 139–41, 229–30 Treasury Orders  19 Treaty of Peace with Spain (1667)  74 Trenchard, Sir John  76 Trentmann, Frank  236 Trevers, Joseph  47 trinkets 49 Triple Assessment Tax  198, see also income tax Trudaine, Daniel  125 Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jaques  222 Turkey Company  96 Turko-Prussian War (1623–38)  44 Turner, Michael  117 turnpike roads  204 turpentine  5, 129, 140 universal domination  20, 26–9, 39 utilitarianism 228 332 Vallet, Matthew  163 Valline, John  210 Vaux, Gerald de  89 vegetable oil  148 velvets 89 Verbruggen, Jan  154, 170 Vermuyden, Cornelius  150–2 Vernatti, Sir Philbert  151 Vigani, John Francis  153 visibility  30–1, 219–20, 284 vitriol 161–3 Vries, Jan de  Vries, Peer  4, 244 Vyvyan, Sir Richard  239 Wade, Armigil  149 Wadsworth, Alfred P.  102 Wakefield, Andre  x, 245 Walker, Thomas  190 Wallis, John  153 Walloons  43, 45, 50, 86, 90, 254 Walpole, Sir Robert  47, 58, 82, 91, 94, 105–8, 113–14, 181–4, 196, 231, 265 War of Spanish Succession (1701–14)  6, 66, 69, 77–8, 139–40 War of the Austrian Succession (1740–8)  178 Ward, Sir Patience  48, 63, 70 water engineering  153 waterwheels  156, 174, 196 Watson, John  183 Watt, James  2, 156, 175–7, 185, 278 weavers and weaving  8, 48, 52–3, 81–2, 85, 89, 96–101, 111, 146, 163, 165–8, 191, 208–13 Webb, Stephen Saunders  64 Webster, Charles  145, 153 Wedgwood, Josiah  2, 159, 186, 189, 192, 212 weed ashes  142 weights and measures  40, 123, 205 Weingast, Barry  107 Wells, Roger  207, 218 Wenger, Carl  145 Whatman, James  139 Wheeler, James Scott  23 Whiston, James  38, 64–5, 257 Whitney, Eli  142 Wilberforce, Duke of  231–2 Wilkinson, John  170, 176 William of Orange  29–30, 32–3, 39, 48–9, 52, 56–7, 64–70, 82, 106 Williams, Albert  239–40 Williams, Eric  3, 79, 226 Wilson, Stephen  211–12 window glass  90, 238 window tax  184 Index windows  90, 105, 130 wine  50, 57, 67, 72–3, 78, 107, 112, 114, 180, 184, 194 Winthrop Jr., John  15 Winthrop, John  15 wire  108, 147 woad 149 wood 174–5 wood ashes  132, 141 Wood, Charles and John  170 wool  44–5, 47, 54, 56, 71, 80–1, 88, 148, 161, 167–8, 195, 208 woollen yarn  43, 121, 124, 209 woollen textiles  9, 40–8, 50, 53–6, 58, 66, 71–4, 78, 80–3, 89, 92–4, 96–102, 107–8, 110–13, 117, 121–2, 124, 140–2, 147–9, 161–2, 187–9, 192–3, 195, 208, 210, 212–17, 219, 223, 225, 233, 241 Woolwich Arsenal  149 Woolwich Dockyard  154 Woolwich Military Academy  147 workhouses 89 wormwood 126 Worsley, Benjamin  39, 42 worsteds  43–5, 96, 208–9, 264 Wren, Sir Christopher  153 Wright, John  186 Wright, Joseph  159 Wrigley, E A.  2, 168–9, 176 Wrigley, Thomas  238 Wriothesley, Thomas  18 Wyatt, John  166 yellow berries  161 Zahedieh, Nuala  62 333 334 .. .The Industrial Revolution ii The Industrial Revolution The State, Knowledge and Global Trade William J Ashworth Bloomsbury Academic An imprint... 15 The Greatest Dominion of the World’: Trade and Textiles 35 Silver and Slaves: Britain and the Atlantic World 61 South Asian ‘Weeds’: The Balance of Trade and Textiles 85 State Protection and. .. especially since the 1980s, there has been a shift in emphasis towards demand as the key variable in understanding the British Industrial Revolution and Western industrialization The central focus