Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations Charles F W Higham Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations Copyright © 2004 by Charles F W Higham All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Facts On File, Inc 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Higham, Charles Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations / Charles F W Higham p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8160-4640-9 Asia—Civilization—Encyclopedias I Title DS12.H5 2003 959’.1’03—dc212003048513 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755 You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Joan M Toro Cover design by Cathy Rincon Maps by Jeremy Eagle Printed in the United States of America VB Hermitage 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Maps vi Introduction xvii Entries A to Z Chronology 417 Bibliography 420 Index 426 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS Photographs & Illustrations Statue of Agni, India Fresco painting on the walls of the Ajanta caves, India Amaravati, India Ananda Temple at Pagan, Myanmar (Burma) Sculptured heads of the Bayon temple at Angkor, Cambodia Angkor Wat, Cambodia Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka Sandstone figures of apsaras, Angkor Wat, Cambodia Banteay Chmar, Cambodia “Citadel of the women,” miniature temple of Banteay Srei, Cambodia Reliefs carved on the walls of the Bayon temple at Angkor, Cambodia Medieval temple at Bodh Gaya, India Bodhisattva from Japan’s Heian period Chariots, bronze model from Gansu in China, Eastern Han dynasty Royal centers at Banteay Prei Nokor, Chenla period, Cambodia Stairway of the Tripylon with bas-reliefs Stone dharmacakra from Phra Phatom, Thailand Statue of Siva, Elephanta, India Kailasanatha temple at Ellora, India Haniwa tomb figure, Japan Wall painting of Indra, India Bust of Jayavarman VII, Cambodia Kharoshthi script from Hotan Mud brick walls of Kot Diji, Pakistan vi 11 17 19 21 24 39 40 46 54 54 71 75 90 92 105 106 134 148 169 182 186 List of Illustrations and Maps Lacquered basket found in the Han tomb in the Chinese commandery of Lelang in northern Korea Flying horse, bronze figure from the Eastern Han dynasty, China Jade suit of Princess Dou Wan, Han dynasty, China Mencius, in an 18th-century portrait, China Mohenjo Daro, Pakistan Mount Meru, represented at Ta Keo, Cambodia Nisa, southern Turkmenistan An oracle bone from Shang China Pagan, Myanmar (Burma) Sanctuary of Phimai, ancient Vimayapura, Thailand Phnom Rung, Thailand Pre Rup temple, Angkor, Cambodia Terra-cotta army of Emperor Qin Shihuangdi, China Scene from the Ramayana, Thailand Four gateways of the stupa at Sanchi, India Steatite seals, Indus civilization, Pakistan Prince Shotoku, Japan Shrine at Sokkuram, Korea Sulamani temple at Pagan, Myanmar (Burma) Ritual vessel, China Frieze at Taxila, India, showing the Buddha and devotees Terrace of the leper king, Angkor Thom, Cambodia Great Wall of China Wine vessel, from the Western Zhou dynasty, China Bronze wine jug (jue), China Yakushi-ji, a Buddhist temple at Heijo-kyo in Japan Yayoi period bronze bell, Japan 193 196 202 221 226 231 242 248 256 261 262 267 274 280 293 300 317 329 333 338 344 347 367 374 386 394 404 Maps Sites in Central Asia Sites in the Indian Subcontinent Sites in East and Southeast Asia Sites in Japan and Korea Sites in the Southeast Asian Islands ix x xii xiv xv vii Orenburg Khar'kov Central Asia Aral Sea Syr Da r’y Alma-Ata aR Black Sea CAUCASUS sR D SOGDIANA ar ’ R PARTHIA PAR ARTHIA THIA Zar-tepe Zar-tepe Merv T ermez er mez Termez rg HYRCANIA bR MARGIANA Eu Airtam Mu ris R Tig Lake Urmia Cyropolis Cyropolis ya Gaugamela Kashi (Samarqand) u A r a k se FERGANA Toprak-kala Ayaz-kala Maracanda Am Lake Van CHORASMIA Caspian Sea ND HI U SH U K Srinagar es rat ph KAPISA R lm ARIA and R Lahore He Persepolis over 10,000 5,000–10,000 Pe r si ARACHOSIA an du Elevation in feet DRANGIANA GANDHARA sR CARMANIA Qandahar In Gu lf 2,000–5,000 1,000–2,000 N 500–1,000 Arabian Sea ix 300 Miles 300 Km Ahmadabad INDEX Boldface page numbers indicate main headings Italic page numbers indicate illustrations A Abeyadana temple Abhayagiri 1, 22 abhiseka Achaemenid empire xx, 1–2, 90, 417c Alexander the Great Begram 47 Charsada 73 Ctesias of Cnidus 86 Darius the Great 90 Gandhara 116 Merv 222 Oxus treasure 252–253 Sogdiana 328 Taxila 343 acupuncture Adhyapura Afghanistan 418c Antiquities Protection Law 21 Ay Khanum 29–30 Bamiyan 35–36 Bari-Kot 42–43 Begram 47 birch bark scrolls 52 Dilberjin 94 Hephthalite Huns 141 Kandahar 176 Kapisi 177 Mundigak 233 Rabatak 278 Shortughai 317 Shotorak 318 Surkh-Kotal 334 Tillya tepe 349–351 Afrasiab 2, 13, 57 Agni 2, Agnimitra agriculture xvii, xix, xxi Angkor 16–17 Ankokuji 21 boundary markers 56 Chao Kuo 68 Chenla 76 Han dynasty 129–131 Hanshu 135 Indus Valley civilization 150, 153 Iron Age in India 158 irrigation See irrigation Jori system 173 Kalibangan 175 Kushans 190 oracle bones 250–251 shoen 317 Bayon 45–46 Beng Mealea 48 bodhisattva 54 Charles-Émile Bouillevaux 55–56 boundary markers 56 brick 56–57 canals 62 chakravartin 64 Georges Cœdès 80 Diogo Couto 86 devaraja 91 Dong Si Mahosod 95 Dvaravati civilization 97 Eastern Baray 99 ẫcole Franỗaise dExtrờmeOrient 104 Elephant Terrace 105 face towers 109 Great Lake 119 Indravarman I 149 Indravarman III 149 irrigation 162–163 Jayatataka 166 Jayavarman II See Jayavarman II Jayavarman III 14, 167–168 Jayavarman IV 15, 91, 168, 327 Jayavarman V 15, 40, 168 Jayavarman VI 168, 211, 263 Jayavarman VII See Jayavarman VII Jayavarman VIII 169 kamrateng jagat ta raja 176 Mahidharapura dynasty 211 Henri Mouhot 230 Neak Pean 240 Phimai 260–261, 261 Phimeanakas 261–262 Phnom Chisor 262 Phnom Rung 262–263 Prasat Kravan 265 Preah Khan 265 Preah Khan of Konpong Svay 265–266 Preah Ko 266 Preah Vihear 266 Prei Monti 266 Pre Rup 266 quarry sites 276 rajakulamahamantrin 279 Rajendravarman 279 F Marcello de Ribadeneyra 282 Rong Chen 284 Sdok Kak Thom 300 Sras Srang 330 Suryavarman I 334–335 Suryavarman II 335 tomb models and reliefs 355 Toro 357 Yamato 397 Ahicchatra Aihole Airlangga 3–4, 419c Airtam 4, 57 Ajanta 4–5, 5, 121, 418c Ajatasatru Akhauri Ak-terek Ak Yum 5–6, 39, 58, 59, 374 Alamgirpur Alexander the Great xvii, xx, 6, 417c Arthasastra 26 Bactria 31 coinage 81 Sir Alexander Cunningham 87 Maurya empire 216 Sogdiana 328 Taxila 343, 344 Alikasudaro Allahdino Altyn Tepe Ama 7–8 Amaravati 8, 8, 60, 64, 94–95, 418c Amarendrapura amatya Ampil Rolum Amri 9, 417c Amri-Nal 9, 33, 161, 417c amrita 9–10, 18, 20, 80, 118 Ananda 10 Anandacandra 10 Ananda temple 10, 11 anastylosis 10, 11, 55 Anavatapta, Lake 11–12, 42, 166, 240 Anawrahta 12, 256, 419c ancestor worship 12–14, 74, 378 Andi 14, 139 Angkor xvii, xix, 14–17, 17, 419c ancestor worship 12 Angkorian art 18 Angkor Thom See Angkor Thom Angkor Wat See Angkor Wat Antiquities Protection Law 21 asura 28 Bakheng 32–33 Baksei Chamkrong 33 Banteay Choeu 39 Banteay Srei 40 Baphuon 41 baray 41–42 bas-reliefs 43 battle scenes 45 426 Ta Prohm 339 titles 353 Tribhuvanadityavarman 358 Udayadityavarman II 360 varman 363 visaya 365 Wat Phu 372 Western Baray 374 women 381 Yashodharapura 402 Yashovarman I 402 Angkor Borei 17–18, 56, 62, 113 Angkorian art 18 Angkor Thom 18 amrita 10 Angkor 16 asura 28 Baphuon 41 Charles-Émile Bouillevaux 56 canals 62 churning of the ocean of milk 80 face towers 109 Jayavarman VII 168 Phimeanakas 261 slavery 327 Terrace of the Leper King 347, 347 Zhou Daguan 414 Angkor Wat 19, 19–20, 419c ancestor worship 13 Angkor 15 apsara 24 asura 28 bas-reliefs 43 battle scenes 45 Charles-Émile Bouillevaux 55 churning of the ocean of milk 80 Suryavarman II 335 Aninditapura 20–21 Ankokuji 21 Anotatta, Lake See Anavatapta, Lake Antiochus 21 Antiquities Protection Law 21 Anuradhapura 1, 21, 21–22, 56, 418c Anyang 22–24 ancestor worship 12 Antiquities Protection Law 21 Ba state 44 chariot burials 70 coinage 83 Dong Zuobin 96 geomancy 118 inscriptions in China 155 royal palaces 285 Shang state 304–307 Index Xia Nai 387 Xibeigang 388 Apeyatana 24, 419c apsara 20, 24, 24, 38 Arahaki-ji 24–25 Arakan 25, 419c Anandacandra 10 Anawrahta 12 coinage 84 Dhanyawadi 91 Mrauk-U 232 Selagiri Hill 302–303 Archaeological Survey of India 25, 87, 119, 214, 379 archaeologists Sir Alexander Cunningham 86–87 Dong Zuobin 96 Amalananda Ghosh 119 Li Ji 199 Sir John Marshall 214 Sir Aurel Stein 332–333 Sir Mortimer Wheeler 379–380 Xia Nai 387 architectural reconstructions 10–11, 55 architecture Angkor Wat 19–20 Anuradhapura 22 Bhita 50 Borobudur 55 brick 56–57 Chenla 76 Gupta empire 121 hangtu 134 Hiraide 142 Maurya empire 216–217 Pagan 256–257 quarry sites 276 Shilla 315 Suryavarman I 334–335 Warring States period 370–371 Arikamedu 25–26, 379, 418c Arthasastra 9, 26–27, 81, 97, 178–179, 216, 418c arya 27 ashrama 27 Asoka 27–28, 418c Amaravati Lake Anavatapta 12 ancestor worship 13 Arakan 25 Bairat 32 Bharhut 49 Bodh Gaya 54 Brahmi 56 Buddhism 59 Henry Colebrook 84 Dharmarajika 92 Gandhara 116 inscriptions in India 155 Jaugada 166 Jayatataka 166 Kalinga 176 Aston, W G 28 astronomy 121 Asuka-dera 28, 398 asura 28 Atranjikhera 29, 158 Avalokitesvara 29, 43 Avanti 29, 48 Ayaz-kala 29 Ay Khanum 29–30, 31, 417c Aymonier, Étienne 30, 42, 261 Ayodhya 30 B Bactria 31, 417c Alexander the Great Cyrus the Great 87 Fayaz Tepe 110 Kara tepe 177–178 Oxus treasure 253 Sapallitepa 297 Taxila 343 Zhang Qian 409 Bactrian Greeks 31–32, 417c Ay Khanum 29 Balkh 34 Begram 47 Charsada 73 coinage 81 Sir Alexander Cunningham 86 Dalverzin Tepe 89 Dilberjin 94 Gandhara 116 Key-Kobad-Shakh 180 Menandros 221 Taxila 344 Termez 347 Xuanzang 392 Badami 32, 138 Bagh 32 Bairat 32 Bakheng 15, 32–33, 402 Bakong 13–15, 28, 33, 138, 149 Baksei Chamkrong 13, 14, 33, 57, 279 Balakot 33 Balitung 33–34, 174 Balkh 6, 34, 141, 392 Balu 34 Baluchistan 33, 219–220, 239 Bamboo Annals 34, 156, 372, 375 bamboo slips 34–35 Bamboo Annals 34 Baoshan 40, 41 bo 53 Eastern Zhou dynasty 100 Han dynasty tombs 133 inscriptions 156 oracle bones 251–252 Sunzi 334 Tianxingguan 349 Bamiyan 35–36, 141, 392, 418c, 419c Banavasi 36 Banawali 36–37 Ban Biao 37, 38, 134, 418c Ban Don Ta Phet 37, 59, 97 Bangarh 37–38 Ban Gu 37, 38, 55, 134, 368–369 Ban Khu Muang 38 Ban Non Wat 38 Banteay Chmar 38–39, 39, 42, 43, 45, 168, 169 Banteay Choeu 5–6, 8, 39, 41, 77 Banteay Prei Nokor 39, 57, 77, 167 Banteay Samre 40 Banteay Srei 11, 40, 40, 43, 168 Baoshan 35, 40–41, 71, 223 Baphuon 18, 41, 43, 45, 104, 231 Bara 41 Barabar 41 baray 41–42 See also reservoirs Banteay Chmar 38 Banteay Choeu 39 canals 62 Chenla 76 irrigation 162–163 Jayatataka 166 Wat Phu 372 Zhou Daguan 414 Bari-Kot 42–43 Barygaza See Broach bas-reliefs 33, 43–44, 55, 90, 94–95, 318 See also tomb models and reliefs Ba state 44, 102, 383, 406 Ba system 44–45, 102, 412 battle scenes 45 Bayon 45–46, 46 ancestor worship 13 Angkor 16 Angkor Thom 18 bas-reliefs 43 battle scenes 45 Charles-Émile Bouillevaux 55 Buddhism in Southeast Asia 59 churning of the ocean of milk 80 face towers 109 Jayavarman VIII 169 Zhou Daguan 414 be 46, 396 Bedsa 46 Begram 47, 418c Beikthano 47–48, 268, 418c Beng Mealea 48 Besnagar 48–49 Bezeklik 49 Bhagavad Gita 49 Bhagwanpura 49 Bhaja 49 Bharhut 49, 166 Bharukaccha See Broach Bhavavarman I 49 Bhir mound at Taxila 49, 81, 87, 216, 344, 379, 417c Bhita 49–51, 210, 301 Bhumara 52 Bianxianwang 52 Bindusara 52 birch bark scrolls 52–53 bo 53, 131–133, 405 Bodh Gaya 53–54, 54, 87 bodhisattva 29, 45, 54, 54, 348 Bohu Tong 38, 55 Borobudur 11, 55, 60, 419c Bouillevaux, Father Charles-Émile 55–56 boundary markers 56 Brahmi 56, 417c Anuradhapura 22 Bangarh 37 Beikthano 47 coinage 81 inscriptions in India 155 Maurya empire 217 seals 301 Veda 364 427 Brantas River 3, 4, 56, 80 brick, medium for building 56–57 Ay Khanum 29 Banawali 36, 37 Beikthano 47, 48 Bhita 50 Go Thap 119 Pagan 255–256 Broach 57 bronze casting 57–58, 417c See also ritual bronze vessels Altyn Tepe Anyang 24 Ban Don Ta Phet 37 Ba state 44 Chanhu-daro 68 chariots/chariot burials 72 Chu 78 coinage 83 Co Loa 85 Dadianzi 88 dotaku 96 Eastern Zhou dynasty 101, 104 Erlitou 107–108 Fu Hao 111–112 Hann 134 Kexingzhuang 180 Pagan 257 Panlongcheng 259 Qijia culture 270 Sanxingdui 294–297 Shu 318–319 Silk Road 322 Tonglushan 356 Viet Khe 364 Warring States period 371 Western Zhou dynasty 374, 376, 378–379 Wucheng 382 Wu state 383 Xia dynasty 386 Xiasi 388 Xin’gan 389 Xintian 389 Yan 400 Yangshao culture 400–401 Yayoi 402, 404, 404 Zhao Hu 411–412 Zhongshan 414 Zhukaigou 415 bronze vessels See ritual bronze vessels Buddhism xix, xx, xxi, 58–60, 417c, 419c abhiseka Airtam Akhauri Ak-terek Ak Yum Amaravati Ananda 10 Ananda temple 10 Lake Anavatapta 11–12 ancestor worship 13 Anuradhapura 22 Arahaki-ji 24–25 Arakan 25 Asoka 27–28 Asuka-dera 28 Avalokitesvara 29 428 Index Bagh 32 Bairat 32 Balkh 34 Bamiyan 35–36 Bari-Kot 42–43 Bedsa 46 Bharhut 49 birch bark scrolls 52–53 Bodh Gaya 53–54 bodhisattva 54 Borobudur 55 Sir Alexander Cunningham 87 Daibutsu 89 Dhanyawadi 91 dharma 92 dharmacakra 92 Dharmarajika 92 Dipavamsa 94 Dong Duong 94–95 Ellora 105 Farhad-beg-yailaki 109 Faxian 109–110 Fayaz Tepe 110 Han dynasty 131 Heijo-kyo 140 Horyuji 142 I Ching 147 Jataka tales 166 Kara Tepe 177, 178 Karli 178 Kausambi 178 Kham Zargar 181 Kondapur 186 Ku Bua 187 Kusinagara 191 Lomasa Rishi 202 Lou-lan 205–206 Lumbini 207 Mahamuni 210 Ma Hao 210 Mahayana See Mahayana Buddhism Manikiyala 213 Maurya empire 216–217 Mogao 224–226 Nagarjunakonda 235 Nalanda 236 Nara state 237, 238 Nasik 239 Niya 243 rock monasteries 284 Sahri-Bahlol 290 Sanchi 292–293 Sankisa 293 Sarnath 298 Selagiri Hill 302–303 Shan-shan 309–311 Shitenno-ji 316 Prince Shotoku 317–318 Shotorak 318 Shwe Zigon 321 Siddhartha Gautama 321 Silk Road 322 Sokkuram 328 Sri Ksetra 330–331 Tamluk 337 Tarim Basin 341–342 Taxila 345–346 Theravada See Theravada Buddhism Three Kingdoms 348 Todaiji 353–354 Ushtur-Mulla 361 U-Thong 362 Vaisali 363 Vesali 364 Xuanzang 392–393 Yakushi-ji 394 Yamato 397, 398 burial mounds See also kofun ancestor worship 14 Edafuna-Yama 104–105 Fuquanshan 114–115 Koganezuka 183–184 Shimanosho Ishibutai 315 Taika Reforms 336 Takamatsuzuka 337 Udozuka 360 Yamato 395 burial objects See grave gifts/grave goods burial practices See mortuary practices burial sites Ama Baphuon 41 Beikthano 47 Chengtoushan 73–74 Chengzi 74 Dong Son 95 Erlitou 107 Halin 122 Jin 170 Koganezuka 183–184 Lower Xiajiadian culture 206 Mehrgarh 219 Muro Miyayama 233 Niya 243–244 Otsukayama 252 Shilla 314 Taosi 338 Thaungthaman 348 Tianma-Qucun 349 Tillya tepe 349–351 Uriyudo 361 Warring States period 371 Xibeigang 388 Xiongnu 390 Yaoshan 401–402 Yelang 405 Yinjiacheng 405–406 Yue 407 Zhongshan 413 Zhufeng 415 C calendar 96, 154, 415 Cambodia Ampil Rolum Angkor See Angkor Angkor Borei 17–18 Angkorian art 18 Angkor Thom 18 Aninditapura 20–21 Étienne Aymonier 30 Bakong 33 Banteay Chmar 38–39 Banteay Prei Nokor 39 Bhavavarman I 49 Chenla 74–77 Eastern Mebon 99 Great Lake 119 Hariharalaya 138 hospitals 142–143 inscriptions 157 irrigation 162–163 Ishanapura 163–164 Ishanavarman of Chenla 164 Jayatataka 166 Jayavarman I of Chenla 75–76, 166–167, 327 Jayavarman II See Jayavarman II Jayavarman III 14, 167–168 Jayavarman IV 15, 91, 168, 327 Jayavarman V 15, 40, 168 Jayavarman VI 168, 211, 263 Jayavarman VII See Jayavarman VII Jayavarman VIII 169 Jayavarman of Funan 169 Kaundinya 178 Koh Ker 185 Kulen Hills 188 Lovea 206 mratan 231, 232 Phnom Da 262 Purandarapura 267 slavery 327 titles 353 Wat Baset 371 canals 61–63 Angkor Borei 17 baray 41, 42 Han dynasty agriculture 129 irrigation 161–163 Kushans 190 Merv 222 Oc Eo 246 Canasapura 63 Candragupta II 63, 82, 121 Candragupta Maurya 26, 63, 161, 165 Canggal 63–64 cave temples/cave monasteries Ajanta 4–5, Badami 32 Bagh 32 Bamiyan 36 Barabar 41 Bezeklik 49 Bhaja 49 Elephanta 105, 105 Ellora 105–106, 106 Karli 178 Khandgiri Udayagiri 181 Mogao 224–225 Nanaghat 236–237 Nasik 239 Purandarapura 267 Shilla 315 cemeteries See also burial mounds; burial sites Anyang 23–24 Ban Don Ta Phet 37 Baoshan 40–41 Dadianzi 88 Doigahama 94 Dong Son 95 Hann 134 Harappa 136, 137 Hnaw Kan 142 Jinyang 172 Kaya 180 Mashan 214 Qiemo 269–270 Ropar 284 Shangcunling 303 Shizhaishan 316–317 Tarim Basin 340 Tianxingguan 349 Tianzimao 349 Tillya tepe 349–351 T’osong-ni 357 Viet Khe 364 Western Zhou dynasty 378 Xiajin 386–387 Xiasi 388 Xibeigang 388 Xintian 389–390 Yue 407 Zhangjiapo 408 Central Asia ixm, 13, 56–57, 62–63, 111, 161, 352–353 Cera 64 Chakranagar 64 chakravartin 64, 167 Chalukya dynasty 3, 32, 64, 138, 260 Cham civilization xix, 64–65, 418c Banteay Chmar 38 bas-reliefs 43 battle scenes 45 Chanh Lo 66 Dai An 89 Dong Duong 94 Indrapura 149 Jayavarman II 167 Khuong My 183 Lin-yi 201 My Son 234 Tra Kieu 357–358 Champanagar 65 Chandraketugarh 65 Chang’an 65–66, 123, 132, 139, 387 Changjiang civilization xviii, 66, 318 Chanh Lo 66 Chanhu Daro 66–68, 169 Chansen 68, 85, 97 Chao Kuo 68 Chao Phraya Basin 68–69 chariots/chariot burials 69–72, 71, 78, 376 Charklik 72 Charsada 72–73, 380 Chau Say Tevoda 73 Chengtoushan 66, 73–74, 417c Chengzi 74, 203 Chengziyai 74, 203, 248, 417c Chenla 74–77, 75, 418c Adhyapura ancestor worship 13 baray 41 bas-reliefs 43 Bhavavarman I 49 boundary markers 56 brick 56 Buddhism in Southeast Asia 59 Canasapura 63 Cham civilization 65 Great Lake 119 Index Harihara 138 irrigation 162 Khmer language 182 kpon 187 titles 353 women 381 Chen She 77 Cherchen See Qiemo China xviii, xix, xxi acupuncture ancestor worship 12 Bamboo Annals 34 Ban Biao 37 Ban Gu 38 Baoshan 40–41 bas-reliefs 43–44 Ba state 44 battle scenes 45 Bezeklik 49 bronze casting 57–58 Buddhism 60 canals 61–62 Cham civilization and 65 Changjiang civilization 66 chariots 69–72 chariots/chariot burials 69–72 Chengtoushan 73–74 Chen She 77 Chu 77–80 Chunqiu Fanlu 80 coinage 83–84 Co Loa 85 combs 85 Confucius 85–86 Dong Zuobin 96 Dujiangyan 97 Eastern Zhou dynasty 99–104 Erligang 107 fan 109 Farhad-beg-yailaki 109 Faxian 110 Fengchu 110–111 Five Classics 111 Fuquanshan 114–115 Gaozu 117–118 Guojiacun 120–121 hangtu 134 Hann 134 Hedi 139 Hongshan culture 142 Hotan 143 Huanbei 144 Huhai 144–145 Huidi 145 Indianization 148 inscriptions 155–156 Iron Age 158–159 irrigation 159–160 Jin 170–171 Jinancheng 171 Jincun 171 Jinyang 172 Kang Dai 176 Kara-dong 177 Kaxgar 179–180 Kexingzhuang 180 Kwanggaet’o 191 Lelang 197 Leshan 197 Liangzhu culture 198 Lijiashan 199 Linzi 201 Longshan culture See Longshan culture Lou-lan 205–206 Lower Xiajiadian culture 206–207 Lu 207 Ma Hao 210 Majiayuan 211 Mandate of Heaven 212–213 Mawangdui 217–219 Mogao 224–226 Mount Tai 231 Battle of Muye 234 Niya 242–244 oracle bones 247–252 Panlongcheng 259 Pingcheng 263 Qi 269 Qijia culture 270 Qin 270–273 Qin Shihuangdi 273–276 Red Eyebrows 281 ritual bronze vessels 283–284 royal palaces 285–288 Rudravarman 289 Sanxingdui 294–297 seals 302 Shangcunling 303 Treaty of Shangqui 304 Shang state 304–307 Shang Yang 307–309 Shan-shan 309–311 Shiji 311–312 Shijia 312 Shijiahe 312 Shilla 313 Shi Qiang 315–316 Shizhaishan 316–317 Shu 318–321 Silk Road 322 Siyelik 326 Sufutun 333 Tarim Basin 339–342 Tianma-Qucun 349 Tonglushan 356 Turpan Basin 358–359 Great Wall 366, 367 Warring States period 369–371 Wei 372 Weizhi 372–373 well-field system 373 Western Zhou dynasty 374–379 Wucheng 382 Wu Guang 383 Wu state 383 Xia dynasty 385–386 Xiajin 386–387 xian 387 Xia Nai 387 Xin dynasty 388 Xin’gan 388–389 Xintian 389–390 Xinzheng 390 Xiongnu 390–392 Yamatai 394–395 Yamato 397–399 Yamato and 398, 399 Yan 399–400 Yangshao culture 400–401 Yaoshan 401–402 Yayoi 403, 404 Yelang 405 Zhangjiapo 408 Zhang Qian 408–409 Zhao 409–410 Zhaodi 410 Zhao Hu 410–412 Zhengzhou 412–413 Zhongshan 413–414 Zhou Daguan 414 Zhuangbai 414–415 Zuozhuan 415–416 Chongdi 77 Choson 77, 369, 418c Chu xviii, 77–80 bamboo slips 35 Baoshan 40–41 Ba state 44 battle scenes 45 Chuci 80 coinage 83 Eastern Zhou dynasty 102–104 Hann 134 Huhai 145 Leigudun 194–196 oracle bones 251–252 Qin 272 Qufu 277 Qu Yuan 277 silk tomb offerings 324 Tianxingguan 349 Warring States period 370 Xiasi 388 Ying 405 Zeng Hou Yi 408 Zheng 412 Zidanku 415 Chuci 80 Chunqiu Fanlu (Luxuriant Gems of the Spring and Autumn Annals) 80 Confucius 85 Dong Zhongshu 96 Five Classics 111 Qufu 276 Shilla 314 Zuozhuan 415 churning of the ocean of milk 10, 20, 28, 40, 43, 80 cities Afrasiab Ahicchatra Amarendrapura Angkor Borei 17–18 Angkor Thom 18 Anuradhapura 21–22 Anyang 22–24 Ay Khanum 29–30 Badami 32 Banavasi 36 Bangarh 37–38 Ban Khu Muang 38 Banteay Prei Nokor 39 Begram 47 Beikthano 47–48 Beng Mealea 48 Besnagar 48–49 Bhir mound at Taxila 49 Bhita 49–51 Broach 57 Chakranagar 64 429 Champanagar 65 Chandraketugarh 65 Chang’an 65–66 Charklik 72 Chengtoushan 73–74 Chengziyai 74 Co La 84–85 Dalverzin Tepe 89–90 Dhanyawadi 91–92 Dilberjin 94 Dong Si Mahosod 95 Dunhuang 97 Eastern Zhou dynasty 103–104 Eran 106 Erlitou 107–108 Fujiwara 112–113 Go Thap 119 Halin 122 Harappa 135–138 Heijo-kyo 139–140 Huanbei 144 Hulaskhera 145 Jaugada 166 Jinancheng 171 Jinyang 172 Kalibangan 175–176 Kandahar 176 Kausambi 178 Kaveripumpattinam 179 Koh Ker 185 Koryong 186 Kumsong 188 Linzi 201 Luoyang 207–208 Mancheng 211–212 Mathura 215 Merv 222 Mohenjo Daro 226, 226–229 Mongchon 230 Mrauk-U 232 Nakhon Pathom 236 Nisa 241 Niya 242, 242–244 Oc Eo 246 Palembang 257 Panjikent 258 Panlongcheng 259 Pataliputra 260 Phimai 260–261, 261 Qufu 276–277 Rajagriha 278–279 Sahri-Bahlol 290 Sankisa 293 Sanxingdui 294–297 Satanikota 298 Sirkap 326 Sisupalgarh 326 Sravasti 330 Sri Ksetra 330–331 Tamluk 337 Taxila 342–346, 344 Ter 346 Thaton 348 Tianma-Qucun 349 Toprak-kala 356–357 T’osong-ni 357 Tra Kieu 357–358 Ujjain 360–361 U-Taphao 361–362 Varaksha 363 Vesali 364 430 Index Wangcheng 366, 367 Wangxian 369 Wuyang 384 Xintian 389–390 Yashodharapura 402 Zar Tepe 408 Zhengzhou 412–413 cloves 80 Cœdès, Georges 15, 20, 62, 80–81 coinage 81–84 Ay Khanum 30 Bactrian Greeks 31, 32 Balkh 34 Beikthano 48 Bhita 51 Eran 106 Gupta empire 121 Hastinapura 139 Hotan 143 Kharoshthi 182 Kushans 190 Menandros 220 Nara state 239 Parthia 259 Sakas 291 Taxila 345 Vesali 364 Zhang Qian 409 Colebrook, Henry 84 Co Loa 84–85, 95 combs 85–86, 112 Confucianism 417c Ban Gu 38 Bohu Tong 55 Dong Zhongshu 95–96 Han dynasty 126 Mandate of Heaven 212 Taoism vs 337 Yamato 398 Yantie Lun 401 Confucius 85–86 Chunqiu Fanlu 80 Eastern Zhou dynasty 100, 101 Five Classics 111 Han dynasty 123 Lu 207 Qufu 276 copper 417c Amri-Nal Baphuon 41 bronze casting 57, 58 Chu 79 Tonglushan 356 Western Zhou dynasty 376 Couto, Diogo 14, 19, 62, 86 Ctesias of Cnidus 86 Cunningham, Sir Alexander 86–87 Ahicchatra Ajanta Archaeological Survey of India 25 Atranjikhera 29 Besnagar 48 Bharhut 49 Bhita 50 Charsada 72 Faxian 110 Harappa 136 Indus Valley civilization 150 Jandial temple 166 Nalanda 236 Northern Black Polished ware 244 Rajagriha 279 Sanchi 293 Sankisa 293 Sarnath 298 seals 300 Sravasti 330 Taxila 342 currency See coinage Cyrus the Great xx, 87, 148 D Dabar Kot 88 Dadianzi 88 Dai An 89 Daibutsu 89 Daimabad 89 Dalverzin Tepe 89–90 Damb Sadaat 90 danda 90 Dandan-Oilik 90 Daodejing 90, 337 Darius the Great xx, 90, 148, 417c deities Agni 2, devaraja 91 Ganesha 117 Harihara 138 kpon 187 Lakshmi 193 Siva 326 Varuna 364 Desalpur 91 Devanampiya Tissa 91 Devanika 91 devaraja 91, 167 Dhanyawadi 25, 91–92, 210 dharma 54, 59, 92 dharmacakra 92, 92 Dharmarajika 92, 116 Dharmasastra 92 Dharmavansa 93 Dholavira 9, 93, 151–152 di 93, 103, 131, 145, 272 Dian chiefdom 93 coinage 83 Han dynasty 123, 128 Lijiashan 199 Tianzimao 349 Yangputou 400 Dilberjin 94 Dinggong 94 Dipavamsa 94 divination See milfoil; oracle bones; plastromancy; scapulomancy Doigahama 94 Dong Duong 43, 60, 94–95 See also Indrapura Dong Si Mahosod 95 Dong Son 84, 85, 95, 364 Dong Zhongshu 95–96, 135 Dong Zuobin 96, 247, 249 dotaku 96 Dou Wan 202, 212 Dujiangyan 97 Dunhuang 97, 128, 392 durga 97 dvarapala 97 Dvaravati civilization xix, 97–98, 418c Ban Khu Muang 38 Buddhism 59 Chansen 68 Chao Phraya Basin 68–69 coinage 84 dharmacakra 92 Dong Si Mahosod 95 Lopburi 204 Muang Phra Rot 232 Nakhon Pathom 236 Pali 257 Pong Tuk 264 Ramannadesa 279 Sri Thep 332 U-Taphao 361–362 U-Thong 362 E East Asia xiim Eastern Baray 15, 27, 41, 42, 99, 163 Eastern Han 418c chariots 71 Chongdi 77 Guang Wudi 119–120 Han dynasty 125, 126 Hou Hanshu 143 Leitai 196 Lingdi (clever emperor) 200 Mingdi 223 Shundi 321 Xiandi 387–388 Yellow Turbans 405 Zhangdi 408 Zhidi 413 Eastern Mebon 15, 99, 279 Eastern Zhou dynasty xviii, 99–104, 417c See also Warring States period ancestor worship 12 Ba system 44 chariot burials 70 Chunqiu Fanlu 80 Hann 134 Jincun 171 Luoyang 207–208 ritual bronze vessels 284 seals 302 titles 351 the Great Wall 366 Wangcheng 366, 367 Xintian 390 Xue 393 Yan 399 Yue 406407 Zheng 412 ẫcole Franỗaise dExtrờme-Orient 80, 104, 261 Edafuna-Yama 104–105, 396 Elephanta 97, 105, 105 Elephant Terrace 105, 168, 414 Ellora 105–106, 106, 117, 419c Endere 106 epigraphic hybrid Sanskrit (EHS) 106 Eran 106 Erligang 107 Erlitou 57, 107–108, 285, 338, 386, 405, 417c Er Shi See Huhai F face towers 109 faience 109 fan 109, 114 Farhad-beg-yailaki 109 Faxian 109–110, 418c Abhayagiri Ayodhya 30 Candragupta II 63 Sir Alexander Cunningham 86 Hotan 143 Rajagriha 278 Fayaz Tepe 110 Fengchu 110–111 feng shui See geomancy Ferghana 63, 111, 409 feudal system 44–45, 102 Five Classics 111 Fu Hao 111–112 Anyang 23 bronze casting 58 coinage 83 combs 85 inscriptions in China 155 ritual bronze vessels 283–284 tomb of 306 women 380 Xia Nai 387 Fujiwara 84, 112–113, 139, 172–173, 237, 288, 419c Funan xix, 113–114, 418c Adhyapura Angkor Borei 17 baray 41 brick 56 Buddhism 59 canals 62 Cham civilization 65 Chenla 74 fan 109 Go Thap 119 Gunavarman 120 irrigation 162 Jayavarman of Funan 169 Kang Dai 176 Kaundinya 178 Kulaprabhavati 188 Nen Chua 240 Rudravarman 289 Fuquanshan 114–115 G Gandhara 116–117 Alexander the Great Cyrus the Great 87 Faxian 110 Hephthalite Huns 141 India 148 Kandahar 176 Kharoshthi 182 Taxila 342 Ganesha 117, 234 Gaozu 117–118, 418c Chang’an 65 Chu 78–80 Dong Zhongshu 96 Han dynasty 123, 126, 127 Hanshu 134 Index Huainanzi 144 Huidi 145 Pingcheng 263 royal palaces 286–287 Xiongnu 391 Yamato 398 Garuda 48, 83, 118 geomancy 118, 288 Ghazi Shah 118–119 Ghosh, Amalananda 119 gold working 79, 119, 122, 253 Go Thap 114, 119, 120 government amatya Arthasastra 26–27 durga 97 Huainanzi 144 Huang-lao boshu 144 Shan-shan 310 Shilla 314 titles See titles Wudi 382 xian 387 Yoro Code 406 grave gifts/grave goods See also tombs/tomb sites bo 53 Fuquanshan 114–115 tomb of the Heavenly Horse 139 great tomb of Hwangnam 146 Yamato 396 Yue 407 Zhao Hu 411 Great Lake 14, 42, 48, 62, 119, 138 Great Wall See Wall, the Great Guang Wudi 119–120, 124 Gumla 120 Gunavarman 120, 169 Guo Chin Lun 120, 169–170 Guojiacun 120–121 Gupta empire xx, 121 Ahicchatra Bangarh 38 Bhita 50, 51 Bhumara 52 Candragupta II 63 Chandraketugarh 65 coinage 82–83 Elephanta 105 Ganesha 117 Hephthalite Huns 141 Hulaskhera 145 Kumargupta I 188 Samudragupta 292 seals 301 Skandagupta 327 slavery 327 titles 352 H Halin 122, 268 Han dynasty xviii–xix, 122–134, 418c See also Eastern Han; Western Han acupuncture Andi 14 bas-reliefs 43 bo 53 Buddhism in China 60 canals 61 Choson 77 Chu 79–80 Co Loa 85 Daodejing 90 Dian chiefdom 93 Dong Son 95 Dong Zhongshu 95–96 Gaozu 117–118 geomancy 118 Guo Chin Lun 120 Hanshu 135 Huang-lao boshu 144 Huhai 145 inscriptions in China 156 irrigation 159–160 Lelang 196–197 Mikumo 223 Qufu 276 royal palaces 286–287 Shu 318, 320–321 Silk Road 322 silk tomb offerings 323, 324 Sima Qian 325–326 Sima Tan 326 tai-fu 336 Taoism 337 Tarim Basin 340–341 titles 352 tomb models and reliefs 354–355 T’osong-ni 357 unicorn 361 the Great Wall 366 well-field system 373 Wudi 382 Wu Guang 383 wu xing 383–384 xian 387 Xinzheng 390 Xiongnu 391 Xuandi 392 Yantie Lun 401 Yue 406 Zhaodi 410 hangtu 56, 134, 135, 366, 389 haniwa 134, 134, 396 Hann 134, 370, 417c Hanshu (The History of the Former Han) 135, 418c Ban Biao 37 Chen She 77 Dong Zhongshu 96 Han dynasty 124, 126 Han dynasty tombs 132 Hann 134 irrigation 160 Qufu 276 seals 302 Shan-shan 309 Tarim Basin 339 Wang Mang 369 Xuandi 392 Yue 407 Zhang Qian 409 Han state See Hann Haojiatai 135 Harappa 135–138 Chanhu-daro 67 combs 85 Dholavira 93 Indus Valley civilization 152–153 Indus Valley civilization script 153 seals 300, 301 Sir Mortimer Wheeler 379, 380 Harihara 138, 167 Hariharalaya 138 Angkor 14 Bakong 33 brick 57 Indratataka 149 Lolei 202 Preah Kho 266 Harshavaram I 33 Hastinapura 138–139 Heavenly Horse, tomb of the 139, 314 Hebei province 211–212 Hedi 139 Heijo-kyo 89, 139–140, 237–238, 353, 380, 394 Heliodoros 48, 140 Hephthalite Huns xx, 29, 141, 174, 222, 418c Herodotus of Halicarnassus 141, 147 Hinduism Airlangga 3–4 Ak Yum amrita 9–10 Angkor Wat 19–20 ashrama 27 Bhagavad Gita 49 Bhaja 49 Bhumara 52 Chau Say Tevoda 73 Churning of the Ocean of Milk 80 Ellora 105 Ganesha 117 Garuda 118 Indra 148, 148 Kailasa mountain 174 lingam 199–200 Mount Meru 231 Preah Khan 266 Preah Kho 266 Pre Rup 266 Puranas 266, 267 Rig-Veda 282–283 Saivism 291 Samhitas 292 Sanskrit 294 Siva 326 Tra Kieu 357–358 Veda 364 Hiraide 142 historians W G Aston 28 Ban Biao 37 Ban Gu 38 Georges Cœdès 80–81 Diogo Couto 86 Ctesias of Cnidus 86 Herodotus of Halicarnassus 141 R C Majumdar 211 O-no-Yasumaro 247 J Prinsep 266 F Marcello de Ribadeneyra 282 Shi Qiang 315–316 431 Sima Qian 325–326 Sima Tan 326 Wang Guowei 367–368 historical documents/scholarship Arthasastra 26–27 Bamboo Annals 34 bamboo slips 34–35 Bohu Tong 55 Canasapura 63 Chunqiu Fanlu 80 Dipavamsa 94 Five Classics 111 Guo Chin Lun 120 Hou Hanshu 143 Kojiki 185 History of the Liang dynasty 198 Metal-Bound Coffer 222–223 mokkan 229–230 Nihongi 240–241 Niya 243 Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 260 Ramayana 280 Samguk Sagi 291 Samguk Yusa 291–292 Shangjun Shu 303–304 Shaogao 311 Shiji 311–312 Shoku Nihongi 317 Western Zhou dynasty 375 Yamatai 394–395 Yantie Lun 401 Zhuangbai 414–415 Zuozhuan 415–416 Hnaw Kan 142 Hongshan culture 112, 142, 241, 242, 417c Horyuji 60, 142, 419c hospitals 142–143 Hotan 143, 418c Ak-terek birch bark scrolls 52 Buddhism in China 60 Dandan-Oilik 90 Rawak 281 Siyelik 326 Tarim Basin 340 Hougang 144 Hou Hanshu 65, 93, 143, 281 Huainanzi 144 Huanbei 24, 144, 305, 417c Huandi 125, 144 Huang-lao boshu 144 Huhai 144–145 Huidi 145 Hulaskhera 145 hun 131, 132, 145, 324, 405 Hwangnam, great tomb of 145–146 I I Ching 147, 330, 332 Inariyama 105, 147, 396 India xvii, 147–148 Ahicchatra Aihole Ajanta 4–5 Ajatasatru Alamgirpur Alexander the Great Amaravati 432 Index amatya Amri ancestor worship 13 Archaeological Survey of India 25 Arikamedu 25–26 Arthasastra 26–27 Asoka 27–28 Atranjikhera 29 Ayodhya 30 Bagh 32 Bairat 32 Banavasi 36 Bangarh 37–38 Bara 41 Barabar 41 bas-reliefs 43 Bedsa 46 Besnagar 48–49 Bhaja 49 Bharhut 49 Bhita 49–51 Brahmi 56 brick in architecture 56 Broach 57 bronze casting 57 canals 62 Candragupta Maurya 63 Cera 64 Chakranagar 64 Chalukya dynasty 64 Champanagar 65 Chandraketugarh 65 Chao Phraya Basin 68–69 coinage 81–83 Ctesias of Cnidus 86 Sir Alexander Cunningham 86–87 Daimabad 89 Dharmasastra 92 Elephanta 105 Ellora 105–106 Eran 106 Faxian 110 Amalananda Ghosh 119 Gupta empire 121 Hastinapura 138–139 Hulaskhera 145 inscriptions 154–155 Iron Age 158 irrigation 160–161 Jainism 165 janapada 165 Jataka tales 166 Jaugada 166 Sir William Jones 173 Kahaum 174 Kalinga 176 Kampil 176 Kanva 177 Karli 178 Kausambi 178 Kautilya 178–179 Kaveripumpattinam 179 Khandgiri Udayagiri 181 Kondapur 185–186 Kusinagara 191 Lauriya-Nandangarh 194 mahajanapada 209–210 R C Majumdar 211 Manikiyala 213 Mat 214–215 Mathura 215 Maurya empire 215–217 Nagarjunakonda 235 Nanaghat 236–237 Nasik 239 Nevasa 240 Noh 244 Northern Black Polished ware 244 Pallava dynasty 258 Pandya 258 Pataliputra 260 Prakash 264–265 Pratisthana 265 Rajagriha 278–279 Ramayana 280 Rang Mahal 281 Rangpur 281 Sanchi 292–293 Sankisa 293 Sarasvati River 297–298 Sarnath 298 Satavahana 299 seals 300–301 Shunga dynasty 321 Sisupalgarh 326 Skandagupta 327 Sonkh 329 Sothi 329 Sothi-Siswal 329 Sravasti 330 Sringaverapur 331 Sunga 334 Tamluk 337 Taxila 342–346, 344 Ter 346 titles 352 Tripuri 358 Ujjain 360–361 Vaisali 363 western satraps 374 Sir Mortimer Wheeler 379–380 women in 381 Indianization 148 Indian subcontinent xm Indonesia Airlangga 3–4 anastylosis 10, 11 Dharmavansa 93 inscriptions 157 Kaladi 174 Srivijaya 332 Indra 148, 148, 292 Indrapura 148, 149, 167 See also Dong Duong Indratataka 15, 42, 138, 149, 163, 402 Indravarman I 14, 33, 138, 148–149, 149, 266 Indravarman III 149 Indus Valley civilization xvii–xviii, xx, 149–153, 417c Agni Alamgirpur Allahdino Amri Balakot 33 Balu 34 Banawali 36–37 Bhagwanpura 49 brick 56 bronze casting 57 Chanhu-daro 66–68 combs 85 Sir Alexander Cunningham 87 Dabar Kot 88 Daimabad 89 Desalpur 91 Dholavira 93 faience 109 Ghazi Shah 118 Gumla 120 Harappa 135–138 India 148 Jalilpur 165 Jhukar 169 Kalibangan 175–176 Kot Diji 186, 186–187 Kuntasi 188–189 lapis lazuli 194 Lothal 204 Manda 212 Mehrgarh 219–220 Meluhha 219–221 Mohenjo Daro 226, 226–229 Nausharo 239–240 Rakhigarhi 279 Rangpur 281 Rehman Dheri 281–282 Rig-Veda 282–283 Rojdi 284 Ropar 284 Shortughai 317 steatite 332 Surkhotada 334 Sutkagen Dor 335 titles 352 turquoise 359 Sir Mortimer Wheeler 379 Indus Valley civilization script xviii, 153–154, 417c Daimabad 89 Maurya empire 217 Meluhha 219 Rehman Dheri 281 seals 301 Surkhotada 334 inscriptions 154–158 Asoka 27 Balitung 33–34 Canasapura 63 Canggal 63–64 Chenla 74–76 Georges Cœdès 80–81 coinage 81, 82 Dholavira 93 Dong Zuobin 96 Dvaravati civilization 98 Eastern Zhou dynasty 101 Funan 114 Halin 122 Kaladi 174 Kwanggaet’o 191 Li gui 198 Ling yi 200 Mai zun 211 Purnavarman 267 Sanskrit 294 Shit-thuang 316 Iron Age 158–159 Angkor Borei 17 Anuradhapura 22 Bairat 32 Ban Don Ta Phet 37 baray 41 Dvaravati civilization 97 Hnaw Kan 142 Indianization 148 Sir Mortimer Wheeler 379 iron/iron working Atranjikhera 29 Ban Khu Muang 38 Han dynasty agriculture 129 Hann 134 Hiraide 142 Taxila 344 Tonglushan 356 Warring States period 370 Wuyang 384 Yamato 396, 397 Yan 400 Yayoi 404 Yue 406, 407 Zhongshan 413 irrigation 159–163 Atranjikhera 29 Ayaz-kala 29 Bactrian Greeks 31 baray 42 Beikthano 48 canals 61–63 Changjiang civilization 66 Choson 77 Cyrus the Great 87 Ferghana 111 Gupta empire 121 Halin 122 Han dynasty agriculture 129 Kushans 190 Nintoku 241 travan 358 Western Baray 374 Yamato 395 Yaoshan 401 Ishanapura 41, 56–57, 75, 163–164 Ishanavarman of Chenla 75, 163, 164, 234 Isong Sansong 164 Itazuke 164 J jades Ban Don Ta Phet 37 bo 53 Changjiang civilization 66 Erlitou 108 Fu Hao 112 Fuquanshan 115 Guojiacun 120–121 Han dynasty tombs 133 Hongshan culture 142 Jin 170 Mancheng 211–212 Niuheliang 242 Sanxingdui 295, 297 Shang state 307 Yaoshan 401–402 yazhang 404–405 Zhao Hu 411 Jainism 3, 105, 165, 181, 363 Jalilpur 165 janapada xviii, 13, 81, 165, 179 Index Jandial temple 165–166, 345–346 Japan xivm, xxi, 418c ancestor worship 13–14 Arahaki-ji 24–25 be 46 Buddhism 60 canals 62 coinage 84 Confucius 85–86 Daibutsu 89 Edafuna-Yama 104–105 haniwa 134, 134 Heijo-kyo 139–140 Hiraide 142 Horyuji 142 Inariyama 147 inscriptions 156–157 irrigation 160 Itazuke 164 Jinshin disturbance 172 Jito 172–173 Jori system 173 kami 176 Kanoko 177 Koganezuka 183–184 Kojiki 185 Mikumo 223 mokkan 229–230 Muro Miyayama 233 Prince Nagaya 235–236 Nara state 237–239 Nihongi 240–241 Ojin 246–247 oracle bones 252 royal palaces 288–289 Shimanosho Ishibutai 315 Shitenno-ji 316 shoen 317 Shoku Nihongi 317 Prince Shotoku 317–318 Taika Reforms 336 Takamatsuzuka 337 Tatesuki 342 Temmu 346 Tenji 346 tenno 346 titles 352 Todaiji 353–354 Toro 357 Udozuka 360 women in 380–381 Yamato 395–399 Yayoi See Yayoi Yoro Code 406 Jataka tales 8, 10, 49, 166 Jaugada 166 Java 419c Balitung 33–34 Borobudur 55 Brantas River 56 Canggal 63–64 cloves 80 inscriptions 157–158 Kaladi 174 Kedu Plain 180 Kinewu 183 Kubukubu 187–188 Prambanan 265 Purnavarman 267 Rongkab 284 Sailendra 291 sima 325 Sindok 326 Taruma 342 Jayatataka 12, 42, 166 Jayavarman I of Chenla 75–76, 166–167, 327 Jayavarman II 167 Amarendrapura ancestor worship 13 Angkor 14 Aninditapura 21 Banteay Chmar 38 Banteay Prei Nokor 39 chakravartin 64 Chenla 77 devaraja 91 Great Lake 119 Hariharalaya 138 Mahidharapura dynasty 211 Jayavarman III 14, 167–168 Jayavarman IV 15, 91, 168, 327 Jayavarman V 15, 40, 168 Jayavarman VI 168, 211, 263 Jayavarman VII 168–169, 169 Angkor 16 Angkor Thom 18 baray 42 battle scenes 45 Bayon 45, 46 Buddhism 59 Dong Si Mahosod 95 Elephant Terrace 105 face towers 109 hospitals 142 Jayatataka 166 Preah Khan 265 Jayavarman VIII 59, 169 Jayavarman of Funan 169 Jhukar 9, 169, 417c Jia Yi 120, 169–170 Jin 170–171, 417c Ba system 44, 45 chariots 71 Eastern Zhou dynasty 101, 102, 104 Hann 134 Jinyang 172 Tianma-Qucun 349 Wei 372 Western Zhou dynasty 378 Xintian 389 Jinancheng 171 Jincun 171 Jingdi 96, 100, 132, 171–172 Jingyanggang 172 Jinshin disturbance 172, 346 Jinyang 172, 410 Jito 112, 172–173 Jones, Sir William 173, 294 Jori system 173 K Kafyr-kala 141, 174 Kahaum 174 Kailasa mountain 174 Kaladi 56, 174 Kala-i Kahkaha 175 Kalawan 175 Kalibangan 119, 151, 175–176, 298, 329 Kalinga 176, 418c kami 176, 185, 395 Kampil 176 kamrateng jagat ta raja 91, 167, 176 Kandahar 176 Kang Dai 113, 176, 246 Kanishka I xx, 176–177, 418c Begram 47 Buddhism 59 coinage 82 Gandhara 116 Kushans 189–190 Rabatak 278 Kanoko 177 Kanva 177 Kapisi 177, 181 Kara-dong 177 Kara Tepe 177–178 Karli 178 Kashgar See Kaxgar Kaundinya 178 Kausambi 178, 209–210 Kautilya 26, 90, 161, 178–179, 418c Kaveripumpattinam 179 Kaxgar 179–180 Kaya 180, 186, 397, 418c Kazakhstan 327–328 Kedu Plain 180, 291 Kexingzhuang 180 Key-Kobad-Shakh 180 Khalchayan 13, 45, 181 Kham Zargar 43, 181 Khandgiri Udayagiri 181 Khao Sam Kaeo 181–182 Kharoshthi 182, 182, 417c birch bark scrolls 52 coinage 81, 82 Dalverzin Tepe 89 Dharmarajika 92 Endere 106 Hotan 143 inscriptions in India 155 Maurya empire 217 Shan-shan 309–311 titles 352–353 Veda 364 Khmer language 74, 75, 95, 182 Khuan Lukpad 182–183 Khuong My 183 Khwarizm 29, 161 See also Uzbekistan Kidarite Huns 183, 418c Kinewu 183 kofun 418c ancestor worship 14 Edafuna-Yama 104 haniwa 134 Inariyama 147 Tatesuki 342 Yamato 395, 397 Koganezuka 183–184 Koguryo 128, 184–185, 230, 348, 418c Koh Ker 42, 168, 185 Kojiki 185, 346, 395 Kok Kho Khao 185 Kondapur 185–186 Korea xivm, xix, xxi, 418c be 46 canals 62 433 Choson 77 Han dynasty 123, 128 tomb of the Heavenly Horse 139 great tomb of Hwangnam 145–146 irrigation 160 Isong Sansong 164 Itazuke 164 Kaya 180 Koguryo 128, 184–185, 230, 348 Koryong 186 Kumsong 188 Lelang 196–197 Mongchon 230 Paekche See Paekche Panwol-Song 259 Parhae 259 Samguk Sagi 291 Samguk Yusa 291–292 Shilla See Shilla Sokkuram 328 Three Kingdoms See Three Kingdoms titles 352 T’osong-ni 357 Wangxian 369 Yamato 395–399 Koryong 186 Kot Diji 120, 186, 186–187 Koy-Krylgan-Kala 187 kpon 187 Ku Bua 187 Kubukubu 187–188 Kubyaukkyi temple 188 Kujula Kadphises 4, 82, 188, 189, 418c Kulaprabhavati 169, 188 Kulen Hills 48, 119, 167, 188 Kumargupta I 13, 188 Kumsong 188 Kuntasi 188–189 Kurukshetra, Battle of 43, 45, 189 Kushans xx, 189–191, 418c Airtam Ayaz-kala 29 Bari-Kot 43 battle scenes 45 Bhita 50, 51 canals 63 Chandraketugarh 65 coinage 82 Dalverzin Tepe 89, 90 Dilberjin 94 Gandhara 116 Hulaskhera 145 Kanishka I 176–177 Khalchayan 181 Kujula Kadphises 188 Mat 214–215 Mathura 215 Sringaverapur 331 Taxila 343, 345 titles 352 Toprak-kala 356 Vima Kadphises 364 Zhang Qian 409 Kusinagara 28, 59, 191 Kwanggaet’o 191 Kyanzittha 10, 191, 235, 419c 434 Index L lacquer 41, 47, 177, 192–193, 193, 197, 321 Lakshmi 193 language See specific languages Laozi 90, 144, 193–194, 337 lapis lazuli 119, 120, 194 Lauriya-Nandangarh 194 Legalism 194 Han dynasty 123 Qufu 276 Shangjun Shu 303–304 Sima Qian 325 Warring States period 370 Xunzi (Xun Qing) 393 Yantie Lun 401 Leigudun 35, 72, 78, 100, 194–196, 417c Leitai 196, 196 Lelang xix, 128, 196–197, 357, 418c Leshan 197 Lewan 197–198 Liang dynasty, History of 198 Liangzhu culture xviii, 198, 417c Fu Hao 112 Fuquanshan 114 Guojiacun 120 Mojiaoshan 229 Sidun 321 yazhang 405 Li gui 198, 234, 376, 381 Li Ji 23, 199, 387 Lijiashan 93, 128, 199, 400 lingam 199–200, 234, 291, 372 Lingapura See Koh Ker Lingdi 200, 405 Ling yi 78, 200 Linjia 200–201, 417c Lin-yi 201 Linzi 102–104, 201, 286 Liu Bang See Gaozu Liuchengqiao 72, 201 Liu Ji 320 See also Gaozu Liujiahe 201 Liu Sheng 201–202, 202, 212, 418c Liu Taiyun 202, 247 Liu Xiu 202 See also Guang Wudi Lolei 13, 138, 202 Lomasa Rishi 41, 202, 417c Longshan culture 202–204 ancestor worship 12 Bianxianwang 52 bronze casting 57 Chengzi 74 Chengziyai 74 Dinggong 94 Erlitou 107 Guojiacun 120 hangtu 134 Haojiatai 135 Hougang 144 Jingyanggang 172 Mengzhuang 222 Pingliangtai 263 Qijia culture 270 scapulomancy 299 Taosi 337–338 the Great Wall 366 Wangchenggang 367 Xiajin 386–387 Xue 393 Yinjiacheng 405–406 Zhufeng 415 Lopburi 204 Lothal 151, 204, 301 Lou-lan 85, 205–206 Lovea 206 Lower Xiajiadian culture 88, 206–207, 248, 417c Lu 85, 101, 207, 276–277 Lü Buwei 207 Lu Hao 207 Lumbini 59, 207 Luoyang 207–208, 417c Buddhism in China 60 Chang’an 66 Chu 78 coinage 83 Eastern Zhou dynasty 99, 100 Gaozu 117 geomancy 118 Guang Wudi 120 Han dynasty 124, 125, 127 Han dynasty tombs 133 inscriptions in China 156 Jincun 171 Xiandi 387 Luo Zhenyu 208, 247 M Magadha 65, 165, 209, 215, 278–279 Mahabharata 209 amrita battle scenes 45 Bhagavad Gita 49 Bhita 51 Chakranagar 64 chakravartin 64 Hastinapura 138 women 381 mahajanapada 26, 29, 209–210 Mahamuni 12, 25, 91, 210, 303 Ma Hao 60, 210 Mahasena 210 Mahasthana 210 Mahayana Buddhism 210–211 Apeyatana 24 Avalokitesvara 29 Bedsa 46 Buddhism 60 Dong Duong 94 Nagarjunakonda 235 Sailendra 291 Mahidharapura dynasty 16, 211, 261, 419c Mai zun 211, 376 Majiayuan 211 Majumdar, R C 211 Mancheng 53, 211–212, 418c Manda 212 mandala 212 Mandate of Heaven 212–213 Ba system 44 Chu 78 Dong Zhongshu 96 Eastern Zhou dynasty 99, 101 Gaozu 117 Guang Wudi 119 Han dynasty 123 Huhai 145 Metal-Bound Coffer 223 milfoil 223 Shaogao 311 Wang Mang 368, 369 Western Zhou dynasty 376, 377 Yamato 398 Zhao Gong 410 Manikiyala 213 Mantai 213 Maodun 85, 127, 129, 213, 263, 390, 391, 418c Marshall, Sir John 214 Archaeological Survey of India 25 Bhita 50, 51 Charsada 73 Dharmarajika 92 Gandhara 117 Indus Valley civilization 150 Jandial temple 166 Maurya empire 216 Mohenjo Daro 226–228 Rajagriha 279 Sanchi 292–293 seals 301 Taxila 343–345 Mary See Merv Mashan 214 Mat 214–215 material culture Anyang 23 Arikamedu 25–26 Banawali 37 be 46 Beikthano 48 Besnagar 48 Bhita 50–51 brick 56–57 Broach 57 bronze casting See bronze casting Chanhu Daro 67–68 combs 85–86 Dholavira 93 faience 109 Fuquanshan 114–115 Hann 134 Indus Valley civilization 150–152 Iron Age in India 158 Itazuke 164 Jalilpur 165 Kalibangan 175 Kushans 190 lacquer 192–193, 193 lapis lazuli 194 Meluhha 220–221 Mohenjo Daro 228 Northern Black Polished ware 244 Oc Eo 246 Oxus treasure 252–253 Painted Grey ware 257 Panjikent 258 Shang state 304 steatite 332 tomb models and reliefs 355 Tonglushan 356 turquoise 359 Warring States period 370–371 Yamato 396 Yangshao culture 400–401 Yayoi 402, 404 yazhang 404–405 Zhengzhou 413 Zhou Daguan 414 Mathura 28, 81, 106, 215, 418c Maurya empire xviii, 215–217, 417c, 418c Alikasudaro ancestor worship 13 Arthasastra 26 Asoka 27 Banavasi 36 Bhir mound at Taxila 49 Bhita 50 Bindusara 52 Candragupta Maurya 63 Cera 64 Chandraketugarh 65 coinage 81 Gandhara 116 inscriptions in India 155 Kandahar 176 Kausambi 178 Kautilya 179 Pataliputra 260 seals 301 Sringaverapur 331 Taxila 343 titles 352 Ujjain 361 Mawangdui 217–219, 418c bamboo slips 35 bo 53 Chu 78, 80 Chuci 80 combs 85 Daodejing 90 Han dynasty tombs 132 Huang-lao boshu 144 hun 145 seals 302 silk tomb offerings 324 women 380 Mebon See Eastern Mebon; Western Mebon medicine See acupuncture; hospitals Megasthenes 63, 219, 260, 418c Mehrgarh 57, 150, 219–220, 417c Meluhha 220–221 Menandros 221 Mencius 100, 123, 221, 221 Meng Tian 221–222, 366 Mengzhuang 222 Mengzi See Mencius Merv 21, 57, 62, 222, 298 Metal-Bound Coffer 212, 222–223, 251 Mikumo 223 milfoil 223 Mingalazedi stupa 223 Mingdi 38, 60, 131, 223 mingqi 223–224, 303, 354, 371, 384 Miran 224, 310–311, 342 Mogao 166, 224–226, 332, 392, 418c Mohenjo Daro 226, 226–229, 417c combs 85 Index Indus Valley civilization 151, 152 Indus Valley civilization script 154 seals 300–301 Sir Mortimer Wheeler 379, 380 Mojiaoshan 229 mokkan xix, 139, 140, 157, 229–230, 235–236, 399, 419c monastic establishments Abhayagiri Akhauri Arahaki-ji 24–25 ashrama 27 Asuka-dera 28 Bedsa 46 Dharmarajika 92 Fayaz Tepe 110 Kalawan 175 Kara Tepe 177–178 Kham Zargar 181 Nalanda 236 rock monasteries 284 Ushtur-Mulla 361 money tree 230 Mongchon 230, 254 mortuary offerings See grave gifts/grave goods mortuary practices See also burial ; cemeteries; tomb models and reliefs; tombs/tomb sites Ban Don Ta Phet 37 Beikthano 47 bo 53 bronze casting 58 chariots/chariot burials 69–72, 71 Dadianzi 88 Halin 122 Han dynasty tombs 131–132 haniwa 134, 134 tomb of the Heavenly Horse 139 Hnaw Kan 142 hun 145 great tomb of Hwangnam 145–146 Indus Valley civilization 153 mingqi 223–224 money tree 230 Noen U-Loke 244 Shu 319 Western Zhou dynasty 378 women 380 Wu state 383 Yaoshan 401 Yellow Springs 405 Yue 407 Mouhot, Henri 230 Mount Meru 231, 231 Angkor 15 Angkor Thom 18 Angkor Wat 20 Bakheng 33 baray 41, 42 Eastern Baray 99 Muang Tam 233 Phnom Rung 262 Mount Tai 231 mratan 231, 232 Mrauk-U 1, 91, 232 Muang Dongkorn 232 Muang Fa Daet 232 Muang Phra Rot 232 Muang Sema 63, 232 Muang Tam 233 Mundigak 233 Muro Miyayama 233 Muryong, King 233–234, 254–255, 418c music 78–79, 218, 223–224, 392 Muye, Battle of 44, 234, 311, 319, 376, 381, 417c Myanmar xix, 418c, 419c Anawrahta 12 Arakan 25 Beikthano 47–48 canals 62 Dhanyawadi 91–92 Halin 122 Hnaw Kan 142 irrigation 163 Kubyaukkyi temple 188 Kyanzittha 191 Mingalazedi stupa 223 Pagan 255–257 Pyu civilization 268 Selagiri Hill 302–303 Thaton 348 Thaungthaman 348 Vesali 364 My Son 43, 66, 234, 418c N Nagarjunakonda 235 Nagaya, Prince 140, 235–236 Nagayan temple 235 Nakhon Pathom 236 Nalanda 236, 392 Nanaghat 236–237 Nara state 237–239, 419c Daibutsu 89 Heijo-kyo 139–140 irrigation 160 mokkan 229 Prince Nagaya 235–236 ritsuryo 283 royal palaces 288–289 shoen 317 Yoro Code 406 Nasik 239 Nausharo 239–240 NBPW See Northern Black Polished ware Neak Pean 12, 16, 42, 166, 168, 240 Nen Chua 240 Nevasa 240 Nihongi xix, 240–241, 419c ancestor worship 14 W G Aston 28 Asuka-dera 28 be 46 Buddhism in Japan 60 Fujiwara 112, 113 haniwa 134 Temmu 346 Yamato 395, 397 Nintoku 14, 160, 241, 418c Nisa 241 Niuheliang 142, 241–242 Niya 242, 242–244, 341 Noen U-Loke 41, 244, 381 Noh 244 nomads 291 Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) 244, 417c Bangarh 37 Bhita 50 Champanagar 65 Sir Alexander Cunningham 87 Hastinapura 138–139 mahajanapada 210 Sir Mortimer Wheeler 379 nutmeg 245 O Oc Eo xix, 56, 58, 62, 113, 246, 301 Ojin 246–247 O-no-Yasumaro 185, 247 oracle bones 247–252, 248, 417c ancestor worship 12 Antiquities Protection Law 21 Anyang 22–23 bamboo slips 34 Ba state 44 chariots 69 Chengziyai 74 di 93 Dong Zuobin 96 Fengchu 110–111 Heijo-kyo 139 inscriptions 155 Li Ji 199 Shang state 304–306 Song Yirang 328 Tieyun Cangui 349 titles 351 Wang Yiyong 369 Western Zhou dynasty 375 women 380 Zhukaigou 415 Otsuka 252 Otsukayama 252 Owake-no-Omi 147 Oxus treasure 252–253, 417c P Paekche 254–255, 418c, 419c Buddhism in Japan 60 Edafuna-Yama 105 Isong Sansong 164 Mongchon 230 Muryong 233–234 King Muryong 233–234 Ojin 247 Puso Sansong 267–268 Shaogao 311 Shilla 313 Tenji 346 Three Kingdoms 348 Yamato 395–397, 399 Pagan 255–257, 256, 419c Abeyadana temple Ananda temple 10 Apeyatana 24 brick 57 Nagayan temple 235 Patothamya temple 260 Sulamani temple 333–334 Thatbyinnyu temple 348 Painted Grey Ware 6, 49, 138, 158, 176, 257, 417c 435 Pakistan Akhauri Allahdino Amri-Nal Bhir mound at Taxila 49 bronze casting 57 Chanhu-daro 66–67 Charsada 72–73 Damb Sadaat 90 Gandhara 116–117 Ghazi Shah 118–119 Gumla 120 Jandial temple 165–166 Lewan 197–198 Sahri-Bahlol 290 Sikri 322 Sirkap 326 Sirsukh 326 Taxila 342–346, 344 western satraps 374 palaces See royal palaces Palembang 93, 257 Pali 47, 54, 94, 257–258, 266 Pallava 64, 258, 363, 418c Pandya 258 Panini 258 Panjikent 45, 258 Panlongcheng 259, 306, 338 Pan Piao See Ban Biao Panwol-Song 259, 313, 315 Parhae 259, 419c Parthia 259, 343 Pataliputra 63, 121, 260, 392 Patothamya temple 260 Pattadakal 43, 260 Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 25, 47, 57, 65, 179, 260 Persia See Sassanian empire philosophers Confucius 85–86 Dong Zhongshu 95–96 Laozi 193–194 Mencius 221, 221 Sunzi 334 Xunzi (Xun Qing) 393 Phimai 20, 260–261, 261 Phimeanakas 15, 18, 261–262, 381, 414 Phnom Chisor 42, 262 Phnom Da 18, 262 Phnom Rung 262, 262–263 Phnom Wan 263 Pingcheng, Battle of 118, 127, 263, 391, 418c Pingliangtai 203, 263 Piprahwa 263–264 plastromancy 264, 406 pon 109, 264 Po Nagar 64–65, 149, 264 Pong Tuk 264 Portugal xvii Prakash 264–265 Prakrit 265 Bhita 51 birch bark scrolls 52 coinage 81 epigraphic hybrid Sanskrit 106 inscriptions in India 155 Sanskrit 294 Shan-shan 309 Prambanan 265, 419c 436 Index Prasat Kravan 118, 265 Pratisthana 265 Preah Khan 42, 58, 168, 265 Preah Khan of Konpong Svay 265–266 Preah Ko 266 ancestor worship 13 Angkor 14 baray 42 brick 57 Hariharalaya 138 Indravarman I 149 Preah Vihear 12, 58, 266 Prei Monti 266 Pre Rup 13, 15, 266, 267, 279 Prinsep, J 56, 81, 86, 266 Puranas 266, 267 Purandarapura 267 Purnavarman 267 Puso Sansong 267–268 Pyu civilization xix, 268, 418c Beikthano 47 Buddhism in Southeast Asia 59 coinage 84 Halin 122 Hnaw Kan 142 irrigation 163 Q Qi 269 Ba system 44, 45 coinage 83 Eastern Zhou dynasty 103 Linzi 201 Qin 272 Warring States period 370 Xue 393 Xunzi (Xun Qing) 393 Zhao 409 Zuozhuan 416 Qiemo 269–270 Qijia culture 57, 270, 417c Qin xviii, 270–273, 418c chariot burials 71 chariots 70 Chen She 77 Choson 77 Chu 78 coinage 83 Co Loa 85 Dong Zhongshu 95–96 Dujiangyan 97 Eastern Zhou dynasty 100, 102–104 Gaozu 117–118 Guo Chin Lun 120 Han dynasty 123, 128 Han dynasty religious beliefs 131 Hann 134 Hanshu 135 Hann 134 Huhai 144–145 irrigation 159 Meng Tian 220–222 Qin Shihuangdi 273–276 royal palaces 286 Shang Yang 308, 309 Shu 319–320 Taoism 337 Warring States period 370 xian 387 Xunzi (Xun Qing) 393 Zhao 409 Zhao Gao 410 Qin Shihuangdi xviii, 273–276, 274, 418c battle scenes 45 bo 53 chariots/chariot burials 72 Chen She 77 coinage 83, 84 Dong Zhongshu 96 Eastern Zhou dynasty 99, 102 Han dynasty 123 Han dynasty religious beliefs 131 Huhai 145 inscriptions in China 156 Mount Tai 231 Qin 273 Qufu 276 royal palaces 286 Sima Qian 325–326 Taoism 337 tomb figures 354 tomb models and reliefs 354 the Great Wall 366 Warring States period 370, 371 Wu Guang 383 Xiongnu 390 Yue 406 Qiuwan 276 quarry sites 276 Qufu 276–277 Qu Yuan 80, 277 R Rabatak 278 Rahal Baray 278 Rajagriha 278–279 rajakulamahamantrin 279 Rajendravarman 279 Angkor 15 Baksei Chamkrong 33 brick 57 canals 62 Eastern Mebon 99 irrigation 163 Jayavarman V 168 Sras Srang 330 Rakhigarhi 279 Ramannadesa 279–280 Ramayana 9, 30, 45, 280, 280, 293, 381, 418c Rang Mahal 281 Rangpur 281 Rawak 281 reconstructions See anastylosis Red Eyebrows 120, 127, 281, 369, 418c reforms 68, 336, 392 Rehman Dheri 281–282 reliefs See bas-reliefs; tomb models and reliefs religion See deities; specific religions reservoirs baray See baray Eastern Baray 99 Indratataka 149 irrigation 160–163 Jayatataka 166 Rahal Baray 278 Sras Srang 330 Western Baray 374 Yashovarman I 402 Ribadeneyra, F Marcello de 282 rice xviii, xix, xxi, 417c Ama 7, Angkor 16–17 Ankokuji 21 Beikthano 48 Chenla 76 Han dynasty agriculture 129–131 irrigation 160, 163 tomb models and reliefs 355 Toro 357 Yamato 395 Yaoshan 401 Yayoi 403 Rig-Veda xviii, 282–283 Agni arya 27 Harappa 138 Indra 148 mandala 212 Samhitas 292 women 381 ritsuryo 283 ritual bronze vessels 283–284 Anyang 23, 24 Bamboo Annals 34 bamboo slips 34 Ba state 44 bronze casting 58 Changjiang civilization 66 chariot burials 70 Chu 78 Eastern Zhou dynasty 101, 104 Erlitou 107 Fu Hao 111–112 Jin 170 Li gui 198 Ling yi 200 Mai zun 211 Shi Qiang 315–316 Shu 319 taotie 338, 338–339 Western Zhou dynasty 374, 375, 377–379 Wu state 383 Xia dynasty 386 Xiasi 388 Xin’gan 389 Xintian 389 Yan 399–400 Yue 407 Zhangjiapo 408 Zhengzhou 412, 413 Zhuangbai 414–415 Zhukaigou 415 rock monasteries 46, 49, 202, 284 rock temples See cave temples/cave monasteries Rojdi 284 Rong Chen 284 Rongkab 284 Ropar 284 royal palaces 140, 284–289, 399 Rudravarman 75, 114, 289 S Sahri-Bahlol 116–117, 290 Sa Huynh culture 290–291, 418c Sailendra 55, 59–60, 180, 291, 419c Saimei 291, 380 Saivism 291 Sakas 63, 82, 291, 343, 374, 409 Samguk Sagi 233, 291, 314, 348, 419c Samguk Yusa 291–292 Samhitas 292 Samudragupta 13, 82, 106, 121, 292 Sanchi 292–293, 293 bas-reliefs 43 battle scenes 45 Brahmi 56 Sir Alexander Cunningham 87 epigraphic hybrid Sanskrit 106 Jataka tales 166 Sankisa 86–87, 110, 293 Sannathi 294 Sanskrit xviii, 294 arya 27 Bhagavad Gita 49 Bhita 51 Canasapura 63 chakravartin 64 Cham civilization 65 Chenla 74, 75 Georges Cœdès 80 coinage 82 Henry Colebrook 84 devaraja 91 Dvaravati civilization 97 epigraphic hybrid Sanskrit 106 Gupta empire 121 Jayavarman of Funan 169 Sir William Jones 173 Panini 258 Sri Ksetra 331 Vo Canh 365 Sir Charles Wilkins 380 Sanxingdui xviii, 294–297, 417c Ba state 44 Changjiang civilization 66 Chuci 80 money tree 230 taotie 339 Xin’gan 389 yazhang 405 Sapallitepa 297, 417c Sarasvati River 36, 49, 283, 297–298 Sarnath 92, 106, 121, 298 Sassanian empire xx, 298, 418c Airtam Ayaz-kala 29 Hephthalite Huns 141 Khalchayan 181 Merv 222 Taxila 343 Satanikota 298 Satavahana dynasty 299, 418c Amaravati Banavasi 36 coinage 83 Karli 178 Index Nanaghat 236–237 Satanikota 298 western satraps 374 Satingpra 299 scapulomancy 299 scholarship See also historical documents/scholarship W G Aston 28 Étienne Aymonier 30 Henry Colebrook 84 Dong Zhongshu 95–96 Dong Zuobin 96 Hou Hanshu 143 Huang-lao boshu 144 Sir William Jones 173 Liu Taiyun 202 Luo Zhenyu 208 Wang Guowei 367–368 Wang Yiyong 369 Sir Charles Wilkins 380 Sdok Kak Thom 8, 91, 167, 176, 299–300 seals 300, 300–302 Altyn Tepe Bhita 50, 51 Brahmi 56 Changjiang civilization 66 Sir Alexander Cunningham 87 Eastern Zhou dynasty 101 Halin 122 Han dynasty 123 Indus Valley civilization 152 Indus Valley civilization script 153, 154 inscriptions in India 154–155 Jhukar 169 steatite 332 Yellow Springs 405 Zhao Hu 411 seismograph 302 Selagiri Hill 43, 302–303 Seleucid empire 21, 29, 31, 32, 259, 417c Seleucus I Nicator xx, 6, 63, 303, 418c Shangcunling 101, 303 Shangjun Shu 303–304 Shangqui, Treaty of 304 Shang state xviii, 304–307, 417c ancestor worship 12 Anyang 22–24 bronze casting 57–58 chariot burials 70 chariots 69, 70 Chu 78 di 93 Dong Zuobin 96 Eastern Zhou dynasty 99 Erligang 107 Erlitou 107 Fengchu 110–111 Fu Hao 111–112 Huanbei 144 irrigation 159 Liujiahe 201 oracle bones 248–251 Qiuwan 276 ritual bronze vessels 283 royal palaces 285 Sanxingdui 295 scapulomancy 299 Shu 318 silk tomb offerings 323 Sufutun 333 Taixicun 336–337 titles 351 Tonglushan 356 Western Zhou dynasty 378 women 380 Xibeigang 388 yazhang 405 Zhengzhou 412 Shang Yang 271, 303–304, 307–309, 370, 387 Shan-shan 309–311, 418c canals 62 Charklik 72 Endere 106 Faxian 110 Miran 224 Niya 243 Qiemo 269–270 Shaogao 311 Shichishito 311, 396 Shijia 312 Shijiahe 312 Shiji (The Records of the Grand Historian) 311–312, 418c See also Sima Qian Chen She 77 Choson 77 Eastern Zhou dynasty 100, 101 Erlitou 107 seals 302 Shang state 307 Shang Yang 307, 308 Shan-shan 309 Tarim Basin 339 Western Zhou dynasty 375, 377 King Wu 381 Xia dynasty 385, 386 Zhang Qian 409 Shilla 312–315, 418c, 419c Fujiwara 112 tomb of the Heavenly Horse 139 great tomb of Hwangnam 145–146 Isong Sansong 164 Koguryo 184, 185 Kumsong 188 Nara state 237 Paekche 254, 255 Parhae 259 Three Kingdoms 348–349 titles 352 Yamato 397, 399 Shimanosho Ishibutai 315 Shi Qiang 315–316, 414, 415 Shitenno-ji 316, 398 See also Arahaki-ji Shit-thuang 10, 316, 419c Shizhaishan 83, 93, 128, 302, 316–317, 400 shoen 317 Shoku Nihongi 317, 419c Shortughai 152, 317 Shotoku, Prince 24, 60, 85, 142, 317, 317–318, 398, 419c Shotorak 318 shrines See also temples/temple sites Canggal 63–64 Mahamuni 210 Mingalazedi stupa 223 Shwe Zigon 321 Shu xviii, 44, 61, 66, 102, 294–297, 318–321 Shundi 302, 321 Shunga dynasty 321, 418c Shwe Zigon 321 Siddhartha Gautama 321 Sidun 198, 321 Sigiri 322 Sikri 322 Silk Road xix–xxi, 322–323 Afrasiab Andi 14 Bactria 31 Balkh 34 Bamiyan 35 bas-reliefs 43 Begram 47 brick 57 bronze casting 57 Buddhism in China 60 canals 62 Charklik 72 Dunhuang 97 Endere 106 Faxian 110 Ferghana 111 Han dynasty 123, 128, 131 Hotan 143 irrigation 161 Kala-i Kahkaha 175 Kapisi 177 Kaxgar 179 Kushans 190–191 Merv 220 Mogao 224–225 Niya 242, 243 Panjikent 258 Parthia 259 Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 260 Sogdiana 328 Sir Aurel Stein 332 Tarim Basin 339 Transoxiana 358 Turpan Basin 358–359 Xiongnu 391 Yantie Lun 401 Zhang Qian 408–409 silk tomb offerings 145, 217–219, 323–325 sima 157, 187–188, 325 Sima Qian 325–326, 418c See also Shiji (The Records of the Grand Historian) Dian chiefdom 93 Eastern Zhou dynasty 100 Han dynasty 128 inscriptions in China 155, 156 Mandate of Heaven 212 Maodun 213 oracle bones 252 Qin 270–272 Qin Shihuangdi 274 royal palaces 286, 287 Shang Yang 307 437 titles 351 Xia dynasty 385 Xiongnu 391–392 Sima Tan 326 Sindok 326 Sirkap 31, 165–166, 326, 344–345, 418c Sirsukh 326, 345, 418c Sisupalgarh 326 Sita 381 Siva 326 Ahicchatra Angkor 15 Badami 32 Banteay Srei 40 Bhita 51 Bhumara 52 coinage 82 Funan 114 Kailasa mountain 174 Saivism 291 Siyelik 326 Skandagupta 174, 327 slavery 327, 368 Sogdiana 2, 31, 141, 258, 327–328, 418c Sokkam-ni 197 Sokkuram 315, 328, 329 Song Yirang 247, 328 Sonkh 329 Sothi 329 Sothi-Siswal 36, 329 Southeast Asia ancestor worship 12–13 bas-reliefs 43 brick in architecture 56–57 bronze casting 58 Buddhism 59–60 canals 62 Georges Cœdès 80–81 coinage 84 Funan 113–114 inscriptions 155, 157 Iron Age 159 Ramayana 280 royal palaces 284–285 seals 301–302 women in 381 Southeast Asian Islands xvm Spice Islands 329–330 spices 80, 245 Spring and Autumn period 417c See also Chunqiu Fanlu; Eastern Zhou Dynasty chariots 70 Chu 78 Chunqiu Fanlu 80 coinage 83 di 93 Han state 135 Jin 170, 171 Qi 269 Qin 271 Treaty of Shangqui 304 well-field system 373 xian 387 Xiasi 388 Xintian 389 Yan 399 Sras Srang 330 Sravasti 330 Sri Ksetra 84, 268, 330–331 438 Index Sri Lanka 417c Anuradhapura 21–22 canals 62 Devanampiya Tissa 91 Dipavamsa 94 Faxian 110 irrigation 161–162 Mahasena 210 Mantai 213 Sigiri 322 Sringaverapur 331 Sri Thep 332 Srivijaya xix, 257, 332, 402, 419c steatite 1, 67, 119, 153, 300, 301, 332 Stein, Sir Aurel xx, 332–333 Ak-terek Charklik 72 Dabar Kot 88 Dandan-Oilik 90 Dunhuang 97 Endere 106 Farhad-beg-yailaki 109 Gandhara 116–117 Hotan 143 Kara-dong 177 Lou-lan 205–206 Miran 224 Mogao 225–226 Niya 242, 243 Rawak 281 Sahri-Bahlol 290 Shan-shan 310, 311 Sogdiana 328 Sutkagen Dor 335 Tarim Basin 340–342 Wang Yuanlu 369 Sufutun 306–307, 333 Sulamani temple 333, 333–334 Sunga 3, 54, 65, 329, 334, 418c Sunzi 334 Surkh-Kotal 6, 13, 334 Surkhotada 334 Suryavarman I 334–335 Angkor 15 baray 42 bas-reliefs 43 bronze casting 58 Phimeanakas 261 Phnom Chisor 262 Suryavarman II 15, 19, 45, 335 Sutkagen Dor 335 svami 335 T tai-fu 336 Taika Reforms 173, 229, 336, 346, 398–399, 419c Taixicun 306, 336–337 Tajikistan 180, 408 Takamatsuzuka 337 Tamluk 337 Tang alliance 312–313, 399 Tanjung Rawa 337 Taoism 90, 144, 193, 337 Taosi 12, 57, 203, 337–338 taotie 88, 338, 338–339, 411 Ta Prohm 10, 142, 168, 339 Tarim Basin 339–342 Endere 106 Han dynasty 123, 127 Hotan 143 Lou-lan 205 Silk Road 322 Yangshao culture 400 Taruma 342, 418c Tatesuki 134, 342 taxation Fujiwara 112 Han dynasty 125 Hanshu 135 inscriptions in Indonesia 157 Jingdi 172 Nara state 238 sima 325 Wudi 382 Xuandi 392 Yamato 398–399 Yoro Code 406 Taxila 342–346, 344 Akhauri Alexander the Great Besnagar 48 Bhir mound at Taxila 49 birch bark scrolls 52 combs 85 Sir Alexander Cunningham 87 Dharmarajika 92 Faxian 110 Gandhara 116, 117 Kalawan 175 Kushans 190 Sir John Marshall 214 Maurya empire 216 Sakas 291 Sirkap 326 Sirsukh 326 Sir Mortimer Wheeler 379 Temmu 172, 185, 346, 399 temple reliefs See Bas-reliefs temples/temple sites Abeyadana temple Aihole Airtam Ajanta 4–5, Ak-terek Ak Yum 5–6 Amaravati 8, Ananda temple 10, 11 Angkor 14 Angkor Wat 19, 19–20 Apeyatana 24 Arahaki-ji 24–25 Asuka-dera 28, 28 Bakheng 32–33 Bakong 33 Baksei Chamkrong 33 Banteay Chmar 38–39, 39 Banteay Samre 40 Banteay Srei 40, 40 Baphuon 41 Bayon 45–46, 46 Bhumara 52 Bodh Gaya 53–54, 54 Borobudur 55 Canggal 63–64 Chau Say Tevoda 73 Chenla 76 Dalverzin Tepe 89–90 Dharmarajika 92 Dong Duong 94–95 dvarapala 97 Eastern Mebon 99 Hariharalaya 138 Heijo-kyo 140 Hongshan culture 142 Jandial temple 165–166 Kedu Plain 180 Kubyaukkyi temple 188 Lolei 202 Muang Tam 233 Nagayan temple 235, 235 Nasik 239 Neak Pean 240 Pagan 256–257 Patothamya temple 260 Phimeanakas 261–262 Phnom Chisor 262 Phnom Wan 263 Prasat Kravan 265 Preah Khan 265 Preah Khan of Konpong Svay 265–266 Preah Ko 266 Preah Vihear 266 Prei Monti 266 Pre Rup 266, 267 Ramannadesa 279 Rong Chen 284 Sdok Kak Thom 299–300 Shitenno-ji 316 Shotorak 318 Sulamani temple 333, 333–334 Surkh-Kotal 334 Thatbyinnyu temple 348 Todaiji 353–354 Wat Baset 371 Wat Phu 372 Western Mebon 374 Yakushi-ji 394, 394 Yamato 398 Tenji 336, 346, 399 Tenjinyama 346 tenno 237, 238, 346, 380 Ter 346 Termez 110, 141, 177–178, 346–347 Terrace of the Leper King 105, 347, 347 Thailand xix Amarendrapura Ban Don Ta Phet 37 Ban Non Wat 38 Chansen 68 Dvaravati civilization See Dvaravati civilization Khao Sam Kaeo 181–182 Khuan Lukpad 182–183 Kok Kho Khao 185 Ku Bua 187 Muang Dongkorn 232 Muang Fa Daet 232 Muang Phra Rot 232 Muang Sema 232 Muang Tam 233 Noen U-Loke 244 Satingpra 299 Sri Thep 332 U-Taphao 361–362 U-Thong 362 Wat Ban Song Puay 371 Yarang 402 Thap Mam 347, 348 Thatbyinnyu temple 348 Thaton 12, 348 Thaungthaman 348 Theravada Buddhism 210–211, 256, 257, 348 Three Kingdoms 348–349 irrigation 160 Koguryo 184–185 Mongchon 230 Paekche 254–255 Samguk Sagi 291 Samguk Yusa 291–292 Shilla 312–315 Tianma-Qucun 170, 349 Tianxingguan 349 Tianzimao 349 Tieyun Cangui 349 Tillya Tepe 191, 349–351, 418c Tircul 351 See also Pyu civilization titles 351–353 chakravartin 64 fan 109 inscriptions in Indonesia 157 mratan 231–232 pon 264 rajakulamahamantrin 279 svami 335 tai-fu 336 tenno 346 varman 363 Yan 399–400 Todaiji 89, 140, 353–354, 419c tomb models and reliefs 134, 354–356 See also bas-reliefs tombs/tomb sites xix Anyang 23–24 bamboo slips 35 Baoshan 40–41 bo 53 Chu 79 combs 85 Eastern Zhou dynasty 100, 101, 104 Fu Hao 111 Han dynasty 131–133 haniwa 134 tomb of the Heavenly Horse 139 Hwangnam 145–146 Inariyama 147 Jincun 171 Jingdi 171 Koryong 186 lacquer objects in 192–193, 193 Leigudun 194–196 Leitai 196, 196 Leshan 197 Liangzhu culture 198 Liuchengqiao 201 Mancheng 211–212 Mawangdui 217–219 Muryong 233–234 Niuheliang 241, 242 Ojin 247 Paekche 254–255 Qin Shihuangdi 273–275 Shang state 305–306 Shilla 314 Sufutun 333 Tatesuki 342 Warring States period 371 Wei 372 Index Xibeigang 388 Xin’gan 388–389 Xiongnu 390 Xue 393 Yamato 396, 397 Zeng Hou Yi 408 Zhao Hu 411–412 Zheng 412 Zhongshan 413–414 Zhukaigou 415 Tonglushan 356, 376 Toprak-kala 356–357 Toro 357, 403 T’osong-ni 196–197, 357 trade Allahdino Arikamedu 25–26 Beikthano 48 Chanhu Daro 68 Chao Phraya Basin 69 Chu 79 Desalpur 91 Gupta empire 121 Han dynasty 128 Indus Valley civilization 152, 153 Kushans 190–191 Lelang 197 Longshan culture 203–204 Oc Eo 246 Qin 271 Sassanian empire 298 Shan-shan 310 Shu 321 Silk Road 322 Tra Kieu 357–358 Transoxiana 358 travan 358 Tribhuvanadityavarman 358 Tripuri 358 Tso Chuan See Zuozhuan Tung Chung-Shu See Dong Zhongshu Tung Tso-pin See Dong Zuobin Turpan Basin 49, 358–359 turquoise 111, 359 U Udayadityavarman II 15, 41, 42, 43, 360 Udozuka 360 uji 360, 396 Ujjain 83, 360–361 unicorn 67, 361 Uriyudo 361 Ushtur-Mulla 361 Ustrushana 175, 361 U-Taphao 361–362 U-Thong 362 Uzbekistan Afrasiab Airtam Dalverzin Tepe 89–90 Khalchayan 181 Koy-Krylgan-Kala 187 Termez 346–347 Toprak-kala 356–357 Varaksha 363 V Vaisali 28, 363 Vaisnaism 363 vajra 148 Varaksha 363 Vardhamana Mahavira 165, 363 varman 114, 363 Varuna 364 Veda 2, 13, 292, 364 Vesali 1, 10, 25, 57, 364 Viet Khe 95, 364 Vietnam Adhyapura Cham civilization See Cham civilization Co La 8485 Dong Duong 9495 Dong Son 95 ẫcole Franỗaise d’ExtrêmeOrient 104 Go Thap 119 Gunavarman 120 Indrapura 148, 149 Indratataka 149 Khuong My 183 My Son 234 Nen Chua 240 Oc Eo 246 Po Nagar 264 Sa Huynh culture 290–291 Thap Mam 347, 348 Tra Kieu 357–358 Viet Khe 364 Vo Canh 365 Vima Kadphises 364 visaya 365 Vishnu 15, 18, 20, 114, 118, 363 Vo Canh 365 W Wa 373, 394, 403 Wall, the Great 366, 367, 418c canals 61 Gaozu 118 Han dynasty 123, 127, 128 Meng Tian 220 Qin 272 Qin Shihuangdi 273 Wudi 382 Xiongnu 390–392 Yantie Lun 401 Zhang Qian 409 Wangcheng 366, 367 Wangchenggang 367 Wang Guowei 247, 367–368 Wang Mang 368–369, 418c Chang’an 66 coinage 84 Guang Wudi 119 Han dynasty 124, 128 Hanshu 135 Red Eyebrows 281 royal palaces 287–288 Xin dynasty 388 Xiongnu 391 Wangxian 77, 369 Wang Yiyong 369 Wang Yuanlu 369 Wari-Bateshwar 369 Warring States period 369–371, 417c, 418c bamboo slips 35 canals 61 Changjiang civilization 66 chariots 71–72 Choson 77 Chu 78, 79 Chuci 80 coinage 83 Dujiangyan 97 Eastern Zhou dynasty 99, 102, 104 Han dynasty 123 Hann 134 Huhai 145 inscriptions in China 156 Iron Age in China 158 Jia Yi 170 Jinancheng 171 legalism 194 Linzi 201 Luoyang 207 Mencius 220 Qin 270 Qu Yuan 277 royal palaces 286 seals 302 Shang Yang 307–309 silk tomb offerings 323–324 Sima Qian 325 Taoism 337 titles 351–352 tomb models and reliefs 354 Wuyang 384 Xinzheng 390 Xue 393 Xunzi (Xun Qing) 393 Yan 400 Yangputou 400 Zhao 409, 410 Zhao Gao 410 Zhengzhou 412 Zuozhuan 416 Wat Ban Song Puay 371 Wat Baset 371 Wat Phu 372 Wei 372, 417c Eastern Zhou dynasty 102, 103 Huhai 145 Warring States period 370 Yamatai 394 Zhongshan 413 Zuozhuan 416 weights and measures 68, 123, 152 Weizhi (History of the Wei Dynasty) 372–373, 380, 394, 395, 403 well-field system 368, 373, 388 Wendi 373–374 Chao Kuo 68 combs 85 di 93 Han dynasty agriculture 129 Hanshu 135 Jingdi 171 Maodun 213 the Great Wall 366 Western Baray 41, 162, 334–335, 374 Western Han battle scenes 45 Chang’an 65–66 Chao Kuo 68 coinage 84 Guo Chin Lun 120 439 Han dynasty 125, 126 Han dynasty agriculture 130 Huidi 145 Jia Yi 169–170 Jingdi 171–172 Kaxgar 179 Liu Sheng 201–202 Liu Xiu 202 Lu Hao 207 Wendi 373–374 women 380 Wudi 382–383 Yangputou 400 Zhao Hu 411 Western Mebon 58, 374 western satraps 83, 374, 418c Western Zhou dynasty xviii, 374, 374–379, 417c bamboo slips 34 Changjiang civilization 66 chariots 70 Chu 78 coinage 83 di 93 Eastern Zhou dynasty 99, 101 Fengchu 110 inscriptions in China 155–156 irrigation 159 Mandate of Heaven 212 Battle of Muye 234 oracle bones 251 ritual bronze vessels 283 royal palaces 285–286 scapulomancy 299 silk tomb offerings 323 titles 351 Warring States period 370 well-field system 373 King Wu 381 Wuyang 384 Xue 393 Zhangjiapo 408 Zhao Gong 410 Zheng 412 Wheeler, Sir Mortimer 379–380 Archaeological Survey of India 25 Arikamedu 25 brick 56 Charsada 73 Charsada excavations 73 Harappa 136 Maurya empire 216 Rig-Veda 282 Xia Nai 387 Wilkins, Sir Charles 294, 380 women xvii, 380–381 Banteay Srei 40 combs 85 Dadianzi 88 Han dynasty 125 Jayavarman of Funan 169 Tarim Basin 340 Tillya tepe 350, 351 tomb of Fu Hao 306 Weizhi 373 Zhangjiapo 408 Zhao Hu 411 Wu, King 381 Bamboo Annals 34 geomancy 118 440 Index Jingdi 171 Western Zhou dynasty 376 Yan 399 Zhao Gong 410 Wucheng 66, 382, 389 Wudi 382–383 Dian chiefdom 93 Dong Zhongshu 96 Han dynasty 123, 124, 127, 128, 131 Huainanzi 144 Kaxgar 179 Mount Tai 231 royal palaces 287 Tarim Basin 339 Xiongnu 391 Yantie Lun 401 Yue 406 Zhaodi 410 Wu Guang 383 Wu state xix, 383, 406, 417c wu xing 383–384 Wuyang 384, 400 X Xia dynasty xviii, 57, 107, 108, 385–386, 386, 405, 417c Xiajiadian See Lower Xiajiadian culture Xiajin 386–387 xian 102, 126, 387 Xia Nai 380, 387 Xiandi 387–388 Xianyang 71–72, 100, 123, 145 Xiaotun 21, 69 Xiasi 388 Xibeigang 388 Xin dynasty 84, 119–120, 124, 368–369, 388 Xin’gan 66, 382, 388–389 Xintian 101, 170, 389–390 Xinzheng 104, 390 Xiongnu 390–392, 418c Andi 14 Dong Zhongshu 96 Gaozu 118 Han dynasty 123, 127–128, 131 Han dynasty agriculture 129 Maodun 213 Meng Tian 220 Pingcheng 263 Shan-shan 309 Tarim Basin 339, 341 the Great Wall 366 Wang Mang 368 Wudi 382 Yantie Lun 401 Zhang Qian 409 Xuandi 392 Xuanzang 392–393, 419c Ahicchatra Asoka 28 Ayodhya 30 Balkh 34 Bamiyan 35 Bari-Kot 43 Sir Alexander Cunningham 86 Hephthalite Huns 141 Hotan 143 Kafyr-kala 174 Kusinagara 191 Mathura 215 Nalanda 236 Sravasti 330 Sri Ksetra 331 Taxila 342 Vaisali 362 Xue 393 Xunzi (Xun Qing) 393 Y Yakushi-ji 394, 394 Yamatai 380, 394–395, 403 Yamato 395–399, 418c, 419c Arahaki-ji 24–25 be 46 Edafuna-Yama 105 Fujiwara 112–113 haniwa 134 Hiraide 142 Inariyama 147 irrigation 160 Jinshin disturbance 172 Koganezuka 183–184 Nara state 237 Nintoku 241 oracle bones 252 ritsuryo 283 royal palaces 288 Saimei 291 Taika Reforms 336 Takamatsuzuka 337 Tatesuki 342 titles 352 uji 360 Yakushi-ji 394 Yan 384, 399–400 Yangputou 400 Yangshao culture 12, 200–201, 400–401, 417c Yantie Lun 93, 401 Yaoshan 198, 401–402 Yarang 402 Yashodharapura 15, 91, 99, 402, 402 Yashodharatataka See Eastern Baray Yashovarman I 402 Angkor 15 ashrama 27 Bakheng 32 baray 42 devaraja 91 Eastern Baray 99 Hariharalaya 138 irrigation 163 Yashodharapura 402 Yayoi 402–404, 404, 418c Ama 7–8 ancestor worship 13–14 Ankokuji 21 Doigahama 94 dotaku 96 haniwa 134 Hiraide 142 irrigation 160 Itazuke 164 Mikumo 223 Otsuka 252 Tenjinyama 346 Toro 357 Uriyudo 361 Weizhi 373 Yamatai 394 Yamato 395 yazhang 107, 404–405 Yelang 128, 405 Yellow Springs 405 Yellow Turbans 127, 200, 405, 418c Ying 405 Yinjiacheng 405–406 Yoro Code 229, 238, 283, 406 Yue 102, 123, 406–407 Yuryaku 147 Z Zar Tepe 63, 190, 408 Zeng Hou Yi 58, 79, 194–196, 408 Zhangdi 55, 125, 139, 408 Zhangjiapo 408 Zhang Qian 111, 179, 205, 382, 408–409 Zhao 102, 103, 370, 390, 409–410, 417c Zhaodi 383, 410 Zhao Gao 123, 145, 410 Zhao Gong 410 Zhao Hu 406, 410–412 Zhao Meng 172 Zheng 44, 135, 412 Zhengzhou 134, 305, 412–413 Zhidi 125, 413 Zhongshan 413–414 Zhou See Eastern Zhou dynasty Zhou Daguan 414 Angkor 16 Angkor Thom 18 Angkor Wat 19 Baphuon 41 baray 42 Bayon 46 face towers 109 Indravarman III 149 irrigation 163 royal palaces 285 slavery 327 women 381 Zhuangbai 414–415 Zhufeng 203, 415 Zhukaigou 248, 415 Zidanku 415 Zuozhuan 100, 101, 338, 415–416 .. .Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations Charles F W Higham Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations Copyright © 2004... other sections of the gallery walls The most impressive is undoubtedly the depiction of the CHURNING OF THE OCEAN OF MILK in search of the elixir of immortality—AMRITA—but the Battles of Lanka and... B.C.E.), one of Alexander’s generals and ruler of the former Persian Empire, Greek influence was profoundly felt through the foundation of cities, the construction of temples, and the minting of coins