Test Bank for Corrections Justice Series 3rd Edition by Alari Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Corrections (Justice Series), 3e (Alarid/Reichel) Chapter An Evidence-Based Approach to Corrections 1.1 Multiple Choice 1) Which of the following is NOT one of the main decisions points for prosecutors? A) Deciding whether to arrest a suspect B) Initial court screening C) Determining whether to charge a suspect D) Recommending to the judge a sentence or case disposition for convicted offenders Answer: A Page Ref: Objective: Describe how corrections is part of the criminal justice system that is dependent on decisions made earlier in the process by the police and the courts Level: Basic 2) Preadjudication diversion A) is typically offered to persons charged with their second or third felony B) occurs after formal sentencing C) allows the defendant to be supervised in the community before pleading guilty D) is granted by the prosecutor Answer: C Page Ref: Objective: Describe how corrections is part of the criminal justice system that is dependent on decisions made earlier in the process by the police and the courts Level: Basic 3) How long does the average criminal trial last? A) to hours B) less than a week C) 2-3 weeks D) month Answer: B Page Ref: Objective: Describe how corrections is part of the criminal justice system that is dependent on decisions made earlier in the process by the police and the courts Level: Intermediate 77 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Corrections Justice Series 3rd Edition by Alari Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 4) Which program type depends on correctional resources available in the community to assist the offender in seeking help and abiding by certain conditions? A) Community corrections B) Institutional corrections C) Local jail D) Fixed fines Answer: A Page Ref: Objective: Compare and contrast institutional and community-based corrections Level: Basic 5) Compared with other countries, the United States incarceration rate is A) lower than most other countries B) lower than most third world countries but higher than most industrialized countries C) tied with other Western industrialized countries D) significantly higher than that for most other countries Answer: D Page Ref: Objective: Explain the effect that rising incarceration rates between 1970 and 2010 had on racial and economic disparity Level: Basic 6) Repeated and cumulative media exposure is thought to contribute to insecurity and fear of crime according to A) social learning theory B) social interaction theory C) cultivation theory D) crime control theory Answer: C Page Ref: Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of correctional policy Level: Intermediate 7) Crime policy in the United States are more punitive than crime policies in other Western countries for each of the following reasons EXCEPT A) U.S judges and prosecutors are career civil servants who receive special training B) crime policy in the United States is more decentralized C) crime policy in the United States, even at the state level, is reliant on federal funding D) sentencing and release decisions in the United States are micromanaged by legislators Answer: A Page Ref: Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of correctional policy Level: Intermediate 78 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Corrections Justice Series 3rd Edition by Alari Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 8) To be considered of high quality, a program should A) have a sample size between 10 and 30 people B) show significant differences between treatment and control groups C) be measured as valid but not necessarily reliable D) be measured as reliable but not necessarily valid Answer: B Page Ref: 11 Objective: Characterize the meaning of evidence-based practice and explain how it can improve the correctional system Level: Difficult 9) The more effective treatment interventions are those that A) are focused on either males or females specifically B) designed to help both men and women simultaneously C) ignore offender demographics and concentrate instead on offender age D) are designed for adult women over age 35 Answer: A Page Ref: 11 Objective: Characterize the meaning of evidence-based practice and explain how it can improve the correctional system Level: Difficult 10) Intensive treatment for lower-risk offenders A) has the greatest likelihood of success B) can be effective as long as long as the offender is joined in the treatment by his/her procriminal associates C) is appropriate only for lower-risk women offenders D) can actually increase the likelihood of recidivism Answer: D Page Ref: 12 Objective: Characterize the meaning of evidence-based practice and explain how it can improve the correctional system Level: Basic 11) When considering how staff members such as probation officers or community corrections counselors relate to offenders A) the use of negative reinforcement must be frequent B) being friendly is more important than having any particular training C) the quality of the interaction is more important than the quantity D) it is important that meetings be held at least three times per week Answer: C Page Ref: 12 Objective: Characterize the meaning of evidence-based practice and explain how it can improve the correctional system Level: Basic 79 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Corrections Justice Series 3rd Edition by Alari Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 1.2 True-False 1) Since 2011, prison populations in the United States have increased dramatically after having consistently declined for 40 years Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Objective: Describe how corrections is part of the criminal justice system that is dependent on decisions made earlier in the process by the police and the courts Level: Intermediate 2) The police enforce the law, keep social order, and preserve public safety for their particular jurisdiction Answer: TRUE Page Ref: Objective: Describe how corrections is part of the criminal justice system that is dependent on decisions made earlier in the process by the police and the courts Level: Basic 3) Weak or inadequate evidence is not a good reason for dismissing a case during initial screening since evidence is unimportant until trial Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Objective: Describe how corrections is part of the criminal justice system that is dependent on decisions made earlier in the process by the police and the courts Level: Basic 4) The pretrial release decision is made prior to arrest so that defendants who qualify can be released and supervised in the community before their first court date Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Objective: Describe how corrections is part of the criminal justice system that is dependent on decisions made earlier in the process by the police and the courts Level: Basic 5) If an offender on diversion supervision does not comply with the court-stipulated conditions, he or she is sentenced but there is no formal record of conviction Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Objective: Describe how corrections is part of the criminal justice system that is dependent on decisions made earlier in the process by the police and the courts Level: Difficult 80 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Corrections Justice Series 3rd Edition by Alari Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 6) The continuum of sanctions concept refers to the idea that sentencing is complex and involves trying to meet more than one sentencing goal Answer: TRUE Page Ref: Objective: Describe how corrections is part of the criminal justice system that is dependent on decisions made earlier in the process by the police and the courts Level: Basic 7) The war on drugs has had a pronounced effect on the federal prison system, and greatly reduced the number of incarcerated women Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Objective: Explain the effect that rising incarceration rates between 1970 and 2010 had on racial and economic disparity Level: Basic 8) Most research suggests that the more punitive states tend also to have lower rates of poverty, fewer persons who are African-American, and more generous welfare payments for impoverished persons Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of correctional policy Level: Basic 9) Crime policies in the United States appear to be more punitive than in other Western countries because the United States relies more on rational decision making Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of correctional policy Level: Intermediate 10) The academic side of evidence-based practice refers to the specific application of the most effective techniques Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Objective: Characterize the meaning of evidence-based practice and explain how it can improve the correctional system Level: Basic 81 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Corrections Justice Series 3rd Edition by Alari Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 11) When a correctional program has two or more independent and rigorous studies showing a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group, the programs is said to "work" and is judged effective Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 10 Objective: Characterize the meaning of evidence-based practice and explain how it can improve the correctional system Level: Intermediate 12) Because the likelihood of success is increased, a basic principle of evidence-based practice is that treatment interventions should be focused on low-risk clients Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 12 Objective: Characterize the meaning of evidence-based practice and explain how it can improve the correctional system Level: Basic 1.3 Fill in the Blank 1) A city police department enforces the law within that city's geographic boundaries and those boundaries identify the police department's Answer: jurisdiction Page Ref: Objective: Describe how corrections is part of the criminal justice system that is dependent on decisions made earlier in the process by the police and the courts Level: Basic 2) A prosecutor will likely a case if the evidence is weak or inadequately linked to a defendant for a particular crime Answer: dismiss Page Ref: Objective: Describe how corrections is part of the criminal justice system that is dependent on decisions made earlier in the process by the police and the courts Level: Intermediate 3) One way to look at the continuum of sanctions is that some of them occur in the and some occur inside a correctional or treatment facility Answer: community Page Ref: Objective: Describe how corrections is part of the criminal justice system that is dependent on decisions made earlier in the process by the police and the courts Level: Basic 82 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Corrections Justice Series 3rd Edition by Alari Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 4) corrections house offenders in an institutional environment, apart from their community, friends, and family Answer: Institutional Page Ref: Objective: Compare and contrast institutional and community-based corrections Level: Basic 5) The "mean world syndrome" is more correctly called theory, and disputes the suggestion that violence in the media causes individuals to become violent Answer: cultivation Page Ref: Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of correctional policy Level: Intermediate 6) The side of evidence-based practice is about researchers carefully designing methodologically strong program evaluations to determine what works, what is promising, and what does not work Answer: academic Page Ref: Objective: Characterize the meaning of evidence-based practice and explain how it can improve the correctional system Level: Basic 7) The question "Does it work?" identifies one part of Evidence-Based Practices and a concern with "Applying the " identifies the other part Answer: techniques Page Ref: Objective: Characterize the meaning of evidence-based practice and explain how it can improve the correctional system Level: Basic 8) Applying evidence-based practice techniques in corrections begins with a valid instrument to measure the risk the offender poses and the problem areas that should be emphasized Answer: assessment Page Ref: 11 Objective: Characterize the meaning of evidence-based practice and explain how it can improve the correctional system Level: Basic 83 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Corrections Justice Series 3rd Edition by Alari Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 1.4 Matching Match the following terms with their meanings A) Two or more independent and rigorous studies show a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group B) At least one high-quality or rigorous study shows a program to be effective C) Programs depend on correctional resources available in the community D) Correctional interventions for which there is consistent and solid scientific evidence showing that they work to meet the intended outcomes E) Offenders are housed apart from their community, friends, and family 1) Correctional program that is "promising" Page Ref: 6, 10 Objective: Compare and contrast institutional and community-based corrections Level: Basic 2) Correctional program that "works" Page Ref: 6, 10 Objective: Compare and contrast institutional and community-based corrections Level: Basic 3) Evidence-based practice Page Ref: 6, 10 Objective: Compare and contrast institutional and community-based corrections Level: Basic 4) Institutional corrections Page Ref: 6, 10 Objective: Compare and contrast institutional and community-based corrections Level: Basic 5) Community corrections Page Ref: 6, 10 Objective: Compare and contrast institutional and community-based corrections Level: Basic Answers: 1) B 2) A 3) D 4) E 5) C 84 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Corrections Justice Series 3rd Edition by Alari Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 1.5 Essay 1) Explain what is meant by the phrase "continuum of sanctions." Answer: Must include reference to the sentencing options available (either by law or for the judge to select) for each individual offender More complete answers will also mention examples at each end of the continuum and/or will note that judges may combine options to suit individual offender's case Page Ref: 5-6 Objective: Describe how corrections is part of the criminal justice system that is dependent on decisions made earlier in the process by the police and the courts Level: Intermediate 2) What explanations have been offered for why Latino and African-American people have a disproportionately high representation in arrest and incarceration rates? Answer: Answer should include (1) reference to the possibility that police may target people of a certain race or ethnic group (e.g., the "driving while black" phenomenon), (2) that young African-American males may engage in more violent felony offenses and continue offending behavior for a longer duration, and (3) the war on drugs has worsened racial disparity Page Ref: 6-7 Objective: Explain the effect that rising incarceration rates between 1970 and 2010 had on racial and economic disparity Level: Intermediate 3) Although reducing recidivism is an important goal for correctional programs, Evidence-based Practice allows for other ways to measure whether a program or practice works What are at least three such measures? Answer: At least three of these four should be mentioned: (1) Offender change in thinking patterns, (2) Increased number of drug-free days, (3) Increased number of days offender is working or employed while on supervision, and (4) more effective matching of risk and needs with supervision levels Page Ref: 9-10 Objective: Characterize the meaning of evidence-based practice and explain how it can improve the correctional system Level: Intermediate 1.6 Critical Thinking 1) The philosophy behind community corrections assumes that most offenders have made poor decisions along the way, but their need to retain responsibility and/or change overrides their threat to public safety and therefore they not require incarceration What are the weak points of this assumption? Is community corrections still a good idea even if the assumption is wrong? Answer: Will vary but should address the idea of offending being the result of poor decisions (i.e., offending is rational) and whether taking responsibility or changing one's behavior can be accomplished in prison or only when at liberty in the community Page Ref: Objective: Compare and contrast institutional and community-based corrections 85 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Corrections Justice Series 3rd Edition by Alari Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Level: Intermediate 2) What are some negative consequences of media coverage of crime and criminal trials? What changes—that don't violate free press protections—are possible to how the media cover crime and criminal trials? Answer: Answers will vary but should note how media reports highlight the most horrific crimes and the most high profile trials and create a public perception that violence is random and frequent Possible changes could link to the amount of information about the crime, trial, and sentence that is made public Page Ref: Objective: Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of correctional policy Level: Intermediate 86 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ ... community-based corrections Level: Basic Answers: 1) B 2) A 3) D 4) E 5) C 84 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Corrections Justice Series 3rd Edition by Alari Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/... institutional and community-based corrections 85 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Corrections Justice Series 3rd Edition by Alari Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Level: Intermediate... system Level: Basic 81 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Corrections Justice Series 3rd Edition by Alari Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 11) When a correctional program