Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient egypt

Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt Compiled and edited by Kathryn A.Bard with the editing assistance of Steven Blake Shubert London and New York First published 1999 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 © 1999 Routledge All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt/edited by Kathryn A.Bard; with the editing assistance of Steven Blake Shubert Includes bibliographical references and index Egypt—Antiquities—Encyclopedias I Bard, Kathryn A II Schubert, Steven Blake DT58.E53 1998 98–16350 932′.003–dc21 CIP ISBN 0-203-98283-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN - (Adobe e-Reader Format) ISBN 0-415-18589-0 (Print Edition) To my mother, Rosemary Best Bard (1918–1997), and father, Robert Edward Bard (1918–) with thanks for all their encouragement, love, and support Contents List of illustrations Map x xix How to use this Encyclopedia xxiv Acknowledgments xxvi List of abbreviations xxviii List of contributors xxx Chronology of Ancient Egypt xliii Overview essays: Introduction Paleolithic cultures Epi-paleolithic cultures 16 Neolithic cultures 18 Predynastic period 24 Early Dynastic period 32 Old Kingdom 38 First Intermediate Period 45 Middle Kingdom 50 Second Intermediate Period 57 New Kingdom 60 Third Intermediate Period 65 Late and Ptolemaic periods 70 Roman period 77 Entries A-Z 83 Glossary 1092 Index 1096 Index 1213 Thay, 822–4 theater, 129–33, 139–41, 689 Theban gods, 548–50 Theban kingdom (Dyn 10–11), 42–6 Theban kings, 368–70 Theban Mapping Project, 831–3 Theban Necropolis, 802–4, 806–7 Theban nome, 316–19, 475–80 Theban Tomb 320, 242–3 ‘Theban’ Dynasty (23rd), 62–5 Thebes: Ahmose-Nefertary tomb, 190–1; Amenemopet tomb, 805, 824; Amenhotep, son of Hapu, tomb, 811–12; Amenhotep II tomb, 537–42, 828–31; Amenhotep III tomb, 190–1, 557–8, 828–31, 852–6; Amenmesse tomb, 828–31; Anen tomb, 822–4; Ankh-Hor tomb (TT 414), 793–5, 802–4; Antef tomb, 804–5; Antefoker tomb, 822–4; el-Asasif, 433, 434, 435, 436, 802–4, 806–7, 819–22, 822–4; Assyrian destruction of, 423–7; Bakenkhonsu tomb, 804–5; Besenmut tomb, 804–5; Colossi of Memnon, 814–18; Deir el-Bahri, 237–9, 243–4, 725–8, 802–4, 804–5, 806–7, 809–11, 812–14, 814–18, 819–22; Amenemhat I unfinished funerary temple, 47–52; Hatshepsut temple (Djeser Djeserw), 190–1, 234–7, 432–8, 587–8, 636–7, 671–4, 728–31, 819– 22; Meket-Re tomb (TT 280), 237–9; Mentuhotep II complex, 47–52, 190–1, 239–41, 432–8, 447–9; Montu priest burials, 62–5; royal mummy cache, 62–5, 242–3, 537–42; Senusret III stela, 239–41; Tuthmose III temple, 243–4, 432–8, 806–7, 819–22; Deir el-Bakhit, 804–5; Deir el-Medina, 115–18, 204–6, 244–6, 247–50, 458–60, 481–5, 505–10, 629–32, 637–9, 718– 20, 745–8, 752–3, 761–3, 763–9, 809–11, 812–14, 828–31, 834–5, 841–2, 868–71; Deir er-Rumi, 834–5; Divine Votaress tombs, 432–8; Djehuty-nefer tomb, 255–9, 804–5; Dra’ Abu el-Naga, 189–90, 190–1, 637–9, 802–4, 804–6, 806–7, 809–11, 814–18; East Valley, 828–31; Harwa tomb, 802–4; Hatshepsut tombs, 190–1, 828–31; Heqerneheh tomb, 822–4; High Steward of the God’s Wives tombs, 432–8; Horemheb, 300–6, 321–4, 828–31; Ibi tomb, 793–5, 802–4; Ineni tomb, 822–4; Isinefret tomb, 828–31; Index 1214 Kenamen tomb, 822–4; Khenty tomb, 806–7; Kheruef tomb, 773–4, 802–4; el-Khokha, 802–4, 806–7, 809–11, 822–4; K’m el-Hetan, 807–8; Malkata, 807–8; Medinet Habu, 62–5, 118–21, 193–5, 199–201, 449–52, 469, 475–80, 481–5, 548–50, 629–32, 671–4, 718–20, 728–31, 738–44, 807–8, 814–18, 834–5; Meket-Re tomb, 237–9; Menkheperrasoneb tomb, 822–4; Mentuemhat tomb, 432–8, 793–5, 802–4; Mentuherkhepshef tomb, 828–31; Merenptah tomb, 190–1, 828–31; Merimose tomb, 811–12; Meryetamen tomb, 62–5; Mosi tomb, 255–9, 694–9; Nebamun and Ipuky tomb, 522–6, 806–7; Nebwenenef tomb, 804–5; New Kingdom private tombs, 809–11; Parennefer tomb, 802–4, 804–5; Paser tomb, 822–4; Pedamenopet tomb, 432–8, 802–4; Pennesuttaui tomb, 804–5; Qasr el-Aguz, 834–5; Qurnet Murai, 804–5, 809–11, 811–12; Ramesses I tomb, 828–31; Ramesses II tomb, 828–31, 831–3; Ramesses III tomb, 546–7, 828–31; Ramesses IV tomb, 321–4, 677–9, 828–31; Ramesses V tomb, 828–31; Ramesses VI tomb, 321–4, 828–31, 852–6; Ramesses VII tomb, 321–4, 828–31; Ramesses IX tomb, 321–4, 828–31; Ramesses X tomb, 828–31; Ramesseum, 62–5, 481–5, 491–3, 694–9, 812–14, 814–18, 822–4; Rekhmire tomb, 115–18, 118–21, 157–9, 522–6, 546–7, 657–8, 668–70, 798–800, 822–4; Roy tomb, 804–5; royal funerary temples, 814–18; saff-tombs, 316–19, 824–6, 826–8; Senenmut monuments, 118–21, 819–22, 822–4; Sennefer tomb, 822–4, 828–31; Setau tomb, 804–5; Sethnakhte tomb, 828–31; Seti I tomb, 168–9, 321–4, 828–31; Seti II tomb, 828–31; Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, 546–7, 802–4, 806–7, 811–12, 814–18, 819–22, 822–4, 824–6; Siptah tomb, 828–31; el-Tarif, 632–6, 809–11, 824–6, 826–8; Tetiky tomb, 189–90, 804–5; Thonefer tomb, 804–5; throne, 807–8; Tjanuni tomb, 629–32; Index 1215 Thay tomb, 822–4; Tomb KV 5, 831–3, 834; Tutankhamen tomb, 189–90, 385–7, 522–6, 546–7, 670–1, 725–8, 728–31, 828–31, 852–6; Tuthmose I tomb, 828–31; Tuthmose II tomb, 190–1; Tuthmose III tomb, 321–4, 828–31; Tuthmose IV tomb, 190–1, 828–31, 852–6; Unas-ankh tomb, 806–7; User tomb, 822–4; Userhat tomb, 806–7; Valley of the Kings, 522–6, 537–42, 828–31, 831–3, 834; Valley of the Queens, 247–9, 834–5, 836; West, 201–4, 814–18, 838–41; Maru Amen, 763–9; Tehen Aten, 763–9; West Valley, 828–31; Wose (ancient name), 809–11 theft: case tried in court, 247–9 Théodorids, Aristide, 438–41 Theodosius I, Emperor, 129–33, 617–19 Theology of [the god] Shu, 654 Theophilus, Patriarch of Alexandria, 129–33 Thera, 118–21, 778–82 Therenutis, 501–5 thermoluminescence dating, 6–14, 161–3, 233–4 Thermutis, 594–5 Thery, 432–8 Thessaly, 300–6 Thévenot, Jean de, 280 Thinis/This, 42–6, 316–19, 551–4 Third Cataract, 79–80, 259–61, 404–5, 421–3, 423–7, 445–7, 579–82, 749–51, 871–2 Third Intermediate period, 62–5 Thirty-first dynasty, 464 Thmuis (Tell Timai), 836–8 Thomas, Angela, 358–62 Thomas, E.S., 731–3 Thomas, Elizabeth, 829 Thompson, Stephen E., 274, 607, 792, 801 Thonefer, 804–5 Thoth, 147–50, 165–7, 289–93, 411–13, 607–10, 847–9, 875–8 885–7 threshing, 121–4 throne, lion, 505–10 throw-stick, 579–82, 679–81 Ti, 178–9, 353–6, 469, 493–7, 522–6 Tia, Overseer of the Treasury of the Ramesseum, 694–9 Tia, Princess, 694–9 Tiberius, Emperor, 399, 479, 619, 656, 870 Tibesti Mountains, 195–8 Tiglath-pileser III of Assyria, 150–2 Tihneh el-Gebel, 589–92 tilapia, 873–5 Index 1216 Tillmann, Andreas, 262–5 timber, 587–9, 842–5 Timme, Paul, 363 Timna, 455–8, 522–6, 842–5 Timonium, Cape, 129–33 Timotheos, Papyrus of, 691–3 Timouthias, Bishop of Ibrim, 649–52 Timsah, Lake, 611–15, 878–81 tin, 262–5, 522–6, 558–61, 842–5 tiraz cloth, 649–52 Tiryns, 118–21 Tisa, see Antinoopolis Tithoes, see Tutu titles: functional, 411–13, 674–7, 745–8 titularies, 115–18 Titus, Emperor, 836, 870 Tity, wife of Ramesses III, 834–5 Tiy, Queen, 124–8, 828–31, 358–62, 579–82, 773–4, 852–6 Tiy, Queen: mummy, 537–42 Tjannehebu, Overseer of the Royal Navy, 691–3 Tjanuni, 629–32 Tjauti, 589–92 Tjay, Overseer of Horses, 694–9 Tjehenu, 445–7 Tjeker (or Tjekel) peoples, 186–9 Tjekker (Sea People), 718–20 Tjeku, 878–81 Tjemehu, 445–7 Tjenenet, 838 Tjeni, see Thinis/This Tjeti-iker: tomb (Akhmim), 124–8 Tjuneroy, Overseer of Works, 694–9 Tni-mnw (temple at Karnak), 391–4 Tobruk, 469–73 T’d, 475–80, 838 toilet articles, 216–19, 430–2, 583–4 tomb: biography, 801–2; broad hall, 809–11; chamber, 583–4; chapel, 589–92, 666–8, 778–82; communal, 316–19; decoration, 674–7; Early Dynastic royal, 93–5, 267–9; equipment, 670–1; false door, 239–41, 246–7, 255–9, 267–9, 316–19, 319–21, 321–4, 449–52, 447–9, 481–5, 491– 3, 493–7, 497–8, 588–92, 639–45, 674–7, 700–4, 704–8, 814–18, 819–22; family, 432–8; 1st Dynasty royal, 109–13, 389–90, 665; Index 1217 First Intermediate period, 316–19, 319–21, 328–31; funerary temple, 239–41, 700–4, 811–12; furnishings, 276–9, 725–8, 838–41, 852–6; Graeco-Roman, 691–4; gravel-cut, 849–51; ‘house’, 700–4; ‘house of eternity’, 255–9; hypogeum, 128–9; in-temple, 738–44; inscriptions, 795–7; Late period, 432–8, 691–4; mastaba, 34, 37, 38, 82, 83, 90, 91, 106, 155, 212, 217, 218, 220, 252, 267, 269, 290, 293, 316, 317, 320, 321, 367, 390, 422, 425, 433, 449, 493–7, 498, 528, 589, 592, 615, 637, 639, 652, 666, 674, 700, 702, 703, 706, 708, 709, 824, 839–40; Middle Kingdom, 666–8; mudbrick, 493–7; New Kingdom, 668–70, 670–1, 694–700, 809–11; nobles’, 773–4; Old Kingdom, 328–31, 493–7, 589–92, 674–7; partially intact, 340–1; pit, 834–5; portcullis, 367–8, 849–51; portico, 809–11; private, 637–9, 809–11; provincial, 745–8; pyramid, 637–9, 694–9; reused, 835; robbery, 57–61, 242–3, 247–9, 340–1, 394–7, 786–9, 804–5, 834–5; rock-cut, 124–8, 328–31, 493–7, 806–7; royal, 93–5, 109–13, 247–9, 267–9, 389–90, 665, 670–1, 757–9, 774–6, 814–18; serdab, 109–13, 212–15, 216–19, 319–21 342–6, 353–6, 493–7, 589–92, 704–8, 25–8, 838–41; shaft 95–7, 267–9, 358–62, 432–8, 493–7, 637–9, 700–4; shawabti, 109–13, 164–5, 297–8, 421–3, 432–8, 497–8, 518–21, 534–7, 583–4, 725–8, 745–8, 757–9, 831–3, 838–41, 852–6; workmenÌs, 356 tools, 262–5; Acheulian, 226–9, 571–2; agate, 6–14; agricultural, 430–2, 725–8; carpentry, 430–2; composite, 6–14; copper, 216–19, 267–9, 529–31, 639–45; Dynastic, 97–100, 262–5, 430–2; Epi-paleolithic, 15–16; fishing, 430–2; ground, 501–5, 597–603; issued by government, 247–9; Late Paleolithic, 873–5; magical, 47–52; metal, 367–8; Neolithic, 17–21, 501–5, 564–8, 592–4; notched, 6–14, 15–16, 164, 555–6, 744–5, 873–5; Index 1218 Old Kingdom, 415–18; Paleolithic, 501–5, 597–604, 824–6; pecked, 597–603; Predynastic, 143–5, 180–4, 374–6, 564–8, 555–6; prehistoric, 164, 744–5; stone cutting, 243–4, 267–9; theft of, 247–9; weaving, 430–2; workshop, 298–300, 374–6, 501–5; see also models Tomb of Two Brothers (Rifa), 544 Tomb U-j, see ; Tomb U-j Tombos, 423–7 Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings, 625–6 Tore, 423–7 Tưrưk, László, 422, 510–15, 518–22 Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, see Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto Toronto University, 787, 880 torus molding, 319–21, 704–8 Toshka, 423–7 totem emblem, 204–6 tournette (slow wheel), 632–6 towers, 84–7, 682–4, 759–61, 868–71 towns: fortified (Lower Nubia), 841–2; Old Kingdom, 353–6; organization, 135–8; origins, 841–2; planned, 430–2, 518–21, 745–8, 841–2, 857–9; Predynastic, 313–15; rise of, 313–15 toys, 430–2 trade: African, 47–52, 283–9; centers, 414–15, 776–8; crops, 121–4; entrep’t, 207–9; foreign, 31–5, 42–6, 54–6, 57–61, 66–72, 115–18, 118–21, 207–9, 262–5, 371–4, 442–4, 445–7, 455–8, 469–73, 485–7, 499–500, 518–21, 574–9, 636–7, 658–60, 679–81, 684–6, 733–7, 745– 8, 842–5; goods, 259–61, 579–82; Levantine, 207–9, 469–73; long-distance, 23–9, 128–9, 180–4, 193–5, 259–61, 366–7, 374–6, 522–6, 529–31, 551–4, 592– 4, 632–6, 752–3, 857–9; maritime, 469–73, 733–7; network, 568–70; Nubian, 579–82; Phoenician, 442–4; Predynastic, 313–15; regional, 679–81; routes, 47–52, 259–61, 308–12, 455–8, 485–7, 488–90, 579–82, 636–7, 656–7, 776–8; Index 1219 treaty, 150–2 Trajan, Emperor, 130, 153, 252, 420, 480, 788–9, 879 trans-shipment center, 421–3, 656–7 transhumance, 485–7 Transjordan, 442–4 translations, 177–8 trapping scenes, 679–81 trash dump, 84–7 travertine, 363–4, 551–4 treasury, 574–9, 722–5, 745–8 Treasury ministry, 47–52 trees, 620–5, 752–3 triad, divine, 607–10 trial pieces, 677–9 tribune, temple, 475–80 tridacna sp (shell), 861–4 Trigger, Bruce, 4, 79, 138 triumphal arch, 139–41 Troe, see Tura Troglodytes (cave-dwellers), 485–7 Trohen, see Tura Troia, see Tura Troy, 718–20 trumpet, 546–7 truncated stone tools, 555–6 Tsi, great chief of the nome, 269–71 Tu[u]t, see Td tuberculosis, 604–6 tubers, 6–14, 620–5, 873–5 tufa, 861–4 Tukh el-Qaramus, 845–7 Tumbus, 579–82 tumulus, 79–80, 421–3, 423–7, 485–7, 592–4, 607, 700–4 Tuna el-Gebel, 246–7, 432–8, 847–9 Tunqala West, 79–80 Tura: Dynastic burials, 849–51; Early Dynastic burials, 849–51, 853; Gebel, 849–51; Predynastic cemeteries, 851–2 853; quarries, 47–52, 212–15, 342–6, 351–3, 429, 527–8, 558–61, 639–45, 654–6, 849–51, 851–2 Tura el-Haggara, 849–51 Tura el-Hait, 849–51 Tura el-Ismant, 849–51 Turin: Egyptian Museum, 172, 280, 338, 522; Papyrus, 175, 229, 319, 377, 464, 834, 868 Turkana, Lake, 568–70 Turkey, 128–9, 207–9 Turkish, 649–52 turquoise, 1–5, 42–6, 47–52, 363–4, 385–7, 522–6, 722–5, 776–8, 842–5, 875–8 Tursha (Sea People), 718–20 Index 1220 turtle, Nile, 367–8 Tushratta of Mitanni, 150–2 Tutankhamen, King: embalming materials (KV 54), 828–31; jewelry, 385–7; model ships from tomb, 728–31; mummy, 385–7, 537–42; tomb (Thebes, Valley of the Kings, KV 55) 725–8; tomb (Thebes, Valley of the Kings, KV 62), 189–90 546–7, 670–1, 828–31, 853–6 Tutankhaten, see Tutankhamen Tuthmose I, King: mummy, 537–42; reburial (KV 38), 828–31; tomb (KV 20), 828–31 Tuthmose II, King, 190–1 Tuthmose III, King: annals of campaigns, 798–800; Asiatic campaigns, 300–6; Deir el-Bahri temple, 239–41; Gebel Barkal stela, 325–8; military campaign, 733–7; minor wives’ jewelry, 385–7; mortuary temple (Deir el-Bahri), 432–8, 806–7, 819–22; tomb (Thebes, Valley of the Kings, KV 34), 321–4, 828–31 Tuthmose IV, King: chariot, 193–5; mummy, 537–42; tomb (Thebes, Valley of the Kings, KV 43), 190–1, 828–31, 853–6; tomb begun by (WV 22), 828–31 Tuthmose, sculptor, 763–9 Tuthmosid kings (18th Dynasty), 321–4 Tutu/Tithoes, 220–2, 222–6, 294–5 Tutu, 773–4 Tuy, wife of Seti I and mother of Ramesses II, 834–5 Tuya, 124–8, 537–42, 812–14, 830 tuyre, 722–5 ‘Two Dog’ Palette, 371–4 Two Ladies (nebty) name of king, 411–13 Two Sculptors (Nebamen and Ipuky), 522–6 Tyldesley, Joyce A., 847–9 Tyre, 133–5, 442–4 Tytus, Robb de Peyster, 807 Ubadaya, see Siwa Oasis Udjahorresne, Admiral, 611–15, 691–3, 793–5 Udjebten, Queen, 709–11 Uganda, 570–1, 571–2 Ugarit, 133–5, 186–9, 207–9, 718–20 Ugaritic, 186–9, 207–9 Ukhhotep III, King, 487, 666–8 Ukraine, 300–6 Index 1221 Ulu Buran shipwreck, 207–9, 357–8, 522–6 Umm el-Qa‘ab, see Abydos Umm el-Rakham fort, 469–73 Umm Semiuki, 522–6 Unas, King: pyramid complex (Saqqara), 321–4, 639–45, 709–11, 712–16 Unas-ankh, 806–7 unguentm, 852–6 unification of Egypt, 23–9, 31–5, 277–9, 283–9, 389–90, 488–90, 632–6, 782–3 Unis, King, 700–4 United Monarchy, Israel, 442–4 United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 617; High Dam Campaign, 87, 259 University College, London, 109, 293, 653; Institute of Archaeology, 161; Petrie Museum, 390, 431, 615 Uphill, Eric P., 763–9 Upper Egypt, 573–4 Upper Paleolithic, see Paleolithic Ur, Third Dynasty of, 838 uraeus, 425, 705, 707 uranium series dating, 233–4 urbanism, 857–9 el-Urf: copper and gold mines, 861–4 Uronarti (ancient Khesef-Iunuw) fort, 574–9, 579–82, 841–2 Uruk culture, 180–4 use wear, 597–603 User, nomarch, 42–6, 822–4 Userhat, 806–7 usurpation of tombs, 809–11, 822–4 Uto, 180–4, 755–7 Valbelle, Dominique, 689, 722, 783–6, 875 Valerian, 73 Valley of the Kings, see Thebes Valley of the Queens, see Thebes valley temple, 106–8, 234–7, 239–41; pyramid complex, 211–12, 342–6, 347–50, 351–3, 353–6, 429, 447–9, 527–8, 534–7, 639–45, 709–11, 711–12; sun temple complex, 80–2 Valloggia, Michel, 216–19 van Ghistele, Joos, 488 Van Siclen, Charles, 776–8 Vapheio cup, 118–21 Varille, A., 475, 476 variola, 604–6 varnishing plants, 658–60 vault, granite, 704–8 vegetables, 752–3 Verdi, Giuseppe, 469 Index 1222 Vergina, see Aegae Verner, Miroslav, 90 Vespasian, Emperor, 473, 479 vetches, 501–5, 620–5 vetchling, 121–4, 620–5 veterans, military, 308–12, 718–20 veterinary papyrus, see Lahun veterinary texts, 300–6, 430–2, 795–7 Via Hadriana, 682–4, 684–6 Victoria, Lake, 570–1, 571–2 victory stela, 423–7 Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum, 496; University, 647 Viereck, P., 311 villa urbana, 129–33 villages, 104–6, 518–21 Villiers du Terrage, Edouard de, 557 Vincentelli-Liverani, Irene, 327 vineyards, see wine and wine-making Virgil, 465 viticulture, see wine and wine-making Vitto, F., 734 vizier, 36–41, 57–61, 115–18, 247–9, 411–13, 438–41, 445–7, 745–8, 776–8, 885–7; southern, 157–9, 574–9 vocabulary, 274–6 Vogliano, A., 312 volcano, see Hekla III von der Way, Thomas, 180–4 Von Minutolli, General, 704 von Sieglin, Ernst, 653 votive artifact, 244–6 votive offering, 722–5 vulture, 91–3, 583–4 Vyse, Howard, 347, 351 W-class pottery, 529–31 Wa’f-Khasut, see Shalfak Wace, A.J.B., 132, 149 Wad ban Naga, 518–21 Waddington, George, 325, 583 Wadi Abu Greiya (Roman fort), 682–4 Wadi Abu Had, 861–4 Wadi Abu Hasah el-Bahri, 774–6 Wadi Abu Ma’amel, 532 wadi activation, 195–8 Wadi Allaqi, 172–4, 574–9, 579–82 Wadi Arabah, 455–8, 842–5 Wadi el-‘Arish, see Brook of Egypt Wadi el-Asyuti, 161–3 Wadi Ba’ba, 524 Index 1223 Wadi Belih (Roman fort), 682–4 Wadi Deir en-Nakhla, 246–7 Wadi Dib, 861–4 Wadi Digla, 455–8 Wadi Gadeed, see Kharga Oasis Wadi Garawi, 367–8; alabaster quarry, 558–61; Sadd el-Kafara dam, 864–6 Wadi Gasus, 866–8, 868–71 Wadi Gawasis, 866–8 Wadi Gaza, 455–8 Wadi Gimal, 731–3 Wadi Halfa, 6–14, 79–80 Wadi Hammamat, 23–9, 172–4, 175–6, 485–7, 611–15, 657–8, 658–60, 801–2, 868–71; quarries, 47–52, 795–7 Wadi Hellal, 289–93 Wadi Hof, 367–8, 592–4, 849–51 Wadi el-Hudi, 47–52, 871–2 Wadi Iqneh, 875–8 Wadi Kharig, 522–6, 875–8 Wadi Kubanniya, 6–14, 17–21, 306–8, 620–5, 873–5 Wadi Maghara, 558–61, 875–8 Wadi el-Melekat, see Valley of the Queens Wadi Mellaha, 861–4 Wadi Nagb el-Agel, 592–4 Wadi Nasb, 722–5 Wadi el-Natrun, 415, 505, 538, 572 Wadi Nuqrus, 731–3 Wadi Qash, 868–71 Wadi Qena, 861–4, 868–71, 875–8 Wadi es-Sebua, 186, 445, 580, 607 Wadi el-Sheikh, 262–5 Wadi el-Sid, 175–6 Wadi Sidri, 875–8 Wadi Sikait, 731–3 Wadi Sojoor, 262–5 Wadi Tumilat, 150–2, 300–6, 377–9, 722–5, 791–2, 878–81; see also Tell el-Maskhuta Wadi Tumilat Project, 787 Wadi Tushka, 6–14 Wadi Umm Diqal, 861–4 Wadi Umm Gariya (Roman fort), 682–4 Wadi Umm Sidri, 531–4 Wadi Usum, 861–4 wadj (green), 709–11 Wadj, King, see Djet, King Wadjet, 647–9, 690–1 wadjet, 382–4, 418–21, 728–31 wadjit, 402, 420 Wah-ka-Re, see Khetj, King Wahankh Intef II, King, 42–6, 826–8 Wahi, Overseer of the Army, 124–8 Index 1224 Wahibre (Hopre), King, 207–9 Wahka I, 652–4 Wahka II, 652–4 Wainwright, G.A., 164, 389, 526, 527 ‘Wall of the Ruler’ (built by Amenemhat I), 186–9 wall paintings, 222–6 Walled Village, see Tell el-Amarna walnut, 658–60 walp, 620–5 wand, 430–2 waqf, 39 Ward, William A., 229–33, 842–5 warehouse, 759–61 warfare: booty, 445–7, 745–8; captives, 515–18, 745–8; galley, 728–31; scenes of, 106–8, 141–2, 665 Waseda University, Tokyo, 349, 807 water buffalo, 300–6 water fowl, 6–14, 17–21, 501–5 water libation, 518–21 water reservoir, 515–18, 518–21, 531–4, 733–7 water table, 129–33 water-lifting device, 381–2 waterfall, 834–5 waterwheel (saqiya), 381–2 wattle and daub, 180–4, 592–4 Wawat (Lower Nubia), 36–41 Ways of Horus, 733–7 w’bt, 270, 491, 492 weapons, 6–14, 262–5, 551–4, 574–9, 647–9, 745–8, 757–9, 786–9, 838–41; see also models weaving, 592–4, 666–8, 745–8; see also models Webat-Sepet, 485–7 wedges, 654–6 weeds, 620–5 Weeks, Kent R., 828–31, 831–3 Wegner, Josef, 106–7, 809 Wegner, Max, 809 Weigall, Arthur P., 106, 190, 334, 660, 809 weights and measures, 430–2 Weill, Captain R., 722, 875 Weinstein, James, 442–5 welfare state, 745–8 wells, 84–7, 226–9, 421–3, 531–4, 682–4, 738–44, 786–9, 868–71, 871–2 Wellsted, J.R., 84 Wenamen, Report of, 755, 799, 843 Wenamen, Siwan kinglety, 738–44 Wendjebawendjedet, 757–9 Wendorf, Fred, 6–14, 18, 226, 314, 408, 873–5 Index 1225 Weni, Governor of Upper Egypt, 36–41, 145–7, 363–4, 761–3, 801–2 Wenke, Robert J., 17–22, 313–16, 415–18, 499–501 Wepwawet, 157–9, 204–6, 607–10, 875–8 Weserkaf, King, 80–2, 90–1, 709–11, 712–16, 838 Wesesh (Sea People), 718–20 West, the (i.e., the necropolis, Imntt), 458–60 West Semitic, 54–6 westerlies, 195, 195–8 Western Desert: natural resources, 558–61; oases, 423–7 Western Desert Expedition, 408–11 Western Harpoon nome, 129–33 Wetterstrom, Wilma, 121–4 wharf, 465–8 wheat: club, 592–4; durum, 121–4; eincorn, 121–4, 592–4; emmer, 17–21, 121–4, 178–9, 374–6, 501–5, 592–4; see also agriculture; cereals; crops; granaries wheeled vehicles, 193–5 whetstone, 455–8 Whitcomb, Donald, 658–60 White Cross-lined Ware, 679–81 White Crown of Upper Egypt, 211–12, 325–8, 371–4 White Nile, 1–5, 568–70, 570–1, 571–2 White, Donald, 141–3, 469–73 White, Leslie, 138 Whitehouse, Walter, 539 Whittemore, T., 164 whyt (village), 857–9 Wilbour Papyrus, 791–2 Wilfong, Terry G., 308–13 Wilkinson, Sir John Gardner, 84, 139, 281, 298, 325, 328, 331, 731, 766, 773, 804, 824, 829, 831, 861, 866 Wilkinson, Toby, 267–9 Willems, Harco, 246–7, 487–8 William of Tyre, 488 Williams, Bruce B., 485, 574, 607 Williams, Elsbeth, 769 willow, 558–61, 620–5 wills, 438–41 Wilson, 722 Window of Appearances, 201–4, 234–7, 385–7, 481–5, 769–72 wine and wine-making, 881–2; jars, 267–9, 752–3; trade, 414–15, 733–7, 881–2 Winkler, H.A., 137 Index 1226 Winlock, Herbert E., 220, 222, 226, 235, 239, 240, 408, 803, 804, 809, 819, 823 wisdom literature, 66–72, 793–5, 798–800 Wiseman, Marcia F., 408–11 Wittfogel, Karl, 138, 382 Wolf, Walther, 809, 823 wolf-jackal, Egyptian, 300–6 women, 66–72, 438–41, 745–8, 666–8 wood: coniferous, 842–5; imported, 186–9, 442–4, 558–61, 574–9; meru, 187; petrified, 501–5; sources, 207–9, 259–61 woodworking, 592–4 Wood, Robert, 211, 215 Woolley, Sir Leonard, 173 word-roots, 274–6 workmen: communities, 244–6, 353–6, 745–8, 763–9, 778–82, 841–2; gangs, 247–9, 347–50 workshops: craft, 97–100; metal, 47–52; palace, 807–8; stone, 6–14, 47–52; temple, 404–5; wood, 47–52; see also models worship, scenes of, 87–90 Worterbuch der Ägyptischen Sprache, 177–8 Wose, see Thebes Wright, Henry, 656 writing, 1–5, 23–9, 31–5, 109–13, 274–7, 389–90, 610–11, 745–8, 882–5, 885–7 Writings of the Hidden Chamber, 323 wrrt crown, 458–60 Wugaf, King, 475–80 X-Group, 293–4, 649–52 X-rays of mummies, 604–6 Xerxes I, King, 611–15 Xerxes II, King, 611–15 Xois, see Sais Yahweh, 283–9 Yale University: Pennsylvania-Yale Expedition, 96, 97, 101, 106, 809 Yam (Upper Nubia), 36–41 Yarkon River (Palestine), 186–9 year names, 665 yeast, 178–9 Yhwh, temple of, see Tell el-Yahudiya Index 1227 Young, Thomas, 272, 281 Yoyotte, J., 755, 757–9 Yurco, Frank J., 204–7, 247–50, 671–4, 718–21, 812–14 Yuya, 124–8, 193–5, 537–42, 830 Zaba, Z., 90–1 Zagazig, 305, 776; University, 776 Zagros Mountains, 752–3 Zaire, 570–1 Zamiyet el-Mayitin, 721 Zawiyet el-Amwat, 589–92, 721 Zawiyet el-Aryan, 82–4, 493–7, 639–45, 889–90 Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham, see Apis Zeit Bay, 861–4 Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 442 Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, 129–33 Zenon, archive of, 308–12 zeriba, 555 Zerkah (Roman fort), 682–4 Zeru, fortress of, 733–7 Zeus, 66–72, 460–3, 733–7 Zeus Kasion/Ba’al Zephon, 733–7 Zignani, P., 252–4 Zittel, A.K.von, 408 Zivie, Alain-Pierre, 694–9, 712–16 zodiac, 252–4, 557–8 Zoser, King: step pyramid complex (Saqqara), 204–6, 212–15 297–8, 365, 493–7, 573–4, 639–45, 700–4, 705, 707 Zucker, F., 309, 311, 312 .. .Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt Compiled and edited by Kathryn A.Bard with the editing assistance of Steven Blake... wood coffins are good examples of the geometric style of decoration popular in the Middle Kingdom The inscription down the front of each gives the funerary menu From the Tomb of Two Brothers,... Valley of the Kings, Thebes 1019 124 Thebes, the Valley of the Queens, plan of tombs in the main wadi 1022 125 Predynastic and Early Dynastic cemeteries in the Ma’adi-Tura 1043 region 126 Plan of the