JOAN ABELA is Senior Lecturer in the Legal History and Methodology Department at the University of Malta, Founding Member of the Notarial Archives Foundation and past Secretary of the Malta Historical Society She was the winner of the 2014 Boydell & Brewer Prize for the best doctoral thesis in maritime history. Cover image: Fragment of a re-cycled portolan chart which served as a parchment binding to the acts of Notary Natale Parmisano for the administrative year 1670–1671 showing the Eastern and Central Mediterranean. Courtesy: Notarial Archives Malta Joan Abela JOAN ABELA Cover design by Greg Jorss Hospitaller Malta and the Mediterranean Economy in the Sixteenth Century Malta in the sixteenth century is usually viewed in military terms: the great bulwark of Christendom against Islam, the island ruled by the crusader Knights of St John – the Hospitallers – with its vast fortifications and its famous siege of 1565. This book, however, which examines the development of the economy of Malta and its place in the wider Mediterranean economy in the period, paints a much more complex picture. It shows how Malta was the hub of a large, complicated trading network, with Christians of various denominations, as well as Jews and Muslims, participating in commercial activity, and with well-developed instruments of trade and commercial law in place to support this network It demonstrates that trade was not just in grain, a necessary commodity for Malta as a barren island with insufficient agriculture, but in a much wider range of goods, including even the sale and ransom of slaves. The book pays particular attention to the important commercial role of women, to safe conducts, which enabled Christians to trade in Muslim lands and vice versa, and to credit arrangements, which facilitated payments, even across the Christian-Muslim divide. Overall, rather than a key strong-point in a closed frontier, Malta is shown to have been a major centre of international exchange. Hospitaller Malta and the Mediterranean Economy in the Sixteenth Century JOAN ABELA HOSPITALLER MALTA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN ECONOMY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY HOSPITALLER MALTA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN ECONOMY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY Joan Abela THE BOYDELL PRESS © Joan Abela 2018 All Rights Reserved Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner The right of Joan Abela to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published 2018 The Boydell Press, Woodbridge ISBN 978 78327 211 The Boydell Press is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF, UK and of Boydell & Brewer Inc 668 Mt Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620–2731, USA website: www.boydellandbrewer.com A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library The publisher has no responsibility for the continued existence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate This publication is printed on acid-free paper To Deborah For always being there for me Contents List of illustrationsviii Foreword by Maria Fusaroxi Prefacexiii Acknowledgementsxviii Abbreviationsxx Notesxxi Introduction1 New Institutions and Laws 1530–65 17 The Grain Trade66 Women and Economic Activities 112 Trade with North Africa and the Levant 151 Conclusion211 Appendix: Salvi conductus given to various persons to trade in merchandise or to redeem slaves in North Africa or the Levant (1530–65) 219 Bibliography229 Index252 Illustrations Figures Fig Detailed Map of Malta, by Giovanni Francesco Camocio, 1570 Cathedral Museum Malta. Fig Formula stating that property could be redeemed by its original owner – cum gracia seu facultatis redimendis National Archives Valletta, Notary Lorenzo Agius R 7/1, f (18.i.1524). Fig A declaration made by Mag Angelo Giliberto stating that he had been paid with profit by Matheo Chiappara National Library of Malta, Univ 13, f 446v (28.xi.1565). Fig Main Sicilian caricatori in 1532, from F Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (trans S Reynolds, vols, Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1995), vol 1, 580, after L Bianchini, Della storia economico-civile di Sicilia, (Naples, 1841) p 241. Fig Maltese women drawn by the Knight of Malta Fra Opizio Guidotti in c 1600 National Library of Malta, Libr MS 413/I, f 164a. Fig Plan of the fortress of Tripoli di Barbaria Private Collection, Malta. Fig Record from the Magna Curia Castellania showing the heterogeneous composition of Jurats at the Birgu Università National Archives Malta, MCC, Reg AO, ff 146v–147 (4.ix.1538). Fig Extract from a typical letter patent issued by the Magisterial Palace and given to Muslim traders so that they could travel freely between Malta and North Africa National Library of Malta, AOM, Lib Bull 425 f 207 (3.x.1555). Fig The signum and seal of Notary Pedro de Trugillo on one of the few certified true copies of his acts National Library of Malta, AOM 7559, f.105 (new numeration in pencil) (24.xi.1529). Fig 10 The signum of Notary Selvagi de Via and the signature of Notary Pedro de Trugillo on a copy of a contract drawn up in Tripoli in respect of a redemption agreement National Library of Malta, AOM, 6559, f.576 (25.ii.1550). 16 69 89 91 113 156 177 193 199 200 ILLUSTRATIONS ix Charts Chart Selection of 300 contracts categorised as Debitum, Venditio and Mutuum which had to be repaid through a cash payment 85 Chart Individuals who were accused of usurious practice 144 Chart Average of credit advances in Scudi145 Maps Map The Maltese Islands c.1565 Map The Mediterranean Area xxvii xxviii Tables Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Notaries practising in the towns 1520–1600 Revenues of the Royal Crown in 1506 Prices and weight of bread in Malta during the sixteenth century Pandetta or price list of various commodities issued in 1562 Various taxes imposed on cereals by the Università of Mdina 1552–88 Shipping destinations from the Malta harbour 1564–1600 Shipping destinations to Italian ports 1564–1600 Shipping destinations to Sicilian ports 1564–1600 xxi 37 96 98 107 182 183 183 250 HOSPITALLER MALTA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN ECONOMY –– ‘Sacra Militia, the Order of St John: Crusade, Corsairing and Trade in Rhodes and Malta 1460–1631’, in Fusaro, M., Heywood, C & Omri, M S (eds), Trade and Cultural Exchange in the Early Modern Mediterranean: Braudel’s Maritime Legacy (London and New York, 2010), 139–56 Wismayer, J M., The Fleet of the Order of St John – 1530–1798 (Malta, 1997) Zachariadou, E., ‘Monks and Sailors under the Ottoman Sultans’, Oriente Moderno, new series, 81:1, ‘The Ottomans and the Sea’ (2001), 139–47 Zemon Davis, N., ‘Women in Politics’, in Duby, G & Perrot, M (gen eds) & Zemon Davis, N & Farge, A (eds), A History of Women: Vol III Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes (Cambridge, MA and London, 1993), 167–83 –– & Farge, A., ‘Women as Historical Actors’, in Duby, G & Perrot, M (gen eds) & Zemon Davis, N & Farge, A (eds), A History of Women: Vol III Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes (Cambridge, MA and London, 1993), 1–7 Unpublished dissertations Abela, J., ‘A Window on Early Hospitaller Malta – A Study of the Acts of Notary Placido Abela, 1557–1558’ (BA Hons dissertation, University of Malta, 2003) –– ‘Port Activities in Mid-Sixteenth Century Malta’ (MA dissertation, University of Malta, 2007) Bezzina, D., ‘Early Hospitaller Birgu – A Study of the Acts of Notary Nicolò de Agatiis, 1538–1540’ (BA Hons dissertation, University of Malta, 2001) Bezzina, V., ‘The Administration of the Maltese Islands, A Study of the Acta Iuratorum et Consilii Civitatis Insulae Maltae’ (MA dissertation, University of Malta, 1999) Borg, V., ‘Birgu: A Demographic Overview 1558–1658’ (BA Hons dissertation, University of Malta, 1999) Buttigieg, E., ‘Fifteen Years into Hospitaller Rule – A Study of the Acts of Notary Juliano Muscat, 1545’ (BA Hons dissertation, University of Malta, 2002) Cachia, S., ‘The Family and the Land in Late Medieval Malta – A Study of the Acts of Notary J Zabbara, 1486–1488’ (BA Hons dissertation, University of Malta, 1999) Mercieca, S., ‘Community Life in the Central Mediterranean A Socio-Demographic Study of the Maltese Harbour Towns in Early Modern Times: Bormla 1587–1815’ (PhD thesis, University of Paris-IV Sorbonne, 2001–2) Rossi, D., ‘The Monte Di Pieta’ in Hospitaller Malta’ (BA Hons dissertation, University of Malta, 1998) Sant, M A., ‘Coinage Problems Facing the Order of St John in Malta’ (MA dissertation, University of Malta, 1967) Sciberras, J., ‘Women in Early Sixteenth-Century Malta’ (MA dissertation, University of Malta, 2004) Vassallo, A M., ‘Prices of Commodities in Malta and Gozo, 1530–1630’ (BA Hons dissertation, University of Malta, 1976) Internet Sources Alfani, G & Sardone, S., ‘Long Term Trends in Economic Inequality in Southern Italy The Kingdom of Napes and Sicily in the 16th–18th Centuries: First results’, http:// BIBLIOGRAPHY 251 eh.net/eha/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Alfani.pdf (accessed August 2016) Bibliographical reference to the role of slavery in European economic growth, http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/ obo-9780199730414–0091.xml (accessed 30 January 2016) British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=92249 (accessed May 2016) Brogini, A., ‘Marginalités et contrôle social dans le port de Malte l’époque moderne (XVIe–XVIIe siècles)‘, Cahiers de la Méditerranée, 69 (2004): http://cdlm.revues.org/ index786.html (accessed 26 April 2016) Cassar, M., ‘Vestiges of Arabic Nomenclature in Maltese Surnames’, 22nd International Congress of Onomastic Sciences, Pisa, September 2005, https://www.academia edu/183114/Vestiges_of_Arabic_Nomencalture_in_Maltese_Surnames (accessed 21 August 2016) Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 10th Edition, Dictionary.com, http://www.dictionary.com/browse/razzia (accessed 22 August 2016) Curtis, D., ‘An Agro-town Bias? 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Giliberto 18, 19 n.16 Abdala, Murgian de 193, 216, 222 Abela, Alexandro 147, 147 n.190 Abela, Bartholomeo 184 Abela, Gian Frangisk 49 Abela, Giovanni Luca 121 n.51 Abela, Notary Placido 55, 121, 123, 124, 137, 147 n.190, 170 n.130 accomandita contract 173, 173 n.148 Adamo, Beatrice de 149 Adorno, Baptista Pinelli 168 n.115 Adrian VI, Pope 39 Adriatic 189 n.232, 207 Africa, Mechamet de 192 Agatiis, Notary Nicolò de 50, 50 n.239, 75, 123, 124, 132, 133, 133 n.111, 134, 139, 167 n.105, 168, 168 n.114, 173, 175, 197, 200 n.288, 204 Agius, Notary Lorenzo 69 Agrigento 61 n.309, 88, 89, 91, 92, 183 Ajaza, Fra Francesco 198 Alcida, Johannes de 196 Alexandretta 182 Alexandria 70, 182 Alfonso, King of the Aragonese Crown 2–3, 19, 19 n.10, 23, 25, 31 n.111, 34 Algiers 56, 155, 182, 194, 194 n.254 Algnari, Nob Bayz Mahmet 191 Allegritta, Hon Catherina 144, 150, 215 Alma, Aoreibi de 168 Alonga, Pedro de 177 Amato, Hon Virgilus de 82 Ancona 74 n.46, 183 Andugar, Fra Ludovico de 45 n.203 Andreas, Peiron alias Bux 175 Antonio, Nob Paolo de 171 Antonori, Francesco 201–2 Apulia 183 Aquilina, Blasio 134 Aquilina, Donna Catherina 134 Arborei, Alessandro 207 Aspramonte, Knight Fra Jacobo de 140 Augusta 95 n.169, 183 Axac, Nob Salvus 143 Baldacchini, Domenica 133 Baldacchini, Paulo 133 Baldagno, Giuseppe 203 Balurdo, Gaspare 133 Banda, Antonio de 203 Barbara, Bartholomea 140 Barbara, Didacus 140 Barbara, Paulus 139 Barbara, Stephanus 125 Barbaria 156, 171, 203 Barbarossa brothers 155 Barbary 153, 166 n.89, 175, 178–9, 178 n.176, 182, 188 n.225, 190 coast 14, 166 corsairs 56, 152 n.8, 211 regencies 152 Barberi report 31 n.111, 36 Barberi, Carla 145 Barberi, Giovanni Luca 31 Barcelona 70, 74 n.46 Bari 74 n.46, 183 Barresi alias Mancaruso 202 Bartalus, Stefano 89 Bartoli, Don Antonio de 141 Bartulus, Simone 89 Baulino, Fra Johannes Bonifacius 75, 106 Belia, Johannes 188 Bellia, Hon Paolo 136 Bellomo, Fra Baptista de Bellye, Juliano 102 Benwarrad 166 Bestardes, Vincentius 166 Bezzina, Blasio 122 bill of exchange 175, 196, 198, 201 Birgu building programme of 53–5 Conventual Church of 59 harbour area of 19, 55, 62 n.320, 74, 84, 113, 125, 150, 153, 194, 210, 211, 213, 215, 216 housing in 53–4, 130 n.98 population of 50–1, 55, 66–8, 128–9 slave community in 131 tribunal in 52, 53–4, 176 Birgu Università 50, 62 n.318, 97 n.183 in the grain trade 87, 91, 95 jurats of 88, 105 n.217 Birkirkara 46 n.211, 58, n.291, 62 n.319, 79, 107, 131 Bishop of Malta 23 n.42, 57–9, 117, 149 appointment of 58 court of 141–2, 146, 201–2, 217 jurisdiction of 59–65, 190 Bitirio, Giovanni 48 n.227 Bluiso, Hieronymus de Paulo 132 Bona, Petrus Antonius de 204 Bonanno, Fra Simone de 94, 94 n.165, 99, 196, 196 n.266 Bondino, Notary Giacomo 43, 43 n.194, 44 Bonello, Francesco 89 Bonello, Notary Paulus 166 Bonellu, Antonium 40, 40 n.171 Bonetiis, Notary Vincenzo Bonaventura de 118, 142, 142 n.165, 168 n.115, 169, 181, 205 Bonfiglio, Josephus de 196 Bonhomo, Hon Bernardinus 175 Boniet, Francesco 178 Bonifar, Knight Giovanni 174 Bonnichi, Giacomo 72 Bonnichi, Lazzaro 148 Bonnichi, Tommaso 71 Bonnici, Antonius 28 n.92 Bonnici, Ysolda 125 Bonnici, Zaccarias 125 Bordino, Nardo de 48 n.227 Borg, Blasio 89 Borg, Dun Filippo 58, 58 n.291 Borgius, Bartholomeo 75 Borgius, Hon Augustinus 75 Bormla 71, 145 Bosio, Giacomo 39, 41, 41 n.178, 42, 44, 46, 53 n.256, 55, 61 n.314, 79, 190 n.240 Bottigella, Fra Aurelio 178–80, 178 n.175, 179 n.178 Brancato, Donna Zarra de 121 Brancato, Egregius Gomes de 120 breach of contract 102, 129, 131, 140, 172, 177, 180, 189, 199, 202 bread 36, 99, 108, 164–5 biscuit 37, 61, 94, 94 n.169, 99, 164 excise duty on 88 pane misturato 86 INDEX 253 price of 38, 88, 94–6, 98 types of 86, 95 weight of loaf of 88 n.131, 95–6, 98, 111 Bresor, Fra Johannes 196 Brevisa 141, 141 n.160, Briffa, Notary Mattheo 143 n.175 Brindisi 38 n.158, 45 n.204, 171, 172 Broglia, Fra Luys 208 Bucalan, Georgio 173 Buhagiar, Johanna 134 Burdino, Leonardis di 102 Burlo, Brayto 105, 186 n.213 Burlo, Donna Catherina 134 Burlo, Johannes 134 Burlo, Johanni Raymondus 137 n.145 Burlo, Marianus 137 n.145 Burlo, Hon Mulier Agatha 137 n.145 Burlo, Salvus 205 Busco, Petrus de 29 n.97 Butigellis, Aurelio 47 Byzantine Empire 11, 78 n.74, Cabella 7, 29, 34–5, 37 Cachie, Georgius 76 Caena, Francesco 186 Caffaro, Andrea 26 n.82 Cafori, Stefano 71 Cairo 155 Calabro, Antonio 88 Calabro, Juliano 74 Calafato, Luca 186 n.213 Calava, Federico 25–6 Calava, Leonardo 92 n.154 Calava, Nobilis Giovanni 48 n.227 Calibachi, Federico 26 Callamia, Giovanni 148, 176 n.166 Callamia, Johannes 54, 142–3, 142 n.167, 204 Callus, Joseph 56 n.275 Caloriti, Giacomo 103 n.206, 148 Cancur, Consalvo 27 n.87 Candia, Giorgio Marino de 208 n.337 Caloriti, Giacomo 148, 103 n.206 Camilleri, Bertos 76 Camilleri, Inigo 75 Camilleri, Jacobo 139 Camilleri, Mattheo 75 Camilleri, Nardus 76 Camilleri, Paula 139 Campo, Girolamo 41 Canizaro, Paolo 103 Cannizaro, Fra Marco 201–2 canon law 115, 117 n.28 Cantera, Christopharo 177 Capitula Rodi 60 Carcella, Paolo de 26 254 INDEX Cardona, Don Antonio 25 caricatori 24, 67, 87, 91, 94, 101–2 Carisi, Antonio 175 Carli, Marietta de 145 Carreton, Johannes 205 Caruana, Peri 120, 120 n.41, 166 Carusu, Nob Gio Battista 90 Casali Sancta Caterina 118 Casar, Busert Bin Hahmet de 203 Casata, Ludovico 103 n.207 cash transactions 35, 84 Cassar, Bernardo 48 n.227, 89 Cassar, Bernardus 102 Cassar, Marietta 122 Cassar, Narducio 103 n.207 Cassar, Pietro 61 n.313 Cassaro, Matteo 89 Casseres, Alvarum de 40 Castellan of Birgu 22, 26–9, 36, 41, 52–3, 104–6 Castillata, Vincenzo 48 n.227 Castle of St Angelo 19, 19 n.16, 27–8, 31 n.112, 41, 43–4, 53 church of 43 Catalan 9–10, 74, 155 n.23,166, 176 n.166 Catania 19 n.10, 53 n.245, 119 n.37, 183 Catanio, Honofrio 167 Catharina, Donna 215 Cathedral Church of Mdina 22 Catherina, Hon Donna 133–4 Catherina, Hon Mulier 134 Catherina, slave 148 Catholic Church 78, 84, 148, 210 Apostolic Delegate 79 clergy 22, 58–9, 117, 153, 202 dispute with State 58 ecclesiastical privileges 202 parish priest 59 Catholic Reformation 1, 59, 112, 197, 214 n.13 Caxaro, Lucretia de 130 Celestis, Antonio de 121 Cephalonia 208 cereal production 67, 79–81, in Birkirkara 79 in Naxxar 79 in Siġġiewi 79 in Żebbuġ 79 Chabela, Antonio 175 Chabela, Salvus 131 Chalipha, Hagi Buabdella de 191–2 charge out rate 171–3 of hides 172 of oil 172 of sheepskin 172 of wine 172 of wool 172 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 2, 3, 17, 38–40, 44–5, 47, 61–2, 155, 162, 184, 187 Charreta, Magnificus Johannes 72 Chiabatio, Chayd 196 Chiappara, Matheo 89 Chilia, Antonella 145–6 Chilia, Giacomo 103 n.206 Chilia, Georgius 135 Chios 151 Christofaro, Hon Mulier Hysabella de 146 Christofaro, Michaelis de 146 Cilia, Philippo 193 Città Notabile 19 civil law 19, 119, 217 Civitavecchia 183 Clement VII, Pope 44, 44 n.200, 60, 190, 206 Codina, Gabriele 134 Coet, Martino 178 coin shortage 147, 202 common law 60, 213 compromissum agreement 176, 178–80 Confraternity of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin 42 Consolato del Mare 172 n.141, 185–8 Constantinople 11, 130, 152 n.8, 182, 195 n.262 Corbera, Knight Julianus 92 Coron 203 corsairing activities passim by Arab-Muslims 151 by Jews 151 commissioned by the Order 185, 185 n.212, 188, 195 connected to slavery 14, 167, 169 n.118, 182–4, 201 n.292, 209 friendly shipping 185–6, 188 increase in 14, 49 licence of 186–9 regulations of 13, 33 surety for 188–9 Corso, Nob Francesco 178, 178 n.177 cotton buyer 71–3 cutoni filati 73 exportation 23 n.53, 70–3 investor 71 labourer 71 production of 70 n.25, sale of 71–2, 75, 167 seller 71–3 spinning of 71–3, 132 Council of Trent 59, 112 n.2, 115, 146 Couppier, Fra Gullielmo 124 INDEX 255 credit passim advances 145 market 8, 74–8, 148 trade credit 76, 142, 147–8, 210 Crete 151, 152 n.10 criminal law 60 Cucagni, Michaeli 185 Cumbo, Giovanni 100 Cumbo, Salvu 100 cumin 70 n.21 buyer 71 cultivator 74 exportation 70, 73 n.45 production of 23 n.53 sale of 71–2, 75–6 seller 71 Cussein, Turkish slave 203 Cyprus 151, 152 n.10 d’Alagaria, Valerio 48 n.227 d’Aligrito, Franchino 48 n.227 d’Alva, Conte 80–1 D’Armenia, Luca 48 n.227, 90 D’Armenia, Mariano 48 n.227 d’Autun, Jean Quintin 66 n.5, 112 D’Homedes, Grand Master Juan 55–6, 182 n.197 Dalli, Paula 145, 215 Dalmatia 182 Darmanin, Petrus 166 Daudi, Franciscus 166 Dearmenia, Francesco 72 Deassufunio, Stephani 146 Debitum contract 67, 84–5, 169 Debuttino, Donnus Michael 173–4 Decrinnas, Ma Fernando 140 Degaribaldo, Stephano 199–200, 200 n.288 Degisberto, Hon Petrus 137 Degisberto, Lucia 137 Dejma 21, 21 n.27 del Quadro report 80–1, 104 del Quadro, Diego 80–1, 81 n.98, 104–5 Delia, Amatore 135 Delia, Catherina 135 Delixandro, Marco Antonio 203 dello Re, Matteo 88, 88 n.137 dello Re, Nicola 88, 88 n.137, 102–3 Demitiri, Hon Nicolaus 141 Derando, Caterina 130 Derando, Pancrati 130 Djerba 47 n.222, 155, 191, 192, 197 Djidjelli 155 Dodecanese 12 n.63, 189, 211 domestic work 129–32 verbal agreements 129 work conditions of 131 Dominican Church of the Annunciation, Birgu 141–2 Dusina, Mons Pietro 79, 79 n.79 Eastern Orthodoxy 152 Egypt 56, 189 Ellum, Madalena 134 Exarcopulo, Simon 54 Faga, Nicola 173 Falere, Don Bastiano 177 Fallon, Hon Mag Johannes 143 Fallon, Hon Mulier Venture 143 Falson, Mariecta 143 Falson, Nardo 105 Falzoni, Antonio 48 n.227 Falzoni, Massimo 48 n.227 Falzono, Granata de 125 Falzono, Johannes de 125 Falzuni, Hon Leonardo 208 famine 62, 67 n.10, 80 n.91, 85, 88, 95, 108–9, 186 Faraone, Bartholomeo 143 Fava, Hon. 134 Felici, Hon Oliverios 131 Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Sicily 21 n.31, 31 n.111, 36 n.149, 49, 155, 167 n.103 Fernando, Alvarus 131 Ferrer, Melchiore 74–6, 176 n.166 Flanders 69 n.18, 182 Formosa, Carolus 139 France 2, 72, 116 n.20, 177, 181–2, 187 n.222, 189 n.232 Francesco Platamone, Antonio di 48 n.227 Franchiscus, Giovanni Domenico de 103 n.206 Franzese, Mag Vincenzo 147 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 18, 24 n.61 freight 90–1, 168 n.116, 169–73, 178, 181, 185, 196, 201, 208, 214 gabellotto 34 Gaglego, Georgio 72 Galanti, Hon Stammato 208 Galia, Don Matheus 23 Gallipoli 168 n.108, 183 Gallipoli, Nasuph di 168 Garibo, Mag Leonardo 143 Gatana, Emanuele 148 Gela 170 n.128, 183 Genoa 11, 70, 73 n.46, 183 Genoese colonies 151 Gerbini, Nob Honifirio Capitanio 168 n.115 256 INDEX Ghymes, Johannes 133 Giliberto, Mag Angelo 19 n.16, 89 Ginen el Firen 30 Giovanni, Hon Giovan di 109 Gittard, Notary Theronimus 140 Golena, Mabrayadi di 185 Golette 193 Gonsalvo de Monroy, Don 20 n.22, 25 Gozo 3, n.26, 19, 21 n.30, 22 n.33, 30, 40, 45–6, 48, 53, 56, 61, 62, 66, 83, 108, 190, 199, 206, 214 Gozo Università 17, 24, 33, 52, 62 n.320, 82 n.102, 90, 214 accattapani 53 Castellan 53 Credenziero 53 Guardian of the Citadel Gate 53 jurats of 48, 48 n.227, 53 Portulano of 53 Secreto of 53 Secrezia 31, 57 n.279 Vice-Admiral of 53 Vicesecreto of 29, 53 grain bakers 94–9, bandi 55, 104, 157 n.28, 163 barley exportation of 28 n.93, 33 n.128, 80, 94, 106 production of 23 n.53, 70 n.25, 79–80 sale of 83, 86, 97, 160 bastasi 92 consumption of 75, 79–81, 97, 104 dependence on Sicily 70, 111 distribution of 66, 68, 89, 92, 97 n.183, 102 duty-free 30, 39, 61–2, 65–6, 80, 81, 86, 87, 90, 104, 105, 110, 214 exportation of 23, 28, 33 n.128, 80, 81, 86, 90, 91, 93–4, 105–6 freight charges of 90–1 Gozitan barley 83 importation of 79, 85–90 indirect tax on 88, 111 local production of 7, 28, 75, 85–6 merchant 82, 87, 90–2 meslin 35 n.144, 64, 79, 80, 86, 95, 97, 107, 108 meta of 8, 74, 82 n.104, 88 n.138 millers 94–9 port dues on 33, 90 quotas 30, 39, 61, 62, 66, 68, 80, 81, 90, 110, 214 shareholders 88, 169 n.120, 176 ships 108–10 smuggling 81 wheat price of 81–6, 88–90, 95, 99, 108 shortage of 11, 24, 66, 73, 109, 186 Grand Harbour 62 Grasu, Don Thomaso 177 Gratiana, Domina Helena 148 Gratiana, Gianna di Monolj di 145 Great Siege of 1565 4, 16, 40 n.175, 84 n.112, 211, 213 Greci, Johannes 130 Greci, Marietta 130 Greece 182 Greek merchants 9, 60, 206–9 Gregory IX, Pope 10 Grima, Bartholomeo 140 Grima, Imperia 140 Grini, Jurlando 102 Griscti, Notary Vittorio 181 n.194 Guascan, Giovanni 176 n.166 Guascon, Stephanus 54 Guevara, Family de 32, 41, 57 n.279 Guevara, Johannes 28 n.92 Guevara, Thomeus 28 n.92 Guevara, Notary Giuseppe de 71, 84, 169 Guevara, Reverend Philippus de 135 Guglielmo, Antonio 179 Guymaran, Fra Bernardo de 110 n.244 Habel, Andreotta 173 Habel, Bartholomeo 103 n.206, 186 n.213 Habel, Matteo 172, 176 n.166 Habel, Paulus 54 Habell, Alfonso 105 Habell, Luis 105 Hagius, Agnetis 138 Hagius, Hon Johannes 138 Hajius, Francesco 76 Ħakem 3, 21, 21 n.25 Ħal Bisqallin 71 n.31 Ħal Lew 202 Hanseatic League Haxixe, Mag Paulo 145 Henry VIII, King of England 39 Hernandes, Didaco 131 n.104 Holy See 10, 58–9, 150 n.201 Holy War 2, 195, 212 Hospitaller Order of St John allegiance to Charles V 2, 47, 187 as milites Christi 187 Chancery of the 182, 190 crisis of identity of donation of Malta to 38–51 annual feudal payment 47 deed of donation 38, 61 promise to observe privileges 3, 17, 25, 48, 64–5 transition of power 48, 50 establishment in Malta of 4–5, 9–10, 39, 49–59 galleys of 87, 87 n.125, 105, 109 n.234, 109 n.238, 133, 167, 168 n.113, 175, 192, 203 n.308, 208 Receiver of the 77, 93–4, 99, 196 Treasurer of the 63, 105, 164, 198 Vice-Chancellor of the 184 hypothec 143, 147–50, 199 importation of goods 22 n.35, 28, 159, 208 infidels 13, 87 n.124, 154, 158 n.30, 159, 160 n.48, 171, 190, 190 n.239, 193–6, 195 n.262, 204 Inguanes, Antonio 100 Inguanez, Giacomo 48 n.227 Inguanez, Giacomo Ingeraldo 40 n.171, 45 n.205 Innocent IV, Pope 10 Inquisitor 117, 143, 150, 189 appointment of 59 jurisdiction of 59 insurance 90, 166, 176 contract 72, 100–1, 100 n.192 maritime 72, 99, 100 policy 72 n.37, 72 n.39 travel insurance 214 Inter Multiplices 141 Islam 152, 163 law 8, 11 island-state model 65 Istanbul 152, 155 Italy n.34, 11, 18 n.9, 44 n.200, 68, 93 n.163, 114 n.13, 115, 115 n.13, 141, 172, 182–3 James I the Conqueror Jewish community 21, 21 n.30, 21 n.31, 31 n.114, 34 n.134, 151, 152 n.6, 165, 188 n.225, 201 n.292, 202, 216 Johannes, Nob Marino de 171–2 juspatronatus 117 Khair ud-Dìn 162 Kirkham Chapone, Sarah 126 Knights of the Grand Cross 81, 81 n.95, 164 L’Isle Adam, Grand Master Philippe Villiers de 38 n.158, 39 n.170, 44, 44 n.200, 46, 51, 53, 55, 61 n.312, 62 La Carruba, Clara 148 La Giorgentana, Madonna 146 La Quattara 30 INDEX 257 Lapernich, Mundus 197–8 Laspatara, Clara 132, 150, 215 Latappera, Angelina 145, 150, 215 Latin Christianity 152 Lauda, Antonio de 54 Laura, Fra Johannes 196 Laureto 196 Leghorn 183 Leonti, Nob Thoma de 196 Lesbos 151 lettere secrete 87, 88 n.133 Levant 9–11, 57 n.277, 109 n.234, 151–210 passim Liber Bullarum 162 n.67, 167, 182 n.198, 184, 185 n.212 Licata freight from 169–70, 181 Maltese consul in 24, 88, 90 price of wheat in 86 Secreto of 92 supply of grain from 72, 85, 88, 88 n.137, 90–1, 93, 100–3, 109, 183 Vice-Portulan of 94, 100 Lindo, Manoli de 135 linen sale of 167, 167 n.98 Lisbon 131 Livorno 194 Lmaia 162 loan 141–9 passim at a profit 78, 84, 137 n.141, 144–6, 202, 197 contract 75 n.55, 84, 121, 175 friendly loan 75–6, 84, 121, 121 n.52, 170 n.129 interest 84, 87–8, 104, 106, 125, 137 n.141, 141, 145, 148, 180, 197–8 hidden interest 78, 136, 142, 150, 198 n.282 sea loan 72, 99, 174 n.155 security of 120, 121 n.48, 143, 145, 149–50, 174, 199 Locampesi, Olivaro 179 Lorenza, Donna 134, 150 Lufalato, Guglielmo 197–8 Lukis, Antoni 22 n.36 Lyon 134 Maghreb 184 Maghribi coast 154 Magna Carta Libertatis 3, 23 Magna Curia Castellania 29, 52, 54, 103, 133, 140, 142, 202 Magro, Giacomo alias Causiri 175 Majorca 9–10 258 INDEX Malta act of cession of 17 agrarian based economy of 7, 38, 68 Common Treasury of 93, 105, 164, Consul of 90 defence system of 4, 15, 29, 33, 34, 40, 41, 43, 53, 55, 61, 62–4, 68, 73 demographic influx in 50, 53, 55, 66, 67, 71, 72, 77, 149, 213, 216 direct royal government of economic development of passim enfeoffment of 3, 47 fortifications of 102 n.203, 103, 106–8 Governor of 18, 47, 63, 178 n.175 harbours of 2, 4, 6, 24, 41, 55, 62, 74, 84, 87, 109, 113, 125, 150, 153, 182, 186, 209–11, 213–16 lack of resources of 190 municipal government of 3, 19, 28 report on state of 40–1 Secrezia 28, 30, 31 strategic location of 2, 41 trade with North Africa 151–210 trade with Sicily passim Maltese urban elites 32 Burdino 32, 102 Calibachi 26, 32 Caxaro 28 n.92, 32, 130 Desguanes 32 Guevara 28 n.92, 32, 41, 57 n.279, 71, 84, 135, 169, 202 Mazzara 25, 32 Sillato 32 Vaccaro 25, 32 Xahica 32 Manara, Andriota 48 n.227 Manara, Nardo 48 n.227 Manero, Ambrosio 147 Manero, Mariecta 145 Manero, Michaelis 145 Manete, Angela di 145 Manete, Veronica di 145 Mannara, Johannes 102 Manuele, Donna Juana de, Duchess of Medina Celi & Vice-Queen of Sicily 121 Margallion, Augustino 176 n.166 Margerita, slave 135 Marino, Masius de 166 Marmara, Antonio 181 n.184 Marrazza, Thomasina 146 marriage 112–50 passim contract 122–6 passim coverture 125 types of 122–4 Greek custom 122–4 Latin custom 122–3, 215 Maltese custom 123–5 Rhodian custom 124 Roman custom 123–4, 215 Marsala 183 Marseilles 178, 182 Marsiglia, Knight Fra Michael de 196 Martin I, King of Sicily n.15, 33 Marullo, Mag Johannes Carolo 145 massarie 30, 30 n.102, 30 n.103 Maxama, slave 135 Mazara 124 Mazara, Johannes de 28 n.92 Mazzara, Simone de 25 Mdina as seat of government 53 Cathedral Church of 22 grain stores of 92 Jewish community in 21 nobility of 47–51, 57 rent of shops in 31 Mdina Università accattapani of 52 administrative duties of 23 Captain of the Rod of 21 n.25, 53 Captaincy-at-Arms of 21 Church participation in 22 composition of 52 Credenziero of 52 elections of 32 financial records of 63 institutional changes in 5, 17 judex juratorum of 24 jurats of 3, 20, 26, 29, 40, 48, 54, 82 jurisdiction of 19–24 Maestro Portulano of 22 Massaro of 7, 52, 52 n.253 parlamentu generali of 22, 40 Portulano of 52, 53, 106 prerogatives of 24, 47 resistance to the Hospitaller Order of St John by 22, 41, 43, 44 Royal Captain of 3, 20, 21, 26 n.81, 27, 48, 52, 63 Vice-Admiral of 22, 52 Vice-Portulan of 104–6 Meante, Nob Aloisius 178 n.173 Mediterranean passim Eastern Mediterranean 12 n.66, 151, 152, 184 economy of passim history of passim Ottoman-Christian connectivity in the 11–15 merchandise candles 185 cheese 93, 93 n.163, 98, 165, 173, 175, 185 cloth 35, 72, 74, 76, 76 n.67, 85, 133–5, 147, 185 n.213, 201 cotton 7–8, 23 n.53, 37, 70–5, 85, 125 n.75, 167, 181, 203, gold 133–4, 144, 148, 174 n.152, 186 oil 33, 35, 82 n.106, 125, 143, 165, 172, 175, 180, 190, 203, 205, 209 pepper 86, 174, 174 n.152 pulses 94, 106, 185, 190 salted meat 131 n.104, 185 silk 6, 186 spices 86, 174 n.152, 186 wax 168 n.115, 185, 192 wine 7, 23–5, 28, 33–5, 62, 64, 82 n.106, 93, 165, 173, 175, 177, 181, 190, 208 wood 40, 93, 161 n.55, 161 n.59, 181 Messina 19, 19 n.10, 39, 39 n.170, 71, 72, 75 n.54, 80 n.90, 88 n.137, 95 n.169, 109, 119, 119 n.37, 121, 127, 142, 148, 171 n.135, 180, 183, 191 n.240, 196, 203–4, 208 Messina Università 109 Messina, Antonio di 105 Metaxi, Sydero 208 Micallef, Hon Johannes 71–2 Michele, Bartolomeo 178 Middle East 56 Mifsud, Petrus 128 Mihallef, Antonio 88 Milan 196 Milanesa, Bernardina 147, 150 Modica, Nob Donna Beatrice de 134 Modon 44, 46, 189 n.234, 191 n.240 Moncada, Ugo 163 Monesterio, Rays Ahmet del 193 money changers 76–7 Monte di Pietà 141, 150, 150 n.202 Monte di Redenzione 140 Montero, Nob Ferdinandus 136 Montpellier n.52, 70 Moors 151–210 passim Morena, Hon Helena 133 Morenam, Elena 133 Morisco 151, 151 n.1, Morsello, Giovanni 71 Mountains of Barqah 166, 166 n.92 and n.94, 167 n.103, 195 Mqabba 138 mundualdus 114–15, 118–22, 130, 133, 135 Muràd Aghà 162, 162 n.65 Muscat, Bertho 76 Muscat, Johannes 71 Muscat, Notary Juliano 120 INDEX 259 Muscat, Petrus 71, 76 Muscat, Vincenzo 83 Mutuum contract 82 n.106, 84–5 Nalluni, Nob Petrus 179 Naples n.8, n.14, n.22, 39, 47 n.220, 180, 183 Naso, Paulo de 63, 63 n.328 naulum contract 169 n.122, 170, 181 Nava, Alvaro de 41, 43 Nava, Family de 41, 57 n.279 Naxxar 46 n.211, 62 n.319, 79, 79 n.83, 107 Nicolai, Nicolò de 162 n.65 Nicolò, Nob Franco de 134 North Africa 3–5, 9, 10, 12 n.68, 39, 56, 151–210 passim, 216 Notarial Archives, Palermo 93 Notarial Archives, Valletta 71, 149, 173, 198, 211 Officio delle Case 53 Oliviero, Jannoto 175 Ordinationes Domorum 53 Orthodox monks of Patmos 12 Otranto 171, 172 Ottoman administration 152 as a Mediterranean power 1–8 passim economic role of 14 Empire 13–14, 13 n.72, 152, 163 n.73, 189 Sultan 12, 151, 152 n.12 territory 11–12, 153–4, 190, 216 Pace, Agatha 122 Palermo 20 n.20, 21 n.31, 22 n.39, 28 n.93, 77, 86, 86 n.121, 90, 99, 119 n.37, 122, 134, 140, 160 n.48, 175, 183, 197, 198 Palermo Università 20 n.20, 99 Palermo, Raymondus de 175 Pandectae et Ordinationes 55 Panthuineno, Nicola 148 Papadopulo, Hon Stammato 208 papal delegates 59 Paradal, Fra Alfonso 41–4 Pasquali, Angelo de 208 patria potestas 115 pawnbroker 141 pawning 33 n.124, 34 n.131, 141, 145 Payanum, Johannes Antonio 175 Pera 151 Peralta, Petrus de 175 Peregrino, Jacobus de 32 n.117 Peso, Alonso 199 Petrollo, Simon de 54 Philip II, King of Spain 57, 121 n.49 260 INDEX Qrendi 138 notaries of 118, 119, 123 n.65, 142 Ribera, Guglielmo 48 n.227 Ribes Altes, Johannes 43, 43 n.196 Roman law 82 n.106, 114–15, 118 n.33 Diritto Romano of 118 legal reforms in 115 Romana, Katherina 121 Romano, Gerolamo 83 Rome 58, 180, 183 Romedio, Hon Magistri Francesco 129 Romedio, Hon Mulier Angelina 129 Romegas, Knight 103, 103 n.208 Ros, Giovanpaolo 103 Ros, Hon Giovanni 174 Ros, Johannes 188 Ros, Laurentius 54 Ros, Lorenzo 71 Ros, Pietro 103 n.207 Rosset, Knight Fra. 149 Royal Crown 47 n.220, 94 n.165 bookkeeper of 90 Chief Notary of 31 Commissioner of 24–6, 34, 41, 45, 54 Royal Court 99 Russo, Michele 89, 89 n.139 Rabat, Malta 22, 48 n.229, 64, 102, 107, 135 Rabat, Gozo 199 Ragusa 171 Randazo, Alessandro de 103 Randun, Hon Galceranus 138 Randun, Oliveria 138 Rayz, Mahometo 192 Reggio 183 Regia Curia 19 n.11, 46, 90, 167 Regia Gran Corte 18–19 Registrum Usurariorum Melitae 141 Regno 18–21, 26–7, 31 n.111, 33, 47, 57, 65, 106, 167, 213 Reis, Turgut n.26, 24 n.58, 55, 56, 197 religious ideologies 153, 210 Rhochion, Francesco 198 n.282 Rhodes 9, 130 conquest of loss of 4, 155 siege of 41 n.178, 42, 42 n.187, 44 under Hospitaller rule 10–12, 38 n.159, 42 n.191, 45, 47, 52, 57, 59, 60 n.301, 61 n.309, 63, 65, 141, 150, 162, 184, 187, 188, 190, 216 Rhodiot community 5, 128 in Birgu 42 n.188, 54 integration with Maltese 60, 206 n.324, 211 safe conduct certificate 8, n.49, 162 n.67, 167, 168 n.113, 170, 180–6, 208 letter patent of 191, 193 in corsairing 186–90 to enemy ships 197 to Muslim merchants 190–4 to ransomed slaves 201 n.292, 216 to spy 208 n.337, 209 typical example of 191–2 Sagona, Nicolo 48 n.227 Saliba, Johannes 135 Sanctorum, Matheum Andree 48 n.227 Sansone, Florio 48 n.227 Sansun, Matheus 199 Santande, Francesco 163 n.74 Santi, Andriota di 48 n.227 Santo Spirito Hospital, Rabat 22 Sardinia n.34, 183 Sayti, Giovanni 71 Scala, Thomasius 99 Scarpello, Antonio 71, 131 Scarpello, Antonius 172 Scarpello, Bartholomeo 186 n.213 Schembri, Marchus 133 Sciacca 61 n.309, 183 Scicli 42, 170, 181, 183 Seger, Nicola 178 Sengle, Grand Master Claude de la 55, 191, 193 n.250, Phokaea 151 Picullus, Knight Fra Hieronymus 149 Pignatelli, Ettore 19 n.12, 39–45, 61 n.314, 155 n.25, 167 Pino, Nicola 133 piracy 49, 155 n.23, 182, 186 Pisa 178 plague 42, 44 n.200 Pollastra, Nicola 92 n.151 Pontremolo, Rodrigo 48 n.227 Pornicudine, Clara 133 port regulations 177 portolan charts Portughes, Johannes 54 Pozzallo 183 Pragmaticae Rhodiae 60 Prior of the Conventual Church 60, 190 promissory note 77 property community of 19, 119 donation of 114, 119, 121, 124, 135 right of redemption of 68–9, 78, 125, 134, 136–9 Senglea 143 Sicily passim caricatori of 24, 67, 87, 91, 94, 101, 102 credit market in 74 economic development of passim Portulan of 94, 105, 109 Secretus of 92 Università 25 Viceroy of passim Siġġiewi 46 n.211, 62 n.319, 71, 79, 107 sindicaturi 25 n.64, 34 Sirera, Vincenzo 202 slave African 10 n.59, 195 age bracket 204 black 10 n.59, 131 n.104, 159–60, 168, 174 n.152, 195, 205, 206 Ethiopian 195 financial exploitation of 205–6 importation of 166 n.89, 195 manumission agreements of 15 manumission of 15, 135, 182 n.197, 206 market 14, 204 n.316 price of 196–7 ransom of 10, 10 n.59, 12–15, 140, 150, 159, 193, 201, 206, 216 redemption agent of 200 redemption ancillary expenses of 198 redemption appeals of 201 redemption contracts of 168 n.115, 169, 196, 203 n.307 redemption money of 68 n.17, 140, 168, 203, 204 redemption services for 134, 157, 167, 168, 185, 200, 202, 216 socio-economic status of 196 testa de rasato 204–5 value of 195–6 Smyrna 162 n.68, 182 societas agreement 67, 71, 76, 169, 173–5, 181, 189 Spagnol, Knight Augustino 197 Spain 18 n.9, 21 n.30, 21 n.31, 116 n.20, 151, 153, 155, 182, 187, 189 n.232 King of 2, 21 n.30, 56 n.275, 57, 81, 110 n.244, 121 n.49 Spanish Crown 44 n.199, 53, 56, 64, 67, 110, 151 n.1, 154, 155 n.25, 178 n.177, 213 Stambol, Bali Hagi de 203 Statuti ed Ordinazioni 51 Stunica, Domina Clara de 120 Stupoglo, Hon Georgi 133 Süleyman the Magnificent 2, 152 n.12, 154, 155 n.19, 213 n.11 INDEX 261 Syracuse 38, 46 n.212, 74 n.46, 95 n.169, 105, 124, 132–4, 142, 166, 178–80, 183, 195, 198, 204 Tabone, Petro 186 n.213 Tagiura 162, 162 n.67 Talavera, Didacus 175 Taranto 183 Tavares, Knight Fra Antonio 131 tax collection 28 n.93, 29, 34 European common system 33 evasion of 35 n.139, 161, 165 fraud 165 on anchorage 37 on animals 37 on barbers 35, 37 on barley 64, 108 on biscuits 37 on bread 37, 88 on cereals 107 on corsairing 33–4 on cotton 37 on cumin 37 on customs 158 on dye 37 on essentials 33 on exports 37 on flour 99 on games 35 on Gozo ferry 34 n.134, 35 on imports 37 on land 37 on leather 35, 37 on linen 37 on local wine 35 on meat 34–5 on meslin 64 on oil 33 on payments in kind 35 on port dues 33 on real estate 107 on redemption of slaves 37 on tailors 35 on wheat 64, 108 on wine 7, 23, 28 n.90, 33–5, 62, 64 records 79, 127, 157 Tazora 192 Terra Heraclia 170, 181 Terranova 91, 102, 104, 109, 170 n.128, 183 Tradeno, Ambrosio 99 Trapani 49, 99, 119 n.37, 163, 183 Trapani, Martino di 109 Tribunale degli Armamenti 187, 187 n.222 Trinchera, Francescus 168 n.115 262 INDEX Tripoli administrative system of 161 as Christian base 157 Castle 105, 121 n.51, 135, 154–61, 162 n.67, 164, 165, 173, 175, 196 corsairing activities in 174, 182, 184, 186, 189, 195 fortress of n.26, 75 n.54, 105, 154, 157, 161, 162, 163, 167, 168, 171, 174, 175, 191, 197, 203 loss of 184, 197 n.270, 198 population of 154, 161–2, 165, 193, 205, 208, 209 Porta della Marina in 159 Porta della Vittoria in 159 seat of Government in 163 slave market in 204 taxation system of 161 Treasurer of the Order in 198 Tripoli, Syria 182 Trugillo, Notary Pietro de 197–203 Tunis 18 n.9, 153 n.17, 182, 191, 193 Tunisia 168 n.115, 196 Turgut Reis n.26, 24 n.58, 55, 56, 197 Turkey 153, 168 n.108 Turkish Armada 57 n.277, 84 n.112, 86 Turkish incursion of 1551 24 n.58, 53, 53 n.254 usury 25, 78, 125, 137, 141–50, 197, 201–6, 215 Vaccaro, Angelo 25 Vagnolo, Vito 48 n.227 Valestrero, Cola Petro 199 Valette, Grand Master Jean Parisot de 37, 40 n.175, 56–7, 97, 163, 167 n.105, 184 n.203 Valletta building of 4, 40, 40 n.175 Conventual Church of 59 Vallistera, Discreta Mulier Hyerene 129 Vanoni, Hon Aloisius 178 n.173 Vassallo, Graziano 48 n.227 Vassallus, Johannes 75 Vega, Giovanni de 87 n.124 Vella, Fernando 88 n.132, 102 Vella, Franciscu alias Bercax 28 n.92 Vella, Hon Mariano 136 Vella, Juliano 54, 88 n.132, 145 Vella, Luca 54 Vella, Martino 140 Vella, Matheus 102 Venditio contract 84 Venetian colonies 151 Venice n.20, 10 n.57, 11, 72 n.36, 74 n.46, 87 n.123, 99 n.189, 166 n.20, 152, 179, 183, 186, 188 n.225, 189 n.232 Vera, Petro de 54 Verasi, Petro 175 Via, Nob Antonio de 148 Victoria, slave 124 witchcraft 143 women apprenticeships 132–3 as business partners 136–7, 215 as child guardians 134–5, 115, 118 n.33 as domestic servants 129–32 as hostel owners 127, 134, 134 n.126, 149 as lease-holders 137–8 as married women 138–41 as shop owner 150 dowry of 150, 114 n.13, 115 n.13, 118, 119 n.37, 122–30, 135, 138, 215 economic activities of 112–50 passim foreign women 133, 149–50 in cession of land 117 in contracts of obligation 118–20, 138–41, 143, 215–16 in domestic labour 126 in family-run businesses 134–5 in immoveable property 124–5 in midwifery 132 in politics 116 in property 135–8 in usurious practice 141–9 inheritance rights of 115, 149 legal persona of 113–14, 118, 120, 124–5, 214 legal prejudice of 115 legal rights of 115, 118, 135 legittima of 120 male guardian of 114–15, 118–22, 130, 133, 135 noblewomen 117 occupations of 127 property rights of 118, 122, 125, 127, 140, 215 prostitution of 113, 132, 215 ratification of acts by 121, 125, 137, 139–40 reproduction by 113 self-employment of 133 spinning by 73, 132 sword making by 132–3, 149 virginity of 127, 132 Xara, Cola 22 n.36 Xarricato, Bartolomeo 102 Xicorta, Mag Cosimi 90 Xikilune, Antoni 22 n.36 Żabbar 133 Żabbara, Notary Giacomo 69, 69 n.19 Zacaria, Theodorius 54 Zaharia, Hon Mariano 82 Zahra, Domenico 202 Zakynthos 203, 208 Zammit, Antonio 48 n.227 Zante 208 Zante, Giorgio Serviantis del 203 Zanzor, Mahometo Hamidan Benalli de 193 Zanzùr 162 Zarb, Johanna 119 INDEX 263 Zarb, Paulj 119 Zarb, Ysmiralda 119 Żebbuġ 62 n.319, 79, 107 Żejtun 28, 28 n.93, 46 n.211, 62 n.320, 71 n.31 Zerbino, Yahaleph 167 Zograf, Hon Constantini 130 Zoppardi, Agatha 118 Zuàga 162 Żurrieq 46 n.211, 62 n.320, 72, 75, 76 JOAN ABELA is Senior Lecturer in the Legal History and Methodology Department at the University of Malta, Founding Member of the Notarial Archives Foundation and past Secretary of the Malta Historical Society She was the winner of the 2014 Boydell & Brewer Prize for the best doctoral thesis in maritime history. Cover image: Fragment of a re-cycled portolan chart which served as a parchment binding to the acts of Notary Natale Parmisano for the administrative year 1670–1671 showing the Eastern and Central Mediterranean. Courtesy: Notarial Archives Malta Joan Abela JOAN ABELA Cover design by Greg Jorss Hospitaller Malta and the Mediterranean Economy in the Sixteenth Century Malta in the sixteenth century is usually viewed in military terms: the great bulwark of Christendom against Islam, the island ruled by the crusader Knights of St John – the Hospitallers – with its vast fortifications and its famous siege of 1565. This book, however, which examines the development of the economy of Malta and its place in the wider Mediterranean economy in the period, paints a much more complex picture. It shows how Malta was the hub of a large, complicated trading network, with Christians of various denominations, as well as Jews and Muslims, participating in commercial activity, and with well-developed instruments of trade and commercial law in place to support this network It demonstrates that trade was not just in grain, a necessary commodity for Malta as a barren island with insufficient agriculture, but in a much wider range of goods, including even the sale and ransom of slaves. The book pays particular attention to the important commercial role of women, to safe conducts, which enabled Christians to trade in Muslim lands and vice versa, and to credit arrangements, which facilitated payments, even across the Christian-Muslim divide. Overall, rather than a key strong-point in a closed frontier, Malta is shown to have been a major centre of international exchange. Hospitaller Malta and the Mediterranean Economy in the Sixteenth Century JOAN ABELA .. .HOSPITALLER MALTA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN ECONOMY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY HOSPITALLER MALTA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN ECONOMY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY Joan Abela THE BOYDELL PRESS... xxii HOSPITALLER MALTA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN ECONOMY Notaries practising in Malta gathered and bound their registers from September to 31 August, the administrative year corresponding to the Indictional... of Mdina The arrival of the Order and the subsequent establishment of new cities in the harbour area resulted in an ever-increasing number of notaries practising in the port city of Birgu and,