ALSO BY TOBY WILKINSON Early Dynastic Egypt Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt Genesis of the Pharaohs The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Ancient Egypt Lives of the Ancient Egyptians The Egyptian World (editor) Copyright © 2010 by Toby Wilkinson All rights reserved Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York RANDOM HOUSE and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc Originally published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury Publishing, Plc., London, in 2010 All images reproduced in the insert sections are courtesy of the Werner Forman Archive, with the exception of the pectoral of Princess M ereret, which is reproduced courtesy of Sandro Vannini/Corbis LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Wilkinson, Toby A H The rise and fall of ancient Egypt / Toby Wilkinson p cm Includes bibliographical references eISBN: 978-0-679-60429-7 Egypt—History—To 332 B.C Egypt—History—332–30 B.C I Title DT83.W658 2011 932—dc22 2009047322 www.atrandom.com Maps by John Gilkes v3.1 FOR BEN AND GINNY “M y name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye M ighty, and despair!” Nothing beside remains Round the decay Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare, The lone and level sands stretch far away —PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY, “Ozymandias” CONTENTS Cover Other Books by This Author Title Page Copyright Dedication Timeline Author’s Note Introduction DIVINE RIGHT (5000–2175 B.C.) IN THE BEGINNING GOD INCARNATE ABSOLUTE POWER HEAVEN ON EARTH ETERNITY ASSURED PART I: END OF INNOCENCE (2175–1541 B.C.) CIVIL WAR PARADISE POSTPONED THE FACE OF TYRANNY BITTER HARVEST PART II: THE POWER AND THE GLORY (1541–1322 B.C.) 10 ORDER REIM POSED 11 PUSHING THE BOUNDARIES 12 KING AND COUNTRY 13 GOLDEN AGE 14 ROYAL REVOLUTION PART III: MILITARY MIGHT (1322–1069 B.C.) 15 MARTIAL LAW 16 WAR AND PEACE PART IV: 17 TRIUM PH AND TRAGEDY 18 DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD CHANGE AND DECAY (1069–30 B.C.) 19 A HOUSE DIVIDED 20 A TARNISHED THRONE 21 FORTUNE’S FICKLE WHEEL 22 INVASION AND INTROSPECTION 23 THE LONG GOODBYE 24 FINIS PART V: Epilogue Acknowledgments Photo Insert Notes Bibliography About the Author TIMELINE All dates are B.C The margin of error is within a century or so circa 3000 B.C and within two decades circa 1300 B.C.; dates are precise from 664 B.C The system of dynasties devised in the third century B.C is not without its problems—for example, the Seventh Dynasty is now recognized as being wholly spurious, while several dynasties are known to have ruled concurrently in different parts of Egypt— but this system remains the most convenient method for subdividing ancient Egyptian history The broader periods are more modern scholarly conventions EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD, 2950–2575 OLD KINGDOM, 2575–2125 FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD, 2125–2010 (Princeton, N.J., 1969) Pusch, Edgar B., “ ‘Pi-Ramesse-geliebt-von-Amun, Hauptquartier deiner Streitwagentruppen’— Ägypter und Hethiter in der Delta-Residenz der Ramessiden,” in Anne Eggebrecht (ed.), Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim—Die ägyptische Sammlung (Mainz, Germany, 1993), pp 126– 144 Pusch, Edgar B., “Recent Work at Northern Piramesse: Results of Excavations by the PelizaeusMuseum, Hildesheim, at Qantir,” in Edward Bleiberg et al (eds.), Fragments of a Shattered Visage, pp 199–220 Pusch, Edgar B., “Towards a Map of Piramesse,” Egyptian Archaeology, 14 (1999), pp 13–15 Pusch, Edgar B., Helmut Becker, and Jörg Fassbinder, “Wohnen und Leben: Oder: Weitere Schnitte zum einem Stadtplan der Ramses-Stadt,” Ägypten und Levante, (1999), pp 155–170 Pusch, Edgar B., and Anja Herold, “Qantir/Pi-Ramesses,” in Kathryn A Bard (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, pp 647–649 Quack, Joachim F., “Kft3w and ’I3ssy,” Ägypten und Levante, (1996), pp 75–81 Quaegebeur, Jan, “Cléopâtre VII et le temple de Dendara,” Göttinger Miszellen, 120 (1991), pp 49– 72 Quaegebeur, Jan, “Contribution la prosopographie des prêtres memphites l’époque ptolémaïque,” Ancient Society, (1972), pp 77–109 Quaegebeur, Jan, “The Egyptian Clergy and the Cult of the Ptolemaic Dynasty,” Ancient Society, 20 (1989), pp 93–116 Quibell, James E., Hierakonpolis, Part I (London, 1900) Quibell, James E., “Slate Palette from Hierakonpolis,” Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 36 (1898), pp 81–84 Quibell, James E., and Frederick W Green, Hierakonpolis, Part II (London, 1902) Quirke, Stephen, Ancient Egyptian Religion (London, 1992) Quirke, Stephen, “Frontier or Border? 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In the Beginning God Incarnate Absolute Power Heaven on Earth Eternity Assured Part II: End of Innocence (2175–1541 B.C.) Civil War Paradise Postponed The Face of Tyranny Bitter Harvest Part III: The Power and the Glory (1541–1322 B.C.) 10 Order Reimposed 11 Pushing the Boundaries 12 King and Country 13 Golden Age 14 Royal Revolution Part IV: Military Might (1322–1069 B.C.) 15 Martial Law 16 War and Peace 17 Triumph and Tragedy 18 Double-Edged Sword Part V: Change and Decay (1069–30 B.C.) 19 A House Divided 20 A Tarnished Throne 21 Fortune’s Fickle Wheel 22 Invasion and Introspection 23 The Long Goodbye 24 Finis Epilogue Acknowledgments Photo Insert Notes Bibliography About the Author ...ALSO BY TOBY WILKINSON Early Dynastic Egypt Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt Genesis of the Pharaohs The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Ancient Egypt Lives of the Ancient Egyptians The Egyptian... work and published them four years later The three-volume Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, together with the twovolume Modern Egypt and Thebes (published in 1843), was and remains the. .. the exception of the pectoral of Princess M ereret, which is reproduced courtesy of Sandro Vannini/Corbis LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Wilkinson, Toby A H The rise and fall