The Industrial Revolution ii The Industrial Revolution The State, Knowledge and Global Trade William J Ashworth Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LON DON • OX F O R D • N E W YO R K • N E W D E L H I • SY DN EY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2017 © William J Ashworth, 2017 William J Ashworth has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the author British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: HB: 978-1-4742-8616-9 PB: 978-1-4742-8646-6 ePDF: 978-1-4742-8618-3 ePub: 978-1-4742-8617-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Cover design: Sandra Friesen Design Cover image: The first cotton-gin, illustrated by William L Sheppard (Harper’s Weekly, 1869 Dec 18, p 813) / Library of Congress Typeset by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India To Oliver, Harvey and Kerrie vi Contents List of Figures viii List of Graphs and Tables ix Acknowledgements x Introduction 1 Debt: Trade, Finance and European War 15 ‘The Greatest Dominion of the World’: Trade and Textiles 35 Silver and Slaves: Britain and the Atlantic World 61 South Asian ‘Weeds’: The Balance of Trade and Textiles 85 State Protection and Industrial Development 105 The State as Arbiter of Production 119 Balancing Tax and Industry: The Regulation of Domestic Manufactures 129 Culture and Industry 145 Technological Innovation and Industry 165 10 Fiscal Pressure and Industry 179 11 The Lived Experience: Food and Labour 201 12 The Rise of Political Economy during the Industrial Revolution 221 Epilogue 243 Notes 247 Bibliography 290 Index 322 List of FIGURES ‘English settlement and slave trading centre at Cape Coast Castle on the Gold Coast.’ Credit: Time Life Pictures (Photo by Time Life Pictures/ Timepix/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images). ‘The cotton gin machine’, 1800 Credit: MPI / Stringer (Photo by MPI/Getty Images). 3 Andrés García, de Céspedes, Regimiento de Navegación, Madrid, 1606 Credit: British Library. Francis Bacon, Instauratio Magna (Great Instauration), London, 1620 Source: Public Domain (accessed via Wikimedia Commons). ‘The Imports of Great Britain from France’ by Louis Peter Boitard, 1757 Credit: Heritage Images Artist: LP Boitard (Photo by Guildhall Library & Art Gallery/Heritage Images/Getty Images). ‘Carding, drawing and roving cotton’, c 1830 Credit: Print Collector (Photo by Oxford Science Archive/Print Collector/Getty Images). ‘Early Newcomen water-pumping steam engine, Oxclose, Tyne & Wear’ by Henry Beighton, 1717 Credit: Science & Society Picture Library Engraving drawn by Henry Beighton of Newcastle in 1717 (Photo by SSPL/Getty Images). ‘John Bull and the sinking fund’ by James Gillray, 1807 Credit: Heritage Images (Photo by Guildhall Library & Art Gallery/ Heritage Images/Getty Images). ‘The Leader of the Luddites’, 1812 Credit: Heritage Images. Found in the collection of British Museum Artist: Anonymous (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images) 10 ‘Plug Plot Riot in Preston’, The Illustrated London News, 20 August 1842 Credit: Universal Images Group (Photo by Universal History Archive/ Getty Images). 27 143 146 146 158 167 173 198 214 235 List of Graphs and Tables Graph 1 ‘Percentage of direct tax and excise revenues 1695–1735.’ Source: O’Brien, ‘The political economy of British taxation’, 9. 106 Table 1 Tax in shillings per hundredweight (112 pounds) on glass between 1777 and 1812 Source: S Dowell, A History of Taxation and Taxes in England: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day (1884, 3rd edn, 1888, New York, vols, 1965), vol 4, 299–300. 137 Bibliography Webb, Stephen Saunders, ‘William Blathwayt, imperial fixer: From popish plot to Glorious Revolution’ William and Mary Quarterly 25 (1968): 3–21 Webb, Stephen Saunders, ‘William Blathwayt, imperial fixer: Muddling through to empire 16891717’ William and 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‘Turncoats and double agents in restoration and revolutionary England: the case of Robert Ferguson, the plotter’ Eighteenth-Century Studies 42 (2009): 363–78 321 Index Act of Union with Ireland (1801) 199 actuary tables 156 Addington, Henry 199 Admiralty 33 adulteration 184, 204–5, 224, 265 Affleck, Admiral Philip 133 agricultural enclosure 43, 150, 202, 206–7, 281, 282 Ainscough, Steven 239 alamodes 55, 58, 88 Albermarle, Duke of 21 alkali 130, 161–2, 164 Allen, C Robert 2, 37, 43, 53, 168–9, 176, 248, 276 allum 147–8, 161, 173 Alund, Mary 67 Alund, Matthew 67 American War of Independence (1775–83) 11, 140, 164, 181–2, 188, 196, 201 Ames, Glenn Joseph 77 Amicable Society 156 Anglo-Dutch War (1652–4) 25, 42 Anglo-Dutch War (1665–7) 18, 26, 28 Anglo-Dutch War (1672–4) 28 Anglo-French Trade Treaty (1713) 105, 108, 112 Anglo-French Trade Treaty (1786) 51, 179, 183–4, 191–6, 223, 225 Anglo-Portuguese Treaty (1654) 66 Anglo-Portuguese Treaty (1703) 78, 112 Annan, Kofi 245 Anne, Queen 70, 108 anti-Catholic 19, 89 Anti-Corn League 234, 240 Appleby, Joyce 245 apprenticeship 176, 186, 208–9, 211, 215, 219–20 Argyll, ninth Earl of, see Campbell, Archibald Armstrong, Sir Thomas 69 Asgil, John 100–1 Ash, Eric xi, 148, 150–3 Ashley, William 51 Ashton, Thomas S. 145 assessed taxes 184, 231, 234 assiento and assientists 74–5, 77–9, 259 Assize of Bread 205 atmospheric engine 9, 173–4 Austrian economics 145 Austrian War of Succession (1740–8) 179 avis 120 Bacon, Sir Francis 8, 145–6, 152–3 Bacon’s Rebellion 40 Baker-Holroyd, John 189 balance of trade 45–6, 48, 54, 67, 71–3, 79, 91, 94–5, 109–11, 112 ballistics 153, 156 Baltic iron 10, 71, 108, 171–2 Bank of England 20, 31–3, 49–50, 58, 65, 70, 89, 187, 198, 226, 230 Bank of Ireland 192 bankruptcy 4, 179, 187, 197, 229 Baptiste of Cambrai 89 bar iron 108, 171, 174 barilla 5, 129, 132–3, 140–1, 161, 163–4, 233 Baring, Francis 234 Barker, T S. 90 Barton, John 239 Bayley, Thomas Butterworth 218 Bayly, Chris 36, 236 bays 55 Beckert, Sven xi, 4, 22, 36, 73, 79, 157, 168, 233 Beckett, J V. 117 Beckman, Martin 154, 170 Bedford Company 41, 150 Bedford Level, see Great Level Bedford, fourth Earl of, see Russell, Francis beer 1, 14, 24, 80, 105, 111, 117–18, 122, 126, 128, 215, 231–3 Bell, Thomas, 160 Bellamy, William 48 Berg, Maxine xi, 2–3, 37, 103, 158, 183, 213 Berlin Wall 243 Berthollet, Claude-Louis 162–3 Besnard, Philip 133 Bethel, Slingsby 20, 69 Bethune, Maximillian de 100 bills of exchange 156 Birch, John 48 Birchenough, Henry 239 Birmingham Commercial Committee 187 biscuits 82 Black, Alexander 134 Black, Joseph 175 Blackburn, Robin 79 Blackman, George 128 Blake, William 159 Index Bland, Giles 39–40 Bland, John 39–42, 64–5 Blanqui, Jerome-Adolphe 5, 139 Blathwayt, William 63–8, 70–1, 76, 82 bleach and bleaching 9–10, 89, 142, 161–3, 165, 169, 186, 190 Blewstone, Frederick de 169 block printing 160, 165 Blondeu, Pierre 154 Board of Trade and Plantations 54, 59, 64–5, 70–1, 78, 85, 107, 110 Board of Trustees for Fisheries, Manufactures and Improvements 163 bonded warehouse 47, 98, 114, 183, 207 Bonnean, Jacob 159 book of orders 204–5 book-keeping 20–2, 31, 71, 93, 97, 127, 132, 252, 259 Bosher, J F. 86, 115 Boulton, Matthew 2, 175–6, 185, 278 bounties 6, 10, 56, 58, 91, 105, 117, 129, 141, 160, 166, 189 Bourboulon, Anthony 163 bourgeoisie 217 Bow Street Officers 199 Bowden, Witt 186, 189 Bowrey, Kathy 160 boycott of goods 188 Boyer, Abel 109 Boyle, Robert 67, 145, 153–4 Braddick, Michael 23 Bradley, Humphrey 149 bran 161–2 brandy 57, 80, 111, 182–3, 194–5, 257 Brenner, Robert 32, 36 Brewer, John 30, 33 brewers 24, 126 bricks 107, 173, 184, 233 Bridgwater, third Earl of, see Egerton, John Brinkley, T. 176 British merchant 110–14, 192–3 British Plate Glass Company 133, 135–6 Broadberry, Stephen 53, 256 broadcloth 43–4, 210 Brougham, Henry 239 Buckinghamshire, Lord, see Hobart, John Buckworth, Sir John 63 bullion 26, 35, 54, 58, 62, 64, 67, 73–6, 92–3, 95–8, 100, 109, 115, 121, 227, 230, 260, 263 Burgh, Walter Hussey 187 Burghley, Lord, see Cecil, William Burke, Edmund 227 Burrell, Andrewes 151 buttons 90 Calico Act (1701) 9, 47, 53, 94, 96, 98–9, 101–2, 158, 165, 208 Calico Act (1721) 9, 91, 101–2, 140, 165–6, 209 calicoes 2, 9, 38, 45, 47, 53, 56–7, 73, 83, 89, 92–103, 113–14, 127, 140–2, 157–9, 165–8, 183–5, 208–9, 211, see also cotton textiles Calley, John 174 cambrics 56, 194 Cambridge University 153, 156 Campbell, Archibald 69 canals 116, 129, 175, 204 candles 1, 14, 57, 108, 118, 122–3, 127–8, 233 Cannadine, David 243 cannon balls and cannons 147, 154, 156, 169–70, 176 canvas 85 carbon 169–71 carding 148, 166–7 Carlile, Richard 201 Carnot, Sadi carpenters 27, 166 cartographers 152 Cartwright, Edmund 167 Cary, John 38, 65, 72–4, 81, 92–3, 97, 130, 147, 154 Carye, John 147 cast plate glass 47, 90, 132–7, 139 Castries, Marechal de 193 Catholic emancipation 232 Cecil, William 8, 85, 147 ceramics 8, 75, 103, 146 Chaps, Nicholas de 89 charcoal 10, 169–71 Charles I 17–18, 151 Charles II 15–17, 19–22, 26, 28–9, 32, 48–9, 51, 61, 63, 87, 90, 187, 252 Charles X 66 charter colonies 63, 70 chartism 235, 237–8 Chase, Malcolm 215, 237 Chatham, Lord 114 child labour 3, 5, 94, 116, 129, 177, 218, 244 Child, Sir Francis 32, 138 Child, Sir Josiah 52, 65, 93, 95–6, 107, 263 China and Chinaware 92, 116, 159 chintzes 98, see also cotton textiles chlorine 162–3 Cholmely, William 148 Church of England 28, 87, 112, 227 cider 131, 232 Cipolla, Carlo M. 86 City of London 17, 50, 87–8, 131, 210 Civil List 182 Clapham, J H. 211 Clarendon, first Earl of, see Hyde, Edward Clarke, Samuel 66 323 Index clay 132 Clay, Henry 240 Clayton, Sir Robert 63, 70 Clifford, Thomas 26, 260 clocks and clockmakers 166, 168, 172, 192 clothiers 66, 209–10, 213 coal 2, 5, 9–10, 70, 72, 90, 116, 129–31, 133, 141, 147–8, 162, 164, 168–77, 183–5, 195, 201, 212, 233, 276 Cobbett, William 201, 215 Cobden, Richard 239 cochineal 113, 161–2 cocoa 93, 114, 231 coffee 93, 108, 114, 118, 146, 182, 231, 236 coffee houses 66, 153–4, 177 Coffman, D’Maria 23 coke 169–70, 172 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 6, 46–7, 49, 76–7, 100, 107, 119, 121, 124–5, 223, 255 Colbin, Ian D. 165 Cold War 1, 145, 243 Coleman, Donald 44 coleseed 149–50 Colonial Possessions Act (1846) 242 colonies and colonization x, 3–4, 6–10, 15–16, 19, 22, 33, 38–40, 42, 45–6, 51–2, 54–6, 58, 61–8, 70, 73–9, 83, 93, 101–2, 105, 108–10, 113–17, 129, 140, 148, 159, 162, 164–5, 168–9, 178, 180–1, 187–8, 192, 223, 226, 236, 240, 244, 249, 260, 265 Colquhoun, Patrick 183 combination acts 13, 209–11, 213, 215–20 combinations 215–20, 226 Commissioners Appointed to Examine Public Accounts 180 Commissioners of Customs 141 Commissioners of Excise 142 Commissioners of Irish Revenue 187 Commissioners of the Public Accounts 108 Commissioners of Trade and Plantations 47, 99 common land 202, 206, 273 common law 12, 24, 204, 209, 213 Commonwealth 16–17, 22, 32, 39, 42, 70 Commutation Act (1784) 183–4 Company of Nottingham Spinners 185 Company of Royal Adventurers Trading with Africa 26, 75, 260 Company of White Paper Makers 137–8 compass 8, 145–6 Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers Consolidation Act (1787) 139 contraband 57, 73, 79, 123, see also illicit; smuggling Conventicle Act (1670) 49, 255 convicts 114 324 Cooper, Ashley 18–19, 29, 32, 62 Copley, Lionel 64 copper 71, 80, 85, 127–8, 173, 176 copperas 147, 161 copyright 160 corn 11, 56, 82, 107, 160, 192, 202, 205–6, 229–31, 234, 237–40 Corn Laws 160, 192, 206, 229–30, 234, 237–40 Corporation of London 69–70 Cort, Henry 10, 170, 172 cotton 3, 43, 62, 74, 79, 93, 98, 100–2, 116–17, 140–2, 165–8, 172, 189–92, 195, 226, 235 cotton gin 142–3, 271, 279 cotton textiles 1–4, 9–11, 14, 37, 44, 53–4, 58, 72–3, 75, 89, 91–4, 96, 98, 100–3, 105, 111, 113, 117, 121, 140–2, 153, 157–63, 165–8, 172, 174, 177, 183, 185–6, 188, 196, 212–13, 215, 223, 225, 232–5, 238, 241, 256, 263, 276, 278, 280 cotton yarn 2, 98, 101, 121, 140–1, 165–7, 191, 209 Council of Trade 19, 39–40, 64, 68 Coventry, Sir William 21 Cox, Charles 156 Crafts, Nicholas 4, 117 Cranage, Thomas and George 171 credibility 6, 16–19, 24, 32–3, 41, 107, 110, 119, 123, 125, 133, 197, 233 credit 1, 5, 8, 16–17, 19–21, 32–3, 38, 41, 45, 58, 86, 107, 109, 111, 118, 129, 179, 182, 188, 245, see also public credit Crommelin, Louis 82–3 Cromwell, Oliver 15–16, 18–20, 42, 66, 150 Cromwell, Richard 67 Croppenburgh, Joos 151 crown glass 90, 132 cullet 132 Cunningham, William 32, 40, 51–2 currants 236 custom duties 6, 22, 35, 37, 41, 55, 57–8, 66, 72–3, 78, 80–2, 91, 98, 105, 108, 110–11, 113, 115, 117, 131–2, 134, 136, 139, 140–1, 164, 180–1, 184, 189, 191, 193, 228, 230–4, 236, 238–9 Customary Law 203 cutlery 116 cutters 183 cylinders 10, 157, 160, 171, 174–6 Darby, Abraham 169 Darwin, Erasmus Daunton, Martin J. xi, 199, 227, 236 Davenant, Charles 20, 30, 38, 64–5, 94–7, 107–8, 110, 257 Davis, Ralph 53 Decker, Matthew 88 Declaration of Indulgence (1672) 29 Index Declaration of Rights (1689) 67 Defoe, Daniel 31, 110, 115, 252 Delaune, Benjamin 48 demesne 17 democracy 14, 237, 243 Denison, Evelyn J. 232 deregulation 12, 119, 142, 200, 206, 213, 220–2, 229, 241 Desagulier, Jean 68, 156, 174, 177 design 81, 98, 157–61, 165, 167, 188 Dickinson, P G M. 58 dissenters 48–9, 61, 70, 156 distilling and distilleries 73, 126 Dollyne, Anthony 147 Donkin, Brian 139, 219 Douglas, Audrey W. 157 Downing, Emanuel 15 Downing, Sir George 15–16, 18–28, 39, 41, 48, 63, 95 Doyle, John 210 drawback 55–6, 108, 113–14, 117, 132, 135, 183 Dublin Society 188 Dubois, Jean 50 Dubois, John 48, 50–1 Dufay, Charles-Francois de Cisternail 162 Duke of York, see James II Duncomb, Sir John 22 Dundas, Henry 199 Dupin, Nicholas 89 duty-free 55, 82, 94, 135, 141, 183, see also free-trade; laissez-faire dyes and dyeing 2, 9–10, 44, 53–5, 62, 79, 91, 98, 111, 113–14, 117, 121, 123–4, 127, 140, 147–9, 157, 161–2, 165, 169, 173, 186, 190, 196, 211, 275 dyewood 73, 161 earthen ware 107, 131 East India Company 17, 25–6, 49–50, 52–4, 58, 67, 70, 73, 75, 92–9, 102, 139, 157, 183–4, 193 economic development 1, 73, 107, 154, 245 economic growth 1–4, 79, 117, 228, 243, 245 Eden, William 179, 181, 183, 189, 192–5 Ederton, John 65 Edict of Nantes (1685) 8, 67, 82, 86 Edward III 8, 146 Edward VI 85 Elliott, John H. 61 Eltis, David 79 emporium 5, 38, 183 emulation 19, 153, 158, 249 Engerman, Stanley L. 79 English Civil War 6, 15, 24, 40, 43, 69, 82, 125, 130, 145, 153, 205 engrosser 204 enumerated goods 45 Epstein, Stephan R. 208 equity and equitable 24–5, 42, 107, 122, 126, 128, 197, 206, 251 Esteban, Javier Cuenca 79 evangelicals 228–9, 233 Evans, Chris 171–2 Evelyn, John 28 exchange alley 155–6 Exchequer 7, 16–20, 30, 32, 187, 230 excise x, 1, 5–8, 20–5, 30–1, 33, 38, 40–2, 48, 57–8, 66, 71, 73, 80, 94, 98, 100, 105–8, 111, 113–15, 117–30, 132–7, 139–42, 155–6, 160, 180–7, 189–90, 192, 197, 199, 216, 221, 223–4, 227, 230–1, 233–8, 250, 251, 265 exclusion crisis 16, 19, 69–70, 215, 250, 252, see also exclusionists exclusionists 29, 35, 48–51, 69, 76 experiment 2, 31, 68, 71, 90, 129–30, 133–5, 146, 153–7, 162, 166, 174, 213 experts and expertise 148, 192, 243 factory and factories 12, 79, 98, 133, 164, 166, 207–8, 213, 218 Fair Trade League 241 fashion 37, 44, 73, 81, 91–2, 96, 101, 157–8, 160–1, 211, 222 female labour 3, 5, 94, 116, 129, 177, 244 Fenland drainage 148–50, 152 Fenton, Edmund 147 Ferguson, Niall 244 Ferguson, Robert 50, 57, 94–5 Financial Revolution 32, 58 Fine, S E. 107 fireworks 153 Fisher, F J. 43 Flamsteed, John 155 flax 47, 262 Flemish 41, 43, 45, 148, 254 flying shuttle 166 food riots 202–4 forestaller 204–5, 213 Fortrey, Samuel 41, 86 Foster, John 187 Fourdrinier paper machine 139 Fox, Charles James 182, 184, 193–4 fraud 28, 40, 79, 88, 130, 135, 137, 140, 156, 199, 221, 267 Frederick the Great 172 free market 2, 11–12, 202, 206–7 free minds free-trade 1, 13–14, 72, 160, 183, 185, 188, 191, 193, 200, 203, 206, 219–20, 225–8, 231, 232, 234, 236–41, 243 French Academy of Sciences 121, 165 325 Index French Arête (1686) 47 French Bureau of Commerce 120, 124 French Bureaux de Controle 124 French Controller General 77, 120–1 French Corps of Inspectors 124 French Council of Commerce 120, 124 French Director-General of the Finances 121 French Farmers-General 120 French Gardes-Jures 124–5 French Guinea Company 72 French Inspectorate of Manufactures 124 French Reformed Church 50 French Revolution 180, 203, 206 French Royal Glass Company 47 French Secretary of State for the Navy 120–1 friezes 55 fur 71 furnaces 2, 90, 127, 130–1, 137, 147, 169–70, 176 fustians 9–10, 101–2, 121, 140, 190 gall nuts 161 Gauci, Perry 87–8, 109 Gee, Joshua 110, 114, 157, 265 General Chamber of Manufacturers 185, 189, 191, 194 General Convention of the Royal Borough of Scotland 141 General Enclosure Act (1801) 202 George II 88 George III 170 Gerbier, Balthasar 31 Gibbon, John 151 Gideon, Samuel 88 ginger 74 Gladstone, William 237, 240 glass 1, 5, 8–9, 14, 37, 47, 57–8, 90, 105, 107, 113, 117–18, 122, 128–37, 139–40, 146–7, 169–70, 172–3, 192–4, 223, 233, 236, 238, 287 glass waste 128, 132–7 Glorious Revolution 16, 29, 32–3, 49–50, 52, 64–6, 76, 105, 107, 123, 138 Glover, Gabriel 52 gloves 90, 184 Goderich, Viscount, see Robinson, Frederick John Godfrey, Benjamin 48 Godfrey, Edmund Berry 50 Godfrey, Michael 48–50, 70 gold 54, 74, 90, 93–6, 100, 108, 112, 121 gold standard 198, 227, 230–1 goldsmith bankers 17, 32, 252 grain 11, 62, 82, 105, 111, 126, 192, 201, 204–6, 214, 229, 231, 239–40 Great Divergence 2, 4, 14, 176, 244 Great Exhibition of London (1851) 239 326 Great Fire of London (1666) 71, 97 Great Level 150 Great Reform Act (1832) 237 Great Warehouse Act (1803) 231 Greaves, Richard 29 Grew, Nehemiah 90–1 Grey, Ford 69 Grey, Thomas 69 Grillet, Rene 98 Groyett, Stephen 147 guilds 11, 91, 119, 120–1, 124, 208, 211, 221–2 gum 157 gun powder 8, 85, 145–6, 148, 174 Gupta, Bishnupriya 53, 256 Gwyn, Sir Roland 55 habeas corpus 24 hackney carriages 105 Halevy, Elie 241 Hall, Webb 231 Hammond, J L and B. 216 Hanmer, Sir Thomas 110 hardware 90, 105, 193–4, 233 Hargreaves, James 166 Harley, Knick C. 93 Harley, Robert 20, 106 Harris, J R. 172, 176 Harris, John 156 Harris, Tim 29 Harrison, Edmund 48 Harrison, George 229 Hartlib, Samuel 39, 153 Hartwell, Ronald Max 5, 145 Harvard University 15 Hatcher, Thomas 160 Hatfield Chase 151 hats and hat-making 45, 90, 184 Hauksbee, Francis 155 hay 107 Hay, Douglas 203, 207 Hayek, Friedrich A. 145, 244–5 Haynes, John 99 Hechstetter, Joachim 147 Hedges, Sir Charles 77 Hellot, Jean 162 hemp 47, 68, 71, 80, 85, 87, 108, 131, 141, 149, 233, 261 Henry, John 154 Herle, William 149 Herries, John Charles 232 Hezilridge, Arthur 16 hides 117, 233 high wages 2, 226, 248 Highs, Thomas 166 Hilaire-Perez, Liiane 222 Index Hill, Abraham 66–7, 71, 82 Hilton, Boyd xi, 227–8, 237 Hobart, John 187 Hodgson, James 155 Holmes, Robert 26 Home Office 207 Hooke, Robert 153 Hoppit, Julian 31 hops 56, 108, 123, 148 Horrick, Captain Gerard 85, 148 horsepower 176 Houblon, James 48 Houblon, John 48, 50 Houdschoote say 44 Houghe, John 48 Hovering Act (1780) 185 Hudson, Pat x, Hudson’s Bay Company 19, 94, 139 Huguenots 8, 49, 56, 81, 86–9, 186 Hume, David 13, 179 Humphries, Jane xi, Hunt, Henry 215 Huntsman, Benjamin 172 Huskisson, William 212, 230–2, 240 Huygens, Christian 174 Hyde, Edward 19 hydraulics 155, see also water engineering Iliffe, Robert 152 illiberal 4, 13, 36, 42, 114, 201, 241, 243–4 illicit 7, 45, 47, 54, 57, 77, 80–1, 88–9, 113, 123, 126, 128, 132, 154, 181–3, 193, 230 imitation 99, 102, 142, 153, 158–9 immigration 41, 58, 85–8 import substitution 56, 148, 159 income tax 140, 181, 198–9, 227, 229–30, 232–8, 240, 287 indentured servants 61 indigo 45, 74, 116, 161–2, 275 individualism 227, 243, 245 Industrious Revolution 3, 116 infant industry 131, 238 Inikori, Joseph E. 79, 116 Innes, Joanna 212 innovation 139, 145–6, 153, 155, 157–8, 164–70, 172, 176–7, 191, 219, 221–3, 232–3, 244, 248 Inspector-General of Imports and Exports 7, 95 insurance 64, 75, 155–6 interest rate 106, 181, 188, 197 Interregnum 18, 20, 22–5, 39–40, 69, 74, 145 invisible college 145 Irish Cattle Bill 21 Irish Commissioners of Revenue 187–8 Irish House of Lords 66 iron 1, 4–5, 9–11, 14, 56, 71, 85, 97, 107–8, 114, 117, 130, 147, 169–76, 185–6, 189, 192, 195–6, 213, 223, 232–3, 241 iron surf 132 Jacob, Margaret C. 2, 153, 245 Jacobins 13, 206–7 Jacobite 64, 66, 263 James I 8, 90, 130, 137, 147, 168, 256 James II 48, 52, 57, 63–4, 69, 76, 107 James, William 53 Janssen, Theodore 110 jenever 111, 182–3 Joint-Stock Companies 32, 67, 97, 155 Jones, Edmund 210 Jones, Gareth Steadman 202 journeymen 100, 124, 209–11, 213, 216, 218–19 Justi, Johann von 172 justices of the peace 11, 205, 207–10 Kay, John 166 kelp 132, 161–2, 164 kerseys 44, 51, 254 Kilburne, William 159–60 Kirby, Francis 15 Krey, Gary Stuart De 70 Kriegel, Lara 160 laissez-faire 194, 220, 229, 243 lakens 45 land enclosure 150, 202 Land Enclosure Act (1773) 202 land tax 17, 30, 105–8, 113, 115, 122, 182, 198–9 Landes, David 71, 145, 244, 248 latent heat 175 lead 72, 85, 95, 107, 131, 147 lead containers 163 lead seals 121, 124 Leadbetter, Charles 126, 155 leather 1, 5, 14, 57, 90, 107–8, 117–18, 122–3, 128–9, 147, 192, 223, 287 Leblanc, Nicolas 162, 164, 275 Lees, R M. 64 Levant Company 50, 54 Lewyer, Anthony Le 147 Lexington, second Baron of, see Sutton, Robert liberal and liberalism 2, 4, 12–13, 112, 124, 143, 177, 180, 182, 190–1, 201, 216, 219, 221–2, 228, 239, 243–4 liberty 2, 13, 18, 23–25, 46, 86, 108, 186, 197, 222, 243–5 Lifford, Lord, see Hewitt, James lime 132, 161–2, 170 lime burning 173 lime flax 170 327 Index limestone 162, 201 Lindqvist, Svante 175 linen 1, 10, 14, 43–4, 47–50, 52, 56–8, 72–3, 80–3, 86–7, 89–93, 95–102, 110–11, 121, 127, 139–41, 148, 159–67, 184–7, 191, 193, 255, 256, 261 Linen and White Paper Corporation 89 linen yarn 102, 121, 140–1, 166–7, 209 Lipsom, Ephraim 193 Liverpool, Lord 227–9 Livisey, John 183 Locke, John 67–9, 145, 153, 258 Long, Charles 230 Lord Treasurer 18, 21, 29 lotteries 156 Louis XIV 28, 58, 77, 81, 86, 121 Lowndes, William 30 luddites and luddism 214–15 Lumley, Lord 69 Lunar Society lustring 55, 58, 81, 88 luxury and luxuries 37, 41–2, 73, 92, 96, 109, 116, 121, 140, 158, 184, 186, 195, 222 machine tools 170, 173 Macintosh, Charles 163 MacLeod, Christine 146–7 Macquer, Pierre Joseph 162 madder 148, 161 Magna Carta 24, 53, 251 Mallalien, Alfred 234 malt 1, 9–10, 14, 80, 105, 113, 117–18, 122, 126, 128, 169, 173, 184, 227, 231 Manchester Calico Act (1736) 102 Mann, Julia De Lacy 102 Mansfield, Sir Robert 130 marginal land 199, 229, 240 Maritz, Johann 170 market and marketplace 142, 146, 155–61, 164–5, 167, 171–3, 176, 179–80, 184, 188–9, 191–2, 194–5, 200–7, 212–15, 217–19, 221–8, 230–5, 237, 239–41, 244 Martin, Phyllis M. 75 Martyn, Henry 91, 95–7, 110 Massachusetts Company 15 Master and Servant Act (1823) 13, 220 mathematical instruments 148, 152 Mathias, Peter 177 Maudsley, Henry 176 McCloskey, Deirdre 244 Meadows, Sir Philip 66–7, 71, 82 meat 82, 240 mechanics 154–5, 174, 218 Melville, Lord, see Dundas, Henry mercator 51, 110–13 328 Mercer’s Company 49 mercers 88 Mervin, John 48 metals and metalware 2, 10, 85, 115–17, 132, 147, 163, 168, 170–3, 176–7, 187, 194, 223 Methuen, John 66–7, 112 Methuen, Paul 66 metrology 40, 281, see also weights and measures mezzotint printing 98, 157, 264 Mill, John Stewart 239 millwrights 216 Minard, Philippe x, 119, 125, 222 mines and mining 9, 38, 70, 74, 85, 93, 109, 112, 115, 130, 147–8, 153, 155, 169, 172–6, 183, 204, 212 Mintz, Sidney W. 79 mirrors 90 Mises, Ludvig Von 145, 243 mixed cottons 9–10, 98, 101–2, 117, 140, 142, 165–6, 186, see also fustians models 156 mohair yarn 113 Mokyr, Joel 2, 152, 172, 193, 245 Monmouth, Duke of 49–50, 69 Monmouth’s Rebellion 16 monopoly and monopolies 8, 10, 38, 52, 54, 61, 67, 74, 76, 78, 81, 94, 97, 117, 122–3, 130, 135–6, 138–9, 146, 149, 160–1, 168–9, 171–2, 180, 183, 189–90, 192, 195, 199, 206, 222, 228, 235 Mont Pelerin Society 145 Moore, Arthur 110 Moore, Francis 160 Moore, Sir John 163 moral economy 202, 204–7, 213, 220 mordant 123, 157, 161–3 Morton, Alan 156 Mun, Thomas 54, 68 Murdoch, William 176 muslin cloth 101, 159, 195, see also calicoes; cotton textiles Muspratt, James 164 nails 115, 171 Napoleonic Wars 4, 164, 192, 198–9, 203, 215, 225, 229, 239 national debt 13, 15, 58, 100, 109, 156, 177, 179–82, 193, 196–8, 224, 228, 234 natural philosophy 2, 18, 31, 67, 71, 146, 153–6, 166, 170 naturalization 87 naval stores 45, 80, 83, 87 Navickas, Katrina 214 navigation 153, 155–7, 231 Navigation Acts 7, 42, 45, 75, 117, 192–3, 231 Index navigators 36, 152 Navy Board 33, 83 neck cloth 101 Neck, Joshua and Gerard van 88 Necker, Jacques 121, 285 Nemours, DuPont De 193 neoliberalism 243 Nettels, Curtis 76 new draperies 36, 43–6, 55–6, 73, 81, 86, 187 New Model Army 16 Newcomen engine 9, 156, 169, 173–5, 177 Newcomen, Thomas 173–4 Newton, Sir Isaac 145, 153–4, 245 Newtonian 146, 155–6, 166, 174, 272, 273 Nine Years War (1688–97) 30, 49, 80 Noell, Martin 40 Normandy Chamber of Commerce 195 North, Douglass C. 2, 107 North, Lord 134, 182, 192 North, Sir Dudley 63 Nottingham, Earl of 64 O’Brien, Patrick K. xi, 79, 106, 196 O’Brien, Sir Lucius 187 Okey, John 16 old corruption 11, 181, 220, 230, 235, 237–8 Onions, Peter 171 open science 245 Open Society 245 orchilla 161 ordinance 147 Orground iron 10, 169, 171 Ormrod, David 46, 58, 89 Orth, J V. 217 Oxford University 69, 153, 192 Oxford, first Earl of, see Harley, Robert Paine, Thomas 13, 118, 215, 227 palatines 87 palm oil 164 paper 1, 5, 8, 14, 23–4, 37, 47, 49, 57–8, 73, 81, 86, 89–90, 105, 107–8, 111, 113, 117–18, 122–3, 127–9, 131, 137–40, 146, 151, 168, 192, 194, 217–19, 223, 233, 238, 270 Papermakers Act (1796) 218 Papillon, Thomas 48–51, 57, 70, 93, 95 Papin, Denis 174 Paravicine, Peter 48 Parker, Harald T. 123 Parnell, Henry 233, 238 Parthasarathi, Prasannan 2, 53, 100, 165, 272 patents 8, 129, 147–8 Paul, Lewis 166 Peace of Amiens (1801) 199 Peace of Utrecht (1713) 90 pearl ash 141, 161 Peel, Lawrence 183 Peel, Robert (prime minister) 230, 234–8, 240 Peel, Robert 190 Pelham, Henry 132 Pelham, Thomas 190 Penn, William 67 Penny Magazine 160 Pepys, Samuel 15 Percival, Thomas 130 Perpetuanas 55 Perry, Edmund Sexton 187 Pettigrew, William A. 76 Petty, William 46 Petyt, William 35, 37–8, 92 piece rates 12, 209–10, 283 pillory 49, 127 Pincus, Steve 27, 29, 38–9, 52, 61–2, 107 pins 148 Piracy Bill (1700) 70 pirates and piracy 35, 70, 74–5 pistons 10, 171, 174–7 pitch 7, 10, 68, 71, 80, 83, 108, 126 pitched markets 205–6 Pitt, William the Younger 11, 13, 47, 51, 118, 139, 141–3, 180–202, 216, 225, 231, 233 placement 182, 201, 237 planters 39, 63, 75, 78, 162 plate glass 47, 90, 107, 132–7, 139 Polanyi, Karl 227 political arithmetic 7, 31, 46 political representation 199 Pollexfen, Henry 67 Pollexfen, John 51, 67, 70–1, 73, 77, 80, 82, 92–3, 96–8, 139, 225 Pomeranz, Kenneth 176 Poor Law 186, 226 Popish Plot 29 Popper, Karl 245 Popple, William 67 porcelain 3, 7, 18–19, 40, 47–8, 54–6, 59, 62–5, 68, 70–1, 73–5, 78–9, 81, 83, 85, 92–3, 99, 101, 107, 110, 112, 116, 142, 168, 171, 190, 192, 225–6, 261 Portal, Henri 89 Porter, Theodore 126 Portland, Duke of 207 pot ash 132, 141 potteries 1, 4, 11, 14, 90, 115, 117, 187, 189, 192, 196, 223 Povey, John 67 Povey, Thomas 40, 63 Poyning’s Law 188 Pre, Henry Mark Du 82 precision 129, 169, 176, 181 329 Index precision measurement 224, 252, 284 premiums 129, 188 Price, Jacob 116 Priestley, Margaret 46 primogeniture 226 printing 2, 8–10, 18, 47, 53, 55, 58, 94, 96, 98–102, 113, 139–40, 145–6, 152–3, 157, 159–61, 165–6, 195 privateers 35, 57, 75, 77 Privy Council 18, 21, 40, 65, 69, 188, 190, 205, 208 prohibition and prohibitory 9–10, 45, 47, 49, 51–5, 57, 72–3, 77, 80–1, 92, 94–100, 102–3, 105, 110–14, 117, 134, 139–42, 153, 165–7, 185, 187, 209, 216, 231, 238–40 projects and projectors 8, 39–40, 133, 145–53, 155–6, 166, 172 proletariat 217 property 2, 12–13, 30, 40, 52, 64, 68, 107, 186, 197–8, 215, 219–20, 226, 229, 237, 243, 253 proprietary colonies 62–3, 67, 70 protectionism 1, 4, 6, 8–15, 22, 24, 29, 33, 41–2, 45, 47, 50–1, 53, 57–8, 71–2, 81–3, 91, 100–3, 105, 107, 111, 113–15, 117–18, 121–3, 125, 128–9, 131–2, 138, 153, 158, 160, 165–6, 168, 170, 172, 177, 186, 189–92, 194, 202, 208, 213, 215, 218, 223–34, 236–41, 243–4, 287 Prussian blue 162 Prynne, William 25 public accounts 20, 30–1, 108, 182, 196 public credit 1, 5, 8, 20, 38, 45, 58, 107, 111, 118, 128, 179, 182 public lectures 126, 146, 153, 155–6, 160, 273 public platform 215 puddling 10, 170, 172 quality 2, 7, 10, 37, 39–41, 43–5, 53, 57, 62, 81, 83, 89–90, 98–9, 101–3, 107, 111, 113, 117, 119, 121–8, 130, 138–9, 142, 158, 161, 164–5, 167, 172, 188, 195, 208, 215, 219, 221–4 quantification 7, 115, 122, 126 Quinn, Stephen 32 raisins 93 Ramsay, James 25–6 Randall, Adrian 202, 204, 207–8, 212–13, 217 rapeseed 149–50 Reaumur, Rene Antoine Ferchault 169 Reciprocity of Duties Act (1823) 231 re-export trade 6, 9, 23, 36, 38, 45, 47, 51, 53–6, 62, 72–3, 75, 79, 82, 86, 94–5, 98, 101–2, 108, 112–14, 117, 165 refugees 8, 49–50, 58, 68, 81–2, 86–8, 90–1, 138, 152, 174 regrater 204, 213 330 regulation 4–6, 12, 39–41, 52–3, 114, 117–27, 129, 161, 177, 179, 185–6, 188, 191, 201–2, 204, 206–7, 211, 213–15, 217–18, 220–3, 226, 228, 232–3, 240, 243–4 Reinert, Sophus A. 65, 154, 243 republic and republicanism 6, 15–17, 19–32, 35, 39, 63, 66–7, 69–70, 95 Restoration 6, 15–17, 19, 21, 23, 28–9, 32, 36, 39, 62, 66, 87–8, 123, 145, 154 Rey, Claudius 101 Reynel, Carew 46–7, 65 Rhymer, Jean 102 rice 62, 74 Riding Officers 80 Riello, Giorgio 100, 142, 166, 168 Robert, Nicolas-Louis 219 Robins, Benjamin 156 Robinson, David 232–3 Robinson, Frederick John 232 Robinson, Henry 31–2, 35, 37–9 Rochester, Earl of 69 Rockingham, second Marquees of 188 Roebuck, John 163, 175 Rogers, Nicholas 203, 215 roller and bobbin machine 166 roller printing 160 Rommelse, Gils 18, 21 Root, Hilton L. 120 Rose, Holland 198 Rosenband, Leonard N. x, 3, 37, 139, 217, 219, 223 Roseveare, Henry 17, 20, 30 rosin 83 Rostow, Walt W. 145 Royal Brass Foundry 154, 170, 176 Royal Laboratory 154, 170 Royal Lustring Company 81, 83, 88 Royal Mint 147, 154 Royal Navy 6–7, 22–3, 28–9, 33, 37, 39, 42, 54, 79–80, 83, 90, 115, 117, 147, 179 Royal Society of London 49, 70, 145–7, 153–5, 252, 273 Rule, John 208, 220 Russell, Francis 150 Russell, John 234 Russell, William 150 Ryden, Goran 171–2 rye 161 Rye House Plot 16, 69–70 Sachs, Jeffrey 245 Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572) 49, 86 Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital 98 salt 8–9, 23–4, 56–7, 85, 105, 107, 116, 118, 130, 146, 148, 162, 164, 169, 173, 176, 180, 197, 201 saltpetre 95, 132, 147 Salvadore, Joseph 88 Index sand 130, 132 Savary, Jacques 46, 255 Savery, Thomas 173–4 Say, Jean-Baptiste 4–5, 139 Schalch, Andrew 154 Scheele, Karl Wihelm 163 Scheme of Trade (1674) 45, 48, 50–1, 72, 110, 112 Schonhardt-Bailey, Cheryl 237 Scott, Jonathan 18, 23 Scotten, Edmund 152 Sea Island raw cotton 142 secrecy 219 Seelar, Gaspar 85, 148 separate condenser 156 serges 51, 55 Seven Years War (1756–63) 11, 114, 122, 132, 179, 201, 205, 225 Shaftesbury, first Earl of, see Cooper, Ashley Shapin, Stephen 154, 249 Sheffield, Lord, see Baker-Holroyd, John Shelbourne, Lord 182–3 Sheldon, Daniel 93 Sherbourne, Robert 137 Sherwin, William 98, 157 ship masts 71, 83 shipbuilding 116, 153 shopfloor 43, 170–2, 175, 177, 219 Shrieval Election 51, 69 Sidney, Algernon 28, 69 Sieferle, Rolf Peter 169 Sikes, Bartholomew 136, 269 silicon 169–70 silk 9, 12, 14, 40, 43–4, 46–9, 52–8, 72–3, 75, 78, 81, 83, 86, 88–90, 92–3, 95–8, 100–2, 110–11, 113, 127, 140, 153, 159, 161–2, 184, 188, 192, 194–5, 210–12, 233, 239, 287 silk worms 101 silk-cutting 210 silver 6, 50, 53–4, 59, 61–2, 67, 73–5, 78, 90, 93–6, 100, 107, 121, 162, 184, 256 sinecures 31, 181, 237 single duty 194 Sinking Fund 196–8, 234 slaves and slavery 3, 6, 15, 18, 24, 26–7, 40, 59, 61, 68, 71, 73–9, 93, 108, 114, 116–17, 129, 142, 168, 171, 177, 190, 192, 216, 218, 226, 244 smalts 141 Smeaton, John 156 smelting 130, 147, 169 Smith, Adam 13, 181, 183, 226–7 Smith, David 124 smuggling 105, 140, 182–3, 185, 230, 233 soap 1, 5, 9, 14, 37, 57, 90, 108, 117–18, 122–3, 128–9, 131, 140–1, 161–2, 164, 169, 173, 184, 223, 233 soap waste 128 Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Commerce and Industry 158 Society of Merchant Venturers 72 soda 133, 162, 164 sour milk 162–3 South Sea Company 78–9, 109 Southampton, fourth Earl of, see Wriothesley, Thomas Southey, Robert 239 Southwell, Sir Robert 63 Spanish Vonsejo de Indias 145 spices 26, 38, 75, 78–80, 93, 108 Spilman, John 137 spinning and spinners 89, 111, 148, 161, 165–8, 174, 185, 191, 195, 209 spinning jenny 166, 168 spirits 1, 14, 37, 57, 105, 111, 117–18, Spitalfield Act (1773) 11, 210–11 Stahl, Peter 153 Stamford, second Earl of, see Grey, Thomas standardization 7, 40, 62, 119, 122, 125–6, 186 Stanley, Thomas 190 staple products 3, 6–7, 43–4, 62, 68, 74, 83, 100–1, 113–14, 139, 162, 211, 265 starch 118, 122, 148, 223 Stasavage, David 106 Statute of Artificers 11–12, 208, 215–16, 218 steam and steam engines 2, 5, 9, 115, 156, 160, 168, 172–7, 185, 230 steam engines and technology 2, 5, 9, 115, 156, 160, 168, 172–7, 185, 230 steel 1, 9–10, 169, 171–2, 194, 241 Stein, Stanley J and Barbara H. 36, 73, 75 Stepney, George 68–71, 82 Steuart, Sir James 181, 183 Stewart, Larry xi, 2, 154–6 Stirling, James 156 stone bottles 105, 131 Stop of the Exchequer 32, 252 Styles, John 157, 264 sugar 3, 6, 9, 39, 41, 45, 62, 72–6, 78–9, 93, 105, 108, 116–18, 122, 126, 169, 173, 184, 233–4, 236, 241 sulphur 130, 169–70 sulphuric acid 163 sumptuary legislation 100 Sun Fire Office 156 Sutton, Robert 70 Swedish Board of Mines 175 Swift, Jonathan 109 Swing Riots 219 Tabberner, J L. 237 tallies 32 tallow 5, 127, 129, 140, 233 331 Index tammets 96, see also Woollen Textiles; Worsteds Tankerville, Earl of, see Grey, Ford tapestry 47, 86 tar 10, 68, 71, 80, 83, 108, 169 tariffs 6, 8–10, 13, 33, 47–9, 52, 80, 103, 105, 110, 113, 117, 120–3, 128–9, 132, 148, 160, 166, 170, 172, 180–2, 193–4, 212, 223, 230–1, 233–4, 236, 238–40, 287; see also custom duties; protectionism tartar 161 tax farmers 17, 21, 33 Taylor, Miles 236 tea 6, 93, 108, 114, 118, 122, 183–4, 224, 227, 233 Temple, Sir William 64 Tennant, Charles 163 Thames River Police 183 Thelwall, John 201, 215 Thomas, Brinley 240 Thomas, Sir Dolby 65 Thompson, E P. 201–7 Thornhaugh, William, see Russell, William Thornton, John 36 timber 2, 8–9, 68, 71, 80, 83, 85, 90, 97, 108, 117, 130, 133, 147, 164, 168–9, 171, 174–7, 233–4, 241 tin 72, 85, 95, 107, 173, 176 tobacco 3, 45, 62, 67, 72–4, 76, 79, 93, 95, 105, 107–8, 114, 116–17, 122, 131, 180, 183–5, 231, 233, 265 tobacco pipes 105, 131 tolls 81, 120–1, 123, 180 tontines 156 Toriano, Nathaniel 110 Torriano, George 48 trade unions 12–13, 211, 213, 215, 217, 220 transportation of convicts 114 Treasury 6–7, 17–22, 30–3, 64, 82, 106, 119, 122, 132, 134–7, 139–41, 229–30 Treasury Orders 19 Treaty of Peace with Spain (1667) 74 Trenchard, Sir John 76 Trentmann, Frank 236 Trevers, Joseph 47 trinkets 49 Triple Assessment Tax 198, see also income tax Trudaine, Daniel 125 Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jaques 222 Turkey Company 96 Turko-Prussian War (1623–38) 44 Turner, Michael 117 turnpike roads 204 turpentine 5, 129, 140 universal domination 20, 26–9, 39 utilitarianism 228 332 Vallet, Matthew 163 Valline, John 210 Vaux, Gerald de 89 vegetable oil 148 velvets 89 Verbruggen, Jan 154, 170 Vermuyden, Cornelius 150–2 Vernatti, Sir Philbert 151 Vigani, John Francis 153 visibility 30–1, 219–20, 284 vitriol 161–3 Vries, Jan de Vries, Peer 4, 244 Vyvyan, Sir Richard 239 Wade, Armigil 149 Wadsworth, Alfred P. 102 Wakefield, Andre x, 245 Walker, Thomas 190 Wallis, John 153 Walloons 43, 45, 50, 86, 90, 254 Walpole, Sir Robert 47, 58, 82, 91, 94, 105–8, 113–14, 181–4, 196, 231, 265 War of Spanish Succession (1701–14) 6, 66, 69, 77–8, 139–40 War of the Austrian Succession (1740–8) 178 Ward, Sir Patience 48, 63, 70 water engineering 153 waterwheels 156, 174, 196 Watson, John 183 Watt, James 2, 156, 175–7, 185, 278 weavers and weaving 8, 48, 52–3, 81–2, 85, 89, 96–101, 111, 146, 163, 165–8, 191, 208–13 Webb, Stephen Saunders 64 Webster, Charles 145, 153 Wedgwood, Josiah 2, 159, 186, 189, 192, 212 weed ashes 142 weights and measures 40, 123, 205 Weingast, Barry 107 Wells, Roger 207, 218 Wenger, Carl 145 Whatman, James 139 Wheeler, James Scott 23 Whiston, James 38, 64–5, 257 Whitney, Eli 142 Wilberforce, Duke of 231–2 Wilkinson, John 170, 176 William of Orange 29–30, 32–3, 39, 48–9, 52, 56–7, 64–70, 82, 106 Williams, Albert 239–40 Williams, Eric 3, 79, 226 Wilson, Stephen 211–12 window glass 90, 238 window tax 184 Index windows 90, 105, 130 wine 50, 57, 67, 72–3, 78, 107, 112, 114, 180, 184, 194 Winthrop Jr., John 15 Winthrop, John 15 wire 108, 147 woad 149 wood 174–5 wood ashes 132, 141 Wood, Charles and John 170 wool 44–5, 47, 54, 56, 71, 80–1, 88, 148, 161, 167–8, 195, 208 woollen yarn 43, 121, 124, 209 woollen textiles 9, 40–8, 50, 53–6, 58, 66, 71–4, 78, 80–3, 89, 92–4, 96–102, 107–8, 110–13, 117, 121–2, 124, 140–2, 147–9, 161–2, 187–9, 192–3, 195, 208, 210, 212–17, 219, 223, 225, 233, 241 Woolwich Arsenal 149 Woolwich Dockyard 154 Woolwich Military Academy 147 workhouses 89 wormwood 126 Worsley, Benjamin 39, 42 worsteds 43–5, 96, 208–9, 264 Wren, Sir Christopher 153 Wright, John 186 Wright, Joseph 159 Wrigley, E A. 2, 168–9, 176 Wrigley, Thomas 238 Wriothesley, Thomas 18 Wyatt, John 166 yellow berries 161 Zahedieh, Nuala 62 333 334 .. .The Industrial Revolution ii The Industrial Revolution The State, Knowledge and Global Trade William J Ashworth Bloomsbury Academic An imprint... 15 The Greatest Dominion of the World’: Trade and Textiles 35 Silver and Slaves: Britain and the Atlantic World 61 South Asian ‘Weeds’: The Balance of Trade and Textiles 85 State Protection and. .. especially since the 1980s, there has been a shift in emphasis towards demand as the key variable in understanding the British Industrial Revolution and Western industrialization The central focus